The concept of municipal management of youth policy
Any municipal administration is carried out with the aim of ensuring the fullest possible rights and freedoms of the local population. Among the mandatory areas of municipal policy is the provision of local solutions for all types of municipalities, including the organization and implementation of activities to work with children and youth, which determines the development and implementation of municipal youth policy.
Definition 1
Youth policy is a direction of public activity implemented at all levels of government - federal, regional, municipal.
The above assumes the financing of youth policy activities at the expense of the budgets of the federal level, the levels of the subject of the federation and the municipality.
The municipality in the field of youth development assumes the responsibility of approving and implementing by the municipal authorities the system of goals, tasks and measures to create conditions and guarantees for the progressive development of the younger generation, the promotion and implementation of youth initiatives, the vigorous activity of youth associations and movements.
At the same time, municipal policy also implies another side of public benefit: by creating favorable conditions for the development of the youth of the municipality, local authorities form opportunities for realizing the potential of youth for the development of the municipality and society, and the state as a whole.
The implementation of the general competence of the youth policy approved by the municipal authorities in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-F3 "On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation" is entrusted to the bodies of special competence of the municipality - departments, departments, etc. of local administration for sports and youth policy, for work with youth, etc.
The tasks of the activities of the units of local executive bodies in the field of youth policy are:
- implementation of a system of measures to ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of the younger generation;
- formation of a favorable environment for solving social, domestic and financial problems of young people;
- conducting active preventive activities in the field of neglect, administrative offenses and criminal offenses, as well as drug addiction, alcoholism among young people;
- promoting the comprehensive development of the individual, including the cultural, spiritual and physical development of young citizens;
- providing conditions and guarantees, as well as stimulating active free and independent activities of public associations of youth, the implementation of youth movements and initiatives;
- creation of a developed system of social services to help young people and more.
Program-target method for the implementation of municipal youth policy
The development of the municipal youth policy is implemented on the basis of the state youth policy. Municipal youth policy is the position of the state and the municipality in relation to the problems of the country's young generation. In developed countries, such a policy should always be aimed at promoting the fullest realization of the potential of young people in the interests of society and the municipality, the development of youth movements and initiatives.
For more than 15 years, for the tasks of implementing municipal youth policy in Russia, the program-target method of management, which is actively used in all areas of state policy, has been used.
The program-target method mediates the cooperation of local authorities and institutions and private enterprises, public associations for the implementation of the youth development program and its individual activities, including through the active involvement of extrabudgetary sources of funding.
The state and the municipality are faced with the task of shaping the future of the country, region and municipality by developing the potential of the younger generation, forming responsible citizens capable of ensuring the progressive socio-economic and political development of society.
Remark 1
In other words, youth should be considered by municipal and state bodies as a strategic resource for the development of all spheres of public life. At the same time, the internal attitudes of the younger generation do not always coincide with the development needs of the municipality and the country as a whole.
Problems of implementation of the municipal youth policy
The implementation of the municipal youth policy at the moment cannot be recognized as effective, as evidenced by a number of conceptual and practical problems, which include:
- the lack of clear goals and objectives of bodies at all levels of public authority in the field of youth policy, as well as the lack of an effective system for evaluating the implementation of such a policy;
- lack of interdepartmental interaction and interaction of different levels of public authorities in the field of youth policy;
- ignoring the role of youth in the development of a particular municipality, the state and society as a whole by municipal and state authorities;
- the inertia of young people, their lack of involvement in the socio-economic and political life of the municipality;
- the absence in many municipalities of an environment for the active development of young people, in particular educational institutions of the highest and middle levels, institutions for professional sports development, etc., which causes the outflow of progressive youth to large cities;
- fragmented individual municipalities, the lack of a single coordinating center for youth policy in municipal areas and so on;
- insufficiency of municipal bodies with specialists in work with youth;
- a formal approach to the implementation of youth policy programs and more.
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Knyazkova, Ekaterina A. Municipal youth policy at the present stage: trends, contradictions, implementation mechanism: on the example of the city of Moscow: dissertation ... Candidate of Political Sciences: 23.00.02 / Knyazkova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna; [Place of protection: Ros. state social. un-t].- Moscow, 2013.- 302 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 13-23/226
Introduction
Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological base for research and formation of municipal youth policy
1.1 Concepts and paradigms of state youth policy 23
1.2 Municipal youth policy: theoretical and applied aspect 43
1.3 Municipal youth policy as a system 66
Chapter 2 Municipal authorities as a subject of youth policy
2.1 Competence of the authorities, political and legal, information base of youth policy 89
2.2 Monitoring municipal youth policy: youth social atlas 112
2.3 Modeling municipal youth policy: experience, implementation mechanism 144
Conclusion 169
Bibliography
Introduction to work
Relevance of the research topic
The youth factor (consciousness, political activity) has been and remains one of the leading factors in the development of society and the modernization process. The contribution of the younger generation to it is difficult to overestimate.
The degree of youth participation in the life of the country depends on the activities of many subjects of power, one of which is local self-government. First of all, at the municipal level, in specific administrative-territorial formations, state priorities and guidelines should be implemented. At the same time, as experience shows, at this level the costs of implementing such political decisions as the Strategy of the State Youth Policy of the Russian Federation until 2016, the Concept of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation until 2020, etc. are noticeable.
One of the priorities of the state power is the creation of conditions for the life of the young generation, the realization of its potential in the interests of Russia. This predetermines the need to change the system of work with youth at all levels of government, political management.
It is known that municipal authorities are experiencing resource, material and other difficulties in the implementation of state political guidelines regarding youth. Nevertheless, this cannot justify the “deafness” that has not been eliminated in practice, the inattention to youth problems. Without the active participation of the municipal authorities, the effective implementation of the state youth policy is impossible.
Ultimately, the future of the country largely depends on the activity of young people as a subject of political continuity, an actor of social change, and the innovative force of society. This group as a socio-political subject has its own specifics. It is able not only to adapt to rapidly changing conditions, but also to be ready to support, develop innovative approaches, and participate in their implementation.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation - Articles 2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 18, The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, which provides for "the formation of the necessary social conditions for the country's innovative development through active interaction with civil society institutions, public associations and youth organizations”, Messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly focus on the implementation of a system of work with youth at all levels of government, including the municipal one. The work of the authorities with young people at the local level at the place of residence is the link, the deficit of which has not been overcome so far. According to the author of the dissertation, at the municipal level there is still no systematic work on the implementation of the state youth policy. According to the statistics of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, in a number of regions * , where the crime rate is high, the majority of crimes were committed with the participation of minors.
Problems of employment, employment, level and quality of life, political radicalism, extremism, and ideological instability have a negative impact on young people.
Young people are involved in interethnic conflicts, the popularity of protest forms of their political behavior is growing (Manezhnaya Square in Moscow, 2010; Bolotnaya Square in Moscow, 2011; Biryulyovo Zapadnoye intracity municipality in Moscow, 2013). In the social network "VKontakte", the main user audience of which is young people, over 160 thousand people are subscribers of the opposition leader A. Navalny, who received more than 27% of the votes in the elections of the mayor of Moscow on September 8, 2013.
The social well-being of young people indicates the cost of attention in working with them, it urgently requires the adoption of energetic, purposeful, systematic, systemic measures by the state and the public for the socialization of the younger generation. One of the directions is the support and development of youth social projects as a form of articulation and aggregation of the interests of young people based on the program-target method. The strategy of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation until 2016 does not specify the municipal youth policy, but focuses on the implementation of the project approach in the implementation of youth policy at all levels of government.
Since 2004, the All-Russian competition of youth copyright projects "My country - my Russia" has been actively developing. The All-Russian Youth Forum on Seliger, the Foundation for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations, the Agency for Strategic Initiatives to Promote New Projects, the Moscow Government’s student project “Civil Change” - all these and other initiatives indicate a search for ways to realize the political preferences of young people, an attempt to train young leaders, to create mechanisms for an effective system of state youth policy.
The experience of implementing youth policy in Moscow, where authorities and local governments rely on the activities of youth public associations, youth advisory bodies, non-governmental organizations, youth business structures, etc., deserves attention and dissemination. In Moscow, young people from 18 to 30 years old make up 7% of the deputies of the representative bodies of municipal government, which indicates the presence of initiative, politically active young leaders at the local level and their interest in political processes. At the same time, the degree of involvement of young people in the political process is low. The Council of Municipalities is active in organizing work with youth at the place of residence. The experience of the capital testifies to the expediency of more precise intersectoral interaction in solving youth problems both at the horizontal and vertical levels.
The municipal experience of working with the youth of the city of Moscow demonstrates that local self-government is of particular importance, since it is it that is able to address the problems of life and livelihoods, the articulation of the political interests of young people at the local level, primarily at the place of residence.
Thus, the relevance of the study is due to the need to implement:
Political science system analysis of the municipal youth policy, identification of its significance, functions, structure, quantitative and qualitative parameters, performance indicators. This can stimulate the implementation of an integrated approach to solving youth problems at the municipal level, actively involve young people in the activities of local government, political practice;
Systematization and updating of the political, regulatory and legal foundations of the state youth policy, activation of youth in the life of local communities;
Development of a municipal model of effective work with youth using quantitative and qualitative parameters, indicators, indices;
Identification of positive experience, problems, trends in work with youth at the municipal level.
The degree of scientific development of the problem
At the beginning of the XXI century. the study of the role of youth in various processes of modernization of society on an interdisciplinary basis has intensified. However, municipal youth issues are on the periphery of the research interests of political scientists.
The study of municipal youth policy in the political science aspect opens up the possibility of a more objective and comprehensive assessment of the content and direction of youth policy, identifying the degree of its participation in reforming society as a political resource in Russia.
Significant for the development of the practice of state youth policy was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on declaring 2009 the Year of Youth. Methodological tools and recommendations on the priorities of youth policy, the implementation of activities within the framework of this Year were developed in the studies of A.A. Zelenina, I.M. Ilyinsky, V.K. Krivoruchenko, Val.A. Lukova, Yu.I. Masterova, V.E. Panshina and others.
Sociological aspects of youth policy management are presented in the works of M.F. Glukhovoi, G.V. Kupriyanova, O.A. Rozhnova and others.
Youth policy as the most important factor influencing the life of this category of the population, its value orientations and worldview are considered in the works of S.A. Anisimova, A.I. Kovaleva, V.T. Lisovsky, L.E. Petrova and others.
A prominent role in youth research is played by the scientific school of the Moscow University for the Humanities (I.M. Ilyinsky, V.A. Lukov, etc.), which develops the humanistic and thesaurus concepts of youth.
The Department of Youth Sociology of the Institute for Socio-Political Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yu.A. Zubok, V.I. Chuprov, O.V. Sorokin and others) monitors the social development of young people, studies youth extremism and respect for the rights of young people.
The Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population of the Russian Academy of Sciences (M.Yu. Arutyunyan, V.N. Arkhangelsky, V.G. Dobrokhleb, O.M. Zdravomyslova, M.I. Suvorova and others) carries out scientific research on youth problems in the socio-economic , gender, migration aspects.
Scientists of the Lomonosov Moscow State University investigate the value orientations of young people, the features of their formation and development in modern conditions (V.I. Dobrynina, V.M. Kapitsyn, T.N. Kukhtevich, N.L. Smakotina, S. V. Tumanov and others).
In the publications of researchers of the Russian State Social University (scientific school of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Zhukov - L.I. Bystrov, S.S. Gil, V.O. Evseev, G.I. Klimantova, A.P. Kopichnikova, N. M. Romanenko and others) youth policy is studied as a special part of the social policy of the state, designed to promote the socio-economic, demographic, cultural and spiritual development of the younger generation.
Researchers of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (E.L. Omelchenko, O.V. Perfilyeva, S.N. Chirun, A.A. patriotism and citizenship, consolidation in Russia.
On the basis of St. Petersburg State University, eight research projects have been implemented on the formation of youth policy, the study of extremism, and the prevention of deviant behavior (A.A. Kozlov, V.T. Lisovsky, etc.).
Normative, legal foundations of the state youth policy, incl. in the context of the implementation of the municipal reform in Russia, its regional level are reflected in the works of E.B. Balashova, V.V. Bushkevich, A.V. Kochetkova and others.
Studies of certain aspects and directions of regional and municipal youth policy are contained in the works of P.N. Bespalenko, I.V. Glazunova, O.V. Gushchina, A.V. Kosheleva, E.A. Lukyanova, V.A. Smirnova, M.V. Tolmacheva and others.
In the study of municipal youth policy, the author relied on the conceptual foundations of social policy, civil society institutions, presented in the works of G.I. Avtsinova, T.A. Vasilyeva, L.E. Ilyicheva, I.V. Orlova, E.N. Tarasova and others.
The problems of the project approach to the development of youth initiatives were considered by S.S. Gilem, S.G. Lesnikova, G.A. Luks, S.V. Uskov and others.
Thus, youth social issues are studied by various sciences - pedagogy, sociology, history, etc. However, the attention of political science to youth policy and issues is not enough. This is especially true at the municipal level, where state guidelines are translated into practical actions.
Thus, the topic of the dissertation as a scientific problem in a direct formulation is little studied, which determines the importance of its comprehensive, comprehensive study.
Object of study - modern youth policy of the city of Moscow at the municipal level.
Subject of study– trends, priorities, contradictions of modern municipal youth policy, the mechanism of its development and implementation.
Purpose of the study- identifying the direction, priorities, experience, problems, the mechanism for implementing the municipal youth policy, developing a model for its effective functioning in modern conditions.
Realization of this goal involves the solution of the following tasks:
To study the theoretical and methodological basis of the state and municipal youth policy;
Analyze conceptual approaches, paradigms for the development and implementation of youth municipal policy;
To identify trends, contradictions, technology for the implementation of municipal youth policy;
To explore the competencies of public authorities and local governments as subjects of youth policy, as well as the political, legal, informational foundations of their activities;
To carry out monitoring of the municipal youth policy (based on the materials of the city of Moscow);
Offer a practice-oriented model of municipal youth policy in modern conditions.
Research hypothesis - young people, who as of January 1, 2012 make up 22.059% of Russian society, are one of the active actors in the country's political life, a pillar of economic transformations. The modernization development of the country and its future depend on the degree of its education, political culture, civic position, spiritual and moral character.
As an object and subject of municipal policy, young people are interested in developing and implementing its effective model, which depends on a number of factors, primarily the interaction of state authorities, local government, the public, and the activity of the youth themselves.
One of the priorities is the development of an innovative methodology for modeling municipal youth policy, including models at different levels of government, which can help strengthen the role of youth in the political and innovative processes of modern Russia.
Theoretical and methodological base of the research: theories, concepts, paradigms - the theory of socio-political development of youth, political participation, legal consciousness of youth; interdisciplinary concepts and paradigms: psychoanalytic, structural-functional, thesaurus concept of youth, social and production paradigm of youth, concept of youth social risk, domestic concept of juvenology, humanistic concept of youth.
Used to analyze the paradigm of social modernization, gender reconstruction of political systems, the knowledge economy in terms of their impact on modern municipal youth policy.
The categorical-conceptual series of political science was used methodologically, which made it possible to reveal the essence, features, richness of connections and contradictions of municipal youth policy in modern conditions.
Application principles scientific character, consistency, determinism made it possible to characterize the complex and contradictory process of formation and development of municipal youth policy in many aspects.
A comprehensive analysis of the problems predetermined the use of a wide range of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, observation, analogy, etc.), general logical (generalization, comparison, etc.), special (comparative political science, critical dialectical, etc.) research methods.
During the research, we used documentary sources: international documents of the UN, the European Union, etc.; the Constitution of the Russian Federation; legislative acts of the Russian Federation; Messages and Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation; Decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation; legislative acts and resolutions of Moscow authorities; documents of socio-political structures: agreements, decisions of local authorities, municipalities; plans; instructions, etc.
Empirical base of research represented by the materials of the All-Russian population census of 2002, 2010; statistical data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, VCIOM of the Russian Federation, etc.; materials of sociological researches of IS RAS and ISPI RAS in 2002-2013. The author of the dissertation in 2009-2011. a study was conducted on the problem of involving young people in the political life of society *.
The dissertation student studied the experience of the inner-city municipalities of Kuntsevo, Sviblovo, Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Chertanovo Severnoe and others in the implementation of youth policy. The results obtained represent a special empirical layer of research, allow us to draw theoretical conclusions.
The scientific novelty of the research results is as follows:
1) developed theoretical and methodological basis for the study of municipal youth policy as an object of political analysis;
2) formulated theoretical provisions of the municipal youth policy, its strategic directions;
3) proven that work with young people should be based on the principle of comprehensiveness and carried out taking into account their needs and political interests at the level of the municipality;
4) proven that strengthening the effectiveness of municipal youth policy depends on the broad representation of this group in government, especially in representative structures;
5) municipal youth policy considered as a combination of the general and the special: it cannot but contain national attitudes and its own priorities, determined by the place of residence, traditions, and socio-cultural environment;
6) identified the trend of ineffectiveness of the municipal youth policy, despite the availability of conditions and resources, due to the lack of an integrated approach;
7) systematized political and legal, information base of municipal youth policy in the aspect of nationwide approaches;
8) considered competencies of federal, regional authorities, local self-government to work with youth;
7) reasoned demand for the political culture of youth as an important political resource for the implementation of municipal youth policy;
8) based on identified contradictions and trends developed a model of municipal youth policy in Moscow, including the legal and information base for its development, focused on increasing the social and political activity of young people.
Thus, the dissertation is one of the first comprehensive studies of municipal youth policy in domestic political science.
The reliability and scientific character of the research results is ensured by:
- application of the scientific logic of research;
The use of empirical data that made it possible to formulate reasoned assumptions and conclusions;
Consulting with specialists in the field of state youth policy, leaders of youth public associations.
Provisions for defense:
1. Municipal youth policy is a multicomponent system, an integral set of priorities, goals, functions, forms, methods, means of activity of local governments as an institution of power and civil society. Its purpose is to protect the rights, interests, social political guarantees of young people of various social statuses in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation. Empirical evidence proves that this type of policy contributes to the formation of the political culture of young people, the development of local youth initiatives, youth participation, problem solving, taking into account and based on local socio-economic, political, cultural and historical factors and resources.
2. The phenomenon of "municipal youth policy" as a theoretical and methodological triad is interpreted in three political science aspects - these are:
The most important instrument of the state youth policy on the principles of social partnership of civil society actors, taking into account the culture of the settlement, its traditions; interests, needs of youth;
An effective mechanism for developing the potential of young people by means of designing, programming and modeling socially significant, political activities in the interests of the local community;
Innovative technology of selection, training, integration of the youth personnel reserve as a political elite and a strategic resource for modernization.
3. The determinants of the effectiveness of the municipal youth policy are the structural and functional components of management:
State youth policy (federal bodies of state power and administration);
Regional youth policy (system of regional authorities and administration);
The system of local governments (representative body of local education, head of the municipality, administration) as independent, non-state, full-fledged subjects of the implementation of the state youth strategy. Along with this, the subjects of social partnership in the field of municipal policy are civil society structures, youth and children's public associations and organizations, business communities, associations, movements, legal entities and individuals.
4. An innovative model of municipal youth policy is a scientifically developed, politically coordinated process of interaction between state authorities, local government, civil society institutions, youth in the conditions of the territory of the municipality in order to implement the priority areas of state youth policy.
Information technology, personnel, methodological, resource support;
Political education and training of youth, taking into account the macro-; meso-; micro-factors of the stages of general and political socialization;
Socio-political communications;
Support for youth initiatives (youth and children's movement, youth parliamentarism, youth design, youth volunteering);
Youth participation in social and political practice;
Prevention of socially negative phenomena among the youth;
Motivation for the development of political culture and a healthy lifestyle of young people;
Monitoring system, performance parameters.
Theoretical significance of the study is that its results enrich the theoretical component of a comprehensive analysis of aspects of municipal youth policy, expand the scope of scientific knowledge in this area, specify trends, contradictions, and the implementation mechanism. Theoretical provisions, conclusions and proposals formulated by the author can be used in the development and implementation of the municipal youth policy. The research stimulates further scientific developments in this area.
Practical significance of the study: materials of the dissertation research, the model developed by the author can be used in the implementation of the municipal youth policy, evaluation of its effectiveness, further improvement.
The provisions of the model can be used to develop policy documents for political parties, public associations, and youth organizations. The dissertation is of interest to teachers in the preparation and reading of courses related to youth policy.
Approbation of the research results
The author has developed and tested curricula in a number of areas of training (specialty) 040700 - Organization of work with youth (bachelor's and master's degrees), 040400 - Social work (bachelor's degree): youth policy, youth movement, social security of youth, etc. The author participated in the development of the program advanced training of specialists in the field of state youth policy for the Institute of Additional Professional Education GASIS NRU HSE. In co-authorship, the textbook "Time Management in Working with Youth" and the monograph "Social Security of Youth" were published.
The dissertation student acted as an expert in the analysis of the Draft Regulations on the system of indicators of the effectiveness of the implementation of youth policy in the city of Moscow, developed by the Department of Family and Youth Policy of the city of Moscow, in pursuance of Art. 43 of the Law of the City of Moscow "On Youth" dated September 30, 2009 No. 39.
The main provisions of the dissertation were reported at conferences, round tables, including the Russian State Social University, the State Academy of Investment Specialists, Moscow youth forums, state and municipal authorities, etc. The author participated as an expert in the thematic program "Youth chooses" as part of the weekly TV show "Family Values" on the TV channel "Prosveshchenie" (broadcast on 03/31/2012).
The dissertation was discussed at the meetings of the Departments of Political Science and Social Policy, Family, Gender Policy and Juvenile Studies of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education RSSU, the Department of Political Science and Social Policy GASIS NRU HSE.
The scope and structure of the dissertation: includes an introduction, two chapters (six paragraphs), a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix (tables on the age structure of young people, the competencies of various power structures, etc.).
Municipal youth policy: theoretical and applied aspect
The initial methodological premise of the study of municipal youth policy is the understanding of the state and youth as actors in political processes. It is the state that is called upon to ensure the development of the social sphere, science, education, the level and quality of life of young people. This type of policy determines the social and political participation of young people as an innovative force in society.
The attempted formulation of the problem determines the use of an interdisciplinary approach by us in the analysis of the concepts and theories of social science in the context of the latest paradigms. This approach will allow developing the principles of modern municipal youth policy.
The starting point of the study is a comparative analysis of the etymology of the concepts "theory" (from the Greek theoria - research), "concept" (from the Latin conceptio - idea, idea) and "paradigm" (from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample). The general meaning of terms is understood as scientific and theoretical tools of knowledge in the development of scientific problems. However, each concept has its own meaning. Thus, the concept of theory means teaching, a system of ideas; an integral set of generalized provisions in the form of synthetic knowledge. Whereas the concept of a paradigm means a set of scientific achievements recognized by the scientific community in a certain period of time and forming the basis of new scientific research. The concept of "paradigm" became widespread in connection with the publication of the book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by the American historian T. Kuhn (1962)18. In science, there is no single approach to understanding the term. According to J. Ritzer, a paradigm is a fundamental model of the subject matter of science. The paradigm serves to determine what should be studied, what questions should be asked and how, what rules should be followed when interpreting the answers. In a general sense, a paradigm is a generally accepted theory that guides scientific research.
Along with this, a polyparadigm approach is taken in the work in the interpretation of paradigms: social modernization, knowledge economy and gender reconstruction of political systems. This will update and formulate the essence, principles, content of the state youth policy in general and municipal policy in particular.
So, the study of the theoretical origins of youth policy includes an analysis of the concept of the welfare state as a policy of general welfare, the fundamental provisions of which were laid down in the ancient period by the philosopher of Ancient Greece Aristotle (VIII century BC - II century BC). For our topic, of scientific interest is the Aristotelian interpretation of the triad of political phenomena in the form of postulates: 1) the state as “communication”, 2) politics as management (“state and public affairs”), 3) a person as a “political being”, active. Here, Aristotle's interpretation of youth education as a priority of state policy deserves special attention. In particular, the philosopher writes: "... where this is not the case, the political system itself suffers damage." Aristotle for the first time uses in the political practice of the ancient state-polis the principle of differentiation, the so-called equalizing and distributive (distributive) justice in the sphere of interpersonal relations and social relations. The approaches generalized by Aristotle formed the
Kuhn T. Structure of scientific revolutions. M.: ACT, 2001 the basis for the subsequent concepts of the social state and welfare policies.
The main provisions of this concept and this type of policy were reflected in the development of political thought not only within the framework of utopian socialism (Saint-Simon, Owen, Fourier), economic liberalism of conservative circles and the social security system (Bismarck, M. Thatcher, R. Reagan, etc. .), but also the reformist socialist movement (L. Blanc, F. Lassalle, J. St. Mill, and others), the concept of solidarism (O. Comte, E. Durkheim, L. Dugi, and others).
First, let's clarify: the concept of "welfare state" was introduced into science in 1850 by L. Stein in the sense of the duty and responsibility of the state for ensuring absolute equality in rights and opportunities for all classes, citizens in achieving social and personal progress. By the 1930s, the concept of the "welfare state" was scientifically formulated in Western countries. As the principles of the policy of general welfare as a model of the welfare state, the following provisions were singled out: social justice, social equality, social solidarity, social guarantees.
Thus, the main purpose of the state, according to the concept of the "welfare state", is the responsibility for the well-being of all citizens, especially vulnerable social groups, including young people at the start of life. The issue of distributive justice is devoted to the works of authoritative scientists: I. Bentham, D. Gauthier, J. St. Mill, R. Nozick, J. Rawls and others. In particular, J. Rawls believed: “All primary, public goods - freedom and opportunities, income and wealth, as well as the conditions of self-esteem - should be distributed equally, unless the unequal distribution of any Some or all of these benefits do not serve the benefit of the least prosperous part of society. At the same time, the first of the principles correlates with the realization of the rights and freedoms of citizens (political, etc.), citizens of a society should have the same rights in the distribution of income, benefits, wealth. The content of the principle of "honest equality of opportunity" implies not only equal rights, but also opportunities, for example, in the field of education of children from low-income families; real competition for jobs and positions, etc.
J. Rawls substantiates the need to neutralize social inequality through the redistribution of benefits by preventive means. This suggests a "principle of difference" to eliminate inequality by improving the chances of the least prosperous members of society.
L. Dugi considers the ethical-civil aspect of social justice as "social solidarity" in the sphere of public and state organization, private property, which is not a subjective right in the spirit of the Napoleonic Code, but rather a binding "social function" as a constitutional formula "property oblige."
Subsequently, G. Spencer, F. Hayek, B.N. Chicherin and other scientists have undertaken a well-grounded criticism of the theory and practice of the welfare state. Scientists point to the risks of the emergence of "state interventionism", slipping to a totalitarian regime. Excessive guardianship of the state, excessive paternalism reduce independence and activity, especially among young people, give rise to the phenomena of dependency, social and political passivity, absenteeism. This represents a vulnerable aspect of the social policies of the national post-Soviet states, which, in the conditions of social transformation, is actively replaced by strategies of “paternalism substitution”, including in the field of youth policy. This means directed motivation on the part of the state for the independence and activity of young citizens, the provision of targeted social assistance. Based on this, in our work we prove the need for the principle of ambivalence in politics10
Municipal youth policy as a system
Implementation of transferred state powers, for example, in accordance with the Law of Moscow dated May 6, 2013, local governments are empowered to agree on a list of non-residential premises owned by the city, intended for the organization of leisure, social and educational, physical culture and health and sports work with the population at the place of residence with the participation of socially oriented non-profit organizations and receive sufficient funding in this area of activity. In 2013, 16.5 billion rubles allocated from the city budget of Moscow for the improvement and maintenance of yards, outdoor lighting of yard areas and major repairs of houses are distributed by agreement of deputies of municipal assemblies, taking into account the opinion of residents. Of which: 4.7 billion rubles. aimed at the improvement of courtyards, parks and squares; 3.8 billion rubles - overhaul of houses; 3 billion rubles - Outdoor Lighting; 5 billion rubles - additional measures in the sphere of housing and communal services80.
This fact testifies to the trust of the state authorities, as well as the local community, to the municipal deputies in the development of housing and communal services in Moscow.
Also, the transferred state powers include the right to determine the winner of the tender for the right to conclude a contract on a gratuitous basis for the implementation of social programs for the organization of leisure, social, educational, physical culture, health and sports work with the population at the place of residence in non-residential premises owned by the city. Such approaches are carried out in the interests of the political and socio-economic development of municipalities in the context of the state youth policy at the local level.
Despite more than twenty years of experience in modern youth policy, the practice of evaluating its effectiveness has not yet been fully established. In recent years, almost every program aimed at the youth group of the population has a mandatory section on expected results and performance analysis. As a rule, this section contains those indicators by which one can judge the effectiveness of the program. However, there is no comprehensive system for evaluating the effectiveness of youth policy at the federal, regional and municipal levels. Youth policy action documents contain sections on expected results and social impact analysis. However, the methods for evaluating the effectiveness of measures taken as part of the implementation of the state youth policy differ and are non-transparent for experts at the regional and federal levels, which makes it difficult for them to make appropriate managerial and political decisions. So, it has not yet been determined what should be taken into account when assessing the effectiveness of youth policy: the amount of funding and investment, economic efficiency, the number of beneficiaries of the service, the social effect, the implementation of federal, regional laws and drafts of the State Youth Policy Strategy, the collection of empirical materials in the regions and municipalities or conducting sample surveys.
The study of tools for assessing the effectiveness of youth policy is impossible without a detailed consideration of its conceptual and categorical apparatus.
First of all, we should dwell on bringing various interpretations of the concept of efficiency. This concept has several meanings.
Practical efficiency (Efficiency) characterizes the efficiency of activities, reflecting the amount of output per unit of costs. The less resources spent on achieving the planned results, the higher the productivity. Effectiveness characterizes such an effect (result) of actions that cannot always be measured using quantitative indicators.
Productive efficiency (Efficacy) characterizes the ability to produce the intended result in the desired volume, it can be expressed as a percentage of the actually produced result to the planned one.
In our opinion, municipal youth policy measures should correspond to the above efficiency values, that is: be focused on specific results, the achievement or non-achievement of which is clearly recorded; take into account not only quantitative, but qualitative changes in the characteristics of the youth environment of the municipality; be economically viable.
Since youth policy is part of the social policy of the state, they must be considered in a dialectical unity. In the Russian Federation, the real generalizing characteristic of the socio-economic development of society and the implementation of social policy are statistical indicators of the level and quality of life, which allow us to assess the degree of social well-being of all categories of citizens, including young people. Thus, we can conclude that the level and quality of life of young people are indicators of the effectiveness of municipal youth policy, among other things.
At present, in the context of the quality of life imperative, the qualimetry of man and life is being formed. The standard is considered to be a system of basic values of quality measures of a certain social object or process, taken as a basis for comparing the social quality and properties of various objects, their elements, processes of change. These basic values are called differently: such concepts as "social indicators", "social parameters", "social indicators", "signs" are used. In some cases, they are identified, and in others, a different meaning creeps into them (see Table 2)
Monitoring of Municipal Youth Policy: Youth Social Atlas
The training in the project is based on a pyramid, the first four levels of which - the educational blocks "Leader", "Administrator", "Manager", "Organizer" - include trainings and master classes, administrative practice, the implementation of a social or information project. Each level is certified. At each stage there is the possibility of passing psychological testing. The last four levels of the pyramid are personnel programs: “Understudy of the head of the council”, “Understudy of the minister (Student Government of understudies)”, “Expert (Youth expert group under the mayor)”, “Counselor”. To coordinate the passage of students through the levels of the pyramid in each district of Moscow, District Representative Offices of the "Civil Shift" were created, which coordinate the activities of representative offices of universities and colleges. Representatives of the project in universities perform organizational tasks to promote the project and attract students to participate in the project.
There is one significant drawback in the activities of most youth public associations and advisory and advisory bodies of youth - they are focused on young people with an active civic position, young leaders and volunteers. In fact, young families, young people with disabilities, young people in difficult life situations are not involved in social and political life.
Hence the conclusion: in a country where the state youth policy is designed to meet the needs of all social groups and strata of the Russian youth community in the age limit from 14 to 30 years, this situation does not meet the criteria of state and municipal policy. Based on the results of monitoring the dynamics of youth involvement in the socio-political life of the country and the local community, we have developed a social atlas - a systematic collection of tables with explanatory
140 texts representing the most popular public associations in Moscow, whose activities are aimed at involving young people in the political life of society, the formation of the political culture of the younger generation.
Separate extracts from the youth atlas are presented by us in the appendices of the dissertation. This atlas was developed as a practical guide for specialists in municipal youth policy in the form of a systematic information base, including analytical tables in various areas of work with youth with explanatory text. As the practice of working with youth at the municipal level (on the example of the city of Moscow) shows, the use of a social atlas affects the effectiveness of political decisions of local government structures with the participation of young people as an actor in politics.
Since one of the leading principles on which the GMF Strategy in the Russian Federation is based until 2016 is the project approach, in accordance with the logic of the dissertation research, we considered youth projects at the federal, regional and municipal levels. The GMP strategy in the Russian Federation until 2016 proposes seven projects for implementation at the federal, regional, local levels: - "Russian youth information network" New Look "", the purpose of which is to promote the values of Russian society: health, work, family, tolerance, human rights , citizenship and patriotism by means of social advertising; - "Step forward", focused on helping young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation integrate into public life; - "Volunteer of Russia", aimed at the development of youth volunteering; - "Career", the goals of which are self-determination of young people in the labor market, involvement in labor and economic activities; 141 - "Team", providing for the preparation of young people to participate in the socio-political life of Russia, the collective management of social life through the process of self-management of their own life; - "Success is in your hands", the main purpose of which is to accompany talented youth, use the products of their innovative activities; - "Young Family", whose goals are to strengthen the institution of the young family, increase the number of prosperous families in Russia. The regional executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation rely on the feasibility studies of these projects in the implementation of state youth policy measures.
The All-Russian level is represented by the projects of the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Rosmolodezh): “Zvorykinsky project”, “You are an entrepreneur”, “Technology of kindness”, “Information flow”, “APT Square”, “Run after me”, “All houses”, "Our Common Victory", "Youth Governments", "Team 2018" (see Annex 10 - Extract 1 from the Youth Social Atlas). In particular, the analysis of the goals, objectives, activities of the projects revealed their compliance with the following areas of the GMF Strategy in the Russian Federation until 2016: informing young people about the possibilities of realizing their potential, involving them in social practice, identifying, promoting and supporting their activity and achievements in the socio-economic , creative and sports fields, development of independent living skills.
Modeling municipal youth policy: experience, implementation mechanism
The strategy of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation until 2016 (approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 No. 1760-r) - hereinafter the GMP Strategy in the Russian Federation - is aimed at developing the political subjectivity of young people. It states that “...Projects developed for the implementation of priority areas will be addressed to all young people in Russia, will open up opportunities for equal participation in them by all young people, regardless of gender, nationality, profession, place of residence and social status... »106. However, the implementation of the projects of the GMP Strategy in the Russian Federation cannot guarantee the development of all the youth of Russia until 2016, the participation of young citizens in the development and implementation of priority areas of state youth policy, since it does not specify targeted technologies for developing the political subjectivity of young people, especially at the level of the local community. In the modern system of political management, the following categories are used to specify the subject status of a participant in the political process107: - program (program) - a number of related projects, the management of which is coordinated to achieve benefits and a degree of manageability that are not available when managing them separately; - project (project) - a temporary enterprise designed to create unique products, services or results;
Smirnova. Series "Scientific Reports: Independent Economic Analysis". M.: Moscow public scientific fund; Center for Social Policy and Gender Research. 2007, С. it - portfolio (portfolio) - a set of projects or programs and other works, combined together with the aim of effectively managing these works to achieve strategic goals. Portfolio projects and programs are not necessarily interdependent or directly related108. In the practice of implementing the state youth policy in Russia, targeted programs and youth projects are used. However, the announcement by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1383 "On holding the Year of Youth in the Russian Federation" dated September 18, 2008, 2009 as the Year of Youth in Russia, had a significant impact on the development of the project approach in this area, the formation and development of the political subjectivity of the young generation of Russian citizens . The purpose of the municipal youth policy is to develop the subjectivity of young Russian citizens. Thus, at present, every citizen who has reached the age of 18 has the right to become a deputy of the municipal Assembly109. The same strategy is followed by Moscow legislation, which, earlier than the federal one, introduced a rule that from the age of 18 a young citizen can be elected to the municipal Assembly. Since registration as a candidate for deputy takes place 2-3 months before the date of election, you can register as a candidate when you are seventeen years old. Thus, the civil platform of local self-government is currently becoming a real springboard for the development of the political participation of young people in the political life of the municipality, city, region and country as a whole. in which young people, as an object of political relations, have desires, will, readiness for the implementation by state authorities and local self-government of policy in relation to it, actively participate in it. State authorities and local governments implementing youth policies have a high degree of competence and professionalism to implement policies that meet the current needs and interests of young people. The implementation of this model in practice requires a high degree of civic culture, political legal awareness of both the youth themselves and state and municipal employees engaged in professional and managerial activities in the field of youth policy. Due to the volatility and riskiness of the youth social environment, manifestations of youth political radicalism that can transform into political conflicts, the development of this model seems to us inappropriate in modern conditions.
Thus, the structural-functional and subject-developing model of municipal youth policy meets the objectives of our study to the greatest extent. This model allows you to establish structural similarity, highlight the functions of the model and the original, on the basis of which you can obtain objectively complete information about the original. The interaction of political subjects in this model is characterized as developing, subject-active, their activities are aimed at "leveling" the political status of young people. At the same time, as noted above, the theoretical and methodological foundations (prerequisites) of the model of municipal youth policy include theoretical approaches, provisions, principles of municipal youth policy as a theoretical product of our study and an ideal-typical construct of a particular political system. Theoretical and methodological substantiation of the model of the municipal youth
Sinchuk, Igor Yurievich
In recent years, public attention to the problems of youth has increased in Russia, and measures are being taken to provide practical assistance to young people in socialization. However, conditions have not yet been created for the implementation of a long-term effective youth policy, and the influence of the state on the situation in the youth environment is not systemic. The current situation of the majority of young Russians is a matter of serious concern.
Continuing social stratification among young people, difficulties in finding employment and getting a decent and well-paid job, loss of equal chances to receive educational, medical, social and other social services, a growing difference in views among young people on worldview, political and cultural issues, an increase in crime , the spread of drug addiction leads to the spiritual and economic impoverishment of the younger generation, its moral and physical degradation. This situation requires the formation and implementation of an effective youth policy aimed at solving the problems of youth, ensuring the active participation of young citizens in the socio-economic development of Russia.
Municipal youth policy- a set of goals and measures for their implementation, taken by local governments in order to create and provide conditions and guarantees for the self-realization of the personality of a young person and the development of youth associations, movements and initiatives. This policy is carried out on the basis of normative legal acts of representative bodies of local self-government and in line with the state youth policy, giving it a logical harmony, systemic and holistic character and making democratic mechanisms for its implementation.
Youth policy is developed and implemented in relation to people aged 14 to 30 years, the total number of which in Russia exceeds 30 million people. The legal foundations of the state youth policy are determined by the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation "On the main directions of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation" in 1993. Since then, its main directions have not been adjusted (even after the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). In the context of the emerging legal uncertainty, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation took the initiative to develop legislative support in this area, and in 1996-1997. Youth policy laws have been adopted in almost 40 regions.
The main goals of the state youth policy:
Social formation, cultural, spiritual and physical development of youth;
Implementation of socially useful initiatives, programs and projects put forward by youth;
The fullest participation of youth in socio-economic, political and cultural life;
Empowerment of a young person in choosing his life path, achieving personal success.
To achieve these goals, it is necessary to interact with the state authorities of the Russian Federation, the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments (Fig.).
Only by uniting the efforts of all those involved in the development and implementation of youth policy, it is possible to successfully solve numerous and sometimes very complex youth problems that manifest themselves both at the municipal and regional and all-Russian levels. The subjects of state youth policy in the Russian Federation are state authorities, local governments, employers, public associations, other legal entities and individuals engaged in activities to create the necessary conditions for the life of young people, their education, upbringing and development.
In addition, within the framework of the implementation of priority national projects, the state provides support to enterprising, capable, talented youth. Such leaders can be identified through open and transparent competitive procedures conducted in municipalities with the participation of civil institutions. Every year, 2.5 thousand young people who are winners of All-Russian Olympiads and competitions will receive nominal grants of 60 thousand rubles each.
The priority national project provides for the provision of budgetary support in the acquisition of housing to young families and rural professionals who need housing or improved housing conditions. They will be provided with budget subsidies. The state can pay part of the purchase (construction) or repay the first installment when obtaining a mortgage loan.
The provision of subsidies to young families for the purchase of housing or the payment of a down payment when obtaining a mortgage loan for the purchase or construction of individual housing is financed in the amount of 10% of the average cost of standard housing from the federal budget, at least 25% from the funds of regional or local budgets for young families without children, and at least 30% at the expense of regional or local budgets for young families with one or more children, within the framework of the “Housing for young families” subprogram. Additionally, the entities organizing the subprograms provide subprogram participants with a subsidy in the amount of at least 5% of the average cost of housing at the birth (adoption) of one child for the purpose of repaying part of the loan (loan) or compensating for their own funds spent on purchasing housing or building equipment. individual housing.
The implementation of the main directions of the municipal youth policy should strengthen its integrity. It is advisable to implement the main directions, programs and projects of youth policy in a single package of federal, regional and local programs for the socio-economic development of the corresponding territory.
In the structure of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, state bodies for youth affairs have been created and are functioning, which need both coordination of their activities and methodological, personnel and organizational support from the federal center.
The implementation of the main directions of the municipal youth policy should be built in such a way as to strengthen the integrity of the nationwide youth policy. It is advisable to implement the main directions, programs and projects of youth policy in a single package of federal, regional and local programs for the socio-economic development of the relevant territory.
Mechanisms for the implementation of municipal youth policy
Youth policy at the municipal level, closely related to state policy, is nevertheless a relatively independent process with its own implementation mechanism. The latter involves taking into account the most acute problems of the youth of a particular municipality in the field of health and leisure, employment and education, and everyday problems. At the municipal level, an integral system of social support for young people, their training and employment should be formed, which creates opportunities for regulating youth migration processes, ensuring the protection of the rights and realization of the interests of young people, and supporting young families.
1. Departmental disunity and insufficient coordination in the management of youth policy remain. For example, departments for youth policy in many municipalities are directly subordinate to deputy heads of administrations for social issues, who, as practice shows, in most cases do not consider youth problems to be among the top priorities.
2. Objects of social infrastructure for youth (for example, health camps) are under different departmental subordination, which does not contribute to the coordination of actions.
3. The amount of funding for activities in the field of youth policy does not allow solving even the most pressing issues. Under these conditions, the most important task of committees and departments for youth affairs at all levels is to find sources of funding. In a number of regions, funds raised for youth policy are 1.5-2 times higher than budget funding. These funds are made up of various funds, federal funding, attracted funds from co-executors under the programs, including balance holders of social infrastructure facilities supported from the budget.
The system of social order is based on the acute problems of youth development existing within a particular territory and the need for their effective solution. Receiving a social order assumes that the projects and programs submitted for the competition have the necessary resource support. In particular, economic resources provide for the following: the possibility of federal funding or grants; self-financing through the development and implementation of self-sustaining projects, primarily in the information services market; search for sponsors interested in the final result.
Municipal authorities for the implementation of youth policy
There is a clear uncertainty in determining the organizational structure for the implementation of youth policy. On April 30, 1998, the RF State Committee for Youth Affairs was abolished by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 483 “On the structure of federal executive bodies”. The functions of the abolished committee were transferred. Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation. Later, an independent federal body was re-created - the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Youth Affairs, which, in turn, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 25, 1999 No. 651, was transformed into the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Youth Policy. A year later, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 17, 2000 No. 867
The State Committee for Youth Policy has been abolished again. Its functions of intersectoral coordination and regulation of youth policy are currently carried out by the Department for Youth Policy of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
The most pressing problems in the field of youth policy, of course, require the existence of an independent federal executive body with the necessary status and sufficient powers. In connection with the abolition of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Youth Policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there has been a tendency to abolish the above-mentioned executive authorities, which, in essence, destroys the emerging system of work with youth in the field. In the structure of municipal executive authorities, departments or departments for youth affairs have been created and are functioning, which need both coordination of their activities and methodological, personnel and organizational support from public authorities.
The following tasks are assigned to municipal structural divisions for youth affairs:
Carrying out a unified youth policy in the municipality;
Creation of socio-economic and legal conditions and guarantees for self-realization and development of a young person;
Ensuring real observance on the territory of the municipality of the rights and interests of young people;
Involvement of youth in solving social, economic and public problems at the local level;
Spiritual, patriotic and intellectual development of youth;
Support and implementation of scientifically significant initiatives in the field of social protection of youth and development of the leisure sector;
Organization of scientific research on the analysis of the state of affairs and forecasting of the youth environment;
Implementation of intermunicipal, interregional and international cooperation of youth organizations;
Coordination of activities of municipal institutions involved in solving youth problems.
In order to solve the above tasks, the municipal authorities for work with youth perform the following functions (Fig.).
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"ORYOL REGIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE"
FACULTY<Faculty name>
CHAIR<Department name>
essay
by academic discipline<Management in youth policy>
TOPIC:<Municipal youth policy>
Completed:
4th year student of group 42 rosp
Lomakin Ivan Alekseevich
Lecturer: Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Gorbova I.N.
Introduction ……………………………………………………..2-4
State and youth……………………………………..5-7
Goals and objectives of the state municipal youth policy and its principles .................................................................... ..............8-10
Problems of youth policy…………………………..9-12
Introduction
The experience of recent decades convincingly proves that political and economic success is achieved precisely by those states that pay special attention to young people, that sustainable development is demonstrated by precisely those societies that have revised the system of traditional views on new generations, on the system of relationships between generations and on their significance for the political and socio-economic development.
Obviously, those states and societies that learn how to effectively use human potential and, first of all, the innovative potential of development, which the youth is the bearer of, will have strategic advantages.
Russia is traditionally at the center of global political and economic processes. The task of ensuring its progressive, sustainable development and security requires an effective and adequate response to modern challenges, the achievement of national competitiveness in all areas.
Therefore, the need for a special policy towards youth is determined by the very specifics of its position in society. Youth is not enough to understand in the traditional sense, only as a future society. It must be assessed as an organic part of modern society, which has a special, irreplaceable function of other social groups, the function of responsibility for the preservation and development of our country, for the continuity of its history and culture, the life of the elders and the reproduction of subsequent generations, and, ultimately, for the survival of peoples as a cultural -historical communities. Young people have their own special functions in society, which cannot be replaced or implemented by any other socio-demographic group.
The conditions for the formation of youth responsibility for the future of the state are: expanding the democratic participation of youth in the development of society; the eradication of poverty and significant socio-economic inequalities; expanding the rights of children and young citizens in the political and economic fields and ensuring their representation at all levels of decision-making; support for information management, greater visibility and accountability in governance and economic and social decision-making.
The implementation of youth policy at the municipal level is a systemic process designed to influence young people in the context of a number of factors: upbringing, education, health care, leisure, employment, etc. A number of sectoral and territorial institutions are involved in this process as an active party.
State and youth
AT In society, youth is a social category that determines its future to the greatest extent. It is in the young years that each person forms his worldview and models his own life: the most important life goals and values are determined, the directions and means of their implementation are chosen, the attitude towards oneself and the world, society and the state is established. And what will be each of these elections directly depends on what will be today's youth, who will create a person, society and the state of both the near and distant future. And this means that the vector of social progress is always determined in the present, and is in the hands of those who are young today. This circumstance makes the issue of youth a strategic one. It is quite natural that every young person needs certain conditions for his spiritual development and social self-realization. What these conditions are and whether they are present in everyday life reality, first of all, the key spiritual and social parameters of the youth environment are set, the types of organization of the life of young people corresponding to them are established, and a certain public and state “order for youth” is formed. Due to a number of characteristic features of the domestic national mentality and the socio-economic transformations taking place in the country, far from always and far from every young person is able to independently provide the appropriate conditions for their own formation and development without a corresponding state policy. Thus, the issue of special conditions for youth is fundamental to what today's youth will be like, and, accordingly, the next generations of citizens and society as a whole.
In this regard, given the exceptional importance of the issue of youth for the fate of the people and the country, it is necessary to consider the constant and comprehensive interest, attention, care and support of the state in relation to young people as one of the priority tasks in the field of state social policy. It is and only this approach that is the key to social prosperity and progress.
However, the reality is that the implementation of this approach in practice has always been problematic and ambivalent. On the one hand, the state has always been aware of its obviousness and unconditional correctness, since the stability, prosperity and power of the state itself depended on this. Therefore, in any historical period, when the state itself was strong enough, it took care of young people, paying special attention to their upbringing and education, or at least declaring this care and attention. On the other hand, society has always been dominated by a hostile and suspicious attitude towards young people and some irritation about the protectionist policy of the state towards them, which could not but affect the real attitude of the state towards youth problems. Since 1992, young people have found themselves in an extremely difficult and new position for themselves. In the context of the beginning of the transition to the economic model of the free market and "shock" therapy, all previously existing systems and mechanisms for protecting and realizing the interests and rights of young people, instead of adapting them to changing conditions, were almost completely destroyed. Together with the country, the party and the Komsomol, the traditional sources of ideology and technology of state policy towards youth disappeared, interethnic and international ties were broken, the legal framework of the USSR on youth issues ceased to operate in the new sovereign states, the system of youth tourism, the system of education were catastrophically weakened and recreation for children, adolescents and youth, the system of socialization of youth, social protection and support of talented youth by various institutions of power have decreased, the construction of youth housing complexes has stopped, and the network of cultural and sports institutions for children and youth has collapsed.
Thus, the economic, political and social reforms that began for a significant period of time almost completely ousted young people and their problems from the sphere of attention of society and the state, which led to a significant aggravation of all the main problems of youth that existed before and the emergence of new ones. These are the problems of general life guidelines and life path, self-affirmation and self-realization, business and social behavior, relationships with society and the state, protection of rights and starting opportunities. The most acute in this series are such problems as education, employment, family, and housing. There are no or inefficient systems of education, social assistance, legal protection, and information support. There are no or weak state and public mechanisms for monitoring the situation in the youth environment and solving the problems of young people on their own. The most problematic age segments in the total mass of young people are the ranges of 14-17 years old (high school students, students of schools and technical schools, unemployed youth of this age) and 22-27 years old (senior students, graduate students, young specialists, working youth). Among the large social strata are students, high school students, rural youth, military personnel, as well as such specific social groups as juvenile delinquents, homeless teenagers, graduates of orphanages, young drug addicts, etc., especially in transitional moments (release, release, demobilization, treatment, etc.).
The current situation in the youth environment is ambivalent. On the one hand, there is a significant change in the self-consciousness of a significant part of young people. She is increasingly aware of her role and significance for society, considering a special attitude towards herself as an unconditional duty of the state, although she does not particularly count on it, and relies mainly on her own strength. The significant potential of these young people is not involved either in solving their own problems or in social development as a whole. On the other hand, in the conditions of the strongest social stratification, a considerable part of the youth is also the most criminogenic environment. The criminal world and illegal business are actively drawing young people into asocial and criminal activities. In addition, apathy and inactivity, social dependency have already formed among the youth. Young people are in a situation of forced independence, and their public associations, designed to defend the interests of young people, are weak, fragmented, unrepresentative, and therefore are not a real force. At the same time, in addition to those already identified, there are two more large social strata of young people. The first of them is young people, who have a very high coefficient of inertia in thinking and behavior, who are completely unprepared and poorly adapted to independently determine their own life prospects and take practical actions aimed at this. The second is that part of the youth who, due to special conditions (health, low start in life, dysfunctional family, criminal experience and other reasons), found themselves in a position that does not allow them to fully use their own strengths and resources for productive actions to organize their own lives. .
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Youth policy in the Russian Federation at the municipal level
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of this work. The prospects for the development of any state, one way or another, are connected with the position of young people as a separate socio-demographic group in society. Therefore, the development of theoretical and organizational and economic foundations, the legal framework of youth policy are among the urgent problems of the state and society.
The term "youth policy" was widely introduced into socio-political and scientific literature in the 1950s, which was due both to the formation of youth into an independent social group and the need for self-determination in the socio-political sphere. In the early 70s of the 20th century, most countries of the world began to consider youth policy as an independent direction in state planning.
This is confirmed by the adoption of special programs and laws aimed at expanding the rights of young people in all spheres of public life. A number of bills are aimed at solving the problems of young families, providing preferential loans, assistance in purchasing housing, etc. At the moment, about a hundred countries of the world have special state bodies for the implementation and regulation of youth policy.
CHAPTER 1. YOUTH POLICY OF THE STATE AS A FACTOR OF YOUTH SOCIALIZATION
1.1 Youth policy of the state of the Russian Federation
Youth policy (YP) is an integral part of the integral policy of the state, which is a system of measures and legislative acts to establish and maintain the appropriate social status of the younger generation, and with it a certain quality of life of the youth themselves, which in the future will become economically active population of the country.
This category of the population is an extremely important social stratum for the state, since young people are the people who will replace the current generation. In this regard, the potential of the younger generation, as well as the degree of its compliance with the needs of the country and the prevailing conditions, are determined by the effectiveness of youth policy.
The effectiveness of the MP is ensured by the effectiveness of the implementation of a set of measures of a very different nature: legal, socio-economic, organizational, spiritual and moral, psychological, educational, etc. The implementation of these measures creates conditions for achieving the main goal of youth policy - creating favorable conditions for the most effective development of the potential of the young generation and further channeling the emerging opportunities for the benefit of the country.
According to many experts, a number of Western countries have achieved good results in this area. In this regard, it may be useful for Russia to study their experience in the formation and implementation of youth policy (of course, taking into account the peculiarities of culture, mentality and lifestyle of the Russian people).
The principles and directions of youth policy in Western countries were born in the 50s and 60s of the last century on the basis of charity and voluntariness, as well as state assistance to needy categories of youth (“risk groups”, students, marginalized youth, etc.).
Young people have significant potential, which is not always fully used - mobility, initiative, susceptibility to innovative changes, new technologies, the ability to counteract negative challenges. In Russia, a sufficient basis has been formed to overcome these trends and create an effective system of continuous development and training of talented youth for the implementation of programs and projects for the socio-economic development of the region.
Youth policy in the region is carried out within the framework of the long-term target program "state youth policy in the Russian Federation" until 2016. Its implementation is carried out in the following priority areas: promoting the implementation of youth initiatives through project activities; formation of a mechanism for identifying and developing the human resources potential of young people; development of creative activity and involvement of all groups of youth in social practice; creation of an integral system of youth information resources; organization of measures to support and social adaptation of certain categories of youth (young families, young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation); spiritual, moral and patriotic education; physical development of youth and development of youth tourism.
Since January 2013, a grant competition has been held to support and develop youth initiatives. Its main task is to support youth projects that can change the economic and social life of the municipality. At the moment, more than 30 projects have received grant support.
Separately, it is worth noting the events for the patriotic education of children and adolescents. During the academic year, young citizens take part in traditional memory shifts, visit museums of military glory, and meet with veterans.
In order to study the problems of youth and the participation of young leaders themselves in the process of developing and adopting recommendations in the field of youth policy, in 2013 the Council of Young Deputies began its work.
The creative sphere is also one of the important areas of work of the Youth Policy Department. Here, the result of the work can be considered the further formation of a complex of leisure activities for all age categories, covering a wide range of interests of modern youth. The main principle of work in the field of creativity development is support and organizational assistance in the implementation of creative projects.
Employees of the Youth Policy Department are full of ideas, projects, plans that will help to more effectively solve the tasks and implement the priority areas of the country's youth policy.
One of the main documents in the field of work with youth is the State Youth Policy Strategy, which is valid until 2016. It is aimed at Russians aged 14-30, as well as young families and young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation.
Much attention is paid to solving problems with employment, as well as housing policy and assistance to young families. An important area of youth policy is the prevention of orphanhood.
In the current conditions, Russia needs a new law on youth, which will meet modern realities. Firstly, because today new forms of self-realization have appeared that are not enshrined in law, but it is necessary to provide young people with more opportunities to use them.
Secondly, it is necessary to increase the degree of protection of young people, first of all, this applies to the social sphere. Thirdly, the law should lay the foundations for creating a real social lift that inspires confidence in the younger generation, that under certain conditions everyone can achieve their goal, that professionalism and socially responsible behavior will be rewarded.
The result of a non-functioning social lift is indifference to elections, the emergence of radical groups (skinheads, nazbols), aggravation of interethnic relations, youth apathy, anger against the rich and distrust of the authorities. In economic life, the “broken” social elevator causes stagnation in labor productivity, lack of innovation and low activity of small and medium-sized businesses. This symptomatology is very typical for modern Russia. The treatment program is the launch of the social lift mechanism in the shortest possible time.
So, youth policy is an integral part of the integral policy of the state, which is a system of measures and legislative acts to establish and maintain the appropriate social status of the younger generation, and with it a certain quality of life of the youth themselves, which in the future will become an economically active population. The formation of an adequate situation and a youth policy aimed at the future is the most important and urgent problem of the Russian authorities, these requirements are updated by the growing influence of youth actions and movements on the processes of stabilization and destabilization of the state and political system.
1.2 Goals and objectives, the importance of youth policy
The recent reforms in the economic, social, political, spiritual and ideological spheres are fundamentally changing the foundations of human life, leading to structural shifts that change the level, quality, style and lifestyle of every Russian citizen, and this is especially acute for young people. .
Young citizens face a number of problems and issues that affect the entire range of their interests: getting an affordable education, employment and employment opportunities, providing conditions for creating a family, solving the housing issue, obtaining a comprehensive and full-fledged cultural development, sports opportunities.
Recognizing youth as a positive force in society, which is the bearer of a very great potential and which should contribute to the development of the country, I consider it unacceptable to leave this nodal social group face to face with its problems.
Youth policy is a system of formation of priorities and activities, which is aimed at socialization and creation of conditions and opportunities for effective self-realization of young people.
Youth policy in our country has been going on for several decades. However, it was not formalized earlier, all work with youth was carried out within the framework of ideology and was implemented by the party through all its mechanisms (primarily through education). In this regard, many scientists associate the emergence of the concept of "youth policy" with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
According to the Strategy of the State Youth Policy of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 No. 1760-r, the goal of modern domestic youth policy is to develop the potential of young people in the interests of Russia, i.e. "growing up" in our country occurs by attracting young people to participate in socio-political processes, which leads to an increase in the country's competitiveness.
The result of this work is the formation of an open and accessible system for young people to support initiatives aimed at solving the problems of improving the quality of life in Russia as a whole. The consequence of this activity is the realization by a young person of his usefulness, demand for society, providing young people with the opportunity to express themselves.
The goal of youth policy is to develop and realize the potential of young people. The state youth policy should be an integral part of the state policy. The effectiveness of youth policy is determined by a set of effective measures in the legal, social, organizational and psychological spheres.
Youth, as the most important object of national interests, requires the state to develop an adequate youth policy. Today's controversial and inconsistent youth policy poses serious problems for the authorities and society. In this regard, it is necessary to use the capabilities of the expert community, political and administrative structures of the state.
The problems that exist in the country and in the world, of course, also confront Russian youth.
The economic crisis and the war further increased the social differentiation of Russian youth. It is known that the presence of a high percentage of poverty always poses a threat to social stability. The problems facing the younger generation forced the Russian government to take care, at least on a declarative level, of their elimination.
Over the past twenty years, youth organizations existing in Russia have been mainly engaged in political activities and have paid almost no attention to other acute problems facing young people, such as poverty, the most difficult demographic situation, the problems of young families, drug addiction, the availability of adequate education, etc.
The main tasks of youth policy are shown in figure 1.1.
Rice. 1.1. The main tasks of youth policy
The main directions of the youth policy of modern Russia are: spiritual and moral education (in particular through the development of a sense of patriotism) and informing young people about potential development opportunities.
It should be noted that this approach to MT does not cover all 100% of the country's younger generation. It is aimed at only a small part of it - the most active and capable, as well as limited by age limits (in contrast to the European youth policy, which is based on the involvement of young people from an early age). In fact, the unprotected layers of the younger generation (persons with disabilities), as well as young people who are less active at their stage of development, remain on the sidelines, replenishing the ranks of marginal elements.
The current extreme degree of inequality can lead to instability in society, social explosions, the destruction of productive forces (and tools) and even death of people, as the riots that took place in Moscow in 2011 on Manezhnaya Square show. And as polls conducted in both Russian capitals and many million-plus cities show, up to 76% of young people support, to one degree or another, the actions of the participants in these actions.
So, the goal of youth policy is to develop and realize the potential of young people. The state youth policy should be an integral part of the state policy. The effectiveness of youth policy is determined by a set of effective measures in the legal, social, organizational and psychological spheres. Youth, as the most important object of national interests, requires the state to develop an adequate youth policy. Today's controversial and inconsistent youth policy poses serious problems for the authorities and society. In this regard, it is necessary to use the capabilities of the expert community, political and administrative structures of the state.
1.3 Implementation of youth policy in the Russian Federation
In all countries, great attention is paid to the problems of youth and the development and implementation of youth policies. The reasons for this are as follows.
First, the transition to adult independent living - the period of self-determination - is the most critical. It is at this age that the degree of satisfaction with life as a whole and its individual aspects, primarily with the financial situation, decreases. The values of poverty risk indices for young people are significantly higher than those for other age categories and are 1.13 for men aged 16 to 30, for women? 1.14.
The value of this indicator more than one shows how many times the risk of poverty for the population, grouped by sex and age, exceeds the risk of poverty for the population as a whole. Dissatisfaction with the financial situation is one of the main reasons causing the largest number of crimes pertaining to this age group. Moreover, the number of young people who find themselves in a critical life situation is increasing every year. youth policy socialization municipal
Secondly, a big problem among young people is unemployment. If the official unemployment rate in Russia in 2010 was 7.5%, then among young people under the age of 25 - 31.9%, from 20 to 29 years old - 11.2%. Studies show that unemployment has serious social and health consequences.
Using statistical methods, H. Brenner found that an increase in unemployment by 1% entails 100,000 people. population: 46 deaths; 40.1 - heart attacks; 4.74 - admissions to psychiatric hospitals; 4.4 - placements in prisons; 0.64 - suicides; 0.55 - murders; 0.5 - deaths from cirrhosis of the liver caused by alcoholism.
Thirdly, at present, for 31% (11.8 million people) of young people living in Russia, it is difficult to identify themselves as citizens of the Russian Federation. Insufficient involvement of young people in the process of social and political action contributes to the erosion of Russian self-identification of young people. By the time they reach the age of maximum labor activity, they do not consider themselves bound by obligations to their country, often looking for opportunities for self-realization outside of Russia.
Fourth, a high degree of interregional differentiation in terms of the level of socioeconomic development causes an outflow of young people from small towns. According to direct and indirect estimates, about two-thirds are ready to leave their "small homeland". The outflow of the younger generation can lead to accelerated aging of the population and exacerbate the problem of the drain of qualified personnel. As a result, a situation is possible when no investment will be able to revive the city-forming enterprises and, consequently, small towns.
Youth policy in the regions. In this regard, youth policy should be aimed at resolving issues from various areas: promoting employment, employment, supporting talented youth, young families, civic and patriotic, spiritual and moral education of young people, the formation of a healthy lifestyle, prevention of asocial manifestations in the youth environment.
To implement youth policy in all regions of Russia, strategies, programs and projects for the development of youth are adopted and implemented. However, the analysis of programs in the field of youth development shows their low efficiency.
Thus, 3.4% of respondents assess youth policy as effective, 7.9% as effective in certain areas, 43.1% as practically ineffective in a number of areas, and 12.3% as absolutely ineffective, 33.3% found it difficult to answer. %. In addition, in most regions, the awareness of young people about the programs and projects of regional youth bodies does not exceed 30%.
Reasons for the low quality of youth policy in the Vladimir region. The following main reasons can be singled out that cause the poor quality of planning and implementation of program activities in the field of youth policy (as an example, the youth policy of the Vladimir region is considered):
The funds planned in the regional budget for the implementation of certain program activities do not correspond to the programs envisaged.
The Audit Chamber of the Vladimir Region conducted an audit of the effectiveness of spending budgetary funds on the implementation of youth policy showed that the inclusion of youth policy events in the Program was accompanied by a reduction in their funding for 2010 by 36.5%, for 2011 - by 66.8%, which in turn the queue determines the low level of implementation of program activities;
There is no logical coordination with other areas of state policy, which leads to a certain isolation of youth issues in relation to other areas of state activity (social policy, personnel policy, demographic policy, etc.);
Program activities planned for implementation do not always correspond to the goals of the programs. For example, the main goal of the target program "Improving the demographic situation in the Vladimir region for 2009-2012" is to improve the demographic situation in the region and create conditions for improving quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the demographic processes in the region.
In the Russian Federation, there are several specialized normative documents regulating youth policy. Firstly, it is a law guaranteeing state support for youth and children's public associations (published on July 28, 1995 under No. 98-FZ).
Secondly, this is the law concerning higher and postgraduate professional education (dated August 22, 1996, No. 125-FZ). Youth policy is indirectly regulated by laws on physical culture and sports (dated April 29, 1999, No. 80-FZ) and on the prevention of delinquency and neglect among minors (dated June 24, 1999, No. 120 FZ).
Subsequently, these previously adopted federal laws were supplemented by the Concept of State Youth Policy, which contains a new strategy for the development of youth policy in the country. It was adopted in 2001. However, according to experts, this document could not completely distinguish between the youth policy of the state and other areas of its activity. In the text of the concept, youth policy is considered as a special case of social policy, and not as a separate direction of it.
The concept includes priority areas of the country's youth policy, which practically do not mention such important aspects as supporting youth projects in scientific and technical activities or creating a special kind of information space designed exclusively for young people. The goals set by the Concept are of an instrumental and applied nature and are not related to the global strategy for the development of Russia as a state.
This fundamentally important remark was taken into account in the development of the following regulatory documents, in particular, the Strategy of the State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation. This document was developed for ten years and includes the period up to 2016.
It should be noted that, along with conceptual documents, federal targeted programs (FTPs) are being approved, which supplement and clarify the actions of federal bodies on specific aspects of youth policy. For example, the FTP "Youth of Russia" and the program of patriotic education of Russians. The duration of such programs is usually calculated for five years.
At the same time, the amount of funding for federal measures of the youth policy of the state is insignificant, which, of course, is a serious deterrent. In recent years, active budget injections have been carried out only within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Youth of Russia”. Over the past five years, the state has underfunded youth programs by a third of the planned budget revenues. Moreover, the government does not hide the fact that there are obviously not enough financial resources. In other words, federal target programs are calculated for such a budget amount, which a priori will not be enough for a tangible breakthrough and increase in the effectiveness of the state.
In some regions, there is a different attitude to this issue. For example, in St. Petersburg, the city's infrastructure for working with youth has been significantly improved recently. The city has developed a whole range of measures to support talented youth. More than a thousand students, graduate students, young scientists, candidates of science received grants and awards from the city budget for a total of 69 million rubles. The city government annually assigns 300 scholarships to the best students of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions.
Thus, the organizational and legal support of youth policy at the federal level has many unresolved issues. Chief among them is the absence of a unified federal law that would establish the fundamental foundations of the state youth policy in our state. As a result, often the laws of the federal and regional levels not only do not concretize each other, but, on the contrary, contain conflicting information.
In modern conditions, the state youth policy is designed to become a universal tool for transforming the country. An effective scenario for the development of events requires the interest of all participants in the process, from government agencies, public organizations and ending with the youth themselves. The strategic goal of youth policy should be as connected as possible with the global strategy for the development of Russia as a state.
1.4 Experience of the municipalities of the Russian Federation in the regulation and development of communications in the field of youth policy
Youth is the vector of development of any state. Today it is quite obvious that the effectiveness of youth policy is the guarantee of Russia's national security. In this regard, the state is the determining link in the formation of an order for youth policy.
This conference is a good incentive to enhance the participation of young people in the life of the local community. It is quite possible that the conference participants will turn out to be future mayors, and the first speeches will become the first initiatives in the development of local self-government. It opens up new opportunities for young people to express their vision of the socio-economic development of municipalities, for state authorities and local self-government to find young, enterprising people interested in improving life on the territory of their municipality.
Youth Policy at the municipal level is the policy of the municipality in relation to youth, aimed at including youth in the real processes of development of the territory of municipalities.
The basic goal of human life is to increase the level of "Quality of Life". Unconditional and indisputable factors that determine the level of "Quality of Life" are: the level of population density; the level of capitalization of territories; scale of social programs.
The visibility of the dependence of the level of “Quality of Human Life” on population density can be considered by comparing states with different indicators of population density, cities of federal significance, cities of regional centers and regional subordination, cities of district significance, urban-type settlements, towns, villages and villages.
Naturally, the conclusion is that in order to increase the level of “Quality of Human Life”, it is necessary to increase the population density and the level of capitalization of the territory.
It should be noted that increasing the level of population density through migration is not an effective method.
Undoubtedly, the second component of improving the level of “Quality of Human Life”, the level of capitalization of territories, requires special attention and substantive consideration of the fundamentals and processes in the context of the development and capitalization of the territories of municipalities.
The third component of improving the quality of life also requires special attention and detailed consideration - this is a decrease in the need for social programs in the territory of municipalities.
In this direction, the activities of youth policy at the municipal level should become the most effective and focused on processes that reduce the level of need for social programs. These activities will allow politicians to reinvest the released funds from this process into the sector of the real economy to improve the level of "Quality of Life".
An analysis of the practice of youth policy bodies in most of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities demonstrates that the activities carried out as part of the implementation of youth policy:
Only 20% correspond to the targets of modern economic conditions;
In turn, 80% of MP activities duplicate the functions of other structural subdivisions of executive authorities;
Interdepartmental interaction is reduced to a simple arithmetic addition of financial resources.
The consequence of the established practice in youth policy is that the existing forms of work with youth cover today no more than 5-10% of young people, and have reached the limit of their capabilities, therefore, should be fundamentally changed. Changes in the first place should be proposed to the executive authorities to consolidate the efforts of all institutions of the municipality.
Analyzing the current state in the implementation of youth policy at the municipal level, it became necessary to move from separate unrelated events that have a chaotic nature of selection, duplication of functions of related structures of executive authorities, to the policy of including young people in real processes of "building the future" - management processes territories of municipalities.
The municipality needs a youth policy that would allow the local youth community to form: qualities, properties, needs that ensure that young people take historical responsibility for the development of the territories of municipalities.
Such qualities and needs of young people are a high level of responsibility, social self-determination, self-organization, self-awareness of the youth environment (local youth community) as a subject and object of the political and economic system of the development process of the territory of the municipality.
Such a high level of social self-determination, self-organization, self-awareness of the youth environment can be achieved provided that the executive authorities of the municipality:
They are aware of their responsibility for the future, for the inclusion of young people in the development processes of the territories of the entrusted municipalities,
They will create motivational conditions that will encourage the local youth community to be included in the real processes of development of the territories of municipalities.
Next, we will consider the foundations of youth policy at the municipal level, which meet the requirements of modern economic policy, modern concepts of the development of the territory of municipalities and the state as a whole, and also represent a complex system in which various social institutions of society and executive and legislative authorities interact in three main areas of municipalities:
1. Social adaptation and protection of youth, the main executors of this direction are the social protection authorities.
2. Society's investments in youth, as investments in the future economy, the main conductors and executors of this policy are the bodies of education, culture, sports, economics, employment, with general coordination by the bodies of youth policy.
3. Inclusion of youth in the processes of development of territories of municipalities, through the development of institutions of youth local communities, the main conductors and executors of this policy are the bodies or structures of municipal youth policy.
The youth policy at the municipal level considers several roles of youth and the youth community in society and in the development of territories: as an object of care; as an object of influence; as development potential (resource); as a subject (partner); as citizens of the Russian Federation.
Currently, in the practice of implementing youth policy, much attention is paid to the role of youth as an object of care, influence, and a citizen of the Russian Federation, which harmoniously fit into the existing social policy of all executive authorities at all levels of municipalities.
However, for the economic policy of the territories, an important role should be given to youth and the local youth community as an economic development potential (resource), and a subject (partner) in the process of developing the territories of municipalities.
The main basic target setting of the proposed youth policy at the municipal level should not proceed from the position of solving the problems of youth, but from the position of effective use, including the innovative potential of youth in the development of municipal territories.
Solving the “non-existent” problems of youth (youth has no problems, they can always solve them themselves, the problem is only in choosing an algorithm for solutions, but they can not always be approved by society, municipalities and the state), we are doomed to educate young people in a passive consumer, immoral and irresponsible personality structure.
In the context of youth policy at the municipal level, it is necessary to consider "policy" as: a dialogue between participants (subjects) of the processes of development of the territory of the municipality; search for agreement and compromises between different groups and strata of the local community to determine areas of responsibility; the form of participation of subjects in the processes of development of the territory of municipalities.
Youth policy at the municipal level should become an investment policy for investing in youth activities, in terms of capitalization of the territory, as the main economic potential for the development of the territories of the municipality. These investments are considered as investments in the future economy of the territory of the municipality.
The development of Russia lies in the socio-economic development of all municipalities: large and small cities, villages and villages. Undoubtedly, the future of the country belongs to young citizens. They will have to raise their economic well-being, achieve new successes in science, technology, and education. Youth is a huge potential in solving political, economic and social issues.
So, the youth policy at the municipal level is the policy of the municipality in relation to youth, aimed at including youth in the real processes of development of the territory of municipalities. The basic goal of human life is to increase the level of "Quality of Life". Unconditional and indisputable factors that determine the level of "Quality of Life" are: the level of population density; the level of capitalization of territories; scale of social programs.
1.5 Key problems of youth policy in Russia and ways to solve them
Among the key areas of Russia's domestic policy at present, one of the first places in terms of its social urgency and significance is occupied by the topic of work with youth. However, it is in the field of youth policy, in contrast to other key tasks (education, health care, etc.), that there is no clear scientifically based approach to implementation, an effective strategy of measures and activities aimed at the implementation of the tasks set, both at the federal and federal levels. at the regional level.
So, among the problems of youth policy in Russia, without the solution of which the development of this sphere cannot be full-fledged, the following can be distinguished:
lack of a full-fledged legislative base for the implementation of the state youth policy at the federal level;
lack of a clear idea for the implementation of youth policy in general, low level of goal setting and setting clear strategic objectives;
poor development of the infrastructure for the implementation of youth policy, low personnel potential of the industry and an underdeveloped system of training and retraining of personnel for the sphere;
lack of a unified system of criteria and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the activities of bodies working with youth.
Each given problem requires a comprehensive analysis to determine the mechanisms of a possible solution.
Let's consider the first highlighted problem. The legislative base related to the sphere of youth policy, both at the federal level and at the level of the subjects of the federation, is in its infancy. The main approaches to the state youth policy in the Russian Federation were determined in 1992 by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On priority measures in the field of state youth policy”.
Later in the late 1990s. a number of decrees of the President of Russia, government resolutions concerning the implementation of youth policy at the state level were adopted. Among them, the target program “Youth of Russia”, which operated until 2010, is of particular importance.
The federal target program for the period after 2010 was not adopted, and the sphere of work with youth became part of other sectoral target programs. The key document regulating the sphere of state youth policy at the federal level at the present time is the Strategy of State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy), approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 No. 1760-r.
This strategy has been developed for the period up to 2016 and defines a set of priority areas focused on youth, including tasks related to the participation of youth in the implementation of priority national projects.
In addition, the regions of Russia have a large number of their own “youth” laws and acts on state youth policy, the total number of which is close to 100 thousand, not to mention a wide array of municipal legal acts relating to youth and work with them.
Thus, the legal basis for the implementation of youth policy is significantly weakened by the absence of an appropriate federal law (for example, the law “On Youth”) and a specialized all-Russian program. All this makes it problematic to implement the adopted laws and other normative legal acts in the interests of young people, as well as to coordinate and systematic measures taken in this direction.
The adoption of the federal law on youth is quite in line with the current Russian legislation and contributes to its development in a single direction on the territory of all regions of Russia. It is impossible to consider as a normal legal construction a state in which the majority of subjects of Russia have basic laws in this area, and there is no corresponding federal law.
The first stage in the creation of such a law can be considered a broad discussion of the draft Federal Law "On Volunteers (Volunteers)", which is planned for consideration by the State Duma of Russia. Attention to the problem of the lack of a federal regulatory framework for the development and improvement of youth policy is growing, and hopes for the early adoption of a law on youth and policy in relation to it are becoming more realistic.
The problem described above is directly related to the following - the lack of a clear goal and a low level of goal setting in youth policy. In addition to the normative regulation of the industry, there are practically no general ideological guidelines within the framework of which federal projects and youth-related events are being implemented.
There is a set of federal projects that solve individual goals and objectives, often simply declared, not leading to a specific result, or completely unattainable. The general goal-setting and directions for the development of the sphere are rather vague, and there is no direct connection between the implementation of a set of federal projects and the implementation of the tasks of youth policy in general.
Therefore, it is necessary to define a clear idea of youth policy, within which the directions for the formation of proper upbringing and education, obtaining the necessary experience and continuous development of young people should be established.
The implementation of such plans presupposes a system of state and public institutions that are engaged in solving the set tasks and implementing the “state order” in this area. Due to the fact that youth policy is financed mainly on a residual basis, the infrastructure for implementing youth policy both at the federal level and in the regions is rather poorly developed.
In 2012, the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs was transferred to three federal budgetary institutions, previously under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Sports of Russia, which significantly strengthened the Agency's material base, but the number of employees in the Agency did not allow reaching a new level of work.
It was only in 2013 that the Government of Russia decided to significantly increase the number of employees of the agency (more than twice), which greatly strengthens the personnel base of the youth policy in the country.
However, things are not so good in many regions of the country. In order to solve the problem of personnel saturation of the industry in 2008, an attempt was made to approve the norms for the staff number of employees in the field of youth policy: the recommendations of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia were adopted, establishing indicators for the approximate structure of sectoral (functional) bodies of local administration (authorities for youth affairs). However, the Ministry's letter is clearly not enough.
It is necessary to supplement these recommendations with standards of minimum staffing for federal, regional and municipal institutions common to the whole country, which will allow not only to replenish the personnel and material and technical base of the youth policy sphere in the regions, but also to unify it.
After all, such standards have already been adopted and are in force in almost all regions of Russia, but there is no general logic of these documents. Moreover, often already operating Houses of Culture and Creativity, sports facilities are equated with youth work institutions, but they do not fall under the jurisdiction of youth work bodies, actually performing the tasks of other sectoral ministries and departments, which violates the general logic of personnel and logistical provision of youth policy bodies.
Infrastructure development is also closely related to the low level of personnel potential in the field of youth policy. Only in the last 5-10 years, departments for teaching students in the specialty "organization of work with youth" began to appear in higher educational institutions.
However, they do not solve the personnel shortage in the industry, since teaching is carried out only on the basis of the theoretical principles of youth policy, which often have nothing to do with real practice. Thus, 125 specialists work in the bodies for work with youth in the Rostov region, including 34 in regional structures, of which only one specialist has a profile education in this specialty.
In addition, there is practically no system of targeted recruitment for these specialties, as well as the possibility of retraining specialists or improving their qualifications. All this leads to a decrease in the quality of work of specialists in the field, the lack of a full-fledged system for transferring accumulated work experience.
Another problem in the development of youth policy in Russia is the question of the criteria and methods for assessing the quality and effectiveness of work. Such criteria have not been established at the federal level, the results of the work of the regions in the field of youth policy are not evaluated and not replicated, which negatively affects the overall coordination of activities and the creation of certain incentive mechanisms for effectively working regions.
Therefore, it is necessary to create a certain system of criteria to assess the level of effectiveness of work with youth in the regions of the country. It is possible that a number of quantitative and qualitative indicators will be used in this system, such as:
coverage of youth involved in events;
the number of winners and participants of all-Russian competitions and projects;
achievement of the objectives of the implementation of federal projects in the region;
the number of interregional events and others.
These criteria should make it possible to compile a certain rating of regions in terms of work in the field of youth policy and to objectively assess the quality of their activities.
So, among the problems of youth policy in Russia, without the solution of which the development of this sphere cannot be full-fledged, the following can be distinguished: the lack of a full-fledged legislative framework for the implementation of state youth policy at the federal level, the lack of a clear idea for the implementation of youth policy in general, the low level of goal-setting and setting understandable strategic objectives, poor development of the infrastructure for the implementation of youth policy, low personnel potential of the industry and an undeveloped system of training and retraining of personnel for the sphere, etc. The implementation of the proposals will allow solving many of the problems of the sphere of youth policy identified in this article, which hinder its further development and formation. All this will ultimately form stable conditions for the self-organization of young people and the entire population, the development of initiatives that meet the scale of the tasks facing Russia, the growth of the welfare of citizens and the improvement of social relations - the formation of an active civil society, the driving force of which will be young people.
CHAPTER 2. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF YOUTH POLICY IN THE MUNICIPALITY (Kalyazin)
2.1 Department of youth affairs, physical culture, sports and tourism of the Administration of the city of Kalyazin
In 2014, the main goal of the youth policy in the municipality of the city of Ramenskoye was the creation of favorable conditions that ensure the systematic and integrated development of the success of young people.
The main objectives of the development of the sphere of youth policy of the city in the past year were:
1. Creation of conditions for the youth family as the basis of society.
2. Expanding the capacity of youth policy institutions for self-realization and self-development of youth.
3. Formation of a healthy lifestyle culture among young people.
4. Development of youth and children's recreation.
5. Development of the civil sector for youth.
6. Promotion of youth employment and development of youth entrepreneurship.
7. Improving the system of civil, patriotic and spiritual and moral education of youth.
8. Implementation of a set of measures for the socialization of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation.
9. Creation of conditions for information, personnel and scientific support of youth policy.
The main priorities of the youth policy of the municipality are defined as: family, social education, healthy lifestyle, professional self-realization, morality, solidarity and social activity, high-quality living environment.
Thus, the Department for Family and Youth Affairs of the City Administration and institutions subordinate to it implement youth policy through the following priority areas of activity:
work with a young family;
leisure activities and the development of youth creativity (KVN, intellectual direction, extreme sports, creativity);
prevention of neglect and delinquency;
healthy lifestyle and physical culture and health work;
work with students with disabilities;
civic-patriotic education;
development of the volunteer movement;
prevention of extremist activity and education of tolerance;
increasing the legal culture of youth;
development of youth initiatives;
support for youth entrepreneurship, career guidance and employment;
social-psychological-pedagogical work;
scientific, methodological and research work (sociological research, seminars, methodical associations).
The structure of the Department for Family and Youth Affairs of the City Administration includes 15 municipal budgetary institutions. Each institution has a development program and its own "brand", which can be presented in the form of one or more relevant areas of youth policy. All institutions are located according to the territorial principle, which makes it possible to organize meaningful leisure activities for children and youth from all microdistricts of the city.
During the reporting period, as part of the implementation of the municipal assignment, 621 people aged 6 to 30 years were on a permanent basis in institutions in the field of youth policy (the same period in 2013 - 598 people). The number of free visitors was 523 people (the same period in 2013 - 320 people).
The involvement of young people in events is also an important task of the Department for Family and Youth Affairs of the Administration of the city of Kalyazin. During the reporting period, 331 events of various levels were organized and held in the field of youth policy (the same period in 201 - 305 events). The number of participants was only 3215 people. All ongoing activities have an educational value and allow the implementation of 14 areas of state youth policy (support for youth initiatives, civil-patriotic education, development of youth creativity, prevention of social deviations, etc.).
The development of youth creativity and leisure activities involves the creation of conditions for the search, self-realization and development of the younger generation. There are traditions in the implementation of this direction in the structure of the Department for Family and Youth Affairs of the City Administration. This is the holding of various events, competitions, festivals, holidays.
For example, KVN games, the season of intellectual games, the city competition of student creativity "Student Spring" and city holidays dedicated to Children's Day and Youth Day. However, the format of these events is reviewed annually, and new approaches and forms of work with youth are used.
The Department for Family and Youth Affairs of the Administration of the city of Kalyazin closely cooperates with professional educational institutions. Every year, specialists from the department and subordinate institutions offer various options for organizing and holding these events. Students became active participants in joint events: intellectual games, student sports days, volunteer activities, etc.
Support for the creative talents of young people is also one of the priority tasks of the Department for Family and Youth Affairs of the Administration of the city of Ramenskoye. Therefore, various competitions and festivals are held throughout the year, aimed at identifying talented youth and creating conditions for their self-realization.
Traditionally, this year the KVN union carried out its activities. KVN games were organized, which were held with the aim of realizing the creative potential of the working youth of the city and involving young people in creative activities through participation in KVN games. December 07-08, 2014
Under the guidance of experienced and qualified specialists, pupils of the studios study and improve the technique of modern, youth, street dances. The following events are traditionally held in the city:
Significant events in 2013 - participation in the action "Make your city more beautiful" - registration of bus stops; The competition of writers "Colors of the Streets" for amateurs who are fond of street art and graffiti has become traditional; the winners of this competition embody their sketches at the city holidays Day of Youth, Day of Family, Love and Fidelity, etc.
Extreme sports are the most popular among young people. Young people strive to reach the limit of their abilities, overcome fear, experience incomparable feelings. Extreme sports - a generalized name for new popular sports that are associated with speed, height, depth, various kinds of dangers and great entertainment.
To increase the efficiency of career guidance work, the department has established close cooperation with the Department of Education of the City Administration, enterprises and organizations of the city. The leading activity in the career guidance direction is carried out by the municipal budgetary institution "Center for work with children, adolescents and youth" Rovesnik ".
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