1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they relate to a personal pronoun, for example:
1) Tired of a long speech, I closed my eyes and fell asleep. (L); 2) And he, rebellious, asks for storms, as if there is peace in storms. (L); 3) But you jumped up irresistible, and a flock of ships are sinking. (P.)
Note. It is necessary to distinguish adjectives and participles included in a compound nominal predicate from isolated agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, for example: 1) He came especially excited And funny. (L. T.); 2) He let's go home sad And tired. (M.G.) In these cases, adjectives and participles can be placed in the instrumental case, for example: He came especially excited And cheerful.
2. Common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they appear after the noun being defined: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. (Cupr.); 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea. (M.G.) (Cf.: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and freshness of the sea - there is no isolation, since adjectives come before the defined nouns.)
3. Single agreed definitions are isolated if there are two or more of them and they come after the noun being defined, especially if there is already a definition in front of it: 1) There was a field all around, lifeless, dull. (Boon.); 2) The sun, magnificent and bright, rose over the sea. (M.G.)
Sometimes definitions are so closely related to the noun that the latter does not express the desired meaning without them, for example: In the forest, the atmosphere was waiting for Ephraim suffocating, thick, saturated with the smells of pine needles, moss and rotting leaves. (Ch.) The word atmosphere acquires the necessary meaning only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be isolated from it: the important thing is not that Ephraim “was waiting for an atmosphere”, but that this atmosphere was “suffocating”, “thick” etc. Wed. another example: His [the counselor]’s face had a rather pleasant, but rogueish expression (P.), where definitions are also closely related to the word being defined and therefore are not isolated.
4. Agreed definitions placed in front of the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, concessional or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names: 1) Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern. (Ax.); 2) Tired from the day's march, Semyonov soon fell asleep. (Cor.); 3) Still transparent, the forests seem to be turning green. (P.); 4) Not cooled down by the heat, the July night shone. (Tyutch.)
5. Inconsistent definitions, expressed in indirect cases of nouns with prepositions, are isolated if they are given greater independence, that is, when they complement, clarify the idea of an already known person or object; this usually happens if they refer to a proper name or personal pronoun: 1) Prince Andrei, in a cloak, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych. (L. T.); 2) Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M.G.); 3) An elegant officer, wearing a cap with golden oak leaves, shouted something into a megaphone to the captain. (A.N.T.) Wed: The engineer with a thunderous voice and wearing tortoiseshell glasses was most dissatisfied with the delay. (Paust.)
Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated: a) when they follow separate definitions expressed by adjectives and participles: A boy, with a short haircut, in a gray blouse, served Laptev tea without a saucer. (Ch.); b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating conjunctions: The poor guest, with his shirt torn and scratched until he bled, soon found a safe corner. (P.)
Isolation is a highlighted secondary member of a sentence, intonation and semantic content, and words dependent on it. Thanks to the presence of dependent words, isolation acquires syntactic independence and communicative meaning.
The components of isolation most often perform the following functions: application, definition, circumstances, and form weakly controlled case forms. The term “isolation” first began to be used in Russian in 1914, and was introduced by the linguist A. Peshkovsky.
Signs of isolation
In Russian linguistics, the following main signs of the existence of isolation in a sentence are identified:
1) the presence of words depending on isolation
2) inverse word order.
3) the presence of complementary semantic verbal expressions.
Pegging functions
The main function performed by isolation is to provide additional characteristics of a person, object or action. With the help of isolation, the sentence is filled with clarifying semantic content, since it explains in detail what is said in its main part.
Example: Great and unexpected happiness came into Maria's life - Great and unexpected happiness came into Maria's life.
Often isolation imbues a sentence with an expressive character.
In writing, isolation is always distinguished by punctuation marks - dashes and commas. Example with a comma: An unfamiliar young man approached us, residents of the village, and asked about the location of the village council. Example with a dash: We watched with interest the jay, a small bird with a hooked beak.
Pegging Types
Depending on the functions performed in the sentence, inconsistencies are divided into two groups: explanatory and semi-predicative isolated phrases. Semi-predicative clauses often resemble independent sentences, as they are filled with logical, sometimes completely complete, meaning.
In russian language There are four types of semi-predicative isolated phrases:
- - participial. In the distance a mill could be seen standing under the mountain.
- - participial turnover. She ran, waving her arms.
- - substantive turnover. Poor people, they had a hard time withstanding the cold.
- - adjective phrase. The girl’s dress, reminiscent of the spring sky, fluttered in the wind.
Explanatory phrases always depend on secondary members and perform a primarily specific function or supplement the sentence with additional information. Types of explanatory singularities are distinguished by which part of speech the main word - isolation - belongs to.
Types of explanatory markings
- - substantive: Near the forest, in a clearing, mushrooms grew.
- - adjective: Everyone left except Alice.
- - verbal: The rain took people by surprise, they didn’t expect it.
- - infinitive: Vera Ivanovna came without a purpose - to sit and talk.
- - adverbial: In the middle of the night, unexpectedly for everyone, he ran away.
The role of isolation can be proper nouns or animal names.
The separation of applications, as well as definitions, depends on several factors:
a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the application in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the application (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the application.
Conditions for segregating applications
A) The word being defined is a pronoun
Any application with a personal pronoun is isolated:
Is it him? dwarf, compete with a giant?(Pushkin); Here it, explanation (L. Tolstoy).
B) The word being defined is a noun
1. An application relating to a proper name is isolated if it appears after the word being defined:
Sergey Nikanorych, bartender, poured five glasses of tea(Chekhov).
Before a proper name, the application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning. Such an application can be replaced by a subordinate clause with conjunctions since, although etc.
For example:
1. Stubborn in everything, Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in his studies(Kochetov). - Since Ilya Matveevich was stubborn in everything, he remained stubborn in his studies.
2. Renowned Scout, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was when they first met(Kazakevich). - Although Travkin was a famous intelligence officer, he remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was when they first met.
2. An appendix - a proper name (the name of a person or the name of an animal) with a defined word - a common noun is isolated if such an appendix comes after the defined word and has an explanatory meaning (you can put the words in front of it namely, that is, and his name is):
aunt, Ksenia Frolovna Gorina (Peskov). - Lyubina occasionally inserts a word into the conversation. aunt, and her name is Ksenia Frolovna Gorina.
Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence or absence of an explanatory connotation of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading.
Wed: One of my friends, Seryozha, decided to go to university(explains which friend decided to go to university). - My friend Seryozha decided to go to university(there is no such explanation in this context, and it is the proper name that is in this case the defined word, and the common noun is the application).
3. A common application expressed by a common noun with dependent words, or several homogeneous applications with a defined word - a common noun is usually isolated regardless of the position - before or after the defined word. However, most often such an application comes after a noun.
For example:
1. Old woman, Grishka's mother, died, but old people, father and father-in-law, were still alive(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
2. Misfortune's faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun(Pushkin).
4. A single application - a common noun with a defined word - a common noun is isolated only when:
- the application comes after the word being defined;
- The defined noun has explanatory words with it.
Isolation of a single application - a common noun from a single defined word - a common noun is possible only if the author wants to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merging intonationally with the word being defined:
Father, drunkard, fed from an early age, and herself(M. Gorky).
5. An application with a conjunction, as usual, has the additional meaning of causality (can be replaced by a subordinate clause of cause with conjunctions since, because, since or a turn of phrase being) and is separated:
Like an old artilleryman, I despise this type of edged weapon(Sholokhov). - Being an old artilleryman, I despise this type of edged weapon; I despise this kind of bladed weapon, because I'm an old artilleryman.
If a phrase with the conjunction as has the meaning “as”, then the attached phrase is not isolated:
The received response is considered as consent. - The received response is considered as consent.
6. Applications with words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth etc. are isolated if pronounced with the intonation of isolation.
Wed: Ermolai had a cop dog, nicknamed Valetka (Turgenev). - The class teacher, nicknamed Trumpet no one loved(Trifonov).
Note!
Instead of a comma when separating applications, a dash can be used in the following cases:
1) if before the application you can insert namely without changing the meaning (especially if the application is at the end of the sentence, has dependent words and there are already punctuation marks inside it).
In the far corner there was a yellow glow spot - fire in the window of Serafima's apartment, attached to the wall of the stable (M. Gorky);
2) if a single or widespread application is at the end of the sentence and its independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given.
I don't like it too much tree - aspen (Turgenev); In the corner of the living room stood a pot-bellied bureau on absurd four legs - perfect bear (Gogol);
3) if the application is in the middle of a sentence and is explanatory in nature (a dash is placed on both sides).
Somewhat unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains- covering fields and fields with a liquid network(Gogol).
Note. The second dash is omitted:
a) if a comma is placed after a separate application, for example: Using a special device - pedometer, I calculated the optimal load for my body(Vasiliev);
b) if the application expresses a more specific meaning, and the preceding qualified word expresses a more general meaning, for example: At the meeting ministers of foreign affairs - members of the G8 Russian Foreign Minister spoke;
c) if the application precedes the word being defined, for example: One of the outsiders Russian Football Championship- team Saratova unexpectedly won two games in a row.
What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When are members of a sentence generally isolated, and when not? In this article we will understand what isolated members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, as well as what rules of isolation exist.
The concept of isolated members of a sentence
So, let's start, as we should in such cases, with a definition. Isolated members of a sentence are those minor members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the entire phrase.
How are individual members of a sentence identified?
Emphasis during oral conversation occurs through intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different. To highlight isolated members of a sentence in the text, commas are used.
Comparison of detached members with non-detached members
It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, stylistic expressiveness also increases. One cannot fail to mention logical selection.
What can be distinguished in the Russian language?
Of all the members of a sentence, only minor ones can be isolated. The main members in the proposal have never been isolated, and this is not expected in the near future.
Why is separation necessary?
It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of a sentence have greater weight and greater independence. Let us immediately note that the separations can be very different. These are additions, circumstances, and definitions. Next we will try to understand each of these categories and give specific examples for each group.
Separating clarifications
First of all, let's figure out what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such minor members of the sentence serve to specify and clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.
When are clarifying members of a sentence isolated?
1. Isolated clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark around, even very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world had simply turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.
It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted when written using a dash. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”
2. Circumstances of relevant significance are identified. They can be expressed by nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:
- “Only a second passed - and an explosion thundered somewhere nearby, right behind him.”
- “Once upon a time, life flowed here, in a quiet, unfamiliar village.” Third example: “This happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”
Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of place. The third is the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the passage.
3. Specifications added using the words “or”, “that is”, “namely” are distinguished. For example:
- “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a wizard, a magician, or a superman.”
- “It was a balanced, individual decision, that is, not imposed on him by anyone.”
- “A lot spoke about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and scraps of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shell casings.”
4. Clarifying members of the sentence are isolated, which are added using words such as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:
- “Everyone remembers that no one was able to defeat the magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
- “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
- “Another second - the squad went for a breakthrough, including him.”
- “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”
Separating add-ons
Types of isolated members of a sentence include a group of additions. These are nothing more than case forms applied to nouns. They are used with such combinations as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be noted that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.
Separation occurs depending on what semantic load is present, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:
- “He already felt more or less stable, except that his leg still hurt a little.”
- “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of violet lightning, momentarily leaving their bright mark on the retina.”
- “Along with the issues that were waiting to be resolved at work, it was necessary to do something about household matters.”
- “Besides all this, there was one more significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
- “And everything was fine, except, of course, for some points.”
Note that if the preposition “instead” is used in the meaning “instead”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money he thought was promised by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”
Isolation of circumstances
Isolated members of a sentence are, as we found out earlier, secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances become isolated? This is what we will talk about next.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further past them.” Explanation: here “hidden and holding your breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by the adverbial phrase. There is an exception to this rule. An adverbial phrase is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single type gerund. Example: “He left without turning around, although he understood what he had just done.” Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was telling me something, I stood thoughtful.”
- Usually two participle phrases connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as two single participles) are isolated as one phrase. Example: “Despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, I continued to persistently trample my path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “without listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. Moreover, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
- A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative phrase. Usually in comparative phrases words like “exactly”, “as if”, “as” are used. There are some exceptions to the isolation of comparative turns; they are not isolated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked on it.”
There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. This means “at the discretion of the author.” So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:
- If the circumstance is presented in the form of a noun. In this case, there may or may not be a pretext. But most of all there are cases when circumstances are isolated that are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary to”, “in accordance with”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:
“Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems.”
- “Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
“Despite the threats, he has not changed his policy one bit.”
- “In accordance with the plan, all tasks were completed within the specified time frame.”
“Depending on what decision was made, a different fate awaited him.”
- “To avoid a fight, the people nearby separated them into different corners.”
“Due to unforeseen circumstances, something had to be decided quickly, but thoughtfully.” - If there is clarification of place and time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this room forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and flourished.”
How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it is really separated by punctuation marks. After this, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. The easiest way to start your search is with participial phrases, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no less visible, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of action of a person. There is a questionnaire called “Test “Isolated members of a sentence”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task in which you need to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by an adverbial phrase. It is logical that there will be not just one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in indirect cases. Next to them there should be adverbs and prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances, expressed by clarifications of place and time.
Signs of isolation
According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of a sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammatical. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and emphasizing intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation signs. As mentioned earlier, most often punctuation marks such as commas act as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be done using a dash. Author's punctuation marks are still a rather complicated thing.
The role of isolation in the Russian language
Isolation often makes it possible to endow a particular fragment of text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, when talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to draw attention to these fragments; they play some special role in a given situation. This may introduce some clarifications as well. Thus, to summarize, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.
Test “Isolated members of a sentence”
Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with sentences to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of minor members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this type of task that is used to identify the knowledge of students in secondary educational institutions. Next there will be a task to which you need to answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.
1. Which numbers correctly indicate ALL commas that should appear in the text? “He approached a lake (1) which shimmered in the sunlight (2) and went somewhere further.”
Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.
Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial phrases. The participial phrase is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. This means there is no comma between them.
Correct answer: a.
2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be immediately written in which you need to place the commas correctly. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that on the horizon there was already looming (3) a group of clouds gathered into one whole (4) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”
Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.
Explanation: “except” is an example of a separate object. It is not at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, so it is isolated on both sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered into one whole” is a common definition, which is expressed by a participial phrase. There will be no separation at the pass location (3). But between “clouds” and “predicting” there is a necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “rain” are two equal additions that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.
Correct answer: Mr.
3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminated by the branches of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) peals of thunder (6) were heard, foreshadowing bad weather.”
Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.
Explanation: gaps 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Occasionally illuminated by the ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase. It will be separated on both sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It is isolated on one side.
Correct answer: c.
Conclusion
So, what did we find out during this article?
- Firstly, the use of isolated members of a sentence is done with the aim of giving the isolated fragment independence and increased information load.
- Secondly, for isolation, commas and dashes are used in punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
- Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.
Isolated members of a sentence, a table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. They are often also expressed by gerunds, participles and phrases. Cases with comparisons are not excluded at all.
One of the sections of syntax is the isolated members of a sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.
Separation is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of an additional message. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. An isolated component expresses an independent event. This is a generally polypropositive sentence.
The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
Special circumstance: Sashka sat on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
Separate addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.
Separate definitions are divided into:
Agreed
inconsistent
The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed separate definition is expressed:
participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:
single definition: excited girl;
two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
a common definition expressed by the phrase: the girl, excited by the news she received,...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She, excited, could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)
3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although. To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example: Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.(additional meaning of reason) Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.(additional value of concession).
Thus, various factors are important for separation:
1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) what is the definition expressed by, 4) does it express additional adverbial meanings.
Dedicated Applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:
1) single: Mishka, the fidget, tormented everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tormented everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain: And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.
New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.