Electrical wiring on pue wooden structures. How to make wiring in a wooden house: we make hidden wiring from the shield to consumption points

Despite the pursuit of modern technology, in recent years some industries are returning to their roots. The most striking example is the construction industry: people much more often prefer the construction of country wooden houses. A number of reasons contribute to this, ranging from lightness and economy to the environmental friendliness of the final product.

Wood is a natural anti-allergic material. Thanks to the latest innovations, 100% natural substances are used in the construction of such buildings. Wood has its drawbacks, and the main one is considered to be an increased level of fire danger. Therefore, wiring in a wooden house must comply with all recommendations, rules for installation and operation. And it does not matter if you lay it yourself or turn to professional specialists for help.

What electrical wiring is suitable for a wooden house

Not a single modern residential building, whether it is made of wood, concrete or adobe blocks, can do without electricity. Depending on what building materials were used to build the building, the organization of electrical wiring will have different features. The main nuance of wiring in a wooden house is an increased risk of fire and higher requirements for the quality of wiring.

open or closed

There are two main types of electrical wiring: open and closed. In the first case, the cable is located in an open place: it is attached to the walls, laid on the outer shelves, and so on.

The process of conducting the cable using the open method in a wooden house can be performed in one of two main ways:

1. With the use of boxes, corrugated pipes or cable channels. The option is appropriate for houses with flat walls, which, for example, are finished with clapboard. The key advantage of this approach is the availability of the cable, the possibility of prompt repair or replacement, and the arrangement of an additional branch. Since the wires are open, they cool perfectly, which eliminates the possibility of overheating or fire. For better ventilation, the cavity of the cable channel should be filled with wires by 60% or less.
2. For a wooden house made of rounded logs, cable installation using insulators is suitable. First, ceramic rollers, which are excellent dielectrics, are fixed, then cables are fixed to them. This technology is outdated and rarely used even today. Ideally multi-colored twisted pairs should be used.

1. Bracket installation. An alternative method that is suitable if it is not possible to lay the cable in ducts or fix it on insulators.
2. Retro wiring that allows you to most effectively and unusually mask the cable fixed on the walls and under the ceiling.

Hidden installation of electrical wiring is appropriate and desirable in all situations where the external walls, floor and ceiling of the house have not yet been covered with finishing materials. For wooden houses, cables should be hidden in metal or corrugated pipes. The use of plastic cable channels is strictly prohibited. The method requires large investments, but allows you to ensure high-quality and safe installation, hiding the cable from the eyes.

It is impossible to say unequivocally which is which: hidden or open wiring - for a wooden house it is better or worse. It all depends on individual preferences, operating conditions, the presence or absence of a suitable tool and other factors. For example, the walls in the house have already been finished, so you don’t want to rip off the wall paneling in order to do hidden installation. In such a case, the open-mounted method is chosen.

Basic requirements for electrical wiring in a wooden house

Above, we determined that wood is the most dangerous and flammable building material used as a basis for the construction of residential buildings.

We list the basic requirements that must be followed when organizing electrical wiring in a wooden house:

1. Increased level of electrical and fire safety. Make sure that cables and wires are laid in a way that minimizes the chance of overheating of the insulation and subsequent ignition, and prevents the spread of open flame to the rest of the wooden structure. In the design process, it is necessary to achieve full compliance of the technical parameters and performance characteristics of the wires and products used with the peak load for a certain section of the circuit. To reduce the likelihood of overheating, empty cavities are left in the cable channels and metal corrugations, and the wire cross section is taken with a margin of 20-30%. To increase safety, it is advisable to choose the open laying method, which allows you to monitor the condition of the wires throughout the entire service life, perform timely diagnostics, identifying and promptly eliminating damage.

1. Quality insulation. The electrical panel must be securely isolated from any wooden products. Ideally, you need to choose rooms with a partition made of non-combustible materials.
2. Reliable conductor. It is best to use three-core copper wires with high-quality non-combustible insulation. Avoid laying cables through PVC corrugation.
3. Workable automation. Each group of working devices in the electrical circuit must be supplemented by an automatic switch. The trip threshold of this product depends on the current carrying capacity. Try not to overestimate these values, otherwise the conductor will overheat.

Regulations

All requirements and rules for installing electrical wiring in a wooden house are clearly spelled out in three documents:

1. PUE, edition 7. The main document that guides the design of electrical networks of residential buildings. Here you will find basic recommendations for the selection of cable, distribution equipment, automatic protection devices and lighting devices.
2. SNiP 3.05.06-85. The organization of electrical wiring in old and new buildings is described. From the document you will learn the main ways of supplying and entering wires into living rooms.
3. SNiP 31-02. Additional rules and recommendations that are important to consider when laying cables in a residential building.

These SNiPs contain many technical terms and parameters, so this language will not be understood by an inexperienced person. Thus, it is enough to study the corresponding edition of the PUE.

Charting

Building a wiring diagram is a preparatory stage preceding any work on installing or replacing a cable. Only a competent and technically correct project guarantees high-quality installation of a reliable and safe electrical circuit that complies with the rules and regulations.

When drawing up a diagram of future electrical wiring, follow a number of recommendations:

1. Important electrical components, including shields, meters and sockets, should be placed in accessible places. You must be able to get close to such a node at any time in order to carry out prompt repairs or replacements, eliminating the possibility of a fire or short circuit.
2. Place the switches in open places so that they are not cluttered with furniture. Such a mistake was common in Soviet times, and today often hidden switches can be found in the homes of parents, grandparents. The ideal height for any switch is at least 50 cm from the floor.
3. When choosing the location of future outlets, consider in advance where all household appliances should be located. Try to install as many sockets as will be enough to operate devices without extension cords. The height from the floor for sockets should be 25-50 cm. In theory, it is enough to have one socket for every 6 square meters. m. However, if the situation requires it, then their number can be increased.

1. Twisting and frequent bends of the electric cable are excluded. It is desirable that all lines in the diagram be at right angles to the floor, ceiling and walls - horizontally or vertically. The bottom or top electrical wiring is used: the cable is placed at a distance of 15 cm from the floor or ceiling, respectively.
2. It is important to use metal junction boxes for switching wires. Operation of plastic or wooden products is unacceptable.

Preparing a home electrical project

Before starting the design of wiring for a wooden house, you need to contact the electricity supplier for technical specifications. It is from them that it is necessary to build on when doing this work. First, you should calculate the total power consumed by all electrical appliances in the house, including lighting sources.

Further development of the project is as follows:

1. Build a technical diagram of a residential building. Indicate on the plan all the places where sockets, switches and light sources will be located. Add electrical devices to the circuit that require a separate connection.
2. The type of cable is selected depending on the characteristics of the electrical point. For example, two-gang switches and sockets with grounding require a three-wire wire.

1. Specify the location of all junction boxes. In a pair of adjacent rooms, one common room can be used.
2. Add the power of all individual appliances to the plan. If the device is equipped with an electric motor, then the starting power of the unit must be indicated.
3. Devices are divided into different groups: one includes lighting products, the other includes powerful boilers, boilers and electric stoves. Switching must be carried out through differential automata, which should be indicated in the diagram.
4. Mark the distance between the cable and door/window openings, electrical outlets and the floor/ceiling.

Important! Any cable turn must be at right angles (90 degrees).

At the end of the work, the maximum power is calculated, which will be required when turning on all electrical devices in the house. This allows you to determine the load level on the introductory machine.

The choice of cable and electrical devices

For cable selection, any table is suitable, which indicates the ratio of the wire cross-section to a certain load. You can use a special electrical reference. The cable cross section is selected depending on the power of electrical appliances and their number in a separate group. You can find out the level of consumed load from the equipment data sheet or by studying the label on the product (packaging). To determine the cross section of the input cable, the power of all electrical appliances is summed up, and a small margin of 20-30% is taken.

For wooden houses, NYM brand copper wires are popular. Such a product has an additional insulating shell, is characterized by durability and ease of use. If an aluminum cable is used, then try to avoid frequent kinks. In addition, it often breaks during the cutting process.

Three-core cables are used for sockets and lighting devices, which increase the safety of equipment. Grounding is required when operating any powerful equipment, including street spotlights.

The choice of sockets and switches is based on the current load, the type of electrical wiring (open or hidden), the possibility of switching the whole unit and the switch in one frame.

Selection of input cable and circuit breaker at the input

After calculating the rated load of the devices, a suitable cross-section for the input cable is selected. In the event of an upgrade of the electrical wiring and the need to replace the internal cables and automatic machines to increase the power, it is imperative to replace the input wire.

By changing the wiring in the house, installing strong machines, you may encounter another problem: a lack of cross-sectional reserve for the input cable, which will further provoke a fire. It is forbidden to change the input cable on your own, so the only way out is to contact your electricity supplier with a corresponding request.

Three-phase electrical networks require the connection of a three-pole circuit breaker. Single-phase networks are more common and they use one- and two-pole differential automata to break the phase with neutral.

Advice! When choosing a differential machine, consider such a rated power that will be sufficient to break the circuit and prevent a short circuit, and not completely turn off the power in the house when the maximum load is reached.

Rating and type of machine for single-phase power supply

When choosing a circuit breaker, the following formulas are used:

1. The total power of all electrical appliances and the maximum current load: I (max) \u003d P / U * cosA, where cosФ is equated to 0.8. The obtained current value is corrected using a correction factor equal to 1.1. As a result, a current will be obtained, upon reaching which this device will work. A 25 A circuit breaker is usually enough for cable entry at home.
2. To determine the type of machine, you must calculate the minimum value of the short circuit current. For a single-phase network with a voltage of 220 V, a simple formula is used: I (kz) \u003d 3260 * S / L, where S is the wire cross-section in square millimeters, and L is its length in meters. This formula is relevant for an extended section with small wires.
3. The ratio of short-circuit current to maximum current is the most important parameter of a circuit breaker. For wooden houses, type C differential automata are more often chosen, suitable for mixed load electrical networks.

An introductory circuit breaker for a private house is placed after the electric meter. This device, together with a metering device and an RCD, is fixed in a special shield mounted on a metal profile.

Do-it-yourself wiring installation in a wooden house: step by step instructions

The process of installing electrical wiring in a wooden house is divided into several stages:

• placement of power input cable;
• installation of a switchboard;
• installation of cable lines;
• fixing switches and sockets;
• switching contacts;
• network health check.

These jobs will require a variety of tools, including an electric drill with a crown, a screwdriver with various nozzles, an indicator, and rubber gloves to protect against electric shock.

Switchboard installation

An introductory cable from the nearest electric pole is laid into the house. Any branches are excluded before it is in the main switchboard.

The shield consists of several important components:

1. Plastic or metal case. For wooden houses, the second option is preferable. There is no strict regulation regarding the size of the box, so proceed from individual fixtures and stock up. Keep in mind that in the future it may be necessary to upgrade the electrical network.
2. Electricity metering device with a seal.
3. Automatic switch at the input. A device with two or three poles is selected. The electricity supplier puts a seal on this equipment.

1. Additional single-pole circuit breakers mounted on DIN rails. The number of such devices is not regulated in any way. The home electrical network is divided into several sections, so a separate machine is installed for each. One zone can be allocated for lighting the courtyard and buildings near a residential building, the other for rooms, and so on. The power of the machine will be calculated individually for the working area. The main condition in the calculations is timely operation due to overload in weak areas. For example, if the permissible current load for the outlet is 15 A, then the machine should work at the slightest excess of this value.
2. Residual current devices are expensive and most homeowners ignore their installation. The device cuts off the power supply when a leak is detected. This will prevent electric shock. Only a qualified specialist will be able to select a device with suitable technical and operational parameters.

Cabling

Wiring is hidden in cable channels or under skirting boards. The work consists of several stages. At the first, the wire is cut into segments, the number of which depends on the number of sockets and switches. The length of a single wire is equal to the distance between the socket and switches with a margin of 15-20 cm.

Next, the installation of cable channels is carried out, which are mounted strictly vertically or horizontally. To ensure that the boxes are level, use the building level. At the end of the work, the electrical wire is placed inside the cable channels, but do not rush to close them.

Electrical installation of junction boxes

A junction box should be installed wherever the main cable branches to connect sockets or switches. The device is used to separate the power line and further distribution to other parts of the room.

In the box, the cable is attached using one of the following methods:

1. With the help of PPE caps, which differ in size and color. For installation, the end of the wire is cleaned by 30 mm, twisted, after which it is threaded through the cap and twisted. The twisted ends of the two segments are hidden in the distribution box so as to exclude contact with other twists.
2. Special Wags. This product is selected depending on the specific dimensions. Devices differ in the number of holes for wiring and cross section. For switching, the ends of the wires are stripped by 10-15 mm, after which they are placed in the holes until they click. The ends of the cables are allowed in different directions, excluding contact and short circuit.
3. Twisting with electrical tape. After stripping the ends, the two wires are twisted together and then covered with electrical tape. The insulated strand is located inside the junction box.

Installation of switches and sockets

Sockets and switches are attached directly to the wall. Before installation, aluminum or asbestos insulation is laid. The sockets are twisted as tightly and firmly as possible to prevent loosening. When connecting a three-core cable, the yellow-green wire is used for grounding.

Installation of lighting fixtures

Lighting devices in a private residential building are divided into three main categories:

• built-in;
• invoices;
• street.

It is important to use metal platforms for mounting wall lamps, sconces and similar ceiling products, which will increase fire safety. Switching the lamp to the network is carried out according to a simple scheme using yellow-green wires. Each product is equipped with contacts for connecting to a three-phase network.

How difficult is the job of replacing the wiring

Replacing wiring in a wooden house does not present any difficulties for experienced craftsmen. The process will be especially easy if an external gasket is used. After turning off the power supply at the introductory machine, all old cable lines are removed and a new wire of a suitable cross section is laid in their place.

If the house has hidden wiring, it is not necessary to destroy all the walls. You can disconnect the old wiring from the introductory machine, connect a new cable to it and install it in an open way.

Grounding device and installation of RCD

For grounding, a PE bus is used, which is connected to a grounding device. It is installed in the ground near the wall of a residential building. Externally, such equipment consists of several metal sticks with a diameter of 1.5-2 cm and a length of up to 3 m, they are connected by a common metal strip.

A single-core wire of the same cross section as the input cable is suitable for switching the grounding device and the bus. After installation, the resistance of the grounding device is measured. In single-phase networks, it should be 8, three-phase - 4 ohms.

Mounting errors

The occurrence of fires in wooden houses is often associated with violations of safety rules during the installation or operation of electrical wiring.

We list the main mistakes that are made in both cases:

1. Installation of hidden wiring under the ceiling. Often, an electric wire is placed in interfloor ceilings, forgetting about additional insulation measures. In this case, the cable is in close proximity to wooden surfaces. In the case of an incorrectly selected section, the cable line will begin to overheat, which will gradually lead to a fire.
2. Cabling under the plinth. There is little space underneath that is not enough to create a "safe air barrier". Because of this, the wire is constantly in contact with a wooden or plastic plinth, which leads to overheating and fire. The gaps in the plinth should be at least 10-15 mm.

1. The use of corrugated PVC pipes is strictly unacceptable when installing electrical wiring in wooden houses. Replace products with metal standard or corrugated cable channels.
2. The location of the cable in the strobe without insulation. When choosing a hidden laying method, it is permissible to use prepared recesses - a strobe. However, even in this case, it is necessary to lay not a bare cable in the strobe, but a metal corrugation or a steel tube.
3. Installation boxes for sockets and switches must be made of metal. The use of plastic structures is unacceptable.

Fire protection measures

To ensure a high level of fire protection, a number of key factors must be considered:

1. Select and install an RCD with suitable parameters.
2. Mount a grounding loop of a modular-pin type and appropriate resistance, depending on the number of phases in the network.
3. Ensure the operability of the potential equalization system.
4. Ensure the continuity of the ground in each section of the circuit.
5. Install only overhead sockets.
6. Carry out concealed installation using metal cable channels and pipes.

Following the listed rules, recommendations and norms, you can organize safe electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands or verify the competence of the called specialists. And this is very important, since the risk of fire in these residential buildings is much higher.

Content:

When performing repair and construction work, a correctly executed electrical wiring diagram in a wooden house is of great importance. First of all, this is due to the provision of electrical and fire safety of such buildings in the process of further operation. Wood is a combustible material, so there are a number of restrictions and technical conditions for laying wires and cables, installing electrical appliances and equipment. Accurate fulfillment of all requirements will help to avoid fire and other negative consequences.

Wiring diagram in a wooden house

The wiring diagram, including for a wooden house, is drawn up even before the start of installation work. A typical project consists of a planned wiring diagram and the estimated amount of materials needed. There are recommendations from experts that must be followed. For example, all switches, sockets, junction boxes, meters and other points of the electrical circuit must be located in places accessible for their maintenance and repair.

When deciding how to make electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands, you need to pay attention to the location of the switches. Their placement is carried out in such a way that they are not covered by cabinets, sliding doors and other objects. The minimum height from the floor level is 1 meter, however, modern regulations allow installation at any height in terms of aesthetics and usability.

The placement of sockets on the diagram is planned in such a way that when all electrical appliances are turned on, additional extension cords are not required. Therefore, you need to think in advance about the placement of household appliances and electrical equipment. is from 25 to 40 cm, and on an area of ​​​​6 m2 there should be at least one. In the kitchen area, the minimum number of sockets is 3 pcs. The distance of each of them from metal structures should be at least 50 cm.

When laying electrical wiring, all lines must be located strictly vertically or horizontally. The main highway is located 15 cm below the ceiling and at a distance of 5 to 10 cm from the beams and cornices. Branches for sockets and switches are laid no closer than 15 cm from door and window openings. If the bottom wiring of the cable is made, then its distance from the floor is at least 15 cm. Junction boxes are used to connect the wires. In addition, it is necessary to provide for the connection of grounding and RCD.

After drawing up the project, it is very easy to calculate the required amount of materials and equipment that will be installed in the premises.

Wiring diagrams in a wooden house

The installation scheme is somewhat different from the wiring diagram. The installation sites for all devices and lines have already been determined, it remains to indicate the sequence of electrical work, that is, the order in which certain devices and equipment are connected.

Before starting work, you need to determine the power consumed by all electrical appliances turned on at the same time. If the value obtained is less than 15 kW, an introductory machine is installed at 25 A. If this figure is exceeded, an additional transformer will be required.

Next, the installation of an electric meter and introductory machines is carried out. When installing these devices outdoors, a sealed housing is used, protected from the ingress of dirt, dust and moisture. To make it easier to take readings, the cabinet is equipped with a viewing window.

The counter is set after the introductory machine. Then an RCD is installed, which provides an emergency shutdown of the current in the event of a short circuit. Next, the cable is connected to the electrical panel located inside the house. The nominal value of the machine located in the house is one step lower than that installed outside. In case of any violations, it will work first, which eliminates the need to go outside to the input device.

In the home shield there are single-pole circuit breakers, from which wires diverge throughout all rooms. The number of such machines corresponds to the number of consumer groups. For the possible connection of new consumers, free machines are installed in the amount of 2-3 pieces.

Consumption groups in wooden houses can have different purposes. For example, through one machine power is supplied to the sockets, through the other to the lighting fixtures. Powerful equipment - electric stoves, boilers, washing machines - is supplied from personal automatic machines. Separate groups include street lighting and power supply to outbuildings.

Separate power lines are the best way to ensure the safe operation of a home network. Due to this, the number of potentially dangerous joints is reduced, where oxidation and heating of contacts most often occur. For ease of installation, each line in the diagram is indicated by its own color, indicating the sequence of laying.

The next step will be the wiring and cables in the premises. In wooden houses, cable lines can be laid in the following ways:

• External (open) wiring. It is laid using insulators. Currently, this method is again becoming popular with.
• . In fact, this is the same open wiring, only laid in special trays.
• Internal (hidden) wiring. Its device is possible in the case when it is planned to cover the surfaces of the ceiling and walls. For laying metal corrugated sleeves or metal pipes are used. The bend angles are 90, 120 or 135 degrees, which makes it possible to replace the damaged section of the cable without disturbing the finish. For wire connections, metal boxes with free access to them are used.

Further, in accordance with the scheme, the installation of sockets or switches is carried out. For wooden houses, there are special models with a metal mounting plate on which the outer panel is installed. Flame retardant plastic certified by the fire authority may be used. For safety reasons, all outlets must have a ground wire.

Requirements for electrical wiring in a wooden house

Due to the high fire hazard of wooden houses, compliance with the rules and requirements for laying electrical wiring is of particular relevance.

Compliance with safety requirements begins when a wooden house is connected to a power line. This event must be carried out by the organization responsible for supplying electricity. After completing all the necessary documentation, a meter is installed and a direct connection to the mains is made. For these purposes, a flexible insulated wire is used, in which the integrity of the insulation is preliminarily checked.

As a rule, the meter is installed outside, and the switchboard is installed inside the building. The cable connecting the two points runs through a steel pipe through a hole punched in the wall. The entry height must be at least 2.75 m from the ground. Insulators and wires run from the protruding part of the roof at a distance of at least 20 cm. The inlet pipe is protected from moisture penetration.

The beginning of the internal wiring in a wooden house is a switchboard. Dry places are selected for its installation. This type of equipment cannot be located in a bathroom, shower or toilet. The shield must have a fireproof base and be locked with a key. At a distance of 50 cm from it there should be no heating devices and equipment, gas, water supply and sewerage systems.

The already considered methods of laying cables and wires in wooden houses are also subject to requirements for ensuring electrical and fire safety.

Hidden wiring can be done in several ways:

• An ordinary wire in a shell of combustible materials is laid on a fireproof lining, after which a layer of plaster 1 cm thick or more is applied to it.
• Conventional fire retardant sheathed wire can simply be laid on a non-combustible lining along its entire length without subsequent plastering.
• When using a wire in a metal corrugation, it can be laid on the structural elements of the building.
• In the case of using steel boxes fixed directly on the structures, they can contain wires that do not have additional protection.
• When using fire-resistant plastic boxes, it is allowed to lay any wires in them, provided that a lining made of fireproof materials is installed under them. In the future, the box itself is covered with plaster, with a layer thickness of 1 cm or more.

An indispensable condition for the use of metal boxes and corrugated hoses is their additional grounding throughout the entire cable and wire laying area. The dimensions of the lining made of non-combustible materials are chosen so that it protrudes beyond the dimensions of the box or corrugation by at least 1 cm.

Open wiring in most cases is performed using rollers. This method is more simple from a technical point of view and does not require as many materials as with hidden wiring. The only drawback is the appearance of such lines, which is successfully hidden thanks to original design solutions. For safety reasons, a lining made of non-combustible materials is laid along the entire length of the wires.

For open wiring, a sheath made of non-combustible materials is used, which is laid directly on the structural elements. If pipes or fireproof boxes are used, then the presence of an additional wire sheath is optional. There are separate technical requirements for outdoor wiring of a wooden house, laid directly on the street. First of all, this concerns the minimum distance from the ground to the line, which is 2.75 meters. The gap between the wire and the wall of the building must be at least 0.5 meters, and the distance from balconies and windows - 1.5 meters and above.

The focus is on entering the building and protecting it from moisture ingress and accumulation. For this purpose, special seals are used to ensure reliable sealing.

Before wiring, it is necessary to determine the location of all consumers, determine the total power of household appliances and equipment. Compliance with all technical standards and requirements will ensure reliable and long-term operation of the home electrical network. At the same time, issues of electrical and fire safety, especially relevant for wooden houses, will be resolved.

Drawing up a power supply project

In modern wooden country houses, a large number of household appliances and equipment with high energy consumption rates are installed. Most often, these are electric boiler systems that provide hot water and space heating. Water supply, air conditioning and ventilation systems are also equipped with powerful pumps and other similar elements. In addition, every home has a variety of electronic household appliances that facilitate household chores and increase comfort for those living in the house.

Many owners of wooden houses install backup power sources in case of an emergency power outage. All these factors must be taken into account when designing future electrical work. Electrical wiring in wooden houses should be especially carefully designed. Poor quality wires and cables passing through wooden walls very often lead to fires. Therefore, the design and subsequent installation should be carried out by qualified electrical specialists with the necessary knowledge and practical skills to perform such work.

There are specific requirements for the power supply project. First of all, they affect the reliability of cable entry, automatic protection against short circuits and voltage surges, loop protective grounding, and. When drawing up a project, you need to correctly calculate the power consumption, perform an even distribution of all loads. In wooden houses, it is mandatory to install an RCD to turn off power consumption in case of emergency situations on the network.

When developing a project, not only the method of laying electrical wiring is determined, but also cable and wire products with the appropriate parameters. All materials used for design must be certified.

Electrician in a wooden house

How to make safe electrical wiring in a wooden house?

The most popular material for the construction of country houses was and remains wood. Which, for all its many advantages, has one serious drawback - it is, as firefighters say, "combustible material."

Fire statistics show that more than half of the fires in wooden houses are due to faulty electrical wiring. In practice, the main cause of malfunctions and the subsequent short circuit is most often a violation of the integrity of the wire insulation in the wiring. As a rule, this happens either due to an increased load on the wires or due to mechanical damage to the insulation.

Why is this happening?

Most home-grown "jacks of all trades", in order to save time, effort and money, lay concealed wiring on wooden bases, boldly hiding it behind the ceiling sheathing, under the wall cladding, behind the plinth, into the voids of the ceilings and explaining to the “unreasonable” client that this is exactly what should be done.

Remember! Mount hidden electrical wiring in wooden houses using corrugated PVC pipe, plastic box IT IS FORBIDDEN!

Why?

Actually, there are several reasons. Below we will consider the two most typical situations that arise during the operation of electrical wiring in a wooden house.

Firstly. In the process of laying the cable, an electrician may slightly damage the insulation of the wires, and the control electrical measurements may not fix the damage.

However, when all the necessary electrical equipment is connected, the electrical wiring begins to function in the maximum load mode. Naturally, such operation, which causes increased heating of the cable or wire, inevitably weakens the insulation, which causes a short circuit in the wiring.

Sufficiently thin walls of plastic pipes and PVC boxes from are unable to withstand the closure without burning out, therefore, the closure, alas, will inevitably lead to a fire.

Secondly. Hidden electrical wiring using a corrugated pipe or PVC box, laid in the voids of wooden walls, ceilings and floors, is an object of increased attention from rodents that are not uncommon in wooden houses, seeking to “try the tooth” on the details of your communications.

For mice, and even more so for rats, it will not be difficult to gnaw through a fairly thin PVC pipe or box, exposing the strands of wires, which results in a short circuit in hidden electrical wiring.

The situation is aggravated by the fact that over time, a huge amount of wood dust accumulates in the voids of the walls and ceilings of wooden houses. As a result - the slightest spark leads to ignition. The worst thing is that it is almost impossible to immediately determine the place of ignition and eliminate it, since the combustion process that occurs BEHIND walls and ceilings is hidden from view. Therefore, even flooding everything around with water and foam, you still cannot quickly put out the fire.

Can these problems be avoided?

At first glance, if you lay electrical wiring in a wooden house in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, PES, there will be no problems. However, in reality, not everything is so simple. First of all, because the requirements of the PUE regarding the installation of electrical wiring in wooden buildings are extremely stringent. By the way, it is the rigidity of the standards that most often forces "home-grown" electricians to violate them.

Nevertheless, laying fireproof electrical wiring in a wooden house is a really feasible event, while you yourself can choose which wiring to use.

The table below shows the types of electrical wiring and methods for laying wires and cables according to fire safety conditions.

Let us consider in more detail all types of fireproof electrical wiring in a wooden house.

Concealed wiring

Although most competent sources on the subject do not recommend installation of hidden wiring on combustible, in our case, wooden structures, however, with subject to compliance with fire safety requirements and the absence of problems with finances, such wiring can be done.

Below we provide a regulatory document (PES-6) in its part regarding the laying of hidden wiring indoors.

In fact, the methods of fireproof laying of hidden wiring in a wooden house just two.

One of them is the laying of hidden electrical wiring using metal sleeve (pipe). The main advantage of this method is that in the event of a fire metal pipe will protect adjacent structures from fire.

When using this wiring method, you will need to comply with several strict conditions: to protect the pipe walls from corrosion, it must be painted or galvanized from the inside. To protect the cable insulation from sharp edges resulting from cutting pipes, special plastic plugs must be put on their ends. Plus, for such wiring, you will need to drill recesses in the thickness of the walls in the form of channels, into which, in fact, metal pipes are then laid.

The best option for this wiring option is copper pipes. Due to the fact that copper pipes bend quite easily and can be laid without special tools, wiring is at least somewhat simplified. However, you will have to pay a high, literally, price for simplicity and convenience - copper pipes are very expensive.

In accordance with GOST R 50571.15-97 (IEC 364 5 52 93): clause 522.3.2, pipes should be laid with a slight slope to allow condensate to flow out. But be prepared for the fact that in practice it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to check the quality of the installation of metal pipes, the same angle of inclination or the tightness of the joints.

The second way to lay hidden electrical wiring in a wooden building is on a layer of plaster (basting) at least 10 mm thick on all sides.

Way seems to be simple, but when using it, the question arises: how to comply with the PES standards regarding the replacement of electrical wiring. Alternatively, it can be monolithic in plaster, having previously packed it in a corrugation. Formally, of course, the PES standards will be observed, but in fact it will be impossible to pull the hard wire.

Moreover, no specialist will be able to predict how the plaster will behave on wooden surfaces after a while. Will there be cracks? Will she start to fall off? Not to mention the fact that on beautiful wooden surfaces, a thick layer of cement mortar will look at least strange.

It should be emphasized that both of these methods are quite costly in terms of funds, efforts, and time. Plus, they require planning electrical wiring at the construction stage.

exposed wiring

- Wiring in electrical corrugated pipe

This method involves pulling the cable into a flexible corrugated pipe made of special plastic that does not support combustion. Two or more cables can be placed in one pipe.

The disadvantages of this method include, first of all, its unaesthetic - you are unlikely to like the prospect of "decorating" your house with several rows of corrugated tubes. Given the number of electrical appliances in a modern house, there can be 5-7 such rows! In addition, since it is almost impossible to lay a corrugated pipe with a cable stretched into it evenly, “on a string”, all its bends and sagging will also not add charm to your home.

Another disadvantage: the corrugated pipe is an excellent "dust collector", from which it is very difficult to remove the accumulated dust.

- Wiring in electrical boxes (cable channels)

With this method, the cable is laid in flame-retardant plastic and closed with snap-on covers.

The main problem when using this method is associated with the inevitable shrinkage of a wooden house. On average, it is 1 cm per 1 m of the height of the house, and these values ​​​​are given for houses made of high-quality glued laminated timber, the shrinkage of which is minimal. In practice, this means that a shrinkage of three centimeters (for a typical two-story house) will squeeze all the boxes, the covers will fly off, and the boxes themselves will crack. As a result, the wiring will have to be redone!

Secondly, in order to accurately and evenly install plastic boxes, a certain skill and dexterity will be required. Add problems with fittings here - alas, manufacturers offer a rather meager assortment of turns, corners, plugs, joints, without which it is almost impossible to accurately install cable channels.

Another significant drawback of wiring in cable channels is its boring, office look.

The advantages of this method include its low cost, minimal labor costs and the ability to easily make any changes in the future.

- Open cable wiring

Lastly, we will consider the most optimal of all methods of laying electrical wiring in a wooden house - wiring with an open cable.

Naturally, when using an unprotected open cable, it is also not necessary to talk about the aesthetics of the room. Not only does the cable itself in ordinary insulation (for example, the most common PUNP) look rather dull, but under it it will also be necessary to install an asbestos or metal gasket protruding from all sides by at least 10 cm.

However, there is another way. This so-called retro wiring on insulators. Its main advantage is the possibility compliance with all necessary safety requirements, a plus, original, extremely popular lately interior design in retro style.

You will learn more about the installation of such wiring in our next article.

LLC "Salvador"

Works related to electricity require attention, compliance with the rules and accuracy. And do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house requires even more attention: the material is very fire hazardous. Therefore, when planning and installing, pay attention to the requirements and recommendations of regulatory documents. If you do not have enough experience, it is highly desirable to invite a competent electrician for advice before connecting, and even better before starting installation. He will be able to point out to you flaws and miscalculations.

Wiring diagram in the house

According to current regulations, when connecting electricity without a transformer, the power consumption for a private house should not exceed 15 kW. It is found by adding up the power of all electrical appliances that can be turned on at the same time. If the figure found is less than 15 kW, the introductory machine is set to 50 A. If the power is greater, a transformer is also needed. Its parameters will be indicated to you in the project, since in this case, you cannot do without it.

Where to put the introductory shield, hull requirements

Recently, representatives of energy supply organizations have demanded the installation of meters (and introductory machines, respectively) on the street. This is done in order to be able to control consumption even if the owners are not at home. But this requirement is not supported by anything, and, if you wish, you can install everything inside the house. But more often, in order not to quarrel with the controllers, the requirements are met, and an automatic machine and a counter are installed on the street.

For outdoor installation, the circuit breaker (AZ) and the meter must be in a sealed case, protected from dust, dirt and moisture. The protection class for installation must be at least IP-55. For the convenience of monitoring readings, there should be a window in the door of the box for the electric meter. For installation inside a wooden house, the requirements are somewhat lower: IP-44, but the housing must be metal.

Organization of entry into the house

After the introductory machine, an electric meter is installed, then another RCD is installed - for an emergency shutdown of the power supply in the presence of a short circuit, and then the cable is connected to the electrical panel inside the house. inside the house should be one step lower than the one installed outside. In this case, if there are problems, the machine in the house will work first and you will not have to climb the wall every time to the introductory machine installed there.

Single-pole automata are installed in the shield, to which wires are connected that diverge throughout the premises. They are mounted on DIN rails, their number is recruited depending on how many separate “branches” of power supply are required. To find out how many machines should be in your shield, count the number of required groups, two or three free machines are added “for development”. This will be the "branches". According to the quantity received, select the electrical panel in size.

Divide consumers into groups

When planning a wiring diagram in a wooden house, all connection points are divided into separate groups (they are often called consumption groups). For example, all sockets on the ground floor are powered by one machine, a separate device is placed on the lighting fixtures in the house, and another one is used for street lighting. If some powerful electrical equipment is used - a boiler, an electric boiler, an electric stove, etc. - for them it is desirable to conduct separate branches of power supply and install personal machines. Separate protection devices are also installed for the power supply of outbuildings (if you do not want to pull separate inputs to them and install a separate meter, but only on condition that the power of all electrical appliances does not exceed 15 kW).

From a safety point of view, it is better to make as many separate branches of the power supply as possible. This will increase the number of machines and increase the cost of the project, but will reduce the number of potentially dangerous connection points. It is in the places where the conductors are removed that problems most often arise: the contacts oxidize, heat up, then start to spark. Therefore, it is better to make the number of connections as small as possible.

And, at the last stage, it is advisable to draw a diagram of the distribution of electricity in the premises on the plan of the house. At the same time, consumer groups are easier to draw in different colors. So you can more fully imagine what the wiring diagram in a wooden house will look like, it will be easier to do it yourself. For example, everything may look like the photo below.

Types of electrical wiring in a wooden house

After installing the shield and installing all the necessary machines, you can start wiring electrical cables in the house. There are three ways to lay an electrical cable in a wooden house:

Features of closed wiring in a wooden house

As you understand, closed wiring can be done at the construction or overhaul stage. Moreover, when laying it, there are features: all connection nodes must be mounted in special metal boxes, to which there must be free access. They cannot be hidden under the finish, because their covers are selected to match and / or try to place them in places that do not attract attention.

If hidden wiring in a wooden house is carried out not with a cable, but with insulated wires, the wall thickness of metal pipes is regulated:

• for copper wire with a cross section of up to 2.5 mm 2, the wall thickness can be any;
• with a cross section of up to 4 mm 2, the thickness of the metal wall must be at least 2.8 mm;
• if the cores have a cross section of 4.5 to 10 mm 2, the pipe must have a wall of at least 3.2 mm;
• with a cross section from 10.2 to 16 mm 2, the wall should not be thinner than 3.5 mm.

When laying electrical cables, there are no requirements for the wall thickness of a metal pipe, therefore it is permissible to lay cables (they have double and triple insulation) in a metal corrugation or, as they say, in a metal hose. It's much more convenient and faster.

Laying the cable in a corrugated metal hose (metal hose) is much more convenient and requires less time and money

But in any case, since the wires will be hidden, access to them is extremely limited. Making changes to an existing network is troublesome and expensive. Therefore, before proceeding with the installation of closed electrical wiring in a wooden house, carefully check the circuit and do everything very carefully and scrupulously.

Rules for installing electrical wiring cable channels

When installing open wiring or laying it in cable channels, there are also rules. They relate to how far from the floor, ceiling, corners and other structures they can be placed. All these norms for greater clarity are displayed in the photo.

Selection of the cable section and its connection

The cross section of the cable conductors is selected depending on the planned load (in kW) and the material of the conductor. It is not necessary to do all the wiring with a cable with the same core. You can save money without sacrificing safety. To do this, a section is selected for each section, depending on the power of the devices that will be connected here. Their power consumption is summed up, about 20% of the reserve is added, and the section is selected in the table according to this value.

To connect the power supply in a wooden house, fire safety requirements are added. The main thing is that the wire sheath must be non-combustible. In such wires, the name contains the letters "ng". Double () or triple (NYM) cable insulation is also required to provide the required degree of protection.

In order for the wiring in a wooden house to be done correctly with your own hands, it is best to use cables with multi-colored cores. Then you definitely will not confuse zero with phase or ground. Usually the colors are distributed in this way:

If you buy a European-made cable, there are different colors:

• "earth" - yellow-green;
• "zero" - white;
• phase is red.

Choice of sockets and switches

To ensure fire safety in a wooden house, sockets and switches with a metal mounting plate should be installed. First, it is mounted on the wall, then the outer panel is installed. The use of plastic plates is allowed, but the plastic must be non-flammable and have the appropriate fire inspection certificate.

Moreover, for the safe connection of most modern equipment, three-wire sockets with a ground wire are required. It is also required when lighting is connected, but this is often not done indoors. But for outdoor lighting, grounding is necessary: ​​here the operating conditions are much more complicated.

Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house: installation rules

In a wooden house, you must always remember that the material is combustible and in this case it is better to play it safe. Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house is done in compliance with the basic rules:

• First, the entire scheme is assembled, the performance of each branch () is checked. We check each of the power lines for the absence of a short circuit, “to ground”. Only then the wires are connected to the machine. We recommend that you immediately sign what is connected. Then it's easier to troubleshoot. Having connected one line, turn on the power supply, connect the load. If there are no hits, great - you can continue. Turn off the machines (which goes to the already checked line and the introductory one), work with the next line. After all the lines are checked and connected (signed), the introductory machine turns on. Then, gradually, one by one, the lines turn on.
• Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house is carried out only with whole pieces of cable without connections and twists.
• Wiring is done in stages. Having laid a piece of cable, be sure to check the integrity of the insulation of the laid piece of cable. To do this, the cores and insulation are “ringed” relative to the ground and cores.
• When cutting the cable, a margin of length is left - at least 15-20 cm. If, with an incorrect connection, it will be possible to redo it without pulling the cables.
• Be sure to follow the colors of the wires.

Subject to these rules, electrical wiring in a wooden house, made independently, will be safe and reliable.

Electricity is an essential part of everyday life. Installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands is quite difficult. You must have knowledge of electricity and comply with all rules and regulations. Following the instructions below, you will carry out the installation with your own hands, without resorting to the help of professional electricians.

What electrical wiring is suitable for a wooden house?

Wooden housing is one of the oldest traditions of world architecture. Even today, in the conditions of a rich choice of various building materials, many owners prefer to build a building made of wood on their suburban area.

Modern housing cannot be imagined without electricity. Conducting electrical wiring in a wooden house has a number of features, primarily related to the increased risk of fire and the requirements for laying cables.

Open or closed?

In wooden buildings, electrical wiring is done in an open or hidden way. The first method involves the external location of the wiring, on the wall or on the ceiling. This can be done like this:

In addition to open, there is also a hidden way of wiring. They can be used if the final sheathing of the premises has not yet been carried out. In this case, the wiring is laid in metal corrugation or metal pipes, the use of plastic is prohibited. The method is quite expensive, but the electrical wires will be securely hidden from prying eyes.

It is impossible to unequivocally answer the question which method of wiring is suitable for a wooden house. In each case, this is determined individually, taking into account the skill level of the electrician, the presence or absence of devices and tools for a particular job.

Charting

All installation or wiring changes begin with the creation of a general scheme. A well-designed project will allow you to install wiring in accordance with the requirements of standards and GOSTs. When drawing up a plan-scheme, special attention is paid to the following points:

Required accessories

Before starting the installation, the necessary tools and components are selected. An approximate set for arranging electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands includes:

1. A set of tools with insulating handles. The kit may include screwdrivers, pliers, a knife for working with electrical wiring, etc.
2. Electrical panel. On sale there are devices made of plastic or metal. For wooden buildings, metal is ideal. The size of the electrical panel depends on the number of cables that will be laid in accordance with the developed scheme.
3. Electric cable.
4. Switches and sockets. The number of such devices depends on the number of electrical appliances to be powered.
5. If you plan to do external wiring, you need to purchase cable channels. For the inside, a metal corrugated pipe is required.
6. Counter.
7. Junction boxes, self-tapping screws, insulating clips, electrical tape.

Calculation of materials and selection of suitable equipment

To calculate the required amount of wire, it is enough to draw a diagram in detail and measure all the walls. In the process of work, it is very important not to make a mistake and choose a cable of suitable thickness.

The voltage of the standard electrical wiring of a residential building is 220 or 380 V. When calculating the load, the nominal value should be taken:

1. If there are no electric stoves in the house - 5.5 kW.
2. If there are electric stoves - 8.8 kW and more.

You should also pay attention to living space. The face value is 60 sq. m. If this indicator is exceeded, the calculated load increases by 1 percent for each additional square meter.

Based on the planned power, the cross section of the wires is also calculated. The main data are shown in the table:

Wire thickness, mm	copper wire		aluminum wire
	Current, A	power, kWt	Current, A	power, kWt
0,75	8,0	1,8	-	-
1,0	9,0	2,0	-	-
1,2	-	-	8,0	1,8
1,5	12,0	2,6	-	-
2,0	-	-	12,0	2,6
2,5	20,0	4,4	16,0	3,5
4,0	25,0	5,5	20,0	4,4
6,0	32,0	7,0	25,0	5,5
10,0	50,0	11,0	40,0	8,8
16,0	65,0	14,3	50,0	11,0
25,0	95,0	21,0	70,0	15,4

A three-core VVG copper cable is suitable for a wooden house. When choosing it, you must pay attention to the marking. For example, if VVG3 * 2.5 is indicated on the stamp, the number 3 here means the number of cores, 2.5 - the section.

The size of the electrical panel depends on the planned number of cables. Standard wiring may include a lighting cable, socket, electric stove, meter (requires three places) and RCD (2 places). In this case, you can install a 12-place shield.

The choice of outlets is influenced by the aesthetic component. For wooden buildings, switches with a ceramic base and contact groups made of brass or bronze are suitable. Specific models depend on whether the electrical wiring will be internal or external.

The electric meter is selected according to the accuracy class and the number of tariffs. Modern devices are divided into single-tariff and two-tariff, counting energy separately at day and night rates. Accuracy class - not less than the second.

Preparatory work

Before carrying out work indoors, it is necessary to pay attention to the input of the line. In a couple of decades, the number and power of household electrical appliances have grown exponentially, increasing energy consumption, and the old line may not be able to keep up. The second reason is the constant exposure to sunlight and other external factors on the cable outside the home. Metal conductors are gradually exposed, which makes the use of electrical wiring less safe.

One of the weak points is the entry of the cable into the house, which is often carried through the wooden wall of the attic. At one time it was believed that to ensure safety, it was enough to place the wire in a rubber hose. This did not take into account that rubber is a conductive material, and as it ages, there may be areas of sparking and local heating.

To establish a line in a wooden house, you can use one of two methods: underground and air.

The first method is quite costly. It requires earthworks, the location of the cable at a depth of about a meter, the design of the security zone with appropriate signs. In places of passage through the foundation and entry into the house, thick-walled metal sleeves are installed. This method is more often used when building a new house.

For an overhead line, an electrical wire with a cross section of 16 millimeters or more is required. The so-called SIP (self-supporting insulated wire) is often used, the service life of which exceeds 25 years. Connecting an external line to the input is carried out exclusively outside the building. The installation of cable channels and wiring is carried out after the initial shrinkage of the house and the drying of the wood of the walls have passed. Otherwise, the slightest changes in the "geometry" will lead to deformation and destruction of the box.

Installation work: step by step instructions

Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house takes place in several stages:

1. Laying the main cable.
2. Installation of junction boxes.
3. Installation of sockets and switches.
4. Installation of lighting fixtures.
5. Electrical installation.
6. Mounting the ground loop.

Let's consider each of these stages in more detail.

Cabling

Wiring is usually laid in cable channels or skirting boards. This happens in several stages:

Installation of junction boxes

In each node, where branches for sockets and switches depart from the main cable, a junction box is installed. In this distributor, the cable is divided and sent to the right places in the rooms.

Inside the junction box, the cable can be connected in several ways:

Installation of switches and sockets

Sockets and switches are attached directly to the wall. A layer of insulation is preliminarily laid. In this capacity, aluminum or asbestos is often used.

Wiring is as smooth as possible.

The sockets are screwed on quite tightly. This prevents further swaying and loosening. If a cable with three wires is suitable for the outlet, the yellow and green ones go to the ground contact, the latter to the power supply. The connection diagram is shown in the figure below (L - phase, N - zero, PE - ground).

Installation of lighting fixtures

In wooden buildings, several groups of lighting devices are usually used:

1. Embedded
2. Overhead
3. Street.

All lamps, sconces and other similar electrical appliances must be equipped with a special metal platform for attaching the product to the ceiling or wall. Such installation of electrical equipment is considered optimal from the point of view of fire safety.

To connect the fixtures, the wiring of the yellow-green group is used.

The inclusion of the fixtures themselves in the main network is very simple: using the wires of the yellow-green group. The package of each lighting device includes contacts for such a connection.

Distribution board

After entering the house, the main cable without any branches goes to the switchboard. This device consists of several elements:

Memory installation

The PE bus, which acts as a ground bus, is connected to a grounding device.

This device is placed in the ground, next to the wall of the house. Visually, it is several steel bars, usually three or more. Diameter - 1.6 cm, length - about three meters. They are connected with a welded strip 4*40 mm. This device is completely placed underground, a strip of 4 * 40 mm is brought to the wall to connect to the bus.

To connect the device to the bus, a single-core wire is used, the cross section of which is greater than or equal to the cross section of the input cable.

Upon completion of all installation work, the resistance of the charger is measured. For a single-phase network, this figure should be less than 8 ohms, for a three-phase network - less than 4.

Features of closed wiring

Closed wiring is mounted almost the same as open. For both types, the same cables marked VVG are suitable.

Concealed wiring is carried out before the final wall cladding. The wires are hidden in a metal pipe, the use of plastic is strictly prohibited. If it is necessary to make a turn, a curved pipe is taken. As an option - the usual one, and another one is welded to it.

Before the final sheathing of walls and pipes, it is necessary to organize the exit of all necessary cables to the outside. In predetermined places, holes are prepared for switches, sockets and junction boxes. A separate hole is required for the switchboard.

Overhead switches and sockets are attached to the wiring

When drilling holes for junction boxes and sockets, you can use wood crowns. The main requirement is accuracy, otherwise you may damage the cable.

The opening for the switchboard depends on its type. If it is laid on, the holes have an arbitrary shape, the edges are hidden under the protective material. When installing a built-in shield, the hole in the skin must correspond to its size and shape, taking into account the fact that the board will hide the edge.

After sheathing the walls and preparing the required holes, all boxes and sockets are installed. In most cases, overhead devices are used: drilling all the holes in a solid wood wall is dangerous from the point of view of fire safety.

Following the rules of technology and safety precautions will allow you to independently install electrical wiring in a wooden house. In such buildings, it is especially important to comply with fire safety rules.

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