An inconsistent definition often causes punctuation difficulties. The difficulty is that it cannot always be easily distinguished from the agreed one, which will be separated by a comma. It is difficult to find a good text that does not contain these sentence parts, because their use enriches speech. However, agreed and inconsistent definitions, examples of which we present below, are an attribute only of written speech.
The secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones, but can also refer to the same secondary ones. If they complement the grammatical basis, they will be called minor members of the subject or predicate group.
For example:
The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.
The subject is the sky. Its group: definitions high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. Its group: complement horizon, circumstance completely.
Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. Thus, complements are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances - adverbs or gerunds, as well as nouns.
Sometimes the secondary term is ambiguous: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:
The train to Omsk departed without delay.
The minor term to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (which?) to Omsk).
Another example:
Snow lies on spruce paws.
The secondary member on the paws is both an adverbial (lies (where?) on the paws) and a complement (lies (on what?) on the paws).
What is the definition
Definition - such a minor member of a sentence to which you can ask questions: “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Whose?”
There are agreed and inconsistent definitions. The gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.
The attribute can be an adjective, noun, numeral, pronoun, participle, or even an infinitive. They distribute subject, object and adverbial clauses.
For example:
The last leaves hung on frozen branches.
The definition of latter refers to the subject leaflet; the definition frozen refers to the adverbial adverbial object on the branches.
Sometimes these minor members of a sentence can carry the main semantic load subject and be included in its composition.
For example:
A villager does not like to go to a stuffy city.
The role of the definition “village” is very interesting here, without which the subject “resident” would have no meaning. That is why it will be part of the main member of the proposal. Thus, in in this example subject - villager.
Semantic functions of definitions
Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can express the following meanings:
- Item quality ( Nice dress, interesting book).
- Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
- Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
- Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
- Relation to another object (clay vase - vase made of clay).
- Belonging (maternal heart - mother's heart).
Agreed Definition
Agreed definitions can be used in the following parts of speech:
- Adjective (child's toy, deep lake).
- Pronoun (your car, some quantity).
- Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
- Numeral (eighteenth fighter, first student).
There is agreement in gender, number and case between this definition and the word to which it refers.
Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.
The following agreed upon definitions are presented here:
· history (whose?) ours - pronoun;
· history (what?) majestic - adjective;
· centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.
Typically, the agreed definition in a sentence comes before the word it refers to.
Definition inconsistent
Another, more expressive look- inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:
1. Nouns with or without a preposition.
2. Adjectives in comparative degree.
3. Infinitive verb.
Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:
The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.
Meeting (what?) with classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.
Next example:
I have never met a friendlier person than you.
The inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: the person (which?) is friendlier.
Let's look at a sentence where the definition is expressed by an infinitive:
I had a wonderful opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.
There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.
The example sentences discussed above suggest that this type of definition is most often found after the word it refers to.
How to distinguish a consistent definition from an inconsistent one
In order not to get confused about what definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:
- Find out what part of speech the definition is.
- Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (coordination - agreed definition, control and adjacency - inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - communication agreement, definition meowing - agreed; box made of wood - communication control, definition of wood inconsistent.
- Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. The main word is most often preceded by an agreed upon definition, and after that by an inconsistent definition. Examples: meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it comes after the main word; deep ravine - agreed definition, comes after the main word.
- If the definition is expressed in a stable combination or phraseological turn, it will certainly be inconsistent: she was (what?) neither fish nor fowl. Phraseologism neither fish nor fowl acts as an inconsistent definition.
The table will help to distinguish between consistent and inconsistent definitions.
Parameter | Agreed | Inconsistent |
What is expressed | 1. Adjective. 2. Pronoun. 3. Communion. 4. Numeral. | 1. Noun with or without preposition. 2. Infinitive. 3. Adverb. 4. Comparative adjective. 5. Pronoun. 6. Indivisible combination, phraseological unit. |
Type of communication | Agreement in gender, number and case | 1. Management. 2. Adjacency. |
Position | Before the main word | After the main word |
The concept of separation
Situations often arise when a sentence contains separate agreed and inconsistent definitions that require highlighting with appropriate punctuation marks (commas or dashes). Separating always implies two identical punctuation marks; it should not be confused, for example, with commas when homogeneous members, where single commas are used. In addition, the use of two different signs when isolating is a gross mistake, which indicates a lack of understanding of this linguistic phenomenon.
Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon than isolating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:
- The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
- How are the members of the sentence involved in isolation expressed (the actual definition and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.
Separating agreed definitions
If the agreed definition comes after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:
- It is a participial phrase. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here the isolated definition collected the day before is participial phrase, which is located after the defined word basket.
- It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, everything that was happening in the yard was visible. Here the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is necessary to put commas, because this phrase is located after the word glass, which is defined.
- Definitions must be separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is located before the word days; accordingly, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
- Definitions are not common and are found in the sentence after the word being defined. For example: The southern night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definitions black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the conjunction and. There may be this option: The southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, there is no conjunction, but the definition is still isolated.
In the latter case, you need to be more careful, because there are situations when the definition is closely related in meaning to the word it refers to, so there is no need to separate it with commas. For example:
In a country far from your home, you feel loneliness in a special way.
The definition of far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is unclear.
The isolation of the agreed definition located before the word being defined is necessary if it has the meaning of reason or concession. For example:
Exhausted by the difficult trek, the tourists were glad to set up camp.
IN in this case the definition of exhausted by a long march stands out because it is used in the meaning of reason: since the tourists were exhausted by the difficult march, they were glad to set up camp. Another example:
Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.
Here the definition of not yet greened has a concession meaning: despite the fact that the trees have not yet greened up, they are elegant and festive.
Separating inconsistent definitions
Isolated, inconsistent definitions are quite rare. Usually they are paired with matched ones. Thus, isolated inconsistent definitions are usually used after the word being defined and are associated with the agreed connection.
For example:
This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.
In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed upon new one, so it must be separated.
Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:
Quite by chance we met Andrey, covered in dust and tired.
In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is associated with the agreed upon tired, so commas are required.
It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases where there are separate inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:
From a distance we saw sailors in ironed uniforms, happy and satisfied.
In this case, there is no need to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed ones: happy, satisfied.
In classical literature one can find both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:
Two stearine candles, in traveling silver chandeliers, burned in front of him. (Turgenev I.S.) and Three soldiers in greatcoats, with guns on their shoulders, walked in step to take their shift to the company box (Tolstoy L.N.).
In the sentence from Turgenev's work, the inconsistent definition in traveling silver chandeliers is isolated, but the sentence of the same construction by Tolstoy is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks for definitions in greatcoats, with guns.
As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in greatcoats.
Application as a special type of definition
A special type of definition is application. It is always expressed by a noun. A distinction must be made between applications and inconsistent definitions. The latter are associated with the defined word through control, while between the application and the main word there is agreement.
For example, let's compare two sentences:
1. You like Chief Engineer, should supervise this project.
2. This woman in a white robe made the guys murmur.
In the first case, we have an engineer application. Let's prove this by bending the main thing and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. Between the words, the connection of agreement is clearly visible, accordingly, we have an application in front of us. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - women in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is management, so we see an inconsistent definition here.
In addition, the application simply names the object differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of attribute of it.
Segregation of applications
A single application is usually hyphenated: sister-mistress, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will be separated. Let's sort them out.
The application that refers to the personal pronoun is isolated. Examples:
1. Should she, an excellent student, take care of the test?
Here the application to the excellent student refers to the pronoun she.
2. Here it is, the reason.
We separate the application reason because it refers to the pronoun she.
A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:
1. The brave captain, the thunder of the seas, easily navigated any reefs.
The application thunderstorm of the seas is a common one (thunderstorm of (what?) seas), so you need to separate it with commas.
2. The girl, everyone’s favorite, received the best gift.
The application everyone's favorite is used after the defined word girl.
Applications with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification are isolated (with it there is a conjunction like). Example:
You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (meaning of reason).
Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning “as” is not isolated. For example:
As a school discipline, mathematics develops well logical thinking. - As school discipline Mathematics develops logical thinking well. There is no need for separation.
If a separate application is at the end of a sentence, it can be highlighted with a dash. For example:
The other sisters, Elizaveta and Sophia, are also similar.
The application Elizaveta and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so it is separated by a dash.
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH? At parsing definition sentences are underlined with a wavy line.
Definitions usually appear as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjacency (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, KNOWLEDGE (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions connected to nouns using agreement are called agreed upon, using control or connection – inconsistent.
Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (ADVANCED ROUTE), possessive pronouns(OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of an adjective (I DIDN'T SEE THE STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO STUDY) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .
Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (which?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are entirely appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEETING (with whom?) WITH FRIENDS and MEETING (what?) WITH FRIENDS. In these phrases, WITH FRIENDS will be both an addition and a definition.
Separation- this is the highlighting on both sides of a letter with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, parentheses) of some part of the sentence.
Definitions are distinguished in accordance with the following rules.
1. An agreed definition consisting of several words and relating to the preceding noun is isolated. Compare two sentences:
Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.
Overgrown with grass path led to the river.
2. The agreed definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:
Happy he is
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Pleased with your success, he told me about them.
He, happy with his successes, told me about them.
Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is highlighted with commas. If a definition has dependent words, then together they make up attributive phrase.
This rule has three notes:
1. An agreed definition (both single-word and consisting of several words), relating to a noun and standing in front of it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstances of the reason). For example:
Tired, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
(In both sentences the definition explains reason refusal to climb again.)
2. Definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:
He could hear things are quite unpleasant for yourself (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).
3. The definition is isolated, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:
In the end of January, covered in the first thaw, Cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).
Exercise
- Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail that had come out of the felt padding of the clamp (Aitmatov).
- Lying on his armour-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex belly, divided by arched scales, on the top of which the blanket, ready to finally slide off, was barely holding on (Kafka).
- In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were outlined, thin as letters (Pasternak).
- The princess absolutely hates me, two or three epigrams about me have already been retold to me - quite caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
- I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feeling was boiling in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger - born at the thought - that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm insolence - two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, because wounded in the leg a little more severely, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
- Grease the mold to prevent it from rusting and remove kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
- Staggering and gasping for breath, he finally went ashore, saw a robe lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed himself with it until his numb body warmed up (Hesse).
- My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, with the intention of setting up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to study the art of paramedics (Herzen).
- Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
- But that’s not all: the third in this company was a cat that had come from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook... (Bulgakov).
- Winter evening on December 14th_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
- The fields, all the fields, stretched right up to the sky, now rising slightly, then falling again; seen here and there small forests, and_ dotted with rare and low bush _ ravines curled... (Turgenev).
- One, black, large and shabby, was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
- The strangest incidents are those that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
Doctor Budakh_ washed up_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).
They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).
Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat until late at night without undressing (Pushkin).
The old woman, looking at him from behind the partition, could not know whether he had fallen asleep or was just thinking (Pushkin).
Foolovites, who were not strong enough in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).
The waves of the sea, encased in granite, are suppressed by enormous weights sliding along their ridges, they beat against the sides of ships, against the shores, they beat and murmur, foamed, polluted various rubbish(Bitter).
In its long beak, curved at the end, the seagull held a small fish.
And either he made a grimace - blinded by the setting sun - or his face was generally characterized by some strangeness, only his lips seemed too short... (Mann).
The curious and inquisitive children immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.
His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.
He opened his notebook and drew two segments parallel to each other.
Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.
But now they did not speak for long, - the wise one, who did not interfere with their judgment, spoke himself: “Stop! There is punishment. This is a terrible punishment; You wouldn’t invent something like this in a thousand years!” (Bitter).
A small night_bird_ silently and low racing on its soft wings _ almost stumbled upon me and fearfully dived to the side (Turgenev).
I.V. KHAZANOVA,
Moscow
Separating agreed definitions
Materials for the online lesson
The editors promised to acquaint our readers with the life of the Internet, in particular, with Russian language lessons. Today we are publishing the first such lesson, prepared by I.V. Khazanova, an employee of NIIRO (Research Institute for Educational Development) and a teacher at Lyceum No. 525.
For now, we are providing a version of the online lesson. It is clear that it will be presented in a different form on the Internet, since this interactive lesson, in which the next step is based on the answers to previous questions.
Definitions. Separate members of the proposal These are the secondary members that stand out in meaning and intonation. They contain an element of additional message, therefore they are logically emphasized and acquire some syntactic independence as part of a sentence. On the letter separate members separated by commas or dashes.
Agreed Definitions expressed by adjectives, participles and other agreeable words.
SEPARATION OF COMMON AGREED DEFINITIONS
The common consensus definition stands out in any position in relation to the word being defined, if it refers to personal pronoun .
She, supported by colleagues, spoke at the meeting.
Supported by colleaguesshe spoke at the meeting.
A common agreed upon definition referring to to noun, is isolated in position after defined word.
Painting, drawn by a famous artist, was in the museum.
Painted by a famous artistpainting was in the museum.
Consistent common and single definitions related to common and proper nouns are isolated if they are torn off from the word being defined, i.e. remotely located.
Right in front of the windows bright and persistent, threw rays to every passerby flashlight.
Narrow and transparent, appears in the sky month.
Test yourself
A. For the highlighted words, select common agreed definitions from the list; add commas where necessary.
1. Comments to the event... do not correspond to the truth. 2. He... I didn’t want to do anything myself. 3. ... boy asked for forgiveness from my parents. 4. Wall...looked strange. 5. Island... was now hiding in the fog. 6. Serves well for hunting gun... 7. ...he was always responsible for all the cool pranks. 8. ...she I hurried to tell my relatives everything.
Distributed in the press, delighted with the news, spoiled by the servants, red with shame, first on the list, painted oil paint, located near the shore, tested over the years(gender, case, number can be changed).
B. Place punctuation marks. In what case is the definition not highlighted?
1. Tired of the windy light (1) he falls in love with a spontaneous, innocent girl with the love of his brother (P. Weil, A. Genis).
2. Finally, the procurator heard both the long-awaited steps and splashing on the stairs (2) leading to the upper platform of the garden (3) in front of the balcony (M. Bulgakov).
3. Between two marble lions, first a hooded head appeared, and then a completely wet man (4) in a cloak clinging to his body (5) (M. Bulgakov).
4. Shocked by all this (6), the accountant reached the secretarial room (7), which was the entrance to the office of the chairman of the commission, and here he was completely amazed (M. Bulgakov).
Answer: (4), (5), (6) .
SEPARATION OF NON-DISTRIBUTED AGREED DEFINITIONS
Single agreed definitions (one, two or more) are isolated in any position if they refer to a personal pronoun.
Two (or more) agreed upon definitions are separated if they come after a defined noun, which, as a rule, already has a definition.
1. After tedious roads, rocky, broken, dusty, everyone happily went to wash.
2. Excited, He scared us with his stories.
3. He, excited, scared us with his stories.
4. Bright, picturesquesunset it was already burning out.
Two (or more) agreed definitions are not separated if they appear before the noun being defined.
Test yourself
For the highlighted words, select definitions from the list; Place commas where necessary (gender, number, case can be changed).
1. His look eye... amazed everyone present. 2. ... it stood out among the green young trees. 3. Babushkin cup... caught our attention. 4. River...was captured in his landscape.
Deep, calm, majestic; tall, narrow, patterned; old, rotten, rotten; cheerful, mischievous, laughing.
Agreed definitions placed before the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
What additional meaning do these agreed upon definitions have?
1. Forcibly attached to a new home, Ivan almost threw up his hands at the woman’s swagger and silently pointed his finger at his pajamas made of a crimson flannel jacket (M. Bulgakov).
2. Cheerful and cheerful by nature, the boy never communicated with his peers, but only with his older comrades.
3. Tired of pessimistic observations and heat, the commissioner returned to the ship dejected.
1 – conditions, 2 – concessions, 3 – reasons.
Test yourself
Choose among the examples those that correspond to this rule and add commas.
1. She looks: forgotten in the hall / The billiard cue was resting (A. Pushkin).
2. The Swedish dynasty, founded by a glorious warrior, is one of the most glorious in the world.
3. I came two weeks later and was received by some girl with her eyes slanted towards her nose from constant lies. (M. Bulgakov).
4. Grinev, alien to the art of war, did not suspect that the fate of the campaign was being decided at that moment.
5. The guests, alarmed by these rumors, decided to leave immediately.
6. Exhausted by long idleness behind the mirrored doors of the entrance, the doorman put his whole soul into whistling... (M. Bulgakov).
Answer options:
1, 3, 4, 6;
1, 2, 5;
2, 4, 5, 6
.
This lesson covers cases of separating agreed upon definitions. They are most often found in written works students, and it makes sense to study this material first. Independent work on the analysis of sentences and the formulation of isolation conditions helps to better understand and assimilate the material. To consolidate the material, it is advisable to invite students to make sentences based on the given examples.
The theory of isolated members of a sentence was developed by A.M. Peshkovsky. He also introduced the term itself into scientific use.
The scientist and teacher Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky (1878–1933) throughout his scientific career reflected on the interaction between science and school. Main book of A.M. Peshkovsky “Russian syntax in scientific coverage” was first published in 1914 with the subtitle “Popular essay. A manual for self-education and school.” This essay by A.M. Peshkovsky wrote after eight years of work as a teacher in Moscow gymnasiums, trying to introduce his students to real scientific grammar native language. The book went through eight editions, the last one being published quite recently.
It is in this book that the scientist devotes an entire chapter to the theory of isolated members of a sentence.
Peshkovsky knew how to present serious scientific problems in a simple, lively and interesting manner. The scientist never tried to falsify linguistic facts for the sake of a beautifully invented theory and did not simplify linguistic reality.
For the school A.M. Peshkovsky wrote a book in three parts, “Our Language,” where he tries to teach children to observe language. For example, it provides text without spaces between words.
The cold winter has passed and the sun has grown longer, the sun is shining brightly and the sparrows are chirping cheerfully.
Questions and tasks are given for the text, for example: why is the story more difficult to read than others; will it be understandable reading; how many breaks need to be made in the story; what happens to the voice before the break, etc.
The author tries to lead the student to a conclusion about the role of intonation in speech.
In this way, Peshkovsky involved students in an active process of research and discovery.
Mastery Resources
1. His face had an expression quite pleasant, but roguish.
2. A young officer came in with a face dark and perfectly ugly.
3. I was sitting immersed in deep thought.
4. The moon hangs in the clear evening sky full, visible through the branches of the maple (M. Bulgakov).
At first glance, these examples contradict the rules. In such positions, definitions should be isolated, but if we put commas, the semantic relationships between words will be destroyed. What means the face had an expression or officer with a face? Word face in such a context, it necessarily requires a definition - without it the result is absurd, therefore, in such cases it is impossible to separate the definition from the word being defined.
In the 3rd and 4th examples, the definitions are closely related in meaning to both the subject and the predicate, so we do not highlight them. So any rule must be used meaningfully, and not mechanically.
Preparing for the Unified State Exam
What numbers should be replaced by commas?
Illuminated by the light (1) incorrectly (2) and quiveringly burning (3), they seemed like a wild host of gnomes (4) surrounded by heavy (5) underground steam (6) in the darkness of the night (N. Gogol).
Answer options:
1, 2, 5, 6;
1, 3, 4, 5, 6;
1, 3, 4, 6;
3, 4.
Indicate a sentence with a punctuation error
(1) At the beginning of the 20th century, electric trams appeared in Russian cities.
(2) It is interesting that in the trams of those years the sound alarm was not electric, but manual. (3) During departure, the conductor of the trailer car pulled the rope that stretched to the bell mounted on the ceiling of the rear platform of the motor car. (4) The conductor of the motor car, hearing this signal, pulled his shorter rope, and the bell rang on the front platform. (5) Having heard him, the tram driver, in turn, pressed the bell with his foot, placed to the right of his seat, and only after all these chimes did the tram move off. (6) On the way, the carriage driver almost continuously rang his leg bell, warning oncoming horse-drawn transport and passers-by.
(7) Passengers standing in the carriage held on to soft leather loops attached to special sticks on both sides of the carriage (Ya.Rivosh).
Answer: 5.
Lesson summary
So, agreed common and non-common definitions are always separated if the word being defined is a personal pronoun.
If the word being defined is a noun, then the common definition that comes after it is always isolated.
Before a noun, the definition is isolated under the condition of an additional adverbial meaning.
Two (or more) agreed upon definitions are separated if they come after a defined noun, which, as a rule, already has a definition.
Lesson vocabulary
Punctuation
Punctuation marks
Dividing punctuation mark
Distinctive punctuation marks
Agreed Definition
Separate members of the sentence
Punctuation is a collection of rules for using punctuation marks.
Punctuation marks is a space, a period, a question mark and exclamation marks, ellipsis, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, parentheses.
Dividing punctuation mark– single, separates sentence members and parts of a complex sentence.
Distinctive punctuation marks– paired, they highlight sentence members that are given special syntactic significance. Distinctive punctuation marks can be single if the sentence begins or ends with separate members.
Agreed Definition- this is a definition in the same case, gender and number as the word being defined. The agreed definition can be expressed by a full adjective, participle, ordinal number, or pronoun-adjective.
Separate members of the sentence– those that stand out in meaning and intonation. They contain an element of additional message and are thus logically emphasized and acquire some syntactic independence as part of a sentence. In writing, isolated members are separated by commas or dashes.
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Inconsistent definitions, in contrast to coordinated ones, are associated with the Defined word by the method of control (a writer's story, a boat with Sails) or affiliation (the desire to work). They can be expressed by nouns in indirect cases without Prepositions. In this case, the most common type is definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case (student’s mother, teacher’s work). More often than others, inconsistent definitions are used, denoting the Attribute of the defined object in relation. These definitions in meaning are Correlative with the agreed definitions, but in comparison with them they have greater possibilities for specifying and clarifying the attribute, since they can attach definitions to themselves: There is a father’s jacket hanging on the wall; My father's jacket hangs on the wall. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the Genitive case can denote a characteristic according to its bearer: He gave himself over to a new and unexpected impression with the love of an artist (I. A. Goncharov).
A sign that characterizes the identified object in spatial terms: Houses along the banks appeared less and less often. Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in Accusative case with prepositions in and on, can denote a sign by Appearance(polka dot dress), according to measure or quantity (a journey of ten kilometers), in direction in space (door to a room), according to purpose (outfit for rubble). Inconsistent modifiers expressed by nouns in the Instrumental case with prepositions constitute a widespread Group. The most common definitions are with the preposition s. They denote “a sign of a defined object by the presence of any external or internal characteristic feature, qualities or properties."
In the latter case, the definitions relate to the members of the sentence, expressed by verbal nouns, and are correlated with the Circumstances of the manner of action with the corresponding verbs.” For example: The offensive began with entire battalions. We began to advance in whole battalions. No less diverse is the semantics of inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in indirect cases with prepositions. “Inconsistent Definitions, expressed by nouns in indirect cases with Various prepositions, ... represent a living and developing way of expressing definitions in the Russian Language. The richness of the meanings of prepositions determines the breadth of meanings and diversity in shades of features designated by inconsistent definitions of this type.”
Inconsistent definitions are also expressed qualitatively - Circumstantial and adverbial adverbs. Such definitions designate a feature of an object, characterizing it in terms of quality, direction or time, for example: At the end of the letter there was a signature in French. She loved horseback riding. A small group is formed by inconsistent definitions relating to members of the sentence expressed by indefinite pronouns: Someone in white was sitting on the shore.
He recognized the girl in the straw hat 2. The conversation in the kitchen became increasingly louder. Finally, inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in the prepositional case with the preposition about (about) reveal the internal content of the subject: The question of inheritance was an important part of the document. Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by qualitative Adjectives in the form of a comparative degree with the suffixes -e, -ee, -she. Such definitions denote a qualitative attribute of the defined object as inherent in it to a greater or lesser extent compared to other Objects: I do not know a kinder person than him. But such inconsistent definitions are used in Russian relatively rarely, which is due to the fact that Complex shapes degrees of comparison. They allow you to express the characteristics of objects using an agreed upon definition.
The role of inconsistent definitions of the above group is played by the names Nouns included in noun phrases and expressing the actual Definitive relations (and attributive relations with various Additional shades of meaning). Inconsistent definitions, expressed by nouns with Prepositions, usually characterize the defined objects in place, time, in Causal or target relationships. This distinguishes them from definitions expressed by nouns without prepositions. The most common ones include definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case with different prepositions, in the instrumental case with the preposition s and in the prepositional case with the preposition v. And yet, these types of Definitions are significantly inferior to the definitions expressed by Nouns in the genitive case without a preposition, in terms of usage and variety of meanings.
Separation(emphasis added by commas) agreed upon definitions depend on several factors:
a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the definition.
Conditions for separating agreed definitions
A) The word being defined is a pronoun
1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:
I , taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her. She's tired she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.
2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:
Can't compare to this novel nothing previously written by the author. A flash appeared on his face something similar to a smile.
Notes
1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: AND somebody , sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store(Panova).
2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with the attributive pronoun all, are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent attribute. For example: Everyone late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).
B) The word being defined is a noun
1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.
Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.
Notes
1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. IN oral speech It is these definitions that the logical emphasis falls on, and there is no pause between the word being defined and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me off to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, elegant, poetic (Chekhov).
2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Young a person in love, it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). - To a young man if he is in love, it is impossible not to spill the beans; People, amazed, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones, because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).
2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? and etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial ones subordinate clauses with unions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.
Wed: Always cheerful and lively, nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.
However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.
Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head, he couldn't crawl- pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).
3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before or after the main word).
For example:
1. angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.
2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of a bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning coolness come before the defined noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.
Note!
1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.
Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun.
2) Determinative phrase coming after coordinating conjunction (and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.
Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room.
The conjunction connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room. Therefore, a comma is placed after the conjunction and.
But a comma is not placed between the conjunction (usually the conjunction a) and the attributive phrase if, when the clause is omitted, a restructuring of the sentence is required.
The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A submerged, pops up quickly.
In this case, it is impossible to remove the attributive phrase without the conjunction a.
The ball floats on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.
3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives and participles do not obey the rules mentioned above.
Wed: To the hut we got there wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.