Hyphenation of nouns and adjectives. Compound adjectives: when to write together and when to hyphenate

compound adjectives formed from compound nouns written together, for example: chronicle (chronicle), local history (local history);
complex adjectives formed from such combinations of words in which one word is subordinate in meaning to another (connected by means of coordination, control or adjacency), for example: widescreen (wide screen), cast iron (casting cast iron), precocious (which will soon ripen).

Notes
Compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, should be distinguished from ordinary phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle), written APART, For example: diametrically opposite, purely Russian, Badly hidden, clearly expressed. In a sentence, the first part of the combination acts as a separate member of the sentence (answers questions How? in what degree? how?).
The first part of such phrases is adverbs absolutely ( absolutely calm), immaculate ( impeccably honest), vital ( vital necessary), originally ( originally Russian), true ( true revolutionary), truly ( truly scientific), straight ( directly opposite), sharply ( sharp negative), fatal ( fatal poisonous, fatal pale), strictly ( strictly logical) and etc.
APART phrases are written that include adverbs in -ski , For example: historically important.
A number of compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, is written FULL. Such adjectives are bookish in nature and are often terms, denoting a single, integral concept, for example: highly ideological(play), highly qualified(specialist), above(example), easily soluble(material), insignificant(fact), promising(experiment), following(review), visually impaired(Human), difficult to reach(climb). If dependent words are used with such adjectives, then the adverb and adjective are usually written separately (i.e., they become a phrase). Compare: promising student(= very talented, promising) - student, promising but not fulfilling his obligations; difficult to reach (= almost inaccessible) vertex — difficult to access even for experienced climbers the summit.

With a hyphen it is written:

compound adjectives formed from names, for example: northeastern (northeast), Orekhovo-Zuevo (Orekhovo-Zuevo);
complex adjectives formed from combinations of words that are equal in meaning and independent of each other (connected by the method of composition), for example: interest-free deposits(interest-free, but winning), scientific and technical progress(scientific and technical), spinning mill(spinning and weaving), blue-white-red flag(blue, white and red) (in these cases, a conjunction can be inserted between the words from which a complex adjective is formed And or But );
compound adjectives denoting shades of colors, for example: bright blue, silver gray, lemon yellow, dark brown, yellow red;
compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from foreign words and ends in -iko , For example: chemical-technological, physical-mathematical, mechanical-mathematical(But: Great Russian, high society).

Notes
With a hyphen compound adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation are written, for example: bitter-salty(salty and bitter) respectfully polite(polite and respectful).
With a hyphen a number of complex adjectives are written, parts of which denote heterogeneous characteristics, for example: military revolutionary Committee(military revolutionary), mass political Job(mass political), popular science magazine(scientific popular). It should be borne in mind that among complex adjectives there are many traditional spellings, for example: world historical(But: well-known), people's liberation(But: national economic). Therefore, if you have doubts about spelling, you should consult a spelling dictionary.

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§ 80. They write together complex names adjectives:

1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway (Railway), national economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling rails), nationwide(common for the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); Also - deaf-mute.

§ 81. Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from titles settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, North-Eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together Moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north And north, south And south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit into listed rules, are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), political-mass(Job), vocabulary-technical(Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written with a hyphen, first integral part which are myself-, myself- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of compound adjectives

Russian language lesson in 6th grade

Lesson objectives:

Formation of knowledge of spelling of complex adjectives,

Develop analytical thinking and memory of students

Contribute to the development of a responsible attitude towards educational work.

During the classes

1. Organizing time

2. Checking homework

What questions do you have about homework?

Children, under dictation, write down phrases with adjectives on pieces of paper, where -NN- is written:

wooden products

duck nose

with an ordinary chisel

glass decanter

leather briefcase

tin soldier

Sandy shore

windless day

peat bog

thatched roof

Children must write down the numbers 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10.

3. Preparing to study new material

During recess, the teacher distributes printed texts (one per desk) - an excerpt from the work of I.A. Bunin

In a passage of text, which is photocopied for each student, it is proposed to highlight words that help Bunin convey color and shades of colors.

One child reads aloud:

…Above us, in the bottomless depths, the fabrics of the clouds turned a soft crimson color. And a moment later everything changed: the east wind became blue-purple, the sea above it was deep purple. And the stripes in the sunset sky flared up more and more.

The teacher immediately asks:

– What is this text about? (About nature, about the coming of evening, sunset)

Let's find adjectives denoting shades of color and write them down in a notebook:

Subtle raspberry Blue-purple Deep purple

What is special about these adjectives? The peculiarity is that these adjectives are written with a hyphen.

4. Explanation of new material

The teacher, following the child, clearly states the rule: complex adjectives denoting shades of colors, additional shades of quality or attribute are always written with a hyphen. The focus is always on the word.

For example:pale blue, sweet and sour, blue-black, etc.

The teacher suggests opening a textbook for the children (textbook for grade 6 by M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya) and getting acquainted with the rule of writing adjectives with a hyphen.

One child reads aloud and comments on the rule, coming up with his own examples.

A hyphen is used if a compound adjective is formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen:in the textbooksouthwestern (southwest) , your example:northeastern (northeast);

A hyphen is used if a complex adjective is formed by adding equal words between which a conjunction can be insertedAnd:

Example: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), Russian-English (Russian and English).

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase: railway (railway).

Now the teacher asks you to complete the following task:

It is necessary to divide the notebook into two parts (filling out the table for the completed rule, drawn in advance by the teacher or projected on the board):

Assignment: Fill out the table with your examples.

Continuous writing adjectives

Hyphenate adjectives

In a notebook for recording words, we write down difficult words with a green pen that need to be remembered:socially useful and socio-political.

5. Primary consolidation

The teacher reads a prompt poem, the children listen carefully and write out complex adjectives, then explain how they wrote it and by what rule:

Dark brown boy Walked northeast So by the evening he was tired, That it turned lemon yellow But I managed to understand Where to insert a hyphen in words. You will remember our lesson At school the teacher will say: “This guy is the head!”
("Baby Monitor")

The guys write:dark blond, northeast, lemon yellow.

(More often than not, children fall for the trick and write northeast as an adjective).

Children's explanation:

Dark blond – a compound adjective denotes a shade of color, so it is written with a hyphen.
Lemon yellow – a compound adjective denotes a shade of color, so it is written with a hyphen.

What part of speech isnortheast ?

Students' reasoning:

A noun, you can form a compound adjective from it -northeastern , which will be written with a hyphen.

The word is written on the boardbitter-salty , the teacher asks a question: how will we reason when writing a complex adjective?

This is a compound adjective formed from two independent words, between which a conjunction can be insertedAnd bitter and salty, so this adjective is written with a hyphen.

According to the textbook, the exercise is performed orally in a chain:

(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (medieval) centuries, (tight) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow)red, (three) meter, (garden)garden, (rail)rolling, (north)western, (forty)kilometer, (ancient)Russian, (factory)factory, (cotton)paper, (two)room, (cast iron) foundry.

We open the notebook of Bogdanova G.A. p.39, exercise 79:

One of the students reads the task: identify the main word and the dependent word in the phrases and form adjectives from them:

Far East - Ancient Rome - (languages) of the Eastern Slavs – Black hair - Long legs (crane) – Broad shoulders (boys) – (house) made of large paili –

The teacher asks selectively.

Guys, complex adjectives denoting shades of color or combinations of colors help us “see” the diversity and color of the world around us.

In the works of I.A. Bunin, a great master of words, uses such adjectives very often (we have already partially examined them today).

Write down compound adjectives along with nouns from examples taken from the writer’s works. Fill in the missing letters, open the brackets:

(Green)silver light,
(In)subtle light
Sunrise over the earth.

(Transparently) pale, like in spring,
The snow is falling due to the (recent) cold.
Suddenly lightning illuminated the entire thicket
Mysterious and (pale) blue light.

…There are blocks of (well...lots of) ash stones.

And the berries are (foggy) blue
On dry juniper.
…Only the sea in the summer calm
Still pouring affectionately onto the reefs
(Azure) phosphoric dust.

The family was proud of a (gray) iron-colored stallion.

The sickle of the month, (cloudy) red and drooping to the side,
Swaying on the edge of the sky.

In the clearings, in the brilliance of the sun, cobwebs sparkled and (light) golden maples glowed motionless.

The (bluish) leaden light of the fading day is faintly glimmering.

Students do it independently, the teacher checks three students, marks them, and checks out loud with the rest.

6. Lesson summary

Let's say the rule again when complex adjectives are written together, and when separately:

Complex adjectives that are formed on the basis of a phrase are written together.

Railway< железная дорога

Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:

indicate shades of colors: yellow-blue

formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: southwestern< юго-запад

The word is formed from a combination of independent words: gardening< сад и огород.

There are words to remember:

Socially useful Socio-political

7. Homework

The teacher writes homework on the board. Homework is at the discretion of the teacher. For example, ex. 309. In one column you need to write down complex adjectives, in the other - adjectives that are written with a hyphen. One of the students reads the assignment. The teacher finds out if everyone understands how to do the exercise.

Each of us has at least once had the opportunity to check how to write such adjectives as “popular science”, “zootechnical”, “two-story”, “blue-green”. To make a mistake means to make a serious mistake in knowledge native language. However, it is not always clear how the presence or absence of a hyphen is determined.

Adjectives consisting of two, and sometimes even three stems at once are called complex. If you remember simple rules, then you no longer have to use search engines to check the next phrase.

When is a hyphen placed between parts of a compound adjective?

The Russian language provides four cases in which the constituent parts of an adjective are separated by a line.

If the two underlying words are heterogeneous in meaning. For example, “popular science” - the parts of the adjective do not complement each other, but describe two different concepts.
If the adjective comes from a compound noun, which, in turn, is written with a hyphen. For example, “northeast” - since the original noun “northeast” contains a hyphen, the adjective derived from it must also be equipped with a hyphen.
If both parts of a complex adjective describe some quality of the object - “blue-green”, “sweet and sour”.
If a word consists of two equal parts, and the hyphen between them can be replaced without loss by the conjunction “and”. For example, “literary and artistic concept” - one can say that the concept is “literary and artistic”, the essence will remain the same.

In what cases is a complex adjective written together?

Remembering in which cases a hyphen is not necessary is also quite easy.

If the first part is a numeral. For example, “two-story” or “three-digit.” Also, a hyphen is not placed if the first part is an adverb ending in “o” and “e”. The words “sedentary” and “highly flammable” would be examples.
If the adjective comes from compound noun, also written without a hyphen - for example, the word “semi-annual”, formed from “half-year”.
When the first or second part of an adjective cannot be used on its own. For example, in the word "broad-chested", the first part has descriptive meaning only when combined with the second part.

In addition, most scientific and lexical terms are written together. No hyphen is used in phrases with subordinating connection within a sentence - for example, “blood vessel,” that is, “a vessel that carries blood.”