English abbreviations and abbreviations. Correct and incorrect foreign abbreviations

IN modern century saturated with information, there is less and less time for communication and correspondence. No matter how paradoxical it may sound, the more information a person has, the more ways he seeks to reduce it and convey it in a more condensed form. One of the best ways to shorten words and expressions is to use abbreviations.

Today they are found everywhere in general English, in business correspondence, in SMS messages and chats, in international terms. Many of them are used quite often, so not only for students of English, but also for ordinary to modern man It’s worth mastering a couple of the most common ones.

Abbreviation(Italian abbreviatura from Latin brevis - short) - a word formed by an abbreviation of a word or phrase and read by alphabetical name initial letters or by the initial sounds of the words included in it.

Abbreviations are found in every language in the world and play a huge role. Sometimes ignorance or incorrect use of a particular abbreviation in English can lead to a rather awkward situation or misunderstanding of what the interlocutor wants to express with a particular phrase.

Let's look at an example misuse a fairly well-known abbreviation LOL(laughing out loud - laugh loudly, out loud).

Messages
Mom: Your beloved aunt just passed away. LOL
I: Why is that funny?
Mom: It’s not funny, David!
I: Mom, LOL means “laughing out loud”.
Mom: Oh my goodness! I thought it means “lots of love”...I sent it to everyone! I need to call everyone…

Messages
Mom: Your favorite aunt just passed away. LOL
Me: What's so funny about that?
Mom: This is not funny, David!
Me: Mom, LOL means "laugh out loud".
Mom: Oh God! I thought it meant lots of love...
I sent this to everyone! We need to call everyone back...

Business letters and abbreviations

Writing business letters and compiling business correspondence today requires high-quality study and a careful approach. When faced for the first time with the design and decoding of abbreviations in business English, a beginner sometimes experiences confusion and bewilderment as to what it all means. The difficulty lies in using this or that abbreviation correctly, as well as in the specifics of business vocabulary. However, as in any area of language learning, knowledge and a little practice will help you overcome any difficulties.

A number of abbreviations are used only in writing, but in oral speech are pronounced full forms words:

Mr. (mister)- Mister;
Mrs. (mistress)- Mrs.
Dr. (Doctor)- doctor;
St. (Saint/Street)- saint or street;
Blvd. (boulevard)- boulevard;
Ave. (avenue)- avenue;
Sq. (square)- square;
Rd. (road)- road;
Bldg. (building)- building;
B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science)- Bachelor of Science;
M.A. (Master of Arts)- Master of Arts;
Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)- PhD;
M.D. (Doctor of Medicine)- Doctor of Medical Sciences.

The most popular business abbreviations of English words are given below:

Co (company)- company;
PA (personal assistant)- personal assistant;
Appx. (appendix)- application;
Re. (reply)- answer;
p. (page)- page;
smth. (something)- something;
smb. (somebody)- somebody;
vs ( lat. versus)- against;
etc. ( lat. et cetera)- And so on.

Popular three-letter acronyms ( TLA or Three-Letter Acronyms) in the business sphere:

CAO (Chief Administrative Officer)- Administration Manager;
CEO (Chief Executive Officer)- chief executive officer (CEO);
exp. (export)- export - removal of goods beyond the borders of the country;
HR (human resources)- HR service of the enterprise;
HQ (Headquarters)- main department of the company;
LLC (limited liability company)- limited liability company (LLC);
R&D ( research and development)- Research and development;
IT (information technology)- information Technology.

Examples of business correspondence using abbreviations :

Dear Mr. Braun, our Co will be glad to offer you the position of CAO.- Dear Mr. Brown, our company will be glad to offer you the position of chief accountant of the company.
Dear Ms. Stone, my PA will definitely contact you about changes in exp. process - Dear Miss Stone, my personal secretary will contact you regarding changes in the export process.

Chats and SMS

As stated above, in English there are Three Letter Acronyms ( TLA or Three-Letter Acronyms), which help shorten and condense fairly large phrases into 3 letters. Today, this is a fairly popular way to save time when corresponding on social networks.

BFN (bye for now)- see you later, bye
BTW (by the way)- By the way
FYI (for your information)- for your information
JIT (just in time)- during
IOW (in other words)- in other words, in other words
NRN (no reply is necessary)- no answer required
OTOH (on the other hand)- on the other side

As for SMS abbreviations, there are a huge number of them.
The specificity of such abbreviations is that it can be almost impossible to decipher without a detailed analysis.

GL (good luck)- Good luck!
GB (good bye)- Bye
DNO (don't know)- Don't know
ASAYGT (as soon as you get this)- as soon as you receive it
B4 (before)- before
BC (because)- because
BON (believe it or not)- believe it or not
BW (best wishes)- best wishes
BZ (busy)- busy
CYT (see you tomorrow)- see you tomorrow

Wish you G.L. on your exam. Mom. - I wish you good luck in the exam. Mother.
Sorry. BZ. C.Y.T.- I am sorry. Busy. See you tomorrow.
I will be JIT. G.B.- I'll be on time. Bye.

For detailed information with English abbreviations of words in SMS, we recommend visiting, which contains 2000+ abbreviations.

As we can see, the topic is quite extensive, but don’t be scared! After encountering acronyms and abbreviations in English several times, you just can't help but fall in love with them for their originality and help in saving you time. And once you love something, you will definitely and easily remember it!

We suggest you choose a couple of abbreviations for yourself right now and surprise your loved ones with improved communication! BFN and watch your step while texting!

Big and friendly EnglishDom family

Foreign brands are flooding the media space, so each of us has at least once encountered such a meaning as Ltd. In this article, we will find out what the abbreviation LLC means, and we will also find out where these abbreviations are used.

How is it deciphered?

There are three identical concepts: LLC, Ltd and LLC. The decoding of each meaning means a limited liability company, however, these symbols have differences. Firstly, LLC (short for Limited Liability Company) applies in the US. Secondly, Ltd (an abbreviation for limited) is used in the UK. Thirdly, LLC is an abbreviation used in the CIS countries (Russia, Kazakhstan). These three designations should not be confused, because in Russia it is prohibited to indicate Ltd or LLC instead of the usual LLC.

A little about the meaning

Ltd decryption is actively used in all English-speaking countries, which includes many European countries, the USA, and Australia. The abbreviated meaning can also be seen on documents of international companies. It is most often used in Ireland, Portugal, the Czech Republic and England, especially alongside the widely used acronym PLC. Often other meanings are put on documents, such as Inc., Corp., LDC, iBC, & Co, SA, LP and other abbreviations. Ltd decryption in English accurately indicates traditional look entrepreneurship. In the United States of America, the abbreviation is used as part of the company name and cannot be crossed out or omitted. Just like in Russia, every registered entrepreneur is required to indicate abbreviations and meanings, such as LLC, LLP or individual entrepreneur.

What does it mean

Explanation of Ltd in Russian: limited (from the word Limited). The phrase Limited Company is commonly used, which is a company with limited rights. It is an important definition of legal and organizational form. Each country has a number of rules and regulations that are spelled out in the charter or legislation.

An LLC, or Ltd, is a company that is divided into several shares. As a rule, all capital is distributed among the legal owners of the company. At the same time, all LLC participants have limited liability, but are representatives legal entity based on the state organizational and legal form.

Detailed description

Firstly, a limited liability company in its structure resembles Joint-Stock Company. Secondly, anyone, whether an individual or a legal entity, can join Ltd.

Transcript Ltd is a multi-member enterprise. They are not responsible for the founders themselves, and vice versa. LLC is an organization that can have several founders, but the number of participants should not exceed 50 people. For example, IP - individual enterprise- opens only for one owner - the founder, and if the number of participants exceeds the norm, then according to the law this type of legal activity is considered a joint-stock company.

Since several persons can participate in a limited liability company, the main documents are the charter and the agreement. As a rule, the conditions of the latter may change depending on the wishes of the founders. The law does not prohibit anyone who wishes to change the status of their activity. Thus, any individual entrepreneur can invite several participants and rename themselves to Ltd.

Where is it used?

Same as LLC Ltd (meaning above) in mandatory must be used on all organizational documents. This is because this value is a sign of both organizational unity and property isolation. The three-letter document allows members to use their organization to reach out to other societies and organizations.

Where is it used? symbol without decoding Ltd:

When contacting an organization or vice versa, if the founders write a letter. Then it is used which fits together with the link Ltd (LLC).
When specifying the address and other contact information. As a rule, the legal address at which the organization with the specified value is registered, or the current address where the company is located, is used.
Ltd fits into authorized capital, and when indicating the company's activities.
When specifying the founders and representatives. For example, if you need to enter details general director, then the designation is also indicated.

Features and nuances

A limited liability company must be registered with the tax authority settlement or areas.
According to the law of any country where there are concepts of LLC or Ltd, the company must have its own authorized capital. For example, the minimum amount of such capital should not be lower than 100 minimum wages or minimum wages.
If laws are violated, the company may be liquidated. This happens for several reasons. The most common problem of LLCs is ignoring the payment of the balance of the authorized capital.
There are certain risks for society participants. For example, if a company is liquidated, participants may lose their deposits. They are notified of this when signing the constituent agreement.
Each participant has the right to dispose of his share at his own discretion. He can sell it or transfer it to a third party.

The main feature of Ltd is that each participant can leave the company at any time, and the organization will be obliged to pay each exiting person his earned share.

A person will not walk much without good and high-quality shoes if it is a cold season. And in the summer it’s uncomfortable to walk barefoot on hot sun-baked asphalt. It’s the same with a car – without properly selected tires it won’t go far.

However, choosing them correctly is not as easy as it might seem at first glance. From the abundance of tires presented in the store, you need to clearly determine the category, size, and be able to decipher permissible load index And tire speed index, adhesion and wear indicators. The good news is that you don’t have to be an expert, because tire markings, which can be deciphered even by a novice car enthusiast, contain all the necessary information.

Of course, first you need to choose the right “shoes” for the car - the tire size is one of the most visible details of the marking:

To decrypt, let's take last example from photo: 175/70 R13 82T:

175 is an indicator of the tire width in millimeters, that is, the width of this tire is 175 mm.
70 – its proportionality (a similar value is also called a profile), that is, the height of the profile in relation to the width in in this case is 70%. The higher the proportionality index, the taller the tire, regardless of its width.
R – radial tire cord. This is a feature of the tire design when the rubberized threads on the carcass cord run parallel to each other without overlapping. Now mainly produced radial type, but sometimes you can also find a diagonal cord (D), when the rubberized threads on the frame are located at an angle to the radius of the wheel. Or diagonally belted type (B).
13 – the value is indicated in inches and indicates the diameter of the wheel.
T is the letter designation of the speed at which you can drive without problems with this tire. This tire speed index can be easily calculated by looking at the table below. In this case, we see the speed index T, which means that the maximum permissible speed is 190 km/h. This is a common type, as is the speed index q (up to 160 km/h).
82 – this number indicates the maximum permissible load on the wheel. In this case, this tire index means that the maximum permissible load is 475 kg. Just below you will see a table where all the tire load index values will be indicated.

Tire speed index

Tire load (carrying capacity) index

Index	KG	Index	KG	Index	KG	Index	KG
50	190	71	345	92	630	113	1150
51	195	72	355	93	650	114	1180
52	200	73	365	94	670	115	1215
53	206	74	375	95	690	116	1250
54	212	75	387	96	710	117	1285
55	218	76	400	97	730	118	1320
56	224	77	412	98	750	119	1360
57	230	78	425	99	775	120	1400
58	236	79	437	100	800	121	1450
59	243	80	450	101	825	122	1500
60	250	81	462	102	850	123	1550
61	257	82	475	103	875	124	1600
62	265	83	487	104	900	125	1650
63	272	84	500	105	925	126	1700
64	280	85	515	106	950	127	1750
65	290	86	530	107	975	128	1800
66	300	87	545	108	1000	129	1840
67	307	88	560	109	1030	130	1900
68	315	89	580	110	1060
69	325	90	600	111	1090
70	335	91	615	112	1120

Seasonality

Also, tire labeling necessarily includes an indication of seasonality:

Designation	Description
W+S	With such tires it is possible to drive on roads with mud and snow.
Snow or M+S	Winter tires that allow you to drive on snow and ice.
As All Season	all-season
Any Weather	all-weather
Rain, Water, Aqua, Aquatred, Aquacontact	Perhaps the tire may have an “umbrella” in its markings. This marking indicates that the tire has aquaplaning effect, that is, it was created specifically for rainy weather.
HIGHWAY	Road - designed for paved roads, but only when wet or dry. Due to the low grip on the surface, driving on snow or ice in such car “shoes” is undesirable.
PERFORMANCE	Express - for high-class cars. They withstand high temperature loads, have excellent adhesion properties and provide impeccable vehicle handling.
ALL SEASON PERFORMANCE	High-speed all-season.

Oshipovka

For those who prefer studded tires in the cold season, it is important to know the following:

Additional designations

In addition, there are a lot of additional designations that are not always indicated:

Designation	Description
Rotation	Directional, where the direction is indicated by an arrow.
Outside and Inside	(possibly Side Facing Out and Side Facing Inwards) Asymmetrical, therefore, with this designation, be sure to follow the instructions for installing the tire on the rim: Outside (outside of the car), Inside (inside).
Left/Right	Depending on the designation, install the tire on the side of the car that is indicated in the marking: left or right.
Tubeless	Tubeless.
Tube Type	Use only with a camera.
MAX PRESSURE (kPa)	Maximum permissible pressure in the tire.
Vmax	The speed that the tires can withstand can be more than 360 km/h.
SSR	If there is a loss of pressure, the emergency protection system is activated.
M3	Developed specifically for BMW.
N1, N2, N3	Developed specifically for Porsche.
M.O.	Developed specifically for Mercedes-Benz.
M.L.	Designed specifically for Mercedes-Benz or Audi, with rim protection.
MFS	Maximum protection for the edge of the car wheel.
RF, Reinf, C, LT, XL	Reinforced tires.
E17	Fully comply with European standards.
DOT	Fully compliant with US standards.
PLIES: TREAD	The tread layer consists of...
SIDEWALL	The side layer consists of...
MAX LOAD	Tire load index (kg or English feet).
D.A.	Minor manufacturing defects that do not interfere with normal operation.
MADE IN...	Produced in...

- Everything is fine, thank you!

- Please.

Example: MYOB = mind your own business (mind your own business)

Below you will find a whole list of English abbreviations (in SMS, in social networks, forums). Study it thoroughly to understand what English-speaking interlocutors want from you.

As a preface: colloquial abbreviations in English

Of course, it is advisable to use abbreviations of English words only in informal correspondence (personal messages, chats). At the same time, there is a known case when a 13-year-old girl wrote a school essay, almost entirely based on English abbreviations. Here is an excerpt from it, try to read and understand the meaning of what is written:

My smmr hols wr CWOT. B4, we used 2go2 NY 2C my bro, his GF & thr 3:- kids FTF. ILNY, it's a gr8 plc.

Happened? Now read the “translation”:

My summer hols (abbreviated as holidays) were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to NY (New York) to see my brother, his girlfriend and their 3 kids face to face. I love New York, it’s a great place.

As you see, English abbreviations built on the letter:

on the use of numbers (4, 8)
on letter names (R = are, C = see)
on vowel ejection (smmr = summer)
on acronyms - a type of abbreviation formed by initial letters (ILNY = I love New York).

So, let's move on to our dictionary of English abbreviations.

His Majesty Slang: deciphering English abbreviations

The article will indicate the translation of abbreviations from English into Russian. But where additional clarification is required, we will provide that too. Enjoy!

0 = nothing

2 = two, to, too (two, preposition to, too)

2DAY = today (today)

2MORO / 2MROW = tomorrow (tomorrow)

2NITE / 2NYT = tonight (tonight, tonight)

2U = to you (to you)

4U = for you (for you)

4E = forever

AFAIK= as far as I know (as far as I know)

ASAP = as soon as possible (at the first opportunity, as soon as possible)

ATB = all the best (all the best)

B = to be

B4 = before (before)

B4N = bye for now (bye, see you)

BAU = business as usual (idiom meaning that things continue as usual despite the difficult situation)

BBL = to be back later (come back later, be later)

BC = because (because)

BF = boyfriend (young man, guy, boyfriend)

BK = back (back, back)

BRB = to be right back (back soon). For example, you are “chatting” with someone, but forced to leave for a while. BRB (back soon), - you write, and go about your business.

BRO = brother

BTW = by the way (by the way, by the way)

BYOB / BYO = to bring your own booze, to bring your own bottle (“with your own alcohol”). Indicated on the invitation when the party host will not provide drinks for guests. By the way, the band System Of A Down has a song B.Y.O.B. (Bring Your Own Bombs instead of Bottle).

C = to see

CIAO = goodbye (goodbye, bye). This is an abbreviation for correspondence in English language derived from Italian Ciao(and it is pronounced exactly like this - ciao).

COS / CUZ = because (because)

CUL8R = call you later / see you later (I'll call you later / see you later)

CUL = see you later (see you later)

CWOT = complete waste of time

D8 = date (date, date)

DNR = dinner

EOD = end of debate. Used during an argument when you want to stop it: That's it, EOD! (That's it, let's stop arguing!)

EZ = easy (easy, simple, convenient)

F2F / FTF = face to face (face to face)

F8 = fate

FYI = for your information

GF = girlfriend (girlfriend)

GMTA = great minds think alike (the saying “Great minds think alike”). Something like ours “fools think alike” just the other way around :)

GR8 = great (wonderful, excellent, etc.)

GTG = got to go (got to go)

HAND = have a nice day (have a nice day)

HB2U = happy birthday to you (happy birthday)

HOLS = holidays (vacation, vacation)

HRU = how are you (how are you? How are you?)

HV = to have

ICBW = it could be worse (could be worse)

IDK = I dont know (I don’t know)

IDTS = I don’t think so (I don’t think so, I don’t think so, I don’t agree)

ILU / Luv U = I love you (I love you)

IMHO = in my humble opinion (in my humble opinion). Expression has long migrated to our Internet in the form of transliteration IMHO.

IYKWIM = if you know what I mean (if you know what I mean)

JK = just kidding (just kidding, it's a joke)

KDS = kids

KIT = to keep in touch (stay in touch)

KOTC = kiss on the cheek (kiss on the cheek)

L8 = late (late, recently, recently)

L8R = later

LMAO = laughing my ass out (so funny that I laughed off my ass).

LOL = laughing out loud (the meaning is identical to the previous one). This popular English abbreviation is also borrowed from our Internet slang in the form of transliteration LOL.

LSKOL = long slow kiss on the lips (French kiss)

LTNS = long time no see (long time no see)

Example from stickers for Viber

Luv U2 = I love you too (I love you too)

M8 = mate (buddy, friend, dude). Slang word mate- about the same as dude (dude, boy, etc.): Hey, mate, what’s up? (Hey man, how's it going?)

MON = the middle of nowhere (idiom meaning “very far away, in the middle of nowhere”)

MSG = message (message, message)

MTE = my thoughts exactly (you read my thoughts, I think exactly the same)

MU = I miss you (I miss you)

MUSM = I miss you so much (I miss you very much)

MYOB = mind your own business (mind your own business, don’t meddle in other people’s business)

N2S = needless to say (it goes without saying, it’s obvious that...)

NE1 = anyone (anyone, anyone)

NO1 = no one (no one)

NP = no problem (no problem, no problem)

OIC = oh, I see (I see; that's it). Used in a situation when you want to show your interlocutor that you understand the subject of the conversation.

PC&QT – peace and quiet (peace and quiet). An idiom that is most often used in the context of wanting more peaceful life: All I want is a little peace and quiet (All I want is a little peace and quiet).

PCM = please call me (please call me)

PLS = please (please)

PS = parents

QT = cutie

R = are (form of verbs to be)

ROFL / ROTFL = rolling of the floor laughing (rolling on the floor laughing)

RUOK = are you ok? (Are you okay? Is everything okay?)

SIS = sister

SKOOL = school (school)

SMMR = summer

SOB = stressed out bad (feel very stressed)

This video has subtitles.

SOM1 = someone

TGIF = thank God it’s Friday (Thank God, today is Friday)

THX = thanks

THNQ = thank you (thank you)

TTYL = talk to you later (let's talk later)

WAN2 = to want to (want)

WKND = weekend

WR = were (form of the verb to be)

WUCIWUG = what you see is what you get (what you see is what you get)

The phrase was used for creative posters for Heinz ketchup

The expression has several meanings:

Property application programs or web interfaces in which content is displayed as it is edited and looks as close as possible to the final product (more details).
A definition that is used when the speaker wants to show that there is nothing hidden, there are no secrets or pitfalls.

Can be used as a definition an honest and open person:

He is a what-you-see-is-what-you-get kind of person. (He is a “what you see is what you get” type of person)

The idiom can also be used, for example, by salespeople in a store when they assure us that the product we are buying is looks the same as on the display:

The product you are looking at is exactly what you get if you buy it. What you see is what you get. The ones in the box are just like this one. (If you buy this product, you will receive exactly what you see now. The items in the boxes are exactly the same as this one).

X = kiss

XLNT = excellent (excellent, excellent)

XOXO = hugs and kisses (hugs and kisses). More precisely, “hugs and kisses”, if you follow Internet trends :)

YR = your / you’re (your / you + form of the verb to be)

ZZZ.. = to sleep (sleep) The abbreviation is used when a person wants to show the interlocutor that he is already asleep / falling asleep.

Finally: how to understand modern abbreviations in English

As you can see, all English abbreviations on the Internet follow a certain logic, the principles of which we discussed at the beginning of the article. Therefore, it is enough to “scan through them with your eyes” several times, and you will easily be able to use and, most importantly, understand them. CUL8R, M8 :)

Are you planning to go shopping? Shopping, buying new things, changing your style and image is certainly an exciting and interesting activity. However, the unclear letters that indicate sizes S M and L, xl, xxl can cause some confusion in the process of buying something you like if you don’t know what they mean.

How to determine clothing size

We are accustomed to thinking that the main indicator for determining size is half the chest circumference. It is important to take measurements correctly. The measuring tape should be positioned exactly horizontally, adhere tightly to the body without much tension or sagging, and pass through the most prominent points of the chest.

The person being measured must be wearing underwear or light summer clothing. In order to make the decoding of sizes S M L as accurate as possible, we recommend taking additional measurements:

chest girth;

waist circumference;

hip girth.

We measure the waist on a naked body, without retracting or protruding the stomach; the body position should be relaxed and natural. We measure the hips at their widest point.

Keep in mind that if your body type, for example, fits T-shirt sizes S M L, this does not mean that skirts or trousers will have the same size.

Correspondence of letter designations with numbers

There are several generally accepted size markings: Russian, European and American. The international letter designation system is usually used.

In order to decide what sizes S M L are, let’s say right away that the letter designation represents the first letter of the corresponding English word:

S – Small (small);

M – Middle;

L- Large (large).

The letter X (extra) can mean very small (XS) or, on the contrary, very large (HL).

For women

Marking

Bust(cm)
Hip(cm)

To determine S M L what sizes these are in the Russian manner of designating the size range, it is better to use a special table. Standard European size chart women's clothing translated into Russian size S M L looks like this:

S – corresponds to 44;

M – for PoH value 46 cm;

L – means Russian 48.

For men

The table of clothing sizes S M L for men has a similar appearance. The principle for determining men's metric values is the same as for women's clothing:

S – corresponds to the 46th;

L – means 50.

The size of men's clothing S M L, unlike women's, includes such an indicator as neck circumference. It is important when choosing and purchasing dress shirts.

For those who find it easier to navigate the usual size grid, using tables they can easily convert European designations into women's Russian sizes S M L.

How not to make a mistake when choosing clothes

Despite the fact that there is a generally accepted table of sizes S M L, the size of clothing from different manufacturers can vary significantly. Sometimes it happens that the winter collection will be more complete than the summer collection from the same brand. Please note that a product may be manufactured for a specific country's market, which may use a different metric system.

To be sure, it is better to use not average data, but size tables of the brand whose clothes you are going to buy. This information can usually be found on the manufacturer's website.

The most the right way The only way to avoid mistakes when buying clothes is to try on the item in a company store trademark. If you plan to purchase clothes in an online store, then the right thing to do is to visit a real retail outlet and try on several items of the chosen brand.

If we summarize the data, we get pivot table matching the size range of women's and men's clothing.