Rebar of off-gauge type is a bundle of hot-rolled steel that is uneven in length, the shape of the rods in which has special transverse ribs. Like the measured type of reinforcement, it is used in various areas of construction.
1
Off-gauge steel bars are made by hot rolling from various grades of low-alloy and carbon steels. Production is regulated by GOST 52544 and technical specifications. According to its characteristics, off-gauge fittings are no different from measured bars, the only difference is the length of the product. Measured fittings have a standard length of 11.7 meters, while off-gauge metal products can be from 1.5 to 12 meters long, depending on the application.
Unmeasured fittings
Some factories have the ability to produce rebars of unmeasured lengths that exceed 12 meters. The production of this type of fittings is carried out in accordance with various classes (At600, At800, At1200). In addition, off-gauge reinforcement may differ by the type of profile. Today, factories offer the following types:
- smooth profile (AI marking);
- periodic profile (marking AII or AVI).
The diameter of the reinforcement of off-gauge length can vary between 8-32 millimeters. The weight of one running meter of class 12 А500С is 0.88 kilograms. Additional marking in accordance with GOST may contain information about the steel grade, corrosion resistance and other characteristics. High-quality rolled and non-measured type should have a clear structure and profile without signs of deformation (cracks, breaks, chips). The price of off-gauge reinforcement is significantly lower than the analogs of standard length, which makes it in demand in various areas of construction.
2
Since this type of reinforcement belongs to the class of high-quality rolled metal products, the main field of application is the creation of reliable reinforced concrete structures. Unlike measured reinforcement, non-measure cannot provide maximum reliability when adhering to concrete, therefore, experts recommend using non-dimensional rods primarily as the main material for creating supports.
Application of off-gauge reinforcement
This type is most often used in low-rise construction, when erecting tape-type foundations, as a reinforcing element in the construction of household buildings, when laying a steel mesh, as well as for strengthening walls and concrete floors. Among the main advantages of long products are:
- The presence of transverse ribs of the profile. This allows you to create a more reliable adhesion to the concrete matrix, in addition, this type of profile increases the characteristics of wear resistance.
- Technological production. This type of long products is made from various grades of carbon steel using a special technology of metal hardening, which significantly increases it.
- Low cost. Due to the fact that off-gauge rolled products 12 are most often made from simpler types of steel, its final cost is much lower than dimensional reinforcement.
- Good weldability and high corrosion resistance. In addition, such a metal is distinguished by a special degree of viscosity, which makes it possible to use it in the construction of foundations.
3
Many experts agree that it is not always advisable to use iron rods of unmeasured length 12 as the main material when erecting a foundation and other reinforced concrete structures due to the special properties of the metal and the risk of overspending. However, with correct and competent calculations, you can avoid overspending and use the material to the maximum.
Use of reinforcement in construction
The main feature of off-gauge reinforcement 12 during construction is the ability to reduce the overlap when creating an iron frame, which cannot be done when working with rods of standard length.
Considering the lower cost of such material, it makes sense to use off-gauge reinforcement when creating small structures and supports. For large buildings and objects, it is recommended to take dimensional reinforcement, since it is able to withstand heavy loads and adheres better to the concrete matrix. In addition, dimensional rolled products have a clearer structure and a different type of profile, which gives certain advantages.
It is important to understand that reinforcement, off-gauge in length, is a very popular material for construction; when buying long products 12, you need to make sure of the quality of the metal and full compliance with the standards of GOST 52544 and various technical conditions. The fittings are supplied in bundles, which must be properly packed, and the packaging must be accurately marked with all the characteristics, including indicators of weldability (C) and corrosion protection (K).
In fact, not a single industry can do without pipes. Along with cement or sand, pipes are an invariable attribute of any construction site. They are used in medicine, in the manufacture of furniture, in aircraft, ship, automobile and car building. Pipes are irreplaceable when transporting liquid or gaseous substances. In each of these areas, pipes of various parameters are used, including lengths.
Types of pipes
Pipes are divided into three large groups: seamless, welded and shaped. Let's talk about the distinctive features of each of them.
Seamless pipes
They are distinguished by the integrity of the structure. For this reason, the pipes can withstand high loads. Seamless pipes, in turn, are divided into two types: cold-rolled and hot-rolled.
Cold rolled... They can have an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 5–250 mm, 0.3–24 mm and 1.5–11.5 m, respectively. They are characterized by high surface cleanliness and precise geometrical parameters. Cold-rolled pipes are used in aviation, astronautics, medicine, in the manufacture of internal combustion engines, fuel equipment, steam boilers of nuclear and power plants, furniture.
Hot rolled... They can have an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 28–530 mm, 2.5–75 mm and 4–12.5 m. They are distinguished by a rough surface and low accuracy. They are tougher than their cold rolled counterparts. Hot-rolled pipes are used in the chemical and mining industries, in the manufacture of boiler plants and the installation of domestic water pipes.
Electrowelded pipes
A distinctive feature of pipes of this type is the presence of a welded seam in the structure. They are divided into: straight and spiral seam.
Straight seam pipes can have an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 10–1420 mm, 1–32 mm and 2–12 m, respectively. Most often they are used when installing pipelines with moderate pressure.
Spiral pipes They are produced with an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 159–2520 mm, 3.5–25 mm and 10–12 m. They are used for the construction of heating mains and water pipelines. They are used for operation under high pressure - no more than 210 atmospheres.
Profile pipes
Profile pipes are seamless and electric-welded and have a cross-section in the form of a square, rectangle or oval. The outer dimensions of square pipes are from 10 to 180 mm, the wall thickness is 1–14 mm and the length is 1.5–12.5 m. Products with a rectangular section are produced with dimensions from 10 × 15 to 150 × 180 mm, wall thickness from 1 up to 12 mm and lengths from 1.5 to 12.5 m. Both types of pipes are used for the construction of building structures: frames, columns, racks, trusses, stairs and floors. Products with an oval section are more used for decorative purposes: the manufacture of handrails, fireplace grates, household and office furniture. They can have dimensions from 3 × 6 to 22 × 72 mm, wall thickness from 0.5 to 2.5 mm and lengths from 1.5 to 12.5 m.
Pipe length
The standards for all of the listed types of pipes indicate three options for their manufacture:
- Measured length - all pipe of the same size.
- The length is a multiple of the measured one - each pipe can be cut into a certain number of parts of the required size: a 5 mm allowance is given for each cut.
- Off-gauge length - pipes of different lengths, but within the specified range or not less than the specified value.
An upper and lower limit is specified for each of the parameters in the standards. Manufacturers adhere to these requirements during manufacture.
Sometimes there are formulations “measured length with remainder” or “length multiple of measured length with remainder”. This means that some pipes are longer than required. Manufacturers always stipulate what part of the products (as a percentage) of the total shipped batch will be with such deviations.
The video shows how the pipe cutting operation is performed:
Conclusion
Length is one of the key parameters of pipes. Knowing the differences between measured, unmeasured and multiple measured values will allow you to formulate your order more accurately and avoid unnecessary costs.
The main materials for the manufacture are various grades of carbon and alloy steel, aluminum and its alloys, brass and copper. Depending on the main component, several types of metal circle are distinguished. These varieties and the percentage of components in their composition are shown in table 1.
Technical documentation
- GOST 2590-2006 “Hot-rolled steel bars. Range "
- GOST 7417-75 “Calibrated round steel. Range "
- GOST 535-2005 “Rolled bars and sections made of carbon steel of ordinary quality. General technical conditions "
- GOST 5632-72 “High-alloy steels and corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant and heat-resistant alloys. Stamps "
- GOST 21488–97 “Extruded rods from aluminum and aluminum alloys. Technical conditions "
- GOST 4784–97 “Deformable aluminum and aluminum alloys. Stamps "
- GOST 1131-76 “Wrought aluminum alloys in ingots. Technical conditions "
- GOST 2060-2006 “Brass rods. Technical conditions "
- GOST 15527-2004 “Copper-zinc alloys (brass) processed by pressure. Stamps "
- GOST 1535-2006 “Copper rods. Technical conditions "
One of the products of the metal rolling industry is a wide range of pipes. Modern construction in Russia is not complete without the use of this unique material. Steel products have high strength characteristics, they are durable and reliable.
The most significant application of steel pipes is the design of transportation systems: oil, water and gas. In addition to the actual pipeline work, a metal pipe is used to isolate communications.
Metal pipes should be purchased only on the basis of data on the temperature and humidity conditions in which it will be used.
As for the cross-sectional shape, the most common of them is round. When fulfilling your order, we work with specific parameters and can produce rolled pipes with the required diameter. We are also ready to supply pipes of square, rectangular and other cross-sections. It all depends on the specific production needs.
Steel pipes are made of various grades of steel: 10, 20, 35, 45, 09G2S, 10G2, 20X, 40X, 30HGSA, 20X2N4A, etc.
Steel pipes are divided by type into:
- Electric-welded steel pipes - Non-galvanized and galvanized steel welded pipes used for water supply, gas pipelines, heating systems and structural parts.
- Seamless steel pipes - Steel pipes that do not have a weld or other connection. They are made by rolling, forging, pressing or drawing.
Steel pipes are divided by class into:
- Water and gas pipes (VGP): GOST 3262 and Galvanized water and gas pipes - GOST 3262
- Electric-welded pipes: GOST 10705, 10704 and Electric-welded galvanized pipes GOST 10705, 10704
- Large diameter pipes: Trunk pipes GOST 20295 and Electric pipes GOST 10706
- Seamless pipes: Hot-deformed GOST 8731, 8732 and Cold-deformed GOST 8731, 8734
STEEL WATER AND GAS PIPES
The length of the pipe is made from 4 to 12 m:
a) measured or multiple measured lengths with an allowance for each cut of 5 mm and a longitudinal deviation for the entire length plus 10 mm;
b) unmeasured length.
By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, in a batch of off-gauge pipes, up to 5% of pipes with a length of 1.5 to 4 m are allowed.
The length of the pipe is made from 4 to 12 m
Dimensions, mm
|
Nominal bore, mm |
Outside diameter, mm |
Pipe wall thickness |
||||||
|
ordinary |
reinforced |
|||||||
|
The length of the pipe is made: off-gauge length: with a diameter of up to 30 mm - at least 2 m; with a diameter of St. 30 to 70 mm - not less than 3 m; with a diameter of St. 70 to 152 mm - not less than 4 m; with a diameter of st. 152 mm - not less than 5 m. measured length:
Pipes are made of three types: 1 - longitudinal seam with a diameter of 159-426 mm, made by resistance welding with high frequency currents; 2 - spiral seam with a diameter of 159-820 mm, made by electric arc welding; 3 - longitudinal seam with a diameter of 530-820 mm, made by electric arc welding. Depending on the mechanical properties, the pipes are made of strength classes: K 34, K 38, K 42, K 50, K 52, K 55, K 60. Pipes are made in lengths from 10.6 to 11.6 m. Dimensions, mm
| ||||||||
Jackson 14-02-2007 01:56
Can you advise something budgetary and really working?
yevogre 14-02-2007 12:19
quote: Originally posted by Jackson:
I took a Belarusian pipe with a variable ratio of 20x50, for work on the shooting range, the sellers guaranteed that at 200m I would see holes on the target from 7.62 without any problems, it turned out to be about 60m, and then with difficulty (though the weather was cloudy).
Can you advise something budgetary and really working?
Choose an increase for yourself - and stay, stay ...
shtift1 14-02-2007 14:54
IMHO ZRT457M, in the area of 3tyr. (100USD), it is quite efficient up to 200m., At 300m on a light background it is visible from 7.62.
Jackson 14-02-2007 21:17
Thanks for the comments
stg400 15-02-2007 21:28
On the pipes, the question is very difficult, you need to look beforehand
to any. And the advice is this - DO NOT PURCHASE A BUDGETARY PIPE WITH A VARIABLE
IN MULTIPLICITY. They do not really know how to do with a constant.
or won't it help?
yevogre 15-02-2007 21:37
I have a thought, who would rate the "level of delusional" ..
Cut the "diaphragm" out of cardboard
and stick it onto the lens. To improve "sharpness".
The aperture rate will of course drop. But don't throw out the pipe ..or won't it help?
This is a way out if the main "instigator" of the loss of permission
is the lens. And this is 90% wrong. Lens with focus ~ 450 mm
have already learned to count. But then it begins ...
The wrap is a thick piece of glass in the path of the beam that magnifies
black chromatism. But that's not all. The most important thing is standard
eyepiece, the diagram of which "as unnecessary" has not been recalculated already
decades. Moreover, its focus should be in the region of 10 mm, and at
standard schemes, this resolution "lowers" by an order of magnitude. About
I will not even talk about the variable multiplicity of such "masterpieces".
Serega, Alaska 16-02-2007 08:20
quote: Originally posted by yevogre:
On the pipes, the question is very difficult, you need to look beforehand
to any. And the advice is this - DO NOT PURCHASE A BUDGETARY PIPE WITH A VARIABLE
IN MULTIPLICITY. They do not really know how to do with a constant.
Choose an increase for yourself - and stay, stay ...
How is it right ...
From a positive experience, I bought a 20x50 constant on eBay, a little-known to science manufacturer NCSTAR. Such a military style, all in green rubber. Naturally, the pupil is 2.5mm, you will not spoil it. But it is small, light, with its table tripod, and naturally you can see holes , believe it or not. At 100 m, no questions asked, but to see at 200 m, you still need more light, it works only until early twilight. The price tag on eBay is $ 25 with delivery. I will not say that the issue has been resolved forever, but it works at the very least from a steel concreted table at the shooting range. At the same time, use in the field (from the hood, for example - a good field) is absolutely excluded, everything trembles to a complete loss of sharpness.
Only constant in the budget (they are not so easy to find, by the way)!
Dr. Watson 16-02-2007 09:41
Burris has a nice 20x trumpet.
stg400 16-02-2007 19:42
quote: Originally posted by Serega, Alaska:
manufacturer NCSTAR, little-known to science.
stg400 19-02-2007 07:58
the "aperture" on the lens did not help ..
throw away chtoli pipe ...
konsta 19-02-2007 23:46
Present to children. At least there will be joy in the remainder.
Serega, Alaska 20-02-2007 02:10
quote: Originally posted by Serega, AK:
manufacturer NCSTAR, little-known to science.
quote: Originally posted by stg400:
optics manufacturer for the state order for the carry handle of the little-known M16 rifle ...
although now, yes, there is no longer that state order ..
Or maybe it wasn't? So to speak, was there a government order?
The thing is that manufacturers are deservedly proud of such things and hang information about it on all real and virtual fences. Here's AIMPOINT, for example. His website is full of camouflage, SWAT, police and other stinky elements. In the red corner - Aimpoint Secures New Contract From U.S. Military - http://www.aimpoint.com/o.o.i.s/90 on how they sold 500,000 scopes to the army and contracted another 163,000. And, really, go and buy their products. Firstly, there is very little of it in the wide market, a search on eBay shows this at a time. (I have an auto search on AIMPOINT on eBay, it's not worth it, it's good if at least something is displayed once every two weeks. dealers - much more expensive than competitors, including quite decent ones (for example, Nikon RED DOT Monarch - $ 250). $ 350-450 for AIMPOINT red dot is a kind of record in this class, as well as a 10-year warranty. military contractor status with a reputation.
And NcSTAR doesn't announce anything like that. We have been growing for 10 years already, since 1997, i.e. It's not such an ancient history to mention the state order for your sights for the M16 in capital letters, if it ever existed. Yes, they do something like that for the M16, but which of the owners of the real M16 buys this for $ 50? And tons of everything from NcSTAR on eBay "e for a penny, including products for aerial replicas M-16, AR-15, etc. And serious dealers, as a rule, do not keep it.
I'm afraid someone misinformed you. And I, as I mentioned NcSTAR in a positive sense for the super-budget constant 20x50, just don't want to attribute more to them than they deserve. Someone else will heat up, God forbid ...
Thank you for your attention,
Serega, AK
stg400 20-02-2007 02:31
but there is also a bullshit airline company PanAmerican ... there are Polaroid and Corel offices that are not known to anyone .. their shares have already been withdrawn from trading on the stock exchanges.
and NcStar .. did some kind of glass for carry handle .. now it is not in service with the M16 with these .. all flat top receivers and on them ACOG of another company ..