House of the peoples of the north on "Bit of Life!"
Northern peoples, "Bit of Life!" - Miraslava Krylova.
What associations come to your mind when you hear the word "home"? Of course, everyone has their own. For some, “home” is a social concept, inextricably linked with family and parents. But in most cases when we hear the word "house" we imagine a certain structure tied to certain images, taken from childhood or from further life experience. And for each person he is his own. For some, this is a room in a shared apartment, for others an apartment in a large house, or a separate stone or wooden structure. We will not delve further into the psychology of the concept, this is a topic for another article and another heading.
In this particular case, we will talk about the national houses of the peoples of the north of Russia. I must say that they are not only radically different from the traditional concept of "house", but also carry many national, characteristic of these peoples, elements of local color, features of nature, culture, and most importantly, the forced necessity and lack of many traditional means in the construction of houses.
Chum - the dwelling of reindeer herders
Chum is a universal dwelling place for the nomadic peoples of the North who are engaged in reindeer herding - the Nenets, Khanty, Komi and Entsy. It is curious, but contrary to the often-met opinion and the words of the well-known song "Chukchi awaits dawn in the chum", the Chukchi have never lived and do not live in chums - in fact, their dwellings are called yarangas. Perhaps the confusion has arisen due to the consonance of the words "chum" and "Chukchi". And it is possible that these two somewhat similar buildings are simply confused and called not by their proper names.
As for the plague, in fact it is a portable tent, which has a conical shape and is perfectly adapted to the conditions of the tundra. Snow easily rolls off the steep surface of the chum, therefore, when moving to a new place, the chum can be disassembled without making unnecessary efforts to clear the building of snow. In addition, the cone shape makes the chum resistant to strong winds and snowstorms.
In summer, the chum is covered with bark, birch bark or burlap, and the entrance is covered with coarse cloth (for example, the same burlap). In winter, the skins of moose, deer, red deer, sewn into one cloth are used to equip the chum, and the entrance is covered with a separate skin. In the center of the chum there is a stove that serves as a source of heat and is adapted for cooking. The heat from the stove rises up and does not allow sediments to get inside the plague - they simply evaporate under the influence of the high temperature. And in order to prevent the wind from penetrating into the chum, snow is raked to its base from the outside.
As a rule, the reindeer breeders' chum consists of several covers and 20-40 poles, which are placed on special sledges when moving. The size of the plague directly depends on the length of the poles and their number: the more poles there are and the longer they are, the more spacious the dwelling will be.
Since ancient times, the installation of a plague was considered a matter for the whole family, in which even children took part. After the chum is fully installed, the women cover the inside with mats and soft reindeer skins. At the very base of the poles, it is customary to put malitsa (outerwear of the peoples of the North made of reindeer skins with fur inside) and other soft things. Reindeer breeders also carry pillows, featherbeds and warm sheepskin sleeping bags with them. At night, the hostess spreads the bed, and during the day she hides the bedding away from prying eyes.
Yaranga - the national home of the peoples of Chukotka
As we have already said, the yaranga bears some resemblance to the chum and is a portable dwelling of nomadic Koryaks, Chukchi, Yukaghirs and Evenks. Yaranga has a circular plan and a vertical timber frame that is constructed of poles and surmounted by a conical dome. Outside, the poles are covered with walrus, deer or whale skins.
Yaranga consists of 2 halves: canopy and chottagin. The canopy looks like a warm tent made of skins, heated and illuminated with a fat lamp (for example, a strip of fur dipped in fat and soaked in it). The canopy is a sleeping area. Chottagin is a separate room, the appearance of which is somewhat reminiscent of a vestibule. This is the coldest part of the dwelling. Chottagin usually contains boxes of clothes, dressed hides, barrels of fermented foods and other things.
Nowadays, the yaranga is a centuries-old symbol of the peoples of Chukotka, which is used during many winter and summer holidays. Moreover, yarangas are installed not only in the squares, but also in the club foyers. In such yarangas, women prepare traditional dishes of the peoples of the North - tea, venison and treat them to guests. Moreover, in the form of a yaranga, hotbeds, greenhouses and some other structures are being built in Chukotka today. For example, in the center of Anadyr you can see a yaranga - a vegetable tent made of transparent plastic. Yaranga is also present in many Chukchi paintings, engravings, badges, emblems and even coats of arms.
Igloo - Eskimo dwelling made of snow and ice
The Chukchi neighbors, the Eskimos, lived much poorer and their yarangas appeared much later. Initially, the poor Eskimos hibernated in real "ice huts", which were called igloos and were dwellings built of snow or ice blocks. Such domed buildings still exist today: they usually have a height of about 2 m and a diameter of about 3-4 m.If the snow is shallow, then the entrance to the igloo is arranged in a wall, to which an additional corridor of ice (snow) blocks is attached. In deep snow, the entrance to the dwelling is located directly in the floor, and a corridor is laid outside to it. It is very important that the entrance to the house is located below the floor level, as this allows the flow of oxygen and the outflow of heavier carbon dioxide, and also allows you to keep the room warm.
Light enters the igloo directly through the ice walls, although in some cases ice windows are made in the snow houses. The interior, as a rule, is covered with skins, and sometimes the walls are also covered with them - in whole or in part. For heating and additional lighting, the igloo is used for grease dishes. An interesting fact is that when the air is heated, the inner surfaces of the igloo walls melt, but do not melt due to the fact that the snow quickly removes excess heat outside the house, and due to this, a comfortable temperature for a person is maintained in the room. Moreover, the snow walls are capable of absorbing excess moisture, so the igloo is always dry.
It is also curious that, despite all the simplicity of construction, in fact it is not so easy to build an igloo with your own hands. An example of this is the first polar explorers-travelers, who for a long time could not comprehend the secret of the construction of the igloo, while the locals erected such a structure in just 1-2 hours. And all because the igloo is built from slabs of a special shape, and different parts of the house are built from different slabs. The igloo has the shape of a snail shell and gradually tapers towards the arch, and the slabs are laid according to a special technique that the northerners have been honing for years. For greater stability, the needle is watered from the outside with water.
A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any adversity and long travel is always easier when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where they are waiting for you and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those days when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.
Dwellings of the peoples of the north
The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, balagan, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.
This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include the Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in chums, but build yarangas.
Chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered in summer with sackcloth, and in winter - with skins. The entrance to the dwelling is also covered with sacking. The conical shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and does not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Due to the high temperature of the hearth, sediments seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporate. To prevent the wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the chum, snow is raked outside to its base. The temperature inside the plague ranges from +13 to + 20 ° С.
The whole family, including children, is involved in installing the plague. Skins and mats are placed on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, duvets and sleeping bags made of sheep skin are used for sleeping.
The Yakuts lived in it during the winter period. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. It was pretty easy and quick to build. To do this, they took several main logs and put them vertically, and then connected them with many smaller diameter logs. Unusual for Russian dwellings was the fact that the logs were placed vertically, slightly tilted. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark and then with earth. This was done in order to insulate the home as much as possible. The floor inside the booth was trampled sand; even in severe frosts, its temperature did not drop below -5 ° C.
The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold weather, and in summer - with calf or mica afterbirth.
To the right of the entrance to the dwelling, there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.
This snowy dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.
The Igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.
When constructing an igloo, a prerequisite was to find an entrance below floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, this location of the entrance allowed for maximum heat retention.
The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by the fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloo walls did not melt from the heat, but simply melted, which helped to maintain a comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost in the igloo, the temperature was + 20 ° C. The ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, which allowed the room to remain dry.
Nomad dwellings
The yurt has always been the dwelling of nomads. Now it continues to remain a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome, there is a specially designed hole for the smoke to escape from the hearth.
The things inside the yurt are located at the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, for which stones are always carried with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or planks.
This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, it retains heat inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the climate inside the room. The round shape of this structure gives it stability, which is necessary in strong steppe winds.
Dwellings of the peoples of Russia
This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.
The wall and floor of the dugout looked like a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of planks and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and covered with earth on the outside, and the floor was covered with clay.
The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only come out through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:
Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It persists both in severe frosts and in heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Virtually no repairs required.
The dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.
The traditional Russian hut was erected from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually erected. The roof was usually made with a gable, which made it possible to save material. To keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When the house subsided, it became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on the compacted ground.
The roof was covered with thatch from above, as it served as a good protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were plastered with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in preserving heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century through the chimney.
Dwellings of the European part of our continent
The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, paljaso. Many of them still exist.
It is the old traditional home of Ukraine. Mazanka, in contrast to the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and the peculiarities of its structure were explained by the small area of forests.
The mazanka was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin branches of a tree, which were coated with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reed. The floor was earthen or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls from the inside were coated with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts did not have a foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could stand up to 100 years.
This stone structure is the traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first sakli were one-room with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and had a smoke outlet. In the highlands, the sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. Moreover, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.
This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is different in that it was created using dry masonry technology, that is, stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that, by pulling out one stone, the whole house could be destroyed. The fact is that in this area of Italy it was forbidden to build dwellings, so if an official came to check, the trullo quickly collapsed.
The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from cold weather. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was tapered. Sometimes, boards were placed on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus the second floor was formed.
It is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). Pallaso was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so stone was the main building material. The dwellings were round in shape with a cone-shaped roof. The roof frame was wooden, and the top was covered with thatch and reeds. There were no windows in the palaso, and the exit was located on the east side.
Due to the peculiarities of its structure, paljas protected from cold winters and rainy summers.
Indian dwellings
This is the home of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible, curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or skins. At the top of the wigwam there is a smoke outlet. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places to sleep and rest, food was prepared outside the wigwam.
Among the Indians, this dwelling was associated with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left behind everything unclean. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.
The tipi was inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling is in the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with the skin of bison or deer and strengthened below with pegs. Inside the dwelling, from the junction of the poles, a special belt went down, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and at the edges there were places for rest and utensils.
The tipi combined all those qualities that were necessary for the Indians of the Great Plains. This dwelling was quickly disassembled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.
Ancient dwellings of other peoples
This is the traditional home of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and manure. From the inside, they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The base of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.
Minka
The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, and coated with clay. Inside, the main part of the Japanese house is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. There is almost no furniture in the Japanese house.
The traditional dwelling of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, preserves history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them that is worthy of admiration and awe. Knowing their features and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.
House in the USA A dwelling structure, a place in which people live ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Izba (disambiguation). A Russian hut in the village of Kushalino, Rameshkovsky district of the Tver region
This term has other meanings, see Chum (disambiguation). The data in this article is as of the beginning of the 20th century. You can help by updating the information in the article ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Hogan. Hogan ... Wikipedia
Chukotka yaranga, 1913 ... Wikipedia
- (Est. rehielamu, rehetare) the traditional dwelling of Estonian peasants, a log building with a high thatched or thatched roof. The living barn had several functions: housing, drying and threshing grain, keeping animals. The living barn was the most ... ... Wikipedia
A house covered with turf (with a green roof) in the town of Søydaurkroukur ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Pallosa. Pallaso in O Cebreiro, municipality of Piedrafita del S ... Wikipedia
This article is about the Eskimo dwelling. For the Irkutsk State Linguistic University (ISLU) see the article Irkutsk State Linguistic University. Igloo (inuktitut ᐃᒡᓗ / iglu; in the language of the Indians of North America ... ... Wikipedia
The traditional dwelling of Jagga Jagga (chaga, chagga, vachagga) is a Bantu people in northeastern Tanzania. They live in the vicinity of Kilimanjaro. Includes related ethnic groups of their own ... Wikipedia
A person's dwelling is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the shape of the house comes from an organic feeling. It has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, a bee hive, or a mollusk shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main rooms and the plan of the house - in the upper room, entrance hall, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gynekee.
16 geographical and historical-cultural provinces can be distinguished: East European, West Central European, Central Asian-Kazakhstan, Caucasian, Central Asian, Siberian, South-East Asian, East Asian, South-West Asian, South Asian, African tropical, North African, North American American, Oceanic ... Moreover, each of them has its own characteristics. In this article we will consider the national dwellings of the peoples of the world.
Eastern European Province
It includes the following areas: northern and central, Volga-Kama, Baltic, southwestern. It is worth noting that in the north, utility and residential premises were built under a common roof. In the south, there were more often villages of large sizes, while outbuildings were located separately. In those places where there was not enough forest, wooden and stone walls were coated with clay, after which they were whitewashed. In such buildings, the stove has always been the center of the interior.
West-Central European Province
It is divided into regions: Atlantic, North European, Mediterranean and Central European. Considering the dwellings of the peoples of the world, we can say that in this province, rural settlements have different layouts (circular, cumulus, scattered, ordinary) and consist of rectangular structures. Half-timbered houses (frame houses) prevail in central Europe, log houses - in the north, brick and stone - in the south. In some areas, utility and residential premises are under a common roof, and in the second, they are erected separately.
Central Asia-Kazakhstan province
This province occupies the plains in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea, high mountain ranges and deserts of the Pamir and Tien Shan. It is divided into regions: Turkmenistan (south-west), Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (south-east), Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (north). Such traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world here are rectangular adobe buildings with a flat roof in the south, in the mountains there are frame houses, among semi-nomads and nomads there are round yurts with a felt covering and a lattice frame. In the north, the houses were influenced by immigrants from Russia.
Caucasian province
This province is located between the Caspian and Black Seas in the southern part of the East European Plain. It covers various landscapes of the mountain systems of the Caucasus, mountain plains and foothills, is divided into 2 regions: the Caucasian and North Caucasian. Such dwellings of the peoples of the world, pictures with images of which can be seen in this article, are very diverse - from stone fortresses and tower houses to turluchny (wattle) semi-dugouts and structures; in Azerbaijan - adobe one-story dwellings with an absolutely flat roof, an entrance and windows to the courtyard; in the eastern part of Georgia, these are 2-storey houses made of wood and stone with balconies, gable or flat roofs.
Siberian province
It is located in the northern part of Asia and occupies areas of taiga, dry steppes and tundra from the Pacific Ocean to the Urals. The settlements are dominated by rectangular log houses with in the northern part - dugouts, plums, yarangas - in the northeast, a multi-angle yurt - among cattle breeders in the south.
Central Asian province
The province occupies deserts located in the temperate zone (Taklamakan, Gobi). It should be noted that the dwellings of the peoples of the world are very diverse. In this place, they are represented by round yurts (among the Turks and Mongols), as well as woolen tents of the Tibetans. Among the Uighurs, some of the Tibetans, as well as the Yizu, houses with walls made of cut stone or mud bricks predominate.
East asian province
This region occupies the Korea Peninsula, the plains of China, and the Japanese islands. The houses here are frame-and-pillar with adobe filling, with a flat or flat roof, which other traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world cannot boast of. In the southern part of the province, pile structures prevail, in the northern part, heated beds.
Southeast asian province
These are the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia, as well as the Indochina peninsula. Includes the following areas: East Indochina, East Indonesian, West Indochina, West Indonesian, Filipino. Dwellings of different peoples of the world are represented here by pile structures with high roofs and light walls.
South asian province
It includes the Ganges and Indus valleys, in the northern part - the Himalayan mountains, in the western - arid regions and low mountains, in the eastern - the Burman-Assam mountains, in the southern - the island of Sri Lanka. All kinds of dwellings of the peoples of the world, photos of which can be seen in this article, today are of great interest to historians. There are mainly urban settlements here; most often you can find brick or adobe 2- and 3-chamber houses, with a high or flat roof. There are also frame-and-pillar buildings. Several floors of stone are in the mountains, and the nomads have interesting woolen tents.
Dwellings of different peoples of the world: North African province
It occupies the Mediterranean coast, the arid subtropical zone of the Sahara, in addition, oases from the Maghreb to Egypt. The following regions are distinguished: Maghreb, Egyptian, Sudan. Sedentary farmers have large settlements with very disorderly buildings. In their center there is a mosque, a market square. Houses are square or rectangular, made of stone, adobe, with a patio and a flat roof. Nomads live in black woolen tents. The division of the dwelling is preserved into male and female halves.
Dwellings of the peoples of the world: Southwest Asian province
The province occupies mountains with oases and arid highlands in deserts and river valleys. It is subdivided into the Iranian-Afghan, Asia Minor, Arabian, Mesopotamo-Syrian historical and cultural regions. Rural settlements are mostly large, with a central market square, rectangular mud brick houses, stone or adobe houses with a courtyard and a flat roof. The interior decoration includes felts, carpets, mats.
North American province
It includes taiga and arctic tundra, Alaska, prairies and temperate forests, and subtropics on the Atlantic coast. The following areas are distinguished: Canadian, Arctic, North American. Before European colonization, only Indian and Eskimo lived in this place (the main types of houses differ slightly from each other, depending on the areas of residence of the people. The migrants' housing traditions are similar in many respects to European ones.
African tropical province
It includes the equatorial regions of Africa with dry and humid savannas, tropical forests. Areas are distinguished: West Central, West African, East African, Tropical, Madagascar Island, South African. Rural settlements are scattered or compact, consisting of small frame-and-pole dwellings with a circular or rectangular layout. They are surrounded by various outbuildings. Sometimes the walls are decorated with painted or embossed ornaments.
Latin american province
It covers all of Central and South America. There are such regions as: Mesoamerican, Caribbean, Amazonian, Andean, Orezemelskaya, Pampas. Local residents are characterized by rectangular, single-chamber dwellings made of reed, wood and adob, with a high 2- or 4-pitched roof.
Oceanian province
It consists of 3 regions: Polynesia (Polynesians and Maori), Micronesia and Melanesia (Melanesians and Papuans). Houses in New Guinea are piled, ground-based, rectangular, and in Oceania they are frame-and-pillars with a gable high roof made of palm leaves.
Australian province
It also occupies Australia. The aboriginal dwellings of these places are sheds, wind screens, huts.
1 slide
2 slide
Home is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Native home gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, its culture and peculiarities of life are revealed. The appearance of a dwelling, building materials and construction method depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter how it looks, among all peoples it is considered the center around which the rest of the world is located. Let's get acquainted with the dwellings of different peoples inhabiting our planet.
3 slide
Izba is a traditional Russian dwelling. Previously, the hut was built from pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with a silvery aspen ploughshare. A four-walled log house, or cage, was the basis of any wooden structure. It consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The house was without a foundation: repeatedly sorted out and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders were rolled to them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss so that there was no dampness in the house. The top had the shape of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut, a red corner was necessarily arranged, where the goddess and a table were located (an honorable place for elders, especially for guests), a woman's corner, or a kut, a men's corner, or a konik, and a zakut behind the stove. The stoves were central to the entire space of the dwelling. They kept a live fire in it, cooked food and slept here. Above the entrance, under the ceiling, between two adjacent walls and the stove, they laid the beds. They slept on them, kept household utensils.
4 slide
Igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built of blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only that snow is suitable on which a clear imprint of a person's foot remains. With large knives, blocks of different sizes are cut out in the thickness of the snow cover and laid in a spiral. The structure is given a domed character, thanks to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, to which a corridor dug in the snow below floor level leads. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the dwelling, heat does not escape outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the igloo-hemisphere, a canopy made of reindeer skins is suspended, separating the living area from the snow walls and ceiling. Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Home of the Eskimos of Alaska. Incision.
5 slide
Saklya (Georgian sakhli - "house") is the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders, which is often built right on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the leeward side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Sakla is made of stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terraced arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a courtyard for the upper one. In each sakla, one or two small windows and one or two doors are cut through. Inside the rooms, a small fireplace with a clay chimney is arranged. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, clay floors and carpets. Here in the summer, women prepare meals.
6 slide
Stilt houses are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, Oceania. Two- or three-meter piles, on which houses are erected, keep the room cool and dry, even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made of woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows; light enters through cracks in the walls or through a door. The roof is covered with palm branches. Steps decorated with carvings usually lead to the interior. Doorways are also decorated.
7 slide
Wigwams are built by North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The structure is covered from above with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or deer is pulled onto the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered by two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into the arch. The frame is also covered with branches, bark, mats.
8 slide
Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The building is being erected on a site made of poles that has been prepared in advance and tied to the branches. A structure balancing on branches must not be overloaded, but it must withstand the large gable roof that crowns the structure. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a fireplace for cooking, and the upper one, made of palm planks, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. They get into the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
9 slide
Felidge is a tent that serves as a dwelling place for Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited regions of the Sahara desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven of camel or goat hair and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning samum or sirocco are not terrible for nomads who have taken refuge in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
10 slide
From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such a dwelling is the safest during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not function as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed, they also serve as a window (shoji) at the same time. In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure, pasted over with translucent paper that allows light to pass through. And in the cold season, they are covered with wood panels. The inner walls (fushimas) are also movable, frame-like shields covered with paper or silk and help to divide a large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where a scroll with poetry or painting and ikebana is located. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which people walk without shoes. A tiled or thatched roof has large awnings that keep the paper walls of the house from rain and scorching sun.
11 slide
Yurts are a special type of dwelling used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kyrgyz). Round, without corners and straight walls, portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature extremes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours and is easy to transport. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter, on a wooden platform. Having chosen a place for parking, first of all, they put stones under the future hearth, and then set up the yurt according to the routine - the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The frame is covered with felt outside, and the door is made of it. Felt coverings keep the hearth cool in summer and keep the hearth warm in winter. From above, the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples - with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with cloth. Light enters through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the dwelling, in order to find out about what is happening outside the house, you need to listen carefully to the sounds outside.
12 slide
Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The nomadic Chukchi camps numbered up to 10 yarangas and were stretched from west to east. The yaranga of the head of the camp was placed first from the west. Yaranga is a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a center height of 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter of 5.7 to 7-8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with deer skins, usually sewn into two pieces of cloth with belts, the ends of the belts in the lower part were tied to sleds or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance, at the back wall of the yaranga, a sleeping room (canopy) made of skins in the form of a parallelepiped was installed. The average size of the canopy is 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, on top of them - thick skins. The bed headboard — two oblong sacks stuffed with scraps of skins — was at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket made of several deer skins. To illuminate their dwellings, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal oil, tundra - fat melted from crushed deer bones, burning odorlessly and without soot in stone oil lamps. Behind the canopy, at the back wall of the tent, they kept things; at the side, on both sides of the hearth, - products.