During the period of extensive hydraulic construction on the Volga, the academic Institute of Biology of Reservoirs was opened (later - the Institute of Biology inland waters Academy of Sciences of the USSR), which was entrusted with the task of studying changes in the Volga basin (as they would say now, monitoring its ecological systems). This institution was headed by the legendary Soviet polar explorer Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Twice Hero Soviet Union, who at one time did a lot for the organization scientific center on the study of the Volga in the Kuibyshev region (Fig. 1).
Environmental control needed
On the need for a comprehensive study of the influence economic activity advanced Russian scientists first started talking about the basin of the great Russian river Volga back in the 19th century. Although at that time the influence of industry, transport and Agriculture on the Volga ecosystems has not yet acquired the scale that we see today, however, the first negative signs have already worried the leading minds of our country.
As we know, negative changes noticeable to the naked eye in the basin of the largest river in Europe became visible by the middle of the twentieth century, when almost the entire Volga channel was turned into a cascade of reservoirs. In addition, at that time, in coastal cities, one after another was built industrial enterprises, polluting once clean water.
By the mid-50s, about 25% of our country’s industrial potential, more than 20% of the total agricultural volume and almost 40% of the Russian population were already concentrated in the Volga basin, which occupies only 8% of Russia’s territory. It is clear that such a huge load on the river could not but affect the quality of the Volga water, its fish resources and the general sanitary situation in this region.
The Institute of Biology of Reservoirs (later - the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences) was founded in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl region. When it was created, it was obvious that one point for exploring such a huge river as the Volga would clearly not be enough. Therefore, under the influence of the scientific community, the then leadership of the USSR decided on the need to create large biological research stations in other cities of the Volga region.
Looking ahead, it must be said that in 1957 such a station was opened in Stavropol-on-Volga (now Togliatti). But about why it was built here, there is the following story, which, however, is supported by solid memoirs, including the director of the Institute of Inland Water Biology I.D. Papanina.
Curriculum Vitae
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born on November 14 (26), 1894 in Sevastopol, in the family of a Navy sailor. After studying for four years at primary school, he went to work at the factory in 1908. In 1914, the young man was called up to military service to the fleet. In 1918-1920, Ivan Papanin participated in Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea, where he was involved in organizing sabotage against White Guard troops and creating rebel detachments. In 1920, he was appointed commissar of operational management under the commander naval forces Southwestern Front.
In November of the same 1920, Papanin was appointed commandant of the Crimean Cheka, then he worked here as an investigator. In 1921, Papanin was transferred to Kharkov as the military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, and from July 1921 to March 1922 he worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet.
In 1922, Papanin was sent to Moscow to the post of commissar of the economic administration of the People's Commissariat of Maritime Affairs, and in 1923 at the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs he became the business manager and head of the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security. In 1923-1925, Papanin studied at the Higher Communications Courses, after which he was sent to Yakutia as deputy head of the expedition to build a radio station.
In 1932-1933, Papanin was the head of the Tikhaya Bay polar station on the Franz Josef Land islands, and in 1934-1935 - the head of the station at Cape Chelyuskin.
Taking into account his experience in the Arctic, the leadership of the Main Northern Sea Route, in agreement with the Soviet government, instructed I.D. Papanin to head the world's first drifting station, the North Pole, which operated in the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean from June 1937 to February 1938. Together with Papanin, meteorologist and geophysicist E.K. also worked at the station. Fedorov, radio operator E.T. Krenkel and hydrobiologist and oceanographer P.P. Shirshov. Last days the station was in an emergency situation because the ice floe on which it was located began to crack and break. The polar explorers were rescued by the icebreakers Murman and Taimyr.
All participants of the expedition after its completion were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The scientific results obtained in this unique northern drift were presented to the general meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences on March 6, 1938 and received the highest praise from specialists. Then I.D. Papanin, together with the station radio operator E.T. Krenkel received doctorates in geographical sciences (Fig. 2, 3).
In 1939-1946 he worked as the head of the Main Northern Sea Route, and in this post in 1940 he became Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. After the start of the war, on October 15, 1941, Papanin combined this post with the position of Commissioner of the State Defense Committee for transportation on the White Sea. In 1946-1949 I.D. Papanin temporarily retired and was treated for angina. However, his active nature did not allow the veteran to rest for a long time, and in 1949 Papanin was appointed deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions, and in 1951 he headed the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works in the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1956 I.D. Papanin also became the director of the Institute of Biology of Reservoirs (later the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences), which was located in the village of Borok.
Volzhsky voyage
When the above-mentioned government decree on the creation of a biological station in the Middle Volga was issued, Papanin and his colleagues considered several options for its location. Ulyanovsk was previously chosen as the main point.
And so, in order to personally examine these places, Papanin in the summer of 1956 went down the Volga on an expedition ship. During this trip, an almost anecdotal incident happened to him, because of which the biological station ended up not in Ulyanovsk, but in Stavropol.
Many already knew then that Ivan Papanin, a brave polar explorer and honored scientist, was not without some human weaknesses. In particular, he loved to drink and was also a master of profanity. Shortly before the ship was supposed to approach Ulyanovsk, Papanin, during an evening feast, took more cognac than usual, after which he went to bed.
The ship approached the Ulyanovsk port late at night. And here, when trying to wake up the famous polar explorer, he was not slow in demonstrating to the representatives of the ship’s crew all his obscene language. lexicon. The captain decided not to take any more risks, and the ship headed further down the Volga. As a result, Papanin woke up only late in the morning, when the entire expedition moored in Kuibyshev.
Seeing overboard a completely different city than the one he was supposed to visit according to the trip plan, Papanin once again “let off steam” in relation to the captain, who, in his opinion, did not wake him up actively enough at night. However, the emotional release soon had its effect. The leader of the expedition quickly cooled down and decided that, since this had happened, it was necessary to go to the Kuibyshev Regional Party Committee.
At the regional party headquarters, the polar explorer, to his surprise, met his old acquaintance, Ivan Komzin, who at that time was the head of the construction of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric station, and later became a Hero of Socialist Labor. Papanin also met with him more than once during the Great Patriotic War(Fig. 4).
Komzin immediately invited Papanin to his place in Stavropol, for the construction of a hydroelectric power station - to take a steam bath and reminisce. And after such a bath ablution, sipping beer on fresh air, Komzin and suggested to the director of the Institute of Reservoirs to install a biological station right here, near the Zhiguli Mountains. “We are building the world’s largest hydroelectric power station here,” said Ivan Vasilyevich, “so can’t we find several dump trucks of bricks for the buildings of your station?” Komzin later said that Papanin agreed to this proposal without further hesitation.
The grand opening of the station took place quite soon - on December 30, 1957. Subsequently, all experts noted that, from the point of view of scientific significance, the location for its placement in close proximity to the hydroelectric power station was chosen ideally.
The first director of the biological station was Nikolai Dzyuban, Candidate of Biological Sciences, who participated in the development of the plan for his future institution, and then supervised its construction, as they say, from the first peg until the very moment of the grand opening. Subsequently, Nikolai Andreevich headed the biological station until 1974, when he went to work in the newly created hydrobiological monitoring laboratory at the Tolyatti branch of the hydrometeorological service (Fig. 5).
Since its foundation, the Kuibyshev Biological Station has studied various hydrobiological processes occurring in the newly formed reservoir, and primarily the formation of its flora and fauna. Later, the scope of its activities became not only the Zhiguli Sea, but in general the entire complex of southern reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade.
Research into the flora and fauna of these huge bodies of water has been carried out comprehensively for many years. This means that simultaneously with the study of zoo- and phytoplankton, microorganisms, benthic organisms and ichthyofauna in field conditions full swing hydrological and hydrochemical studies were carried out. In subsequent years, research in the field of hydrophysics also began here. Biological station scientists studied the dynamics of changes in the banks of the reservoir, its temperature regime in different seasons of the year, they measured water transparency, direction and speed of currents, and so on.
The result of these studies was hundreds and thousands of scientific papers that showed changes in the productivity of reservoirs, biological characteristics its inhabitants, positive and negative trends in fish catches by year, and much more. All this data immediately found application in assessing the food supply for fishing, in protecting hydraulic structures from fouling, in monitoring negative environmental changes in the reservoir, and so on.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin died on January 30, 1986 and was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery (Fig. 6, 7).
Institute for the entire Volga
In the early 80s, it became obvious that the level of scientific work of the biological station in Togliatti by that time had significantly exceeded the status of an ordinary unit of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time, the Soviet and party bodies received several proposals to transform the biological station into a full-fledged academic institute, which could be tasked with broad monitoring of the environmental situation throughout the Volga basin. And the arguments turned out to be so weighty that the government’s decision on this matter did not take long to arrive.
In July 1983, in accordance with the order of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Kuibyshevskaya biological station in Tolyatti was transformed into an independent Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin under the USSR Academy of Sciences. Its first director was Doctor of Biological Sciences Stanislav Konovalov (Fig. 8, 9).
Since December 1991, the Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin of the Russian Academy of Sciences has been headed by Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Gennady Rosenberg. His interests include studying ecological systems and predicting their dynamics depending on conditions environment(Fig. 10).
The deputy director of the institute is now Doctor of Biological Sciences Sergei Saksonov, the largest expert on the flora of Samara Luka and the entire Middle Volga region. Previously he worked research fellow in the Zhigulevsky State Nature Reserve (Fig. 11, 12).
Valery EROFEEV.
Bibliography
Volga and its life. L., Nauka, 1978.: 1-348.
Erofeev V.V. 1991. Discovery of the Volga. - On Sat. “Samara local historian”, part 1, Samara. book publishing house, pp. 11-30.
Erofeev V.V., Chubachkin E.A. 2007. Samara province - native land. T.I. Samara, “Samara Book Publishing House”, 416 p.
Erofeev V.V., Chubachkin E.A. 2008. Samara province - native land. T.II. Samara, publishing house "Book", 304 p.
Erofeev V.V., Zakharchenko T.Ya., Nevsky M.Ya., Chubachkin E.A. 2008. According to Samara miracles. Sights of the province. Publishing house "Samara House of Printing", 168 p.
Zhadin V.I. 1940. Life in the Kuibyshev Reservoir. - Journal “Nature”, No. 6, p.85.
Krenkel E.T. 1973. RAEM - my call signs. M.: Soviet Russia, 436 pp.
The legends were Zhiguli. 3rd edition, revised. and additional Kuibyshev, Kuib. book publishing house 1979. 520 p.
Lukin A.V. 1975. Kuibyshev Reservoir. – News of GosNIORKH, vol. 102, pp. 105-117.
Matveeva G.I., Medvedev E.I., Nalitova G.I., Khramkov A.V. 1984. Samara region. Kuibyshev, Kuib. book publishing house
Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich // Otomi - Plaster. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - (Big Soviet encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 19).
Papanin I.D. 1977. Life on an Ice Floe. M.: Thought.
Fortunatov M.A. 1971. About some problems of studying the Volga and reservoirs of the Volga basin. - On Sat. "Volga-I. Problems of studying and rational use of biological resources of water bodies. Proceedings of the First Conference on the Study of Reservoirs of the Volga Basin. Kuibyshev, Kuib. book publishing house 1971",:11-18.
Fedorov E.K. 1982. Polar Diaries. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat.
Khramkov L.V. 2003. Introduction to Samara local history. Tutorial. Samara, publishing house "NTC".
Khramkov L.V., Khramkova N.P. 1988. Samara region. Tutorial. Kuibyshev, Kuib. book publishing house 128 p.
Ivan Papanin was born on November 14 (26), 1894 in Sevastopol in the family of a sailor who worked in the port. All his childhood and youth passed near the sea. Graduated from four grades of primary school. In 1908 he went to work at the Sevastopol plant for the production of navigation instruments. Ivan Papanin proved himself very well in production, and in 1912 he was transferred to the shipbuilding plant in Reval (Tallinn).
At the beginning of the First World War, Papanin was called up for military service, and he again found himself in his native Crimea, in the Black Sea Fleet. 1918-1920 - active participant in the Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea. Since 1920 - Commissioner of Operations under the Commander of the Naval Forces and the Forces of the Southwestern Front. Since the end of 1920 - commandant of the Crimean Cheka. From July 1921 to March 1922, Papanin worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet.
In 1924, he moved to Moscow, where he worked on communications issues, and it was here that he graduated from the Higher Courses of Communications. After graduation, he went to work in Yakutia.
Since 1932, Papanin was the head of the Tikhaya Bay polar station on Franz Josef Land, and since 1934 - at the station at Cape Chelyuskin.
In 1937-1938, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin became the head of the world's first drifting station, the North Pole. This event elevated him to the rank of one of the most famous people in our country and the world.
This expedition added unique scientific data to knowledge about the Arctic and its nature. The results of the station’s work and its drift were reported General meeting USSR Academy of Sciences on March 6, 1938. The assessment of the expedition's activities was very high. For heroic work in the difficult conditions of the Arctic, all participants in the polar drift were nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The scientific community also highly appreciated their achievements. Papanin and radio operator Ernst Krenkel received doctorate degrees in geographical sciences.
At the end of 1939 - beginning of 1940, the whole country watched the rescue of the icebreaker Georgy Sedov, which had drifted for 812 days, from ice captivity. Ivan Papanin headed rescue work, which were completed successfully. Ivan Dmitrievich was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the second time.
From 1939 to 1946, Papanin headed the Main Northern Sea Route and was also appointed commissioner of the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North.
During the war years, it successfully received and transported military cargo to the front, which was delivered to the USSR from the USA and Great Britain. Along with this work, he oversaw the construction of port shipyards in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and on the Far Eastern coast. In 1943, he was awarded the military rank of rear admiral.
After defeating Nazi Germany Ivan Dmitrievich began to move away from practical work and was more involved in science. This was due to deteriorating health (Papanin suffered from heart disease). In 1949, due to health reasons, he retired, but continued to work. He became deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions. Since 1951, he headed the department of marine expeditionary work in the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time, Papanin was at the head of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin passed away on January 30, 1986. The cause of death was chronic heart failure. He was 91 years old. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The glorious pages of the biography of Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin have forever entered the Russian and world history. He is an honorary citizen of Sevastopol, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Lipetsk. The Republic of Crimea and the Yaroslavl region also included him in the lists of their honorary residents. A cape located in Taimyr, mountains in Antarctica, an underwater mountain in the Pacific Ocean and an island in the Azov Sea are named in honor of Ivan Papanin.
PAPANIN Ivan Dmitrievich (November 26, 1894, Sevastopol - January 30, 1986, Moscow) - an outstanding Soviet explorer of the Arctic, head of the first Soviet drifting station "North Pole" (1937 - 1938) and the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (1939 - 1946), director of the Institute biology and inland waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950 - 1965), Honorary Citizen of the Yaroslavl Region (1982).
Born into a sailor's family. Russian. In 1909 he graduated from the zemstvo primary school. Apprentice turner in the mechanical workshops of Chernoaz sailing stations (October 1909 - June 1912), turner in the workshops of the Sevastopol military port (June 1912 - December 1913), shipyard in Reval (now Tallinn) (December 1913 - December 1914). In service in Russian imperial fleet since 1914. Sailor of the semi-crew of the Sevastopol military port (December 1914 - November 1917).
Since the fall of 1917 in the Red Guard: Red Guard fighter of the Black Sea detachment of revolutionary sailors in Crimea (November 1917 - November 1918), Red Army soldier-organizer of sailors behind enemy lines in Crimea (November 1918 - November 1919); participated in the creation partisan movement on the peninsula, in battles against the White Guards. Chairman of the presidium of the workshop cell of the Trans-Dnieper naval brigade of armored trains and armored personnel of the 14th and 12th armies (November 1919 - March 1920). Member of the RCP (b) since 1919.
Commissioner of the Operational Directorate of the Commander of the Naval Forces of the Southwestern Front (March-July 1920), commandant and member of the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC) of the Crimean Revolutionary Insurgent Army (March-October 1920), commander of the landing force, a detachment of sailors, commandant and head of the Cheka fighting detachment with banditry in Crimea (October 1920 - March 1921); at the disposal of the military commissar under the commander of the Naval Forces of the Republic (March-July 1921). Secretary of the RVS of the Black Sea Naval Forces (July 1921 - March 1922), Commissioner of the Economic Administration of the State Technical University of the Maritime Forces Administration (March 1922 - August 1923). For violation of military and labor discipline transferred to the reserve. Deputy responsible head of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs (NKPT) for organizing communications in Yakutia (August 1923 - January 1927), head of the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security of the NKPT of the USSR (January 1927 - August 1931).
In 1929 he graduated from special courses at Osoaviakhim, in 1931 - the Higher Communications Courses of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs, in 1932 - the first year of the Faculty of Communications of the Planning Academy.
He led the expedition and then the construction of a radio station at the Aldan gold mines. Head of the expedition and polar station in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land (April 1932 - December 1933), polar station at Cape Chelyuskin (December 1933 - December 1935), head of the drifting expedition "North Pole-1" (December 1935 - April 1938) , which marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin. The drift of the station, which began on May 21, 1937, lasted 274 days and ended on February 19, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe covered 2100 km. The expedition members (oceanologist P. P. Shirshov, geophysicist E. K. Fedorov and radio operator E. T. Krenkel) managed to collect unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.
Expedition participants: Shirshov, Krenkel, Fedorov, Papanin. 1938
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 27, 1937, for successful research work and skillful management of the North Pole station on a drifting ice floe, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin. After the establishment of the special distinction, he was awarded the Gold Star medal (No. 37).
Deputy Chief (March 1938 - October 1939), Head of the Main Northern Sea Route under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (October 1939 - August 1946). In the first years, he focused on the construction of powerful icebreakers and the development of Arctic navigation; in 1940, he led an expedition to rescue the icebreaking steamer Georgy Sedov from ice captivity after an 812-day drift.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 3, 1940, for the exemplary fulfillment of the government task of removing the icebreaking steamer "Georgy Sedov" from the Arctic ice and the heroism displayed at the same time, the head of the Main Northern Sea Route, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, was awarded the second Gold Star medal (No. Z/I). I. D. Papani is one of five heroes who was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union before the start of the Great Patriotic War.
During the Great Patriotic War, he made a significant contribution to organizing the uninterrupted movement of ships along the Northern Sea Route. Since October 15, 1941 - Commissioner of the State Defense Committee for maritime transport in the White Sea and the organization of loading and unloading in the Arkhangelsk port. In October 1943, he led the radical reconstruction of the port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Seconded to the USSR Academy of Sciences (October 1944 - August 1946 and from October 1948). He was under long-term treatment for two years (July 1946 - August 1948). Deputy Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (August 1948 - June 1950) for the expeditionary part, Director of the Institute of Biology and Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl Region (June 1950 - June 1965), at the same time head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences (August 1951 - January 1986).
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st–2nd convocations (1937-1950).
Lived in the hero city of Moscow. Died on January 30, 1986. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Rear Admiral (05/25/1943). Awarded nine Orders of Lenin (06/27/1937, 03/22/1938, 05/1/1944, 11/26/1944, 12/2/1945, 12/30/1956, 11/26/1964, 11/26/1974, 11/23/1984), the Order of October Russian Revolution (07/20/1971) , two Orders of the Red Banner (1922, 11/15/1950), Order of Nakhimov 1st degree (07/08/1945), Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree (03/11/1985), two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (01/22/1955, 01/8/1980 ), orders of Friendship of Peoples (12/17/1982), Red Star (11/10/1945), medals, including “For Military Merit” (11/3/1944), as well as orders and medals of foreign countries.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin in the editorial office " Komsomolskaya Pravda" To his left is polar explorer Dmitry Shparo. Early 1980s
Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938). Awarded the Gold Medal named after S. O. Makarov of the ANSSSR (11/22/1984; for outstanding contribution to the development scientific research in the Arctic Ocean and for the creation of the country's research fleet).
Honorary citizen of the hero cities of Murmansk (08/19/1977) and Sevastopol (12/20/1979), as well as Arkhangelsk (04/11/1975), Lipetsk (1982), Yaroslavl region (02/23/1982) and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (2000).
Busts in his honor were installed in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Sevastopol and the village of Borok, Nekouzsky district, Yaroslavl region. Memorial plaques were installed in Arkhangelsk and Moscow. A cape on the Taimyr Peninsula, mountains in Antarctica, an underwater mountain in the Pacific Ocean, the Institute of Inland Water Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, streets in Arkhangelsk (Papanintsev Street, 1962; Papanina Street, 1986), Yekaterinburg, Izmail, Lipetsk, Murmansk and Yaroslavl are named after him. The I. D. Papanin Museum is located in the village of Borok. At the National Museum of the Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol, a museum exhibition has been created - a stationary exhibition “Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin - Sevastopol Columbus”.
November 26, 1894 – January 30, 1986
Arctic researcher, Doctor of Geographical Sciences
Biography
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol, his father was a sailor in the Navy.
After studying for 4 years at an elementary school, Papanin went to work at a factory in 1908. In 1914 he was called up for military service (joined the navy).
In 1918-1920 he participated in the Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea (organizing sabotage and rebel groups). Since 1920 - Commissioner of Operations under the Commander of the Naval Forces of the Southwestern Front.
From November 1920, on the recommendation of R. Zemlyachka, he was appointed commandant of the Crimean Cheka, and also worked as an investigator. In 1921 he was transferred to Kharkov as the military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, then from July 1921 to March 1922 he worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet.
In 1922 he was transferred to Moscow as commissar of the economic administration of the People's Commissariat of Maritime Affairs, in 1923 - to the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs as business manager and head of the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security. In 1923-1925 he studied at the Higher Communications Courses, after which he was sent to Yakutia as deputy head of an expedition to build a radio station.
In 1932-1933 he was the head of the polar station Tikhaya Bay (Franz Josef Land), and in 1934-1935 - the station at Cape Chelyuskin, in 1937-1938 - he headed the world's first drifting station "North Pole".
In 1939-1946 he worked as the head of the Main Northern Sea Route, and from October 15, 1941 he was also the Commissioner of the State Defense Committee for transportation on the White Sea. From 1946 to 1949 - retired due to illness.
From 1949 to 1951 he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions, from 1951 until the end of his life he headed the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works in the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and from 1956 - at the same time director of the Institute of Inland Water Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the village of Borok. Chairman of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st and 2nd convocations.
Awards and titles
- Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1937, 1940)
- 9 Orders of Lenin (1937, 1938, May 1944, November 1944, 1945, 1956, 1964, 1974, 1984)
- Order of the October Revolution (1971)
- 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1922, 1950)
- Order of Nakhimov, 1st class (1945)
- Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1985)
- 2 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1955, 1980)
- Order of Friendship of Peoples (1982)
- Order of the Red Star (1945)
- Medal "For Military Merit"
- Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
- Medal "20 years of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army"
- other medals, foreign awards.
- Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938)
- Rear Admiral (1943)
- Honorary citizen of the hero city of Murmansk (1974)
- Honorary citizen of the city of Arkhangelsk (1975)
- Honorary citizen of the hero city Sevastopol (1979)
- Honorary citizen of the city of Lipetsk
- Honorary citizen of the Yaroslavl region
Memory
- The following are named after Papanin:
- cape on the Taimyr Peninsula,
- island in Sivash Bay (Azov Sea),
- mountains in Antarctica and a seamount in the Pacific Ocean;
- Institute of Inland Water Biology;
- streets in the Moscow district of Lianozovo, Lipetsk, Murmansk, Yekaterinburg, Izmail and Yubilein (Korolev, Moscow region), Sevastopol, Yaroslavl, Shakhunye, Nizhny Novgorod region, Arkhangelsk, Minsk;
- scientific and sports expedition.
- There is a memorial plaque installed on the house on Arbat where Papanin lived.
- In 1954, a monument to him was erected in Sevastopol.
- In 2003, a monument was unveiled in Murmansk.
- A museum was opened in Sevastopol.
Ivan Dmitrievich lived in this house from 1938 to 1986. Moscow, Arbat 45.
Monument to I. D. Papanin on the street named after him in Murmansk.
Bust of I. D. Papanin in the State Northern Maritime Museum in Arkhangelsk.
- It should be noted that quite a lot of articles have been written about Papanin’s life and work, but few individual books have been published about him:
- In 1938, a small brochure by a front-line friend, Vsevolod Vishnevsky, was published;
- In 1938, in his homeland, Crimea, a small book by a local author, “Our Countryman,” appeared.
Bibliography
- "Life on an Ice Floe" (1938).
- "Ice and Fire" (1977).
Philately
In honor of the 90th anniversary of I.D. Papanina, a Russian polar explorer, a friend of Ivan Dmitrievich S.A. Solovyov, released envelopes with his image; at present there are few of them left, they are stored in private collections of philatelists.
On November 26, 1894, one of the main researchers of the Arctic, a pioneer in the study and development of the North Pole, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, was born. He lived quite long life- 91 years old. Papanin passed away on January 30, 1986, exactly 30 years ago. Over the years of his life, Ivan Papanin was awarded many awards, including twice becoming a Hero of the Soviet Union, and he was also awarded nine Orders of Lenin. In addition, he had the rank of rear admiral and the scientific degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences. He gained wide fame back in 1937, when he led an expedition to the North Pole. For 274 days, four fearless workers of the SP-1 station drifted on an ice floe and monitored magnetic field Earth, as well as the processes that occurred in the atmosphere of the Arctic Ocean.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol. His father was a sailor in the port, so the boy’s entire life was spent near the sea; as a teenager he began to work, having completed only the 4th grade of primary school. Already in 1908, he went to work at the Sevastopol plant for the production of navigation instruments. On this occasion, he would later remark in Chekhov’s words: “As a child, I had no childhood.” In 1912 Papanin as one of best workers The enterprises were transferred to a shipyard in Reval (today Tallinn), and in 1914 they were called up for military service. At the same time, Ivan Papanin again found himself in Crimea, as he was sent to serve in the Black Sea Fleet. In 1918-1920 he took part in the Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea (organization of rebel groups and sabotage). Since 1920, he was the commissar of operational management under the commander of the naval forces and forces of the Southwestern Front. From November 1920 he served as commandant of the Crimean Cheka and worked as an investigator. In 1921, he was transferred to work in Kharkov as the military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, after which from July 1921 to March 1922 he worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet.
Two years later, a promotion followed, and he was transferred to Moscow, where the young security officer dealt with postal issues, and later headed the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security. His work in Yakutia was also connected with communications, where he supervised the construction of radio stations. While still in the capital, in 1923-1925 he managed to undergo training at the Higher Communications Courses, and it was after their completion that he went to Yakutia.
The activities of Ivan Papanin in 1932-1935 were also associated with being at the very edge of the earth. In 1932-1933, he was the head of the Tikhaya Bay polar station, which was located on Franz Josef Land, and in 1934-1935 he worked at the station, which was located on Cape Chelyuskin. That is, he had to work in very harsh conditions. However, it was then that Papanin most likely finally and irrevocably fell in love with the Arctic.
Later, even more difficult trials awaited Ivan Dmitrievich. In 1937-1938, something happened that made Papanin famous in our country and the world. He headed the world's first drifting station, the North Pole. The scientific results that were obtained in a unique drift were presented by him to the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences on March 6, 1938 and were highly appreciated by specialists. The work of the drifting station really made it possible to collect a lot of important and new information about the harsh Arctic region. For their dedicated work in the difficult conditions of the Arctic, all members of this famous expedition were nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. At the same time, Papanin, together with the station’s radio operator Krenkel, received the degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences.
At the end of 1939 - beginning of 1940, Ivan Papanin successfully organized an expedition to rescue the icebreaker Georgiy Sedov from ice captivity after an 812-day drift. For a successful expedition to rescue the icebreaker, Ivan Dmitrievich was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the second time. It is worth noting that from 1939 to 1946 he headed the Main Northern Sea Route. Papanin held the position of head of the Main Northern Sea Route and authorized representative of the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North throughout the Second World War. His work as head of the Main Northern Sea Route was important in the pre-war years, as it made it possible to solve many problems with the transportation of goods along the Northern Sea Route. During the first years in this high post, he paid great attention to the construction of powerful icebreakers in the country and the development of Arctic navigation. During the war, he successfully organized the reception and transportation to the front of military cargo that came to the USSR by sea from the USA and Great Britain, for which he received the rank of rear admiral in 1943.
IN post-war years Papanin gradually retreated from practice. He retired in 1949 due to heart disease (he had angina). At the same time, he did not give up his theoretical scientific activities. From 1949 to 1951 he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions. From 1951 until the end of his life, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanov headed the department of marine expeditionary work in the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In parallel with this, since 1965 he was also the director of the Institute of Inland Water Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, located in the village of Borok. He was also chairman of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the Soviet Union.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin died on January 30, 1986 from chronic heart failure at a fairly old age - 91 years. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery. During his life, he managed to become an honorary citizen of four cities at once - his native Sevastopol, as well as Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Lipetsk, and even one region - Yaroslavl. A cape located in Taimyr, mountains in Antarctica and the Pacific Ocean, as well as an island in the Sea of Azov were named after him. Streets in a number of cities of the Soviet Union were also named after Papanin.
Interesting Facts biographies
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin is an academician without education. At one time, he did not even receive a secondary education; the boy studied in primary school for only 4 years. The plant became a real “school of life” for the famous polar explorer. Only while working in the People's Commissariat of Communications did Papanin graduate from the Higher Communications Courses. However, the lack of education did not prevent him from becoming a Doctor of Science in 1938; he received this degree for the results achieved within the framework of the work of the SP-1 station. Subsequently, he was able to become an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions and director of the Institute of Inland Water Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Not everyone can achieve such success with the proper education. The same can be said about his military rank. Papanin became a rear admiral in 1943. Before that, he was only an ordinary sailor during the First World War and did not have any special military education.
Polar explorer No. 1
The work of the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1" (North Pole-1) marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, hydrology and meteorology. The drift of the station, which began on June 6, 1937, lasted 9 months (274 days) and ended on February 16, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe on which the station was located floated 2,100 kilometers. The participants of this polar expedition, under incredibly difficult working conditions, managed to collect and systematize unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. This expedition was attended by the leader Ivan Papanin, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, meteorologist and geophysicist Evgeny Fedotov and hydrobiologist and oceanographer Peter Shirshov.
Perhaps no event in the interval between the two world wars attracted as much public attention as the drift of the “Papanin Four” in the Arctic. Initially, they drifted on a huge ice floe, the area of which reached several square kilometers. However, by the time the expedition was completed, the size of the ice floe no longer exceeded the size of a volleyball court. At that moment, the whole world was watching the fate of the Soviet polar explorers, wishing them only one thing - to return from this expedition alive.
"Papanintsy"
The feat of the four “Papaninites” was immortalized in the Soviet Union in different ways. So in 1938 the series was released postage stamps, which was dedicated to the SP-1 expedition. In the same year, the book “Life on an Ice Floe” was published, authored by Papanin himself. In addition, for several years all Soviet boys played “Papanitsev” and conquered the North Pole, which was reflected in the literature of those years (for example, in “The Seven-Flower Flower” by Valentin Kataev, 1940). In 1995, Russia issued a commemorative coin worth 25 rubles, which was dedicated to the work of the SP-1 expedition.
Based on materials from open sources.