Augean stables
First clear out these Augean stables, and then you can go for a walk.
Meaning. A cluttered, polluted place where everything is in complete disarray.
Arshin swallow
It stands as if it had swallowed an arshin.
Meaning. Standing unnaturally straight.
Overeat henbane
In Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish,” the old man, outraged by the shameless greed of his old woman, angrily says to her: “Why, woman, have you eaten too much henbane?”
Meaning. Behaving absurdly, viciously, like a madman.
Buridanov's donkey
He rushes about, cannot decide on anything, like Buridan’s donkey.
Meaning. An extremely indecisive person, hesitating between equally valuable decisions.
Let's go back to our sheep
However, enough about this, let's get back to our sheep.
Meaning. An appeal to the speaker not to be distracted from the main topic; a statement that his digression from the topic of conversation was over.
Versta Kolomenskaya
Everyone will immediately pay attention to a Kolomna mile like you.
Meaning. This is what they call a very tall person, a brute.
Lead by the nose
The smartest man, he fooled his opponent by the nose more than once or twice.
Meaning. Deceive, mislead, promise and fail to deliver.
Hair on end
Horror gripped him: his eyes rolled out, his hair stood on end.
Meaning. This is what they say when a person is very scared.
That's where the dog is buried!
Ah, that's it! Now it’s clear where the dog is buried.
Meaning. That's the thing, that's the real reason.
Add the first number
For such deeds, of course, they should get paid the first day!
Meaning. Severely punish or scold someone
Rub glasses
Don't believe it, they're trying to bully you!
Meaning. To deceive someone by presenting the matter in a distorted, incorrect, but beneficial light for the speaker.
Voice in the wilderness
Work in vain, you will not convince them, your words are the voice of one crying in the wilderness.
Meaning. Denotes vain persuasion, appeals that no one heeds.
Goal like a falcon
Who says a good word to me? After all, I'm an orphan all around. Goal like a falcon.
Meaning. Very poor, beggar.
Naked truth
This is the state of affairs, the naked truth without embellishment.
Meaning. The truth is as it is, without mincing words.
Onion grief
Do you know how to cook soup, dear onion.
Meaning. A klutz, an unlucky person.
Two-Faced Janus
She is deceitful, cunning and hypocritical, a real two-faced Janus.
Meaning. Two-faced, hypocritical person
In the bag
Well, that's it, now you can sleep peacefully: it's all in the bag.
Meaning. Everything is fine, everything ended well.
Money doesn't smell
He took the money and didn’t wince, money doesn’t smell.
Meaning. It is the availability of money that is important, not the source of its origin.
Keep in a black body
Don't let her sleep in bed By the light of the morning star, Keep the lazy girl in a black body And don't take off her reins!
Meaning. Harshly, strictly treat someone by forcing them to work hard; to oppress someone.
Bring to white heat
Vile guy, drives me crazy.
Meaning. Make you angry to the limit, drive you crazy.
Smoke rocker
In the tavern the smoke stood like a yoke: songs, dances, shouting, fighting.
Meaning. Noise, din, disorder, turmoil.
Egyptian executions
What kind of punishment is this, just Egyptian executions!
Meaning. Disasters that bring torment, severe punishment.
Iron curtain
We live like iron curtain, no one comes to us, and we don’t visit anyone.
Meaning. Obstacles, obstacles, complete political isolation of the country.
Yellow press
Where did you read all this? Don't trust the yellow press.
Meaning. A low-quality, deceitful press, greedy for cheap sensations.
Alive Smoking Room
A. S. Pushkin wrote an epigram to the critic M. Kachenovsky, which began with the words: “How! Is Kurilka the journalist still alive? It ended with wise advice: “...How to extinguish a stinking splinter? How can I kill my Smoking Room? Give me some advice.” - “Yes... spit on him.”
Meaning. An exclamation when mentioning someone's continued activity or existence despite difficult conditions.
Behind seven seals
Well, of course, because this is a sealed secret for you!
Meaning. Something incomprehensible.
Nick down
And get this in your head: you won’t be able to deceive me!
Meaning. Remember it firmly, once and for all.
The truth is in the wine
And next to the neighboring tables Sleepy footmen hang around, And drunkards with rabbit eyes shout “In vino Veritas.” Alexander Blok
Meaning. If you want to find out exactly what a person is thinking, treat him to wine.
It is not worth it
You shouldn't do this. The game is clearly not worth the candle.
Meaning. The effort expended is not worth it.
To the head analysis
Well, brother, you've come late to the very basic analysis!
Meaning. Be late, show up when it’s all over.
How to get chickens into cabbage soup
And he ended up with this case like chickens in cabbage soup.
Meaning. Bad luck, unexpected misfortune.
King for a day
I would not trust their generous promises, which they give out right and left: caliphs for an hour.
Meaning. About a man who accidentally found himself on a short time endowed with power.
Scapegoat
I'm afraid that you will forever be their scapegoat.
Meaning. Responsible for someone else's fault, for the mistakes of others, because the true culprit cannot be found or wants to evade responsibility.
sing Lazarus
Stop singing Lazarus, stop being poor.
Meaning. Beg, whine, complain exaggeratedly about fate, trying to evoke the sympathy of others.
Get into trouble
You promised to be careful, but you deliberately get into trouble!
Meaning. Undertaking something risky, running into trouble, doing something dangerous, doomed to failure.
Disservice
Constant praise from your lips is a real disservice.
Meaning. Unsolicited help, a service that does more harm than good.
Cast pearls before swine
In a letter to A. A. Bestuzhev (late January 1825), A. S. Pushkin writes: “The first sign of an intelligent person is to know at first glance who you are dealing with, and not to throw pearls in front of the Repetilovs and the like.”
Meaning. Wasting words speaking to people who cannot understand you.
You can't ride a goat
He looks down on everyone, you can’t even approach him on a crooked goat.
Meaning. He is completely unapproachable, it is not clear how to contact him.
Unlucky man
Nothing went well with him, and in general he was a bad person.
Meaning. Frivolous, careless, dissolute.
Shelve
Now you’ll put it on the back burner, and then you’ll forget it completely.
Meaning. Give the case a long delay, delay its decision for a long time.
Retired goat drummer
I am no longer in office - a retired goat drummer.
Meaning. A person not needed by anyone, respected by anyone.
Bring it under the monastery
What have you done, what should I do now, you brought me under the monastery, and that’s all.
Meaning. To put someone in a difficult, unpleasant position, to bring them under punishment.
Plant the pig
Well, he has a nasty character: he planted the pig and is satisfied!
Meaning. Secretly set up some nasty thing, do some mischief.
Get into trouble
The guy got into such trouble that even the guard screamed.
Meaning. Find yourself in a difficult, dangerous or unpleasant situation.
Professor of sour cabbage soup
He is always teaching everyone. Me too, professor of sour cabbage soup!
Meaning. Unlucky, bad master.
Beluga roar
For three days in a row she roared like a beluga.
Meaning. Scream or cry loudly.
Breeding antimonies
That's it, the conversation is over. I have no time to create antimonies with you here.
Meaning. Chat, carry on empty conversations. Observe unnecessary ceremony in relationships.
On the side of the bake
Why should I go to them? Nobody called me. It's called coming - on the side of the heat!
Meaning. Everything is random, extraneous, attached to something from the outside; superfluous, unnecessary
Orphan Kazan
Why are you standing, rooted to the threshold like an orphan from Kazan.
Meaning. This is what they say about a person who pretends to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to pity someone.
Grated kalach
Like a grated kalach, I can give you practical advice.
Meaning. This is what they call an experienced person who is difficult to deceive.
Tip on your tongue
What are you saying? Thump your tongue!
Meaning. An expression of dissatisfaction with what was said, an unkind wish to someone who says something that is not meant to be said.
Sharpen the laces
Why are you sitting idle and sharpening your swords?
Meaning. Talking idle talk, engaging in useless chatter, gossiping.
Pull the gimp
Now they’re gone, he’ll keep dragging his feet until we give up on this idea ourselves.
Meaning. To procrastinate, to delay something, to speak monotonously and tediously.
Hit face in the dirt
Don't let us down, don't lose face in front of the guests.
Meaning. To make a mistake, to disgrace oneself.
In the middle of nowhere
What, should we go see him? Yes, this is in the middle of nowhere.
Meaning. Very far away, somewhere in the wilderness.
Fig leaf
She is a terrible pretender and lazy person, hiding behind her imaginary illness like a fig leaf.
Meaning. A plausible cover for unseemly deeds.
Filka's certificate
What kind of filthy letter is this, can’t you really express your thoughts?
Meaning. An ignorant, illiterate document.
Grab the stars from the sky
He is a man not without abilities, but there are not enough stars from heaven.
Meaning. Do not be distinguished by talents and outstanding abilities.
That's enough of a prickle
He was in great health, and suddenly he got sick.
Meaning. Someone died suddenly or was suddenly paralyzed.
Apple of discord
This ride is a real bone of contention, can’t you give in, let him go.
Meaning. What gives rise to conflict, serious contradictions.
Pandora's Box
Well, now hold on, Pandora's box has opened.
Meaning. Everything that can serve as a source of disaster if you are careless.
In the Russian language there are many set phrases and phrases, the meaning of which cannot be understood purely from a linguistic point of view. Russian phraseological units or catchphrases confuse foreigners, and a considerable part of modern youth. Meanwhile, they make speech brighter, more expressive, and incredibly expand the capabilities of the Russian language and the range of emotions of human communication. No less interesting is the history of their origin, both those that have become firmly established in our everyday life, and the most unusual and rare ones, thanks to which the Russian language, for all its complexity and richness, would be much poorer and more boring.
The origins of the phraseological unit lie in ancient times, when salt in Rus' was very expensive due to the difficulties of its delivery from the mining regions. With absence good roads and the considerable weight of the product, it was difficult to expect cheap supplies. When guests came to the house, the owner himself salted their food, paying more attention dear guests who sat down at the table closer to him. It happened that food was even salted as a sign of special respect. Those who, due to their low social status, sat at the other end of the table, sometimes received little or no salt. This is where the expression “to leave somewhere without a meal” comes from, i.e. deprived, not receiving what was expected.
Play spillikins
U modern game“Tower” or “Jenga” was an ancient Russian analogue - a game in which the role of brick blocks was played by various small objects, which in the old days were called spillikins. The purpose of the fun was to alternately pull out spillikins from a common pile, one by one, until the entire structure collapsed. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the game was very popular and gradually began to personify a useless, empty activity, nonsense on which time is wasted instead of useful things. The expression still has this meaning today.
“He lies like a gray gelding”
The meaning of this phraseological unit is clear without explanation, but its origin has not been clearly defined. There are at least two versions of why this particular pet, and precisely the gray color, was awarded the title of harmless reputation as a liar. And it is not a fact that one of them is accurate, since both come down to a certain speech error in the memory of the Russian people. According to the first, voiced by linguist V. Dahl, the word “lies” originally sounded like “pret”. It is a well-known fact that geldings are distinguished by their special strength and endurance. But it is unlikely that the gray color somehow stands out among others with these qualities.
According to the second version, the catchphrase remained in memory of the Russian “Munchausen” - a great liar named Sivers-Mehring of the noble rank, who served in tsarist army about 150 years ago. All soldiers and officers knew about his tendency to invent tall tales, so the expression was often used when catching someone in a lie.
However, this version also fails if we remember that gray gelding (or mare) is also mentioned as a stable expression for other reasons (silly bullshit, lazy or stupid, like a gray gelding, etc.). And researchers do not yet have an explanation for this interesting fact.
Roll a barrel (at someone)
In ancient times, fish was one of the main food products. Although they talked in Rus' about “cabbage soup and porridge,” meat cabbage soup was expensive, and you couldn’t do much work with empty cabbage soup. Therefore, they were often cooked on fish, and in another form it often appeared on the village table.
Fish often had to be transported from particularly rich fishing grounds - from the lower reaches of the Volga and other large bodies of water. They transported it in large barrels, which, when unloaded, rolled down the ladder and, if handled carelessly, could easily injure a person. Therefore, the first rule when unloading was not to roll the barrel when there is a person in its path. Interesting fact: this phraseological unit was actually born at the social bottom of society, and to this day is considered vulgar and unacceptable for use in cultural conversation, although its meaning does not imply vulgarity or vulgarity. “Roll a barrel” - attack a person, threaten him, accuse him of something with the implication that he actually did nothing wrong.
Breaking bad (let go)
In the old days, temple belfries (bell towers) usually held many different bells, from small ringing bells to colossal colossus, the weight of which reached tens of tons. To strike such a bell, remarkable strength was needed, since its “tongue” weighed a lot. In church statutes they were called “serious”, i.e. in modern terms “heavy”.
They were beaten not only on major holidays, but also in case of emergencies, such as fires and other disasters. “Ring all the heavy” meant ringing all the heavy (loud) bells so that the sound would travel further and announce the importance of the event. In this case, the people had to give up everything, regardless of their occupation, run to help or save themselves and act, no matter what and not taking into account anything subjective. The expression is still used today, retaining only part of the meaning - to perform actions that are not consistent with the usual rules. However, in this case we are no longer talking about help and salvation, but about revelry and debauchery.
Hot spot
Another phraseological phrase from ancient church vocabulary that has lost its meaning, and this time exactly the opposite. When we mention a cereal, we imagine a place where people indulge in drunkenness and debauchery, however, the original meaning of this expression was not figurative and referred to the place where cereals grow, i.e. bready, well-fed, and therefore cheerful. The request to rest in a “green and peaceful (calm) place” is contained in funeral prayers for the dead. The current meaning is due to the fact that in Rus', due to the lack of grapes, intoxicating drinks were made mainly from cereals. Therefore, the “hot” place in oral folklore turned into a “drunk” place.
"Silently"
The meaning of a phraseological unit is to do something unnoticed, secretly, to achieve what you want unnoticed by others, as a rule, something that they do not approve of and often comes to the detriment or detriment of others. For example, you can quietly achieve what you want from your superiors, regardless of corporate ethics. Or bring the most delicious food before anyone has sat down to the table. The modified word “sapa” originates from the Italian “zappa”, meaning something like our sapper shovel, i.e. small shovel for excavation work. It was convenient to carry out a tunnel or dig a secret passage.
Before entering the Russian language, “tsappa” passed into French in the form of a modified borrowing “sap” ( excavation for the purpose of creating a hidden tunnel, undermining). By the way, the well-known word “sapper” came from him. In our language, this word itself and the corresponding phrase “silent glander” acquired the same meaning. Make the approach to the enemy unnoticed, secret, approach on the sly.
Subsequently, the expression acquired wide semantic application and turned into a phraseological unit.
"Sit in a puddle"
Another option for phraseology is to sit in a galosh (overshoe). It means to disgrace yourself, to find yourself in an absurd position, to be defeated in an argument by putting forward easily refutable arguments. The origin of this unusual phraseological unit is associated with ancient folk wall-to-wall battles, held as fun and games. The battles took place in the field, where there was often mud and puddles underfoot. If a person fell, then he not only lost, but also found himself in a very absurd position - lying in a puddle. And since in ancient times a puddle was called a little differently, kaluzha, from this name came the name of shoes for overcoming this obstacle - galosh (has equal spelling with the variant “galosh”, depending on the local dialect).
Therefore, another catchphrase has become entrenched in Russian folklore - “sit in a galosh.”
"The sand is falling"
The expression implies old age, a mocking indication of age, often inappropriate for behavior. According to one version, its roots go back to medieval Europe, where such a piece of clothing as a codpiece came into fashion, i.e. a bag in which the man's dignity was enclosed. The detail was not only noticeable, it was decorated in every possible way and put on display. And in order to make the household look more respectable, men often put fake sandbags into the codpiece. Elderly womanizers were especially guilty of this in order to demonstrate that they were still “wow.” But due to long use or careless movement, the bags sometimes broke, and then a path of sand followed behind the owner of the luxurious codpiece, which caused laughter among the courtiers.
According to another version, the same bags and in the same place, but for a different purpose, had to be worn by Russian soldiers under Peter, who forced them to wear tight, as in Europe, and unusually uncomfortable pants that were terribly uncomfortable for them (to reduce pressure on the causal areas ). The bags quickly wore out, tore and spilled sand.
There is a third version, which explains why the phraseology is used with the same success in relation to women and why it became widespread so late. We are talking about stones and sand in the genitourinary system, which most often form with age and often come out spontaneously.
Put in a long box
The meaning of the expression is simple - to postpone something for a long or indefinite period, not to rush to resolve the issue. But it has an interesting origin. In the village of Kolomenskoye, during the reign of Alexei, who was the father of Peter the Great, a special box was installed for complaints to the sovereign, which anyone could put there. The people tried, wrote, waited, but they had to wait months, or even years, for consideration of issues. For this, the petitioners aptly nicknamed the box long or long. Subsequently, the expression was consolidated thanks to special boxes in “presences”, where complaints and petitions were put into different boxes by the officials themselves for sorting. Among them was one that was intended for unhurried tasks; it was called “long”.
"Disservice"
This is what they say about unsolicited help, from which you get more negative consequences than benefit. The origin is connected with the fable “The Hermit and the Bear” by the famous fabulist Krylov. In it, the Bear, with good intentions, swatted a fly on the forehead of the Wanderer, with whom he had become friends. But he miscalculated the force and killed him. There is no popular expression in the text of the fable; it was formed later on its basis and became firmly entrenched in Russian folklore.
“If we don’t wash, we just roll”
Phraseologism, the meaning of which comes down to excessive persistence, a person’s desire to achieve what he wants in any way and to find other ways to achieve it if previous attempts have failed. The origin of the expression refers to the old way ironing clothes by rolling using two wooden blocks. Linen was wrapped around one of them, while the other rolled the resulting bundle on a flat surface. When washing clothes, women knew that the results of a not very high-quality wash could be visually improved if the item was carefully ironed.
"7 Fridays a week"
Phraseologism is more relevant than ever nowadays. Friday was the day of execution of trade obligations. If money was not given immediately for goods on market day, then the payment deadline was the following Friday. People who missed payment deadlines, and especially those who reminded debtors too often about their debts, were told that every day was Friday for them. The expression is attached to those who change their decisions too often. In addition, this day in Rus' was considered a day off, a market day. Subsequently, they began to talk about idle people, who had a day off every day, like Friday.
"Japanese policeman!"
When pronouncing this phrase, many simply mask the obscene expression that is ready to escape from their lips. In fact, we are talking about a small scandal that took place during Tsarevich Nicholas’s trip to Japan. The young people laughed loudly and had fun, which did not please the prim guardian of order, who, without thinking twice and without wasting words, simply hit the future emperor on the head with a saber. Fortunately, it was sheathed, and the incident had no physical consequences, however, it received a serious resonance in Russia. Outrage was caused by the fact that instead of establishing proper order, a Japanese policeman rushes at unarmed young people just because they laugh loudly. The expression has taken root well as a euphemism - a shy replacement of an indecent word with a completely cultural expression.
All kinds of encyclopedias and dictionaries, as well as Wikipedia, give various definitions. The simplest meaning of “Phraseological unit” is given in the Encyclopedic Dictionary.
“A phraseological unit is a stable figure of speech, a phrase, an expression, the meaning of which does not consist of the concepts of its constituent words.”
In one of the most widespread languages on the planet - Russian, there are a huge number of such examples of phraseological units. If you add expressions that were borrowed from foreign languages, then you might think that all we do is talk using phraseological units.
"Throw down the gauntlet"
"Beat but listen"
"Beat the Key"
"Through the Sleeves"
"Leave it with your nose"
- Phraseologism is the root of the concept, the basis, key phrase, a complete turn of phrase, a complete thought.
- The word "Phrase" was borrowed from Greek language"phrasis", which is translated into Russian as "expression".
- The concept of “Phrase” served as the name of the science of language - phraseology, part of linguistics.
The term "Phraseology" consists of two ancient Greek words "phrasis" - "expression" and "logos" - "concept". This is the science that studies stable figures of speech.
Phraseologism can be divided into several types:
Phraseological expressionsPhraseological unities
Phraseological combinations
Phraseological adjunctions (idioms)
Phraseological expressions, are a special figure of speech, which all consist of words with a free meaning. Their peculiarity is their use as ready-made speech patterns.
Example Phraseological expressions aphorisms may serve: " knowledge is power", proverbs:" when the cancer on the mountain whistles", "Where there is a horse with a hoof, there is a crayfish with a claw", as well as common cliches used in everyday colloquial speech:" Good afternoon", "see you again", "best wishes".
Phraseological unities, are a figure of speech in which each term has its own special meaning, but when connected they take on a figurative meaning.
"Cast a fishing rod"
"Getting online"
"To go with the flow"
Phraseological combinations are a figure of speech in which words have a non-free (used only in a specific phrase) or free meaning. Combinations differ from unity and adhesions in that the words included in the expression can be replaced.
"Lust for Glory"
"Revenge"
"Lust for Money"
"Burn with Hate"
"Burn with Love"
"Burn with shame"
A phrase can be not only a complete sentence, a thought, but also a figure of speech, a musical passage, and in singing it can be a musical figure that can be sung without taking a breath.
Phraseological adhesions or as they are also called, idioms, are an unchangeable and untranslatable expression peculiar only to a given language. The term idiom was borrowed from the Greek language “idioma” and is translated as “a peculiar phrase”.
"Neither fish nor fowl"
"Seven spans in the forehead"
"Don't sew a tail on a mare"
- In a phrase they call beautiful, bright, loud speech not sincere, hypocritical, not corresponding to the content.
- Fraser- this is a narcissistic person who utters meaningless, beautiful speeches. A synonym for the term “Fraser” can be the word windbag, talker.
- Fraserism, Phraseology- this is an addiction to meaningless, loud, beautiful speech, essentially idle talk.
Example of Fraserism in Literature
In the play" The Cherry Orchard"In Chekhov, you can pay attention to the monologue of a certain Gaev, which he addresses to the closet:" Dear, dear closet! I greet your existence, which for more than a hundred years has been directed exclusively towards the ideals of justice and goodness, your silent call, which forced us to work fruitfully, has not weakened for many hundred years, maintaining, despite sorrows, faith in a better future, cheerfulness and education we have social consciousness and ideals of goodness".
Phraseologisms in video pictures
Nurkanova Kristina
IN research work neophrases of the Russian language of recent decades have been collected and systematized.
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CITY RESEARCH
SCHOOLCHILDREN'S CONFERENCE
"LOMONOSOV READINGS"
Linguistics Section
STABLE WORD COMBINATIONS
IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
OF THE LAST DECADES
Nurkanova Kristina Olegovna
10th grade Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 17"
Scientific adviser:
Berezovskaya Lyudmila Leonovna,
Teacher of Russian language and literature
Municipal educational institution "Secondary school "17"
Kotlas, Arkhangelsk region
Kotlas, 2010
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….p. 3-4
Chapter 1 Basics theoretical principles works………………………...p.5-7
Chapter 2 The main sources of neophrases, features
Semantics, formation and use of new stable combinations......
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..
Bibliography………………………………………………………….
Application………………………………………………………………….
This research the work is dedicated to consideration of phraseological units of the Russian language that have come into use over the past decades.
The modern world is changing rapidly, which is reflected in language. To remain great and powerful, language must have the ability to respond to all phenomena of life, constantly expanding lexicon new concepts. Phraseologisms reflect not only the historically established views of the people, but also the historical system, the ideology of the era that brings them to life. Knowledge of phraseology - necessary condition mastering your native language. Not only the treasury of Russian phraseological units is interesting, but also how it is replenished. The very process of the emergence of stable expressions in language, which we are witnessing today, is interesting. The ability to correctly use phraseological wealth characterizes the degree of proficiency in speech. These factors determine relevance the research we have undertaken.
An object research constitutes phraseological innovations in the Russian language at the end of the 20th - first decade of the 21st century).
Subject research is the linguistic features of phraseological innovations in the language of the media and oral speech of our contemporaries of the late XX - first decade of the XXI century.
Target The research undertaken is to analyze and describe the lexical-semantic features of stable combinations of modern times.
Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:
- Determine the semantic features of phraseological innovations in journalism and colloquial speech, reflecting the facts of modern social reality.
- Present the main ways of forming phraseological innovations that function in modern journalistic texts and oral speech.
- To identify the features of the use of phraseological innovations in modern journalistic texts and in colloquial speech.
Sources periodicals (newspapers “Arguments and Facts”, “ TVNZ", "Evening Kotlas"), popular television programs, but the main thing is the real and virtual live speech of people, especially young people, including classmates.
Material research is the author's card index, including 200 units of stable combinations recent years, collected from the indicated sources.
A worker was put forward hypothesis that due to the intensive democratization of the language, combined with the abolition of censorship, the reduced, slang vocabulary has gone beyond the boundaries of its social environment and this gives grounds for many people to talk about the decline of the modern Russian language and raise the question of its preservation and salvation.
I would like to say right away that the so-called transformed phraseological units (quasi-phraseologisms) remained outside our field of vision, as the least interesting from the point of view of phraseology itself, since they leave almost no trace in it in the form of stable combinations, but serve mainly as stylistic device to attract the reader's attention in headlines or headline complexes of newspapers and magazines.
The theoretical basis of our research was the works of V.V. Vinogradova, N.M. Shansky, and among modern authors - Shaposhnikov V.N.
The implementation of the assigned tasks was carried out descriptively method using techniques of observation, interpretation, comparison, generalization, typology.
Work structure
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, and an appendix in the form of a dictionary of new stable word combinations.
To successfully solve the assigned problems it was necessary
decide on several general concepts, which are fundamental to our work. First of all, it should be noted that to this day there are different points of view on what a phraseological unit is, and the most confusing thing is what the scope of phraseology of the Russian language is. The lists of phraseological units of the Russian language, proposed by different scientists, are so different from each other that we have to talk about even opposing, mutually exclusive views on the subject of research and about the diversity in scientific terminology used to denote the corresponding concepts. But still, most scientists agree that phraseological units are stable combinationswords, which we took as a basis. Thisa constant combination of verbal signs, ultimate and holistic, reproduced in the speech of its speakers, based on the internal dependence of its members, consisting of at least two words in a certain sequence, with a single meaning.Some linguists classify as phraseological units not only lexical idiomatics (indivisible combinations), reproducible combinations of words that V.V. Vinogradov called phraseological combinations, but also proverbs and sayings, catchphrases, cliches (speech templates), quotes or someone else’s speech quoted from memory. There is no sufficiently specific unified classification of phraseological units of the Russian language from the point of view of their semantic cohesion. Although the most common (with clarifications and additions) is the classification of V.V. Vinogradov. V.V. Vinogradov identified three main types of phraseological units, which were called “phraseologism of merging”, “phraseological unit of unity”, “phraseological unit of combination”.
Phraseological adhesions
Phraseological adjunctions – absolutelyindivisible, undecomposed phrases, the meaning of which is completely independent of their lexical composition, the meaning of their components, and is just as conditional and arbitrary as the meaning of an unmotivated word. sign "". For example, I’ll eat a dog, sharpen my lasses, hit my back, and the like.
Phraseological unities
Phraseological unities are phrases in which “the meaning of the whole is associated with the understanding within the figurative core of the phrase, the potential meaning of the words.” For example, “keep a stone in your bosom, wash dirty linen in public, shoot a sparrow” and the like.
Phraseological combinations– V.V. Vinogradov called phrases “formed by the implementation of non-free meanings of words.” He noted that most of the meanings of words are limited in their connections within semantic relations the language system itself. These lexical meanings can only appear in connection with a strictly defined range of concepts and their verbal designations. For example, you can say “fear takes”, “longing takes”, but you cannot say: “joy takes”, “pleasure takes”, and the like. (1., pp. 162-189) N .M. Shansky also added to this listphraseological expressions(stable free combinations of words).
Another concept that we needed was the concept neologism
Neologisms are new words or expressions, whose use is limited to a time frame of approximately 20-25 years, and most importantly, the novelty of these words and combinations should be recognized and felt by native speakers.
In our work, we included stable combinations that were included in our journalism and colloquial speech no earlier than 1985. Historically, this is the time of the beginning of perestroika, the collapse of the USSR, the formation of post-Soviet Russia and to this day - 25 years. And yet the determining factors were such as
Lack of recording of these expressions in explanatory dictionaries of phraseological units;
Familiarity of these expressions to a wide range of respondents surveyed during the survey;
The feeling of novelty of these expressions by respondents and their immediate environment (family, friends, acquaintances).
The most difficult thing was to interpret some stable combinations, since almost all of them are not in dictionaries. We had to rely on the context, on the interpretation of these words by Internet users on websites and forums, and also resort to the help of dictionaries in Internet resources, although they also interpret neophrases from someone else’s words.
The work was very interesting, but with regret we had to admit the fact that most of the stable combinations of colloquial, and sometimes journalistic, style are slang phraseological units, most of which came into our speech from youth slang, or
s l e nga. This fact, as a fact of the decline in the style of new Russian phraseological units, could not but cause our concern for the purity, beauty and euphony of our speech, the decoration of which has always been phraseological units as well. We found it interesting to conduct a survey among our classmates, who were asked to think about the following points:
How do you feel about numerous borrowings from in English last time?
What is your attitude to the jargon of Russian speech?
Is it possible in our time to talk about the decline of the Russian language and is there a need to raise the question of its salvation?
From your point of view, are you good at speaking?
What prevents many from successfully mastering it?
We also placed the results of this survey in the appendix, but the main thing should be said - the majority of students in our class are concerned
the state in which our language is, subjected to expansion both from other languages and from the reduced stylistic layers of the Russian language. At least the fact that the expression “strong coffee” was chosen as “Expression of the Year 2009” is nothing more than “a mockery of the new language regulation, which has normalized what was recently considered a violation of it.” What is this if not concern for our language!
In the future, all the examples that we give in our work are examples of new phraseological units that we have placed in the form of a dictionary in the “Appendix” section.
One of the most active processes in modern phraseology is the process of neologization, that is, the formation of new stable combinations. Phraseological neologisms in most cases name not a new, but an already known concept; they are generally understandable to most native speakers and are spreading quickly. One of the factors contributing to their rapid spread is the media. Television in our lives every day, newspapers and magazines weekly, they are always relevant. On their pages there is a kind of testing of new phraseological units.
One of the sources of the emergence of new phraseological units is their formation on the basisterminological combinations of words, which, acquiring a figurative meaning, become neophrases. This is mainly military, sports terminology, terms from the field of medicine, economics, etc. :
to stay afloat –
green corridor -1. (diplomatic) –
control shot to the head- translation reliable provision of the required result (guarantee)
red card – penalties for someone, removal from something
get a residence permit – come into use, become commonplace
clean up – 1. (military) - to destroy the enemy; 2. (translated) - to get rid of something
Another way to form new stable combinations isquoting politicians, when the most pointed of their statements become phraseological units:
legal nihilism – disregard for the law (D. A. Medvedev)
peace enforcement– a set of measures aimed at ensuring social and interethnic peace and harmony (D. A. Medvedev)
– learn to negotiate (B. Obama)
clean up problems – solve problems, get rid of them (V.V. Putin)
soak in the toilet – destroy (threat of violence) (V.V. Putin)
we wanted the best, but it turned out as always – failure of good intentions
(V. Chernomyrdin)
– about the late USSR and post-perestroika Russia (M. Thatcher)
Become stablequotes from books, songs, films, advertising:
pineapples in champagne – vulgar understanding of luxury
rich Pinocchio –
ayle bi back - I'll be back
rich people cry too –
Yes, we need to work for you! –
road to the temple -
you are evil, I will leave you- hint of offense
– about something pleasant
not yet evening - it's not too late to finish or fix something
IN last decades These quotes are mainly not from works of verbal art (with the exception of some satirists), but from cinema.
But greatest number stable expressions entered our speech from jargon , even prison (argot)
throw on the money -
hit - Threat of death for personal gain
from youth slang( slang) :
I stood up - unexpected profit, acquisition, gift
smokes on the side – clearly inferior in some way
In one of the varieties of slang - like this called " Albanian language"You can also find expressions that tend to have a certain stability: .afftar, kill yourself! / afftar, drink poison!- etc. Some of these expressions even penetrate from the virtual world into the actual spoken language of young people. There are not so many of them, if we talk not about words, but about expressions, but the “Albanian language” also “gave” our dictionary some of its samples. Many people know “to Babruisk, animal!”, “Afftar zhzhot nipadetzski”,
“Hell soton” - expressing approval or censure of the Internet user. The dubiousness of this “gift” is obvious due to its lack of aesthetics and obvious uselessness for oral speech. In our opinion, the use of these combinations in live communication is just a tribute to fleeting fashion. “Albany language” was created specifically for virtual communication, when the writer is deprived of the opportunity to rely on non-verbal means of communication in order to be correctly understood. These expressions are akin to an emoticon: they also allow you to make the message concise and understandable, which is especially necessary when communicating remotely. The participants in the conversation begin to understand that since words and expressions from the “Albanian language” were used, it means the conversation was not very serious. According to the observation of many users, the passion for “Albanian” has already passed its peak; many even set a condition in advance when communicating in groups or on forums not to use this language. I would like to hope that the language of virtual communication will leave only those “Albanian” finds that will withstand the pressure of time and natural selection. Today these are such favorite expressions as “ comments rule "(when the comments are better than the text itself), "pictures are loading"(when the writer finds it difficult to give examples and specific facts), as well as the abbreviation I M X O ( IMHO - Russian translation" English abbreviation imho, which stands for "in my humble opinion", i.e. “in my humble opinion”) – the last expression is especially popular.
An important feature of phraseological units is metaphoricality and imagery. Phraseologism appears in language not to name objects, signs, actions, but to characterize them figuratively and emotionally. A phraseological unit is formed as a result of metaphorical transfer, rethinking the meaning of a free phrase. The emotionality of phraseology is not only to name an object or phenomenon, but also to express certain feelings and assessments of the author.
how everything started! –
oil painting –
Mom, don't worry - very versatile exclamation
not in the vein - mental discomfort, something not to one’s heart
Well, damn it, you do! – exclamation of amazement
From the point of view of evaluation, phraseological units can have a positive evaluation (approval, respect, admiration) and a negative one (irony, disdain): Mom, don't worry - very versatile exclamation
walk escho - writer's approval
full paragraph! – expression of exclamation of approval/annoyance
brain blast/explosion! - favorable or negative assessment based on the situation
Phraseologisms are almost always bright, figurative expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and graphic characteristics of characters, the surrounding reality, etc. N.M. Shansky characterized them as miniature artistic images. They are characterizedexpressiveness, which is achieved through metaphors, comparisons, epithets, oczymorons, hyperbole, litotes and other means:running line in the eyes –
turn on your head - think carefully
–
dirty technologies – in violation of the law, morality
dirty business in violation of the law, morality
werewolves in uniform – corrupt law enforcement officials
to work like a slave in the galleys - diligently, without knowing rest
tear a heating pad like Tuzik– to deal with someone (usually a threat)
Phraseological phrases form several stylistic layers. New stable combinations tend more towards colloquial than literary
From a stylistic point of view (that is, depending on their predominant use in a particular area public people) inter-style bookish, colloquial and colloquial phraseological units are distinguished.
Interstyle phraseological units
Interstyle phraseological units are used in all styles of the modern Russian literary language. These phraseological units can be called neutral both from a stylistic and emotional point of view.
Book phraseological units
Book phraseological units are used in the style fiction in journalism, scientific and official business styles, for example:
Officially, business and terminological phraseological units are usually neutral from an emotional point of view: Among the book phraseological units, solemn, but more often ironic and playful, stand out, for example:
Conversational phraseological units
These phraseological units have a pronounced expressiveness, which is facilitated by their metaphorical nature, for example:
Pun phraseological phrases of a punning nature contain a very bright emotional and expressive coloring of playfulness, for example
Colloquial phraseological units
Colloquial phraseological phrases have a more reduced stylistic character than colloquial ones, for example:
This group of phraseological units is characterized by pronounced emotionality; more often they have a negative connotation: disapproval, for example: ; disdain, for example:
Bibliography:
V.V. Vinogradov. .Main types lexical meanings words. (Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. Lexicology and lexicography. - M., 1977.)
Krysin L.P. Modern Russian language. Lexical semantics. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography. – M., Academy, 2007
Miloslavsky I. The Great, Mighty Russian Language. - and. “Science and Life”, 2009, No. 6, - p. 26-31
Fedorov, A. I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: approx. 13,000 phraseological units / A. I. Fedorov. - 3rd ed., rev. - M.: Astrel: AST, 2008.
Shaposhnikov V.N. Russian speech of the 1990s. Modern Russia in linguistic display. – M., KomKniga, 2006
Dictionaries
Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. / Ed. A.I. Molotkov. 4th edition, erased. – M.: Russian language, 1986
Yarantsev R.I. Russian phraseology. Dictionary-reference book. 4th ed. erased – M.: 2006
Internet sources
APPLICATION
DICTIONARY OF NEW STABLE COMBINATIONS (NEO PHRASE M)
and everything is purple/parallel/don’t give a damn to me– indifferent
and happiness was so short-lived… - regret about something pleasant, but short-lived
aggressively obedient majority– ordinary population
ayle bi back - I'll be back
pineapples in champagne – vulgar understanding of luxury
asphalt disease- about an alcoholic
afftar it's fucking bad – commendation
afftar, kill yourself!/drink poison! – negative assessment of the writer
hellish soton - cheers
drum around the neck, flag in the hands – call to take the initiative
run ahead of the locomotive –1) trade ahead of the curve, be smarter than the market; 2) buy before prices start to rise; 3) (trans.) to show excessive zeal in something
White and fluffy – (ironically) a character who is positive to the point of sweetness
free cheese only comes in a mousetrap – warning against seduction
rich Pinocchio – 1) about a wealthy person; 2) about receipt
rich people cry too – about problems in a wealthy family
war paint - 1) tasteless makeup; 2) external modification for the purpose of exerting a mental influence on someone
throw the dice - lie down
BOO (past in usage) -stable combination, often pronounced as an abbreviation
be on topic - 1) (from the argot) to be in business, in business; 2) (trans.) to navigate something correctly
to Babruisk, animal! – condemnation of the writer
running line in the eyes – interest in something, self-interest
born in the forest - dark, uncultured person
in one bottle - all together at once
in the format... - within established forms
what's the trick? – what is the point, the interest?
pretend to be a felt boot- seem like a simpleton; not understanding the obvious
Upper Volta with ballistic missiles – about the late USSR and post-perestroika Russia
hang noodles/noodles on one's ears- deceive
take/take weakly – play on someone's pride, ambition
turn on your head - think carefully
The question is certainly interesting – exclamation expressing a desire to avoid answering
that's where the dog rummaged – (iron.) This is the true reason
forward and with a song-1. act! 2. intricate message away
everything is covered in chocolate –1. everything went smoothly; 2. everything is of the highest standard
all inclusive - as comfortable as possible, something of the highest standard
all right!/bunch/chick-bun/tip-top – Everything will be fine!
all this is tops - nonsense, not worth attention
meeting without ties – in a relaxed atmosphere, without officialdom
summit – summit
iron gluconate – malfunction of equipment (computer, mobile phone)
drive a wave - escalate the situation
drive a blizzard - deceive
blue/liquid/sweet gold – gas, water, sugar (like “black gold” oil)
hot finnish guys – (iron.) about someone you don’t expect from
load 200 – military term for transporting dead or dead
dirty technologies – in violation of the law, morality
dirty business in violation of the law, morality
Roll your lip! – don't count on anything
Google will help you – (computer jargon) reference to a search engine
yes, it was driving and it hurt me- doesn't matter
Yes, we need to work for you! – about a person shirking responsibilities, work, workload
let him go through the forest – relatively polite message
give a tattoo - 1) (from the argot) to be an informant for thieves and other criminal elements; 2) (trans.) teach something
put pressure on the mass - sleep
give in a tambourine/in borscht/in a butt/in a scoreboard/in a bone/in a turnip/in a nickel/by charisma – deal with someone
keep under control-1. control the situation;2. previously: observing the purity of the Soviet regime
to stay afloat – withstand challenges, such as difficult market conditions
road to space - veiled message away
road to the temple - righteous/true path in life
uncle Vasya - (simple) master, hard worker
ride on ears - deceive
toad strangles/presses – 1) envy; 2) be greedy
We're waiting, sir! – (iron.) waiting for something without much hope
living paper - (office slang) not a photocopy
living spur - (school slang) excellent student
fat cats (financial) – (slang) -a financial company that receives extremely high profits by financing risky operations.
it's a shame for the country – feel offended in patriotic feelings
hammer in a bolt - do not mention it
hit the arrow - make appointment
snack on knitwear/chicken – (iron.) drink, not the name of a snack: sniffing a sleeve or lighting a cigarette
salary in envelopes – bypassing or reducing taxation
clean up problems – solve problems, get rid of them
green corridor -1. (diplomatic) –simplified customs clearance; 2.. transferfreedom to promote something
mirror disease– about a full person
you are evil, I will leave you- hint of offense
and where are you? – about the impossibility of creating worthy competition
how everything started! – depressing situation, complete hopelessness
like two fingers on the asphalt - very simple
How delightful evening in Russia – about something pleasant
oil painting – 1) what is beautiful; 2) beautiful, but bad, unreliable
pictures are not loading– (slang phrases.) - find it difficult to give an example, confirm with facts
throw on the money - force someone to pay, spend money
throw yourself into insults – feel insulted
click the beak - miss an opportunity
There are so many phrases and phrases in the Russian language that with a literal translation, we won’t go far - the new generation of the Russian people is no worse than the same foreigners. We are forgetting the powerful and rich Russian language, we are borrowing more and more Western words and terms...
Today we will look at examples of the most famous set expressions; Let's learn together to understand, “decipher” and understand the meaning and secret meaning Russian phraseological units. So, what is a “phraseological unit”?
Phraseologism- this is a stable combination of words characteristic only of a given language, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the words included in it, taken individually. Due to the fact that a phraseological unit (or idiom) cannot be translated literally (the meaning is lost), difficulties in translation and understanding often arise. On the other hand, such phraseological units give the language a bright emotional coloring...
We often say established phrases without delving into their meaning. Why, for example, do they say “goal like a falcon”? Why is it “they bring water to the offended”? Let's understand the real meaning of these expressions!
"Goal like a Falcon"
“As naked as a falcon,” we say about extreme poverty. But this saying has nothing to do with birds. Although ornithologists claim that falcons actually lose their feathers during molting and become almost naked!
“Falcon” in ancient times in Rus' was called a ram, a weapon made of iron or wood in the shape of a cylinder. He was hung on chains and swung, thus breaking through the walls and gates of enemy fortresses. The surface of this weapon was flat and smooth, simply put, bare.
The word “falcon” in those days was used to describe instruments cylindrical: iron scrap, pestle for grinding grain in a mortar, etc. Falcons were actively used in Rus' before the advent of firearms at the end of the 15th century.
"Hot spot"
The expression “green place” is found in the Orthodox funeral prayer (“... in a green place, in a place of peace ...”). This is how heaven is called in texts in Church Slavonic.
Ironically, the meaning of this expression was rethought by the democratic intelligentsia of the times of Alexander Pushkin. The language game was that our climate does not allow growing grapes, so in Rus' intoxicating drinks were produced mainly from cereals (beer, vodka). In other words, a hot place means a drunken place.
“They carry water for the offended”
There are several versions of the origin of this saying, but the most plausible seems to be the one associated with the history of St. Petersburg water carriers.
The price of imported water in the 19th century was about 7 kopecks in silver per year, and of course there were always greedy traders who inflated the price in order to make money. For this illegal act, such unfortunate entrepreneurs were taken away from their horse and forced to carry barrels in a cart on themselves.
"Sieve Friend"
“We’re not at the front here, dear friend!” We don’t need “languages”... It is believed that a friend is called this by analogy with sieve bread, usually wheat. To prepare such bread, much finer flour is used than in rye. To remove impurities from it and make the culinary product more “airy”, not a sieve is used, but a device with a smaller cell - a sieve. That's why the bread was called sieve bread. It was quite expensive, was considered a symbol of prosperity and was put on the table to treat the most dear guests.
The word “sieve” when applied to a friend means the “highest standard” of friendship. Of course, this phrase is sometimes used in an ironic tone.
"7 Fridays a week"
In the old days, Friday was a market day, on which it was customary to fulfill various trading obligations. On Friday they received the goods, and agreed to give the money for it on the next market day (Friday of the next week). Those who broke such promises were said to have seven Fridays a week.
But this is not the only explanation! Friday was previously considered a day free from work, so a similar phrase was used to describe a slacker who had a day off every day.
“Where Makar didn’t drive his calves”
One of the versions of the origin of this saying is as follows: Peter I was on a working trip to the Ryazan land and communicated with the people in an “informal setting.” It so happened that all the men he met on the way called themselves Makars. The king was very surprised at first, and then said: “You will all be Makars from now on!”
Allegedly, from then on, “Makar” became a collective image of the Russian peasant and all peasants (not only Ryazan) began to be called Makars.
"Sharashkin's office"
The office got its strange name from the dialect word “sharan” (“trash”, “golytba”, “crook”). In the old days, this was the name given to a dubious association of swindlers and deceivers, but today it is simply an “undignified, unreliable” organization.
“If we don’t wash, we just roll”
In the old days, skilled laundresses knew that well-rolled linen would be fresh, even if the washing was not done at all brilliantly. Therefore, having made a mistake in washing, they achieved the desired impression “not by washing, but by rolling.”
"Drunk drunk"
We find this expression in Alexander Pushkin, in the novel “Eugene Onegin”, when talking about Lensky’s neighbor, Zaretsky:
Falling off a Kalmyk horse,
Like a drunk Zyuzya, and the French
Got captured...
The fact is that in the Pskov region, where Pushkin for a long time was in exile, “zyuzey” is the name given to a pig. In general, “as drunk as a drunk” is an analogue of the colloquial expression “drunk as a pig.”
"Dividing the skin of an unkilled bear»
It is noteworthy that back in the 30s of the 20th century in Russia it was customary to say: “Sell the skin of an unkilled bear.” This version of the expression seems closer to the original source, and more logical, because there is no benefit from a “divided” skin; it is valued only when it remains intact. The primary source is the fable “The Bear and Two Comrades” by the French poet and fabulist Jean La Fontaine (1621 -1695).
"Retired Goat Drummer"
In the old days, among traveling troupes, the main actor was a learned, trained bear, followed by a “goat,” and behind her a mummer with a goat skin on his head—a drummer.
His job was to hit homemade drum, inviting the audience. Eating odd jobs or handouts is quite unpleasant, and then the “goat” is not real, it’s retired.
“The promised one has been waiting for three years”
According to one version, it is a reference to a text from the Bible, to the book of the prophet Daniel. It says: “Blessed is he who waits and attains one thousand and thirty-five days,” that is, three years and 240 days. The biblical call for patient waiting was humorously reinterpreted by the people, because the full saying goes like this: “They wait for the promised for three years, but refuse the fourth.”
"Good riddance"
In one of Ivan Aksakov’s poems you can read about a road that is “straight as an arrow, with a wide surface that spreads like a tablecloth.” This is how in Rus' people were seen off on a long journey, and no bad meaning was put into them.
This original meaning of the phraseological unit is present in Explanatory dictionary Ozhegova. But it also says that in modern language the expression has the opposite meaning: “An expression of indifference to someone’s departure, departure, as well as a desire to get out, wherever.” An excellent example of how ironics rethink stable etiquette forms in language!
“Shout to the entire Ivanovskaya”
In the old days, the square in the Kremlin on which the bell tower of Ivan the Great stands was called Ivanovskaya. On this square, clerks announced decrees, orders and other documents concerning the residents of Moscow and all the peoples of Russia. So that everyone could hear clearly, the clerk read very loudly, shouting throughout Ivanovskaya.
"Pull the gimp"
What is a gimp and why does it need to be pulled? This is a copper, silver or gold thread used in gold embroidery for embroidering patterns on clothes and carpets. Such a thin thread was made by drawing - repeated rolling and pulling through increasingly smaller holes.
Pulling out the rigmarole was a very painstaking task, requiring a lot of time and patience. In our language, the expression “pull the ropes” has been fixed in its figurative meaning - to do something long, tedious, the result of which is not immediately visible.
Nowadays, it is understood as a boring conversation, a tedious conversation.
"Japanese policeman!"
"Japanese policeman!" - a stable curse word in Russian.
Appeared after the Otsu Incident, when policeman Tsuda Sanzo attacked Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich.
In his youth, Tsarevich Nicholas, the future Tsar Nicholas II, traveled to the countries of the East. The Tsarevich and his friends had as much fun as they could. Their riotous fun, which violated eastern traditions, was not very popular with the local residents, and finally, in the Japanese town of Otsu, a local policeman, outraged by the tactlessness of the Europeans, rushed at the crown prince and hit him on the head with a saber. The saber was in its sheath, so Nikolai escaped with a slight fright.
This event had a significant resonance in Russia. A Japanese policeman, instead of ensuring the safety of people, rushes at a man with a saber just because he laughs too loudly!
Of course, this minor incident would have long been forgotten if the expression “Japanese policeman” had not also turned out to be a successful euphemism. When a person utters the first sound in a drawn-out manner, it seems that he is about to swear. However, the speaker is just remembering an old political scandal, which, most likely, he has never heard of.
Disservice
“Your constant praise is a real disservice.”
Its meaning is unsolicited help, a service that does more harm than good.
And the Primary Source was I. A. Krylov’s fable “The Hermit and the Bear.” It tells how the Bear, wanting to help his friend the Hermit smack a fly that had landed on his forehead, killed the Hermit himself along with it. But this expression is not in the fable: it developed and entered folklore later.
Shelve
“Now you’ll put it on the back burner, and then you’ll forget it completely.”
The meaning of this phraseological unit is simple - to give the matter a long delay, to delay its decision for a long time.
This expression has a funny story.
Once Tsar Alexei, the father of Peter I, ordered a long box to be installed in the village of Kolomenskoye in front of his palace, where anyone could drop their complaint. Complaints were received, but it was very difficult to wait for a solution: months and years passed. The people renamed this “long” box “long”.
It is possible that the expression, if not born, was fixed in speech later, in “presences” - institutions of the 19th century. The officials of that time, accepting various petitions, complaints and petitions, undoubtedly sorted them, putting them in different boxes. “Long” could be called the one where the most leisurely tasks were postponed. It is clear that the petitioners were afraid of such a box.
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