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| Document's name: | |
| Document Number: | 154-FZ |
| Document type: | the federal law |
| Receiving authority: | The State Duma |
| Status: | Inactive |
| Published: | |
| Acceptance date: | August 28, 1995 |
| Start date: | 01 September 1995 |
| Expiration date: | 01 January 2009 |
| Revision date: | July 21, 2005 |
On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
THE FEDERAL LAW
On the general principles of local organization
self-government in the Russian Federation
(as amended July 21, 2005)
Lost force on January 1, 2009 on the basis
Federal Law of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ
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Document with changes made:
(Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 79, 04/25/96);
(Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 232, 04.12.96);
(Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 55, 03/20/97);
(Russian newspaper, N 152, 08.08.2000);
(Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 53, 03/26/2002) (came into force on July 1, 2002);
(Parliamentary newspaper, N 124-125, 07/10/2003);
(Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 252, 12/16/2003) (came into force on January 1, 2004);
Federal Law of July 21, 2005 N 97-FZ (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 161, July 26, 2005) (came into force on September 1, 2005).
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The document takes into account:
.
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This Federal Law, in accordance with, defines the role of local self-government in the implementation of democracy, the legal, economic and financial foundations of local self-government and state guarantees for its implementation, establishes general principles for the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation.
Chapter I. General provisions (Articles 1 to 11)
Article 1. Basic concepts and terms
1. In relation to this Federal Law, concepts and terms are used in the following meanings:
municipal formation - an urban, rural settlement, several settlements united by a common territory, part of a settlement, other populated territory provided for by this Federal Law, within which local self-government is exercised, there is municipal property, a local budget and elected bodies of local self-government;
issues of local importance - issues of direct support for the livelihoods of the population of a municipal entity, classified as such by the charter of the municipal entity in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law, and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; *1.1.3)
local government bodies - elected and other bodies empowered to resolve issues of local importance and not included in the system of government bodies;
representative body of local self-government - an elected body of local self-government that has the right to represent the interests of the population and make decisions on its behalf that are in effect on the territory of the municipality;
local government official - an elected person or a person working under a contract (employment agreement) who performs organizational and administrative functions in local government bodies and does not belong to the category of civil servants;
elected official of local self-government - an official elected by the population directly or by a representative body of local self-government from among its members, vested, in accordance with the charter of the municipality, with the authority to resolve issues of local importance;
municipal property - property of a municipal entity;
local taxes and fees - taxes and fees established by local governments independently; *1.1.10)
municipal service - professional activity on an ongoing basis in local government bodies in the execution of their powers. * 1.1.11)
2. The terms “municipal” and “local” and phrases with these terms are used in relation to local government bodies, enterprises, institutions and organizations, property and other objects, the purpose of which is related to the implementation of the functions of local government, as well as in other cases, relating to the implementation of local self-government by the population.
Article 2. Local government
1. Local self-government in the Russian Federation is the independent activity of the population, recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, under its own responsibility to resolve issues of local importance directly or through local government bodies, based on the interests of the population, its historical and other local traditions. *2.1)
2. Local self-government as an expression of the power of the people constitutes one of the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. *2.2)
Article 3. The right of citizens of the Russian Federation to exercise local self-government
1. Citizens of the Russian Federation exercise their right to local self-government in urban, rural settlements and other municipalities in accordance with federal guarantees of the electoral rights of citizens through referendums, elections, other forms of direct expression of will, as well as through elected and other local government bodies. *3.1)
2. Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal rights to exercise local self-government, both directly and through their representatives, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, attitude to religion, beliefs, or membership in public associations.
3. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and be elected to local government bodies.
4. Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to municipal services.
5. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to apply to local government bodies and local government officials.
6. Local government bodies and local government officials are obliged to provide everyone with the opportunity to familiarize themselves with documents and materials that directly affect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, as well as the opportunity for citizens to receive other complete and reliable information about the activities of local government bodies, unless otherwise provided by law.
Article 4. Powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of local self-government
The powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of local self-government include:
1) adoption and amendment of federal laws on the general principles of the organization of local self-government, monitoring their compliance;
2) ensuring compliance of the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on local self-government and federal legislation;
3) providing guarantees for the implementation of the state’s responsibilities in the field of local self-government provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the laws of the Russian Federation;
4) regulation by laws of the procedure for transferring federal property into municipal ownership;
5) vesting local government bodies with certain powers of the Russian Federation by federal law, transferring to them the material and financial resources necessary to exercise these powers, and monitoring their implementation; *4.1.5)
6) establishment of state minimum social standards; *4.1.6)
7) regulation of relations between the federal budget and local budgets; *4.1.7)
8) adoption of federal programs for the development of local self-government; *4.1.8)
9) compensation to local self-government for additional expenses arising as a result of decisions taken by federal government bodies;
10) regulation and protection of the rights of citizens to exercise local self-government;
11) ensuring federal guarantees of the financial independence of local government; *4.1.11)
12) establishment of federal guarantees of the electoral rights of citizens in the elections of local government bodies and local government officials; *4.1.12)
13) establishment of the procedure for judicial protection and judicial protection of the rights of local self-government;
14) regulation and establishment of responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials for violation of laws;
15) implementation of prosecutorial supervision over compliance with the law in the activities of local government bodies and local government officials;
16) regulation of the peculiarities of the organization of local self-government in border territories and closed administrative-territorial entities; *4.1.16)
17) regulation of the fundamentals of municipal service; *4.1.17)
18) regulation by federal laws of the peculiarities of the organization of local self-government in cities of federal significance (the subparagraph was additionally included on August 8, 2000 by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ). *4.1.18)
Article 5. Powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of local self-government
The powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of local self-government include:
1) adoption and amendment of laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation on local self-government, monitoring their compliance;
2) ensuring compliance of the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on local self-government with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the laws of the Russian Federation;
3) regulation of the procedure for the transfer and transfer of property objects of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation into municipal ownership;
4) regulation of relations between the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets; *5.1.4)
5) ensuring the balance of minimum local budgets based on the standards of minimum budgetary provision; *5.1.5)
6) vesting by law of local self-government bodies with certain powers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, transfer of material and financial resources necessary for the implementation of delegated powers, control over their implementation; *5.1.6)
7) adoption of regional programs for the development of local self-government;
8) protection of the rights of citizens to exercise local self-government;
9) ensuring guarantees of financial independence of local government;
10) ensuring state minimum social standards;
11) establishing and changing the procedure for the formation, merger, transformation or abolition of municipalities, establishing and changing their boundaries and names;
12) compensation to local self-government for additional expenses arising as a result of decisions taken by government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
13) regulation by laws in accordance with this Federal Law of the peculiarities of the organization of local self-government, taking into account historical and other local traditions;
14) legislation on municipal service;
15) adoption and amendment of laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses on issues related to the implementation of local self-government;
16) clause became invalid on September 1, 2005 - .
Article 6. Subjects of local self-government
1. Municipalities are responsible for issues of local importance, as well as certain state powers that may be vested in local governments.
2. Issues of local importance include:
1) adoption and amendment of the charters of municipalities, monitoring their compliance;
2) possession, use and disposal of municipal property;
3) local finances, formation, approval and execution of the local budget, establishment of local taxes and fees, resolution of other financial issues of local importance;
4) comprehensive socio-economic development of the municipality;
6) organization, maintenance and development of municipal institutions of preschool, general and vocational education (subparagraph as amended, put into effect on July 10, 2003 by Federal Law of July 7, 2003 N 123-FZ;
7) organization, maintenance and development of municipal health care institutions, ensuring the sanitary well-being of the population;
8) protection of public order, organization and maintenance of municipal bodies for the protection of public order, monitoring their activities;
9) regulation of planning and development of municipal territories;
10) creation of conditions for housing and socio-cultural construction;
11) control over the use of land on the territory of the municipality;
12) regulation of the use of water bodies of local importance, deposits of common minerals, as well as subsoil for the construction of underground structures of local importance;
13) organization, maintenance and development of municipal energy, gas, heat and water supply and sewerage;
14) organizing the supply of fuel to the population and municipal institutions;
15) municipal road construction and maintenance of local roads;
16) improvement and landscaping of the territory of the municipality:
17) organization of disposal and processing of household waste;
18) organization of funeral services and maintenance of burial places;
19) organization and maintenance of municipal archives;
20) organization of transport services for the population and municipal institutions, provision of communication services to the population;
21) creation of conditions for providing the population with trade, public catering and consumer services;
22) creation of conditions for the activities of cultural institutions in the municipality;
23) preservation of historical and cultural monuments that are in municipal ownership;
24) organization and maintenance of the municipal information service;
25) creation of conditions for the activities of the municipal media;
26) creating conditions for organizing entertainment events;
27) creating conditions for the development of physical culture and sports in the municipality;
28) providing social support and promoting employment of the population;
29) participation in environmental protection on the territory of the municipality;
30) ensuring fire safety in the municipality, organizing the municipal fire service.
Municipal entities have the right to accept for their consideration other issues classified as issues of local importance by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as issues that are not excluded from their jurisdiction and are not assigned to the jurisdiction of other municipalities and government bodies.
3. If within the boundaries of the territory of a municipal formation (except for the city) there are other municipal formations, objects of jurisdiction of municipal formations, objects of municipal property, sources of income of local budgets are delimited by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation, and in relation to intra-city municipal formations - by the city charter.
In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, in order to maintain the unity of the urban economy, the subjects of jurisdiction of the municipalities located on their territories, including those established by federal law, municipal property objects, sources of income of local budgets are determined by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance Moscow and St. Petersburg (paragraph additionally included from March 20, 1997 by Federal Law of March 17, 1997 N 55-FZ). *6.3.2)
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determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 5, 2003 N 274-O.
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The second paragraph of the previous edition is considered the third paragraph of this edition - Federal Law of March 17, 1997 N 55-FZ.
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Municipal entities must be ensured economic and financial independence in accordance with the division of jurisdiction between municipal entities. Subordination of one municipality to another is not permitted.
4. The vesting of local self-government bodies with certain state powers is carried out only by federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the simultaneous transfer of the necessary material and financial resources. The implementation of delegated powers is controlled by the state. The conditions and procedure for monitoring the exercise by local self-government bodies of certain state powers are determined, respectively, by federal laws and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. *6.4)
Article 7. Legislative basis of local self-government
1. Local self-government is carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law, other federal laws, constitutions, charters of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. Legislative regulation of local self-government issues by constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation
3. Federal laws, laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, establishing the norms of municipal law, cannot contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and this Federal Law, or limit the rights of local self-government guaranteed by them.
In the event of a conflict between the norms of municipal law contained in laws and the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and this Federal Law, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and this Federal Law shall apply.
4. The provisions of this Federal Law apply equally to republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, autonomous regions, and autonomous districts.
Article 8. Charter of the municipality
1. The municipality has a charter that specifies:
1) boundaries and composition of the territory of the municipality;
2) issues of local importance related to the jurisdiction of the municipality;
3) forms, procedures and guarantees of direct participation of the population in resolving issues of local importance;
4) structure and procedure for the formation of local government bodies;
5) the name and powers of elected and other local government bodies and local government officials;
6) term of office of deputies of representative bodies of local self-government, members of other elected bodies of local self-government, elected officials of local self-government;
7) types, procedure for the adoption and entry into force of regulatory legal acts of local government bodies;
8) grounds and types of responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials;
9) the procedure for recalling, expressing no confidence by the population or early termination of the powers of elected local government bodies and elected officials of local self-government;
10) status and social guarantees of deputies, members of other elected bodies of local self-government, elected officials of local self-government, grounds and procedure for termination of their powers;
11) guarantees of the rights of local government officials;
12) conditions and procedure for organizing municipal service;
13) the economic and financial basis for the implementation of local self-government, the general procedure for the ownership, use and disposal of municipal property;
14) issues of organizing local self-government, due to the compact residence of national groups and communities, indigenous (indigenous) peoples, Cossacks on the territory of the municipality, taking into account historical and other local traditions;
15) other provisions on the organization of local self-government, on the competence and procedure for the activities of local government bodies and local government officials in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. The charter of a municipal formation is developed by the municipal formation independently. The charter of a municipality is adopted by the representative body of local self-government or the population directly.
3. The clause has lost force since September 1, 2005 - Federal Law of July 21, 2005 N 97-FZ ..
4. The clause has lost force since September 1, 2005 - Federal Law of July 21, 2005 N 97-FZ ..
5. The charter of the municipality comes into force after its official publication (promulgation).
Article 9. State support for local self-government
Federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation create the necessary legal, organizational, material and financial conditions for the formation and development of local self-government and assist the population in exercising the right to local self-government.
Article 10. Associations and unions of municipalities
Municipalities, in order to coordinate their activities and more effectively exercise their rights and interests, have the right to create associations in the form of associations or unions, subject to registration in accordance with the federal law on state registration of legal entities (as amended, put into effect on July 1, 2002 by the Federal Law of March 21, 2002 N 31-FZ; as amended, entered into force on January 1, 2004 by Federal Law of December 8, 2003 N 169-FZ.
The powers of local government bodies cannot be transferred to associations and unions of municipalities.
Article 11. Symbols of municipalities
Municipalities have the right to have their own symbols (coats of arms, emblems, other symbols), reflecting historical, cultural, socio-economic, national and other local traditions.
Chapter II. Territorial principles of local self-government (Articles 12 to 13)
Article 12. Territories of local self-government
1. Local self-government is exercised throughout the Russian Federation in urban, rural settlements and other territories. The territories of municipal formations - cities, towns, villages, districts (districts), rural districts (volosts, village councils) and other municipal formations - are established in accordance with federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account historical and other local traditions (paragraph as amended, entered into force on August 8, 2000 by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ. *12.1.1)
In order to protect the constitutional order, ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state, it is permissible to restrict the rights of citizens to exercise local self-government in certain territories by federal law. *12.1.2)
The population of an urban or rural settlement, regardless of its size, cannot be deprived of the right to exercise local self-government.
In the intracity territories of the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, local self-government is carried out while maintaining the unity of the city economy in accordance with the charters and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The population of urban settlements that are part of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg cannot be deprived of the right to exercise local self-government (the paragraph was additionally included from March 20, 1997 by Federal Law of March 17, 1997 N 55-FZ) .
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The provisions of federal legislation that provide for the possibility of taking into account the peculiarities of local self-government in Moscow and St. Petersburg (paragraph two of paragraph 3 of Article 6, paragraph four of paragraph 1 and paragraph two of paragraph 3 of Article 12 of this Federal Law) are of a blanket nature and refer to federal laws and regulations subjects of the Russian Federation and do not allow Moscow and St. Petersburg, as subjects of the Russian Federation, to independently establish restrictions on federal guarantees of local self-government, if such restrictions do not follow directly from federal legislation - determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 5, 2003 N 274-O.
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2. The territory of a municipal formation consists of lands of urban and rural settlements, adjacent public lands, recreational areas, lands necessary for the development of settlements, and other lands within the boundaries of the municipal formation, regardless of the form of ownership and intended purpose.
3. Issues about the formation, merger, transformation or abolition of intra-city municipalities, the establishment or change of their territories are resolved, taking into account the opinion of the population of the corresponding territory, by the representative body of local government of the city independently in accordance with the city charter.
In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the merger or transformation of intra-city municipalities, the establishment or change of their territories are carried out by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg in accordance with their charters and taking into account the opinion of the population of the relevant territories (the paragraph was additionally included on March 20, 1997 by Federal Law of March 17, 1997 N 55-FZ).
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The provisions of federal legislation that provide for the possibility of taking into account the peculiarities of local self-government in Moscow and St. Petersburg (paragraph two of paragraph 3 of Article 6, paragraph four of paragraph 1 and paragraph two of paragraph 3 of Article 12 of this Federal Law) are of a blanket nature and refer to federal laws and regulations subjects of the Russian Federation and do not allow Moscow and St. Petersburg, as subjects of the Russian Federation, to independently establish restrictions on federal guarantees of local self-government, if such restrictions do not follow directly from federal legislation - determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 5, 2003 N 274-O.
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Article 13. Establishing and changing the boundaries of a municipal entity
1. Establishing and changing the boundaries of a municipal formation, including during the formation, merger, transformation or abolition of municipal formations, is carried out taking into account historical and other local traditions on the initiative of the population, local government bodies, as well as state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
2. Changing the boundaries of a municipal entity is not allowed without taking into account the opinion of the population of the relevant territories. Legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation establish by law guarantees that the opinion of the population is taken into account when resolving issues of changing the boundaries of territories in which local self-government is exercised.
3. The procedure for the formation, merger, transformation or abolition of municipalities, the establishment and change of their boundaries and names is determined by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation.
Chapter III. Local government bodies and local government officials (Articles 14 to 21)
Article 14. Local government bodies
1. Local government bodies include:
elected bodies formed in accordance with this Federal Law, the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and the charters of municipalities;
other bodies formed in accordance with the charters of municipalities.
2. The presence of elected bodies of local self-government of municipalities is mandatory. In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, in accordance with the charters and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, elected city local government bodies of the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg may not be created (the second sentence is additionally included from March 20, 1997 by Federal Law of March 17, 1997 N 55-FZ).
3. Local government bodies are vested, in accordance with the charters of municipalities, with their own competence in resolving issues of local importance.
4. The names of local government bodies are established by the charters of municipalities in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account national, historical and other local traditions.
5. Local government bodies are not included in the system of government bodies. The exercise of local self-government by government bodies and government officials is not permitted.
6. The structure of local government bodies is determined by the population independently.
Article 15. Representative body of local self-government
1. The representative body of local self-government consists of deputies elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot in accordance with federal laws and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. *15.1)
2. The numerical composition of the representative body of local self-government is determined by the charter of the municipality.
3. The following are under the exclusive jurisdiction of representative bodies of local self-government:
1) adoption of generally binding rules on the subjects of jurisdiction of the municipality, provided for by the charter of the municipality;
2) approval of the local budget and report on its execution;
3) adoption of plans and programs for the development of the municipality, approval of reports on their implementation;
4) establishment of local taxes and fees;
5) establishing the procedure for managing and disposing of municipal property;
6) control over the activities of local government bodies and local government officials provided for by the charters of municipalities.
4. The powers of representative bodies of local self-government are determined by the charters of municipalities.
5. The representative body of local self-government makes decisions collectively.
6. In certain settlements, the charter of a municipal entity in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may provide for the possibility of exercising the powers of representative bodies of local self-government by meetings (gatherings) of citizens.
Article 16. Head of the municipality, other elected officials of local government
1. The charter of a municipal formation may provide for the position of the head of the municipal formation - an elected official who heads the activities of local self-government on the territory of the municipal formation, as well as the positions of other elected officials of local self-government.
2. The head of a municipal formation is elected by citizens living on the territory of the municipal formation on the basis of universal equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot or by a representative body of local self-government from among its members in the manner established by federal laws and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. *16.2)
3. The head of the municipality and other elected officials of local self-government are vested with their own competence to resolve issues of local importance in accordance with the charter of the municipality. According to the charter of a municipal formation, the head of a municipal formation elected by the population may be given the right to be a member of the representative body of local self-government and to chair meetings of the representative body of local self-government.
4. The name of the head of the municipal formation and other elected officials of local self-government and the terms of their powers are determined by the charter of the municipal formation in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
5. The head of the municipality and other elected officials of local self-government, in accordance with the charter of the municipality, are accountable to the population directly and to the representative body of local self-government.
Article 17. Other local government bodies and local government officials
1. In addition to the representative bodies and elected officials of local self-government specified in Articles 15 and 16 of this Federal Law, the charter of a municipal formation may also provide for other local government bodies and local government officials.
2. The name of local government bodies and local government officials, the procedure for the formation of local government bodies, competence, terms of office, accountability, issues of organization and activities of local government bodies and local government officials are determined by the charters of municipalities in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
3. The formation of local government bodies, the appointment of local government officials by state authorities and government officials are not allowed.
Article 18. Status of a deputy, member of an elected body of local self-government, elected official of local self-government
1. A deputy, a member of an elected body of local self-government, an elected official of local self-government are guaranteed conditions for the unhindered and effective exercise of powers, protection of rights, honor and dignity.
2. The term of office of a deputy, member of an elected local government body, or an elected official of local government cannot be less than two years. The established term of office cannot be changed during the current term of office.
3. The powers of a deputy, member of an elected local government body begin on the day of his election and terminate from the moment the new elected local government body begins work.
The powers of an elected local government official begin on the day he takes office and terminate on the day the newly elected official takes office.
4. The head of a municipal entity, a deputy, a member of an elected body of local self-government, and other elected officials of local self-government, in accordance with the charter of the municipal entity, may exercise their powers on an ongoing basis.
5. The charters of municipalities in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may provide for the possibility of recall by the population of a deputy, a member of an elected local government body, or an elected official of local government.
6. The status of a deputy, a member of an elected body of local self-government, an elected official of local self-government and restrictions associated with the status of these bodies and persons are established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal law, and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
7. Deputies, members of elected bodies of local self-government, elected officials of local self-government on the territory of a municipal entity cannot be detained (except for cases of detention at the scene of a crime), searched at their place of residence or work, arrested, or prosecuted without the consent of the prosecutor. subject of the Russian Federation.
8. For deputies and members of elected local government bodies exercising their powers on a permanent basis, for elected officials of local government, social guarantees associated with holding these positions are established by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Article 19. Legal acts of local government bodies and local government officials
1. Local government bodies and local government officials, on issues within their jurisdiction, adopt (issue) legal acts. The name and types of legal acts of local self-government bodies, elected and other officials of local self-government, the powers to issue these acts, the procedure for their adoption and entry into force are determined by the charter of the municipality in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. Regulatory legal acts of local government bodies and local government officials affecting the rights, freedoms and responsibilities of individuals and citizens shall come into force after their official publication (promulgation).
Article 20. Local government bodies - legal entities
Elected and other local government bodies are legal entities in accordance with the charter of the municipality.
Article 21. Municipal service
1. Persons serving in positions in local government bodies are municipal employees.
2. The legal regulation of the municipal service, including requirements for positions, the status of a municipal employee, the conditions and procedure for performing municipal service, management of the service, is determined by the charter of the municipal entity in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and federal law. *21.2)
3. Time spent in positions in local government bodies is included in the length of service calculated for the provision of benefits and guarantees in accordance with the legislation on public service. *21.3)
Chapter IV. Forms of direct expression of the will of citizens and other forms of local self-government (Articles 22 to 27)
Article 22. Local referendum
1. A local referendum may be held on issues of local importance.
2. The decision to hold a local referendum is made by the representative body of local self-government on its own initiative or at the request of the population in accordance with the charter of the municipality.
3. All citizens living in the territory of the municipality who have the right to vote have the right to participate in a local referendum. Citizens participate in local referendums directly and on a voluntary basis.
5. A decision made at a local referendum does not require approval by any government bodies, government officials or local government bodies. If its implementation requires the publication of a normative legal act, the local government body within whose competence this issue falls is obliged to adopt such an act. The decision taken at a local referendum and the voting results are subject to official publication (publication).
6. The procedure for calling and holding a local referendum, adopting and changing decisions of a local referendum is established by the charter of the municipality in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Article 23. Municipal elections
1. Elections of deputies, members of other elected bodies of local self-government, elected officials of local self-government are carried out on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot, while ensuring the electoral rights of citizens established by law. *23.1)
2. The procedure for holding municipal elections is determined by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. *23.2)
3. Federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation guarantee the holding of municipal elections.
Article 24. Meeting (gathering) of citizens
1. In a municipality, meetings (gatherings) of citizens may be convened to resolve issues of local importance.
2. The procedure for convening and holding a meeting (gathering) of citizens, adopting and changing its decisions, the limits of its competence are established by the charter of the municipality in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
If a meeting (gathering) of citizens exercises the powers provided for in paragraph 6 of Article 15 of this Federal Law, the meeting (gathering) of citizens is considered competent if more than half of the residents of the municipality who have the right to vote participate in it.
Article 25. People's law-making initiative
The population, in accordance with the charter of the municipality, has the right to law-making initiative in matters of local importance. Draft legal acts on issues of local importance submitted by the population to local government bodies are subject to mandatory consideration at an open meeting with the participation of representatives of the population, and the results of the consideration are subject to official publication (disclosure).
Article 26. Appeals of citizens to local government bodies
1. Citizens have the right to individual and collective appeals to local government bodies and local government officials.
2. Local government bodies and local government officials are required to respond on the merits of citizens’ appeals within one month. *26.2)
3. Federal law and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may establish administrative liability for violations of the deadlines and procedure for responding to citizens’ appeals to local government bodies and local government officials. *26.3)
Article 27. Territorial public self-government and other forms of population participation in the implementation of local self-government
1. Territorial public self-government is understood as the self-organization of citizens at their place of residence in part of the territory of a municipal entity (territories of settlements that are not municipal entities, microdistricts, blocks, streets, courtyards and other territories) for independent and under their own responsibility implementation of their own initiatives in matters of local meaning directly by the population or through the bodies of territorial public self-government created by it. In accordance with the charter of the municipality, these bodies may be legal entities.
The procedure for organizing and implementing territorial public self-government is determined by the charter of the municipality in accordance with the laws of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and regulatory legal acts of local government bodies.
2. Along with the forms of participation of the population in the implementation of local self-government provided for by this Federal Law, citizens have the right to participate in the implementation of local self-government in other forms that do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law and other federal laws, laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Chapter V. Financial and economic basis of local self-government (Articles 28 to 42)
Article 28. Economic basis of local self-government
The economic basis of local self-government consists of municipal property, local finances, property owned by the state and transferred to the management of local governments, as well as, in accordance with the law, other property that serves to meet the needs of the population of the municipality.
Article 29. Municipal property
1. Municipal property includes local budget funds, municipal extra-budgetary funds, property of local governments, as well as municipal lands and other natural resources in municipal ownership, municipal enterprises and organizations, municipal banks and other financial and credit organizations, municipal housing foundation and non-residential premises, municipal institutions of education, healthcare, culture and sports, other movable and immovable property.
2. Local governments manage municipal property. The rights of the owner in relation to property included in municipal property are exercised on behalf of the municipality by local government bodies, and in cases provided for by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the charters of municipalities, by the population directly.
3. Local government bodies, in accordance with the law, have the right to transfer objects of municipal property for temporary or permanent use to individuals and legal entities, lease, alienate in the prescribed manner, and also make other transactions with property in municipal ownership, as determined in contracts and agreements on the conditions of use of objects being privatized or transferred for use.
Local government bodies, in accordance with the law, may, in the interests of the population, establish conditions for the use of lands located within the boundaries of the municipality. *29.3.2)
4. The procedure and conditions for the privatization of municipal property are determined by the population directly or by representative bodies of local self-government independently.
Income from the privatization of municipal property goes in full to the local budget. *29.4)
5. Municipal property is recognized and protected by the state in the same way as state, private and other forms of property.
Article 30. The right of local government bodies to create enterprises, institutions and organizations
Local government bodies have the right, in accordance with the law, to create enterprises, institutions and organizations to carry out economic activities, and resolve issues of their reorganization and liquidation.
Article 31. Relations of local government bodies with enterprises, institutions and organizations that are in municipal ownership
1. Local government bodies determine the goals, conditions and procedure for the activities of enterprises, institutions and organizations that are in municipal ownership, regulate prices and tariffs for their products (services), approve their charters, appoint and dismiss the heads of these enterprises, institutions and organizations, hear reports on their activities.
2. Relations between local government bodies and the heads of enterprises, institutions and organizations that are municipally owned are built on a contractual basis in accordance with labor legislation. *31.2)
Article 32. Relations of local government bodies with enterprises, institutions and organizations that are not municipally owned
1. On issues that are not within the competence of local self-government bodies, their relations with enterprises, institutions and organizations that are not municipally owned, as well as with individuals, are built on the basis of contracts. *32.1)
2. Local government bodies, in accordance with the law, have the right to coordinate the participation of enterprises, institutions and organizations in the comprehensive socio-economic development of the territory of the municipality.
3. Local government bodies do not have the right to establish restrictions on the economic activities of enterprises, institutions and organizations, except for cases provided for by federal laws and the laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Article 33. Municipal order
Local government bodies have the right to act as a customer for the implementation of work on the improvement of the territory of the municipality, public services for the population, construction and repair of social infrastructure, production of products, provision of services necessary to meet the everyday and socio-cultural needs of the population of the corresponding territory, for the performance of other works with using the own material and financial resources provided for this purpose.
Article 34. Foreign economic activity of local government bodies
Local government bodies have the right to carry out foreign economic activity in the interests of the population in accordance with the procedure established by law.
Article 35. Local budgets
1. Local budgets include the budgets of municipalities.
2. Formation, approval and execution of local budgets, control over their implementation are carried out by local government bodies independently. *35.2)
3. Local budgets may provide as an integral part of the cost estimates for individual settlements and territories that are not municipalities.
Article 36. Revenues and expenses of local budgets
1. The revenues of local budgets include local taxes, fees and fines, deductions from federal taxes and taxes of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the standards established by federal laws and laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, fixed on a long-term basis, financial resources transferred by state authorities to bodies local government for the implementation of certain state powers, proceeds from the privatization of property, from the leasing of municipal property, from local loans and lotteries, part of the profits of municipal enterprises, institutions and organizations, subsidies, subventions, transfer payments and other proceeds in accordance with the law and decisions local government bodies, as well as other funds generated as a result of the activities of local government bodies. *36.1)
2. Local government bodies independently manage funds from local budgets. The amount of excess revenues over expenses of local budgets based on the results of the reporting year is not subject to withdrawal by federal government bodies or government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
3. The revenue and expenditure parts of local budgets separately provide for financing the resolution of issues of local importance and the exercise by local self-government bodies of certain federal powers and the powers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Article 37. Ensuring minimum local budgets
1. Federal government bodies and government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the law, provide municipalities with minimum local budgets by securing revenue sources to cover the minimum necessary expenses of local budgets. *37.1)
2. The minimum necessary expenses of local budgets are established by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the basis of minimum budgetary provision standards. *37.2)
3. The revenue portion of the minimum local budgets is ensured by securing revenue sources on a long-term basis by federal law and the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. In cases where the revenue part of the minimum local budget cannot be ensured from the specified revenue sources, federal government bodies, government bodies of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation transfer to local government bodies other revenue sources of the federal budget and the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, while free carryover balances of local budgets of the previous year are not taken into account.
4. Local government bodies ensure the satisfaction of the basic vital needs of the population in areas falling under the jurisdiction of municipalities at a level not lower than the minimum state social standards, the implementation of which is guaranteed by the state by assigning to the revenues of local budgets federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation deductions from federal taxes and taxes of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. *37.4)
5. Indicators of financial and economic activities of local government bodies, municipal enterprises and organizations are subject to recording by state statistics bodies in the prescribed manner.
Article 38. Financing the implementation of certain state powers, compensation for additional expenses of local government bodies
1. The financial resources necessary for the exercise by local self-government bodies of certain state powers are annually provided, respectively, in the federal budget and in the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. An increase in expenses or a decrease in revenues of local government bodies arising as a result of decisions made by federal government bodies or government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are compensated by the bodies that made the decisions. The amount of compensation is determined simultaneously with the adoption of the relevant decision. Decisions of government bodies that entail additional expenses for local government bodies are implemented by local government bodies within the limits of the funds transferred to them as compensation.
Article 39. Local taxes and fees
1. Local taxes, fees, as well as benefits for their payment are established by representative bodies of local self-government independently. *39.1)
2. The population directly through a local referendum, at meetings (gatherings) of citizens or representative bodies of local self-government, taking into account the opinion of the population, may provide for a one-time voluntary contribution by residents of funds to finance the resolution of issues of local importance.
Article 40. The right of local government bodies to receive payments for the use of natural resources
Local government bodies, in accordance with federal laws and laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, receive payment, including in kind, from users of natural resources that are mined on the territory of the municipality.
Article 41. Municipal extra-budgetary funds
Representative bodies of local self-government have the right to form special-purpose extra-budgetary funds in the manner and under the conditions established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Article 42. Participation of local governments in credit relations
Local government bodies, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have the right to issue municipal loans and lotteries, receive and issue loans, create municipal banks and other financial and credit institutions.
Chapter VI. Guarantees of local self-government (Articles 43 to 46)
Article 43. Prohibition on restricting the rights of local self-government
Restriction of the rights of local self-government established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law, and other federal laws is prohibited.
Article 44. Mandatory nature of decisions made by direct expression of the will of citizens, decisions of local government bodies and local government officials
1. Decisions made by direct expression of the will of citizens, decisions of local government bodies and local government officials, adopted within the limits of their powers, are binding on all enterprises, institutions and organizations located on the territory of the municipality, regardless of their organizational and legal forms, as well as local governments and citizens.
2. Decisions of local government bodies and local government officials may be canceled by the bodies and officials who adopted them, or declared invalid by a court decision.
3. Failure to fulfill or improper execution of decisions made through the direct expression of the will of citizens, decisions of local government bodies and local government officials entails liability in accordance with the laws. *44.3)
Article 45. Consideration of appeals from local government bodies and local government officials
1. Appeals from local government bodies and local government officials are subject to mandatory consideration by government bodies, government officials, enterprises, institutions and organizations to which these appeals are sent.
2. Representative bodies of local self-government have the right of legislative initiative in the legislative (representative) body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Article 46. Judicial protection of local self-government
Citizens living on the territory of a municipality, local government bodies and local government officials have the right to bring claims to the court or arbitration court to invalidate acts of state authorities and state officials, local government bodies and local government officials, enterprises that violate the rights of local government , institutions and organizations, as well as public associations.
Chapter VII. Responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials. control over their activities (Articles 47 to 52)
Article 47. Responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials
Local government bodies and local government officials are responsible to the population of the municipality, the state, individuals and legal entities in accordance with the law.
Article 48. Responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials to the population
The responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials to the population arises as a result of the loss of public trust. The procedure and conditions for the responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials as a result of loss of public trust are determined by the charters of municipalities.
Article 49. Responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials to the state
1. The responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials to the state occurs in the event of their violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitution, the charter of a subject of the Russian Federation, federal laws, laws of a subject of the Russian Federation, the charter of a municipal entity.
2. Local government bodies and local government officials are responsible for the implementation of certain state powers to the extent that these powers are provided by the relevant government bodies with material and financial means.
3. A representative body of local self-government, the head of a municipal entity, which has adopted (issued) a normative legal act that is recognized by the court as contrary to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal constitutional law, the federal law, the constitution, the charter, the law of a subject of the Russian Federation, the charter of the municipal entity, are obliged to by a court decision, a period to cancel this regulatory legal act or its individual provisions, as well as to publish information about the court decision within ten days from the date the court decision enters into force.
If the representative body of local self-government, the head of the municipality, has not repealed the normative legal act or its individual provisions, which are recognized by the court as contrary to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal constitutional law, the federal law, the constitution, the charter, the law of the subject of the Russian Federation, the charter of the municipality and in this case, resulted in a violation (derogation) of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen recognized by the court or the occurrence of other harm, then the representative body of local self-government may be dissolved, the powers of the head of the municipality may be terminated early by removing him from office.
If the representative body of local self-government, the head of the municipality, has not repealed the normative legal act or its individual provisions in accordance with a court decision that has entered into force, then the legislative (representative) body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation on its own initiative or at the request of the highest official the person of the subject of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation) warns in writing the representative body of local self-government, and the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation) warns in writing the head of the municipality about the possibility of taking measures in in accordance with this Federal Law.
If the representative body of local self-government, the head of the municipality, within a month from the date of the issuance (announcement) of a written warning, did not take measures to implement the court decision, then the representative body of local self-government may be dissolved, and the head of the municipality may be removed from office without later than six months from the date of entry into force of the court decision, which is the basis for the dissolution of the representative body of local self-government, the removal of the head of the municipality from office.
The representative body of local self-government in the manner established by this Federal Law is dissolved by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation or federal law, and the head of the municipal formation is removed from office by decree (resolution) of the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation), with the exception of the heads of municipalities - capitals and administrative centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, or by decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
(Clause as amended, put into effect on August 8, 2000 by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ.
4. If, within three months from the date of entry into force of the court decision, the representative body of local self-government has not repealed the normative legal act or its individual provisions, and the legislative (representative) body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation has not taken the measures provided for in this article, then in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article, the President of the Russian Federation has the right to submit to the State Duma a draft Federal Law on the dissolution of a representative body of local self-government by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ).
5. If, within three months from the date of entry into force of the court decision, the head of the municipal formation has not repealed the regulatory legal act or its individual provisions, and the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation) has not adopted measures provided for by this article, then in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article, the President of the Russian Federation has the right to remove the head of a municipal entity from office (the paragraph was additionally included on August 8, 2000 by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ).
6. Simultaneously with the dissolution of the representative body of local self-government, the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation or federal law calls for new elections.
The removal of the head of a municipality from office and the simultaneous calling of new elections (if he was elected by the population of the municipality) are carried out by decree (resolution) of the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (head of the highest executive body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) or by decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
(The clause was additionally included on August 8, 2000 by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ).
7. In the event of the removal of the head of a municipal entity from office, the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) or the President of the Russian Federation appoints an acting head of the municipal entity for the period until the newly elected head of the municipal entity takes office, unless a different procedure is established by the charter of the municipality (the clause was additionally included on August 8, 2000 by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ).
8. Proposals to remove the head of a municipal entity from office by the President of the Russian Federation may be made by the legislative (representative) body of state power of a subject of the Russian Federation, the highest official of a subject of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of state power of a subject of the Russian Federation), the Government of the Russian Federation, the General Prosecutor of the Russian Federation (the clause was additionally included on August 8, 2000 by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ).
9. Citizens whose rights and legitimate interests have been violated in connection with the dissolution of a representative body of local self-government, the removal of the head of a municipality from office, have the right to appeal the dissolution of a representative body of local self-government, the removal of the head of a municipality from office to the appropriate court (the Supreme Court of the republic, regional, regional courts, federal city court, autonomous region court, autonomous district court) or the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation within ten days from the date of official publication of the law, decree (resolution).
The Supreme Court of the republic, the regional, regional courts, the court of a federal city, the court of an autonomous region, the court of an autonomous district, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation must consider the complaint and make a decision no later than ten days from the date of its filing.
(The clause was additionally included on August 8, 2000 by Federal Law of August 4, 2000 N 107-FZ).
Article 50. Responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials to individuals and legal entities
The responsibility of local government bodies and local government officials to individuals and legal entities occurs in the manner established by federal laws, laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and charters of municipalities.
Article 51. Prosecutor's supervision over compliance with the law in the activities of local government bodies and local government officials
The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation supervises the implementation of federal laws, laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and charters of municipalities by local government bodies and local government officials.
Article 52. Appeal to the court of decisions made by direct expression of the will of citizens, decisions and actions of local government bodies and local government officials
Decisions made by direct expression of the will of citizens, decisions and actions (inaction) of local government bodies and local government officials may be appealed to a court or arbitration court in the manner prescribed by law.
Chapter VIII. Final and transitional provisions (Articles 53 to 62)
Article 53. On the entry into force of this Federal Law
This Federal Law comes into force on the date of its official publication.
Article 54. On the recognition of certain legal acts as invalid
From the moment this Federal Law comes into force, the following shall be deemed invalid:
Law of the Russian Federation "On the election of people's deputies of local Councils of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation" (Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 1989, No. 44, Art. 1306; Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation, 1992, No. 34, Art. 1969 );
Law of the RSFSR "On the relationship between the Councils of People's Deputies and executive bodies during the period of economic reform" (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 1990, No. 19, Art. 197);
Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR "On the implementation of the Law of the RSFSR "On the relationship between the Councils of People's Deputies and executive bodies during the period of economic reform" (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, 1990, No. 19, Art. 198);
Law of the RSFSR "On the status of a people's deputy of the local Council of People's Deputies of the RSFSR" (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 1990, No. 23, Art. 279);
Law of the RSFSR "On additional powers of local Councils of People's Deputies in the context of the transition to market relations" (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, 1990, No. 26, Art. 322);
Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR "On the procedure for enacting the Law of the RSFSR "On additional powers of local Councils of People's Deputies in the conditions of the transition to market relations" (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, 1990, No. 26, Art. 323);
Articles 1 - 48, 77 - 79, 87 - 96 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 1991, No. 29, Art. 1010; Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992, No. 46, Art. 2618; 1993, No. 21, Art. 748);
Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR "On the procedure for enacting the Law of the RSFSR "On Local Self-Government in the RSFSR" (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, 1991, No. 29, Art. 1011);
Law of the RSFSR “On the election of the head of the administration” (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 1991, No. 45, Art. 1491) in the part relating to the election of the heads of district, city, district in the city, settlement, rural administration;
Resolution of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation "On Heads of Administrations" (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 1992, No. 51, Art. 3010);
Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for appointing and dismissing heads of a regional, regional, autonomous region, autonomous district, federal city, district, city, district in a city, settlement, rural administration" (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, No. 16, Art. 561) insofar as it concerns the appointment and dismissal of heads of district, city, city district, township, and rural administrations.
Article 55. On bringing legal acts into compliance with this Federal Law
1. To propose to the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to bring their legal acts into compliance with this Federal Law within three months from the date it comes into force.
2. Regulatory legal acts in the Russian Federation, until they are brought into compliance with this Federal Law, are applied to the extent that does not contradict this Federal Law.
Article 56. On the application of certain provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation"
1. Articles 49 -76 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and this Federal Law, until the adoption by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of laws on the delimitation of the jurisdiction of municipalities.
2. The powers of local self-government bodies provided for by the articles of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" specified in paragraph 1 of this article, to the extent not inconsistent with this Federal Law, are exercised by the relevant local government bodies and local government officials formed ( elected, appointed) in accordance with this Federal Law.
3. Articles 80-86 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, 1991, No. 29, Art. 1010; Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992 , N 46, Art. 2618; 1993, N 21, Art. 748) are applied to the extent that does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and this Federal Law, until the adoption by the subjects of the Russian Federation of laws regulating the implementation of local self-government in the forms provided for in Articles 24, 27 of this Federal Law.
Article 57. Temporary legal regulation of certain relations provided for by this Federal Law
1. Pending the adoption by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the laws provided for by this Federal Law, issues subject to regulation by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, with the exception of those specified in paragraphs 1, 2 of Article 56 of this Federal Law, may be regulated by the charters of municipalities adopted in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation Federation and this Federal Law.
2. If a representative body of local self-government has not been formed in a municipality, a local referendum may be appointed by the head of the local administration (head of local government) at the request of citizens in an amount of at least 5 percent of the number of voters of the municipality. A local referendum in this case is held in accordance with the law of the subject of the Russian Federation, and in the absence of such a law - in accordance with legal acts adopted by the head of the local administration (head of local government).
3. In order to ensure the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to exercise local self-government, federal law may establish temporary norms that regulate legal relations referred by this Federal Law to the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and are valid if laws and other regulatory legal acts of legislative (representative) ) state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, these legal relations have not been regulated. Temporary norms are valid until the entry into force of the norms that are established by laws and other regulatory legal acts of legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and regulate legal relations in the field of local self-government within the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (the clause was additionally included on December 4, 1996 Federal Law of November 26, 1996 N 141-FZ).
4. In order to ensure the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to exercise local self-government, federal law may establish temporary norms that regulate legal relations referred by this Federal Law to the jurisdiction of municipalities, and are valid if the charters of municipalities and adopted in accordance with the charters of municipalities formations, the specified legal relations are not regulated by normative legal acts of local government bodies. Temporary norms are valid until the entry into force of norms that are established by the charters of municipalities and normative legal acts of local government bodies adopted in accordance with the charters of municipalities and regulate legal relations in the field of local self-government within the jurisdiction of municipalities (the clause was additionally included on December 4, 1996 Federal Law of November 26, 1996 N 141-FZ).
Article 58. Conducting elections of representative bodies of local self-government and officials of local self-government and the term of their powers
1. Elections of representative bodies of local self-government in municipalities, as well as elections of local government officials, are held no later than sixteen months from the date of entry into force of this Federal Law in the manner provided for in Articles 15 and 16 of this Federal Law, with the exception of local government bodies and local government officials specified in paragraph 1 of Article 59 of this Federal Law. The numerical composition of representative bodies of local self-government in these cases is established by the legislative (representative) body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (clause as amended, put into effect on April 25, 1996 by Federal Law of April 22, 1996 N 38-FZ.
2. The term of office of deputies of representative bodies of local self-government, elected officials of local self-government in this case is calculated from the moment the competence of the representative body of local self-government, elected official of local self-government arises.
Article 59. On the powers of local government bodies and local government officials elected (appointed) before the entry into force of this Federal Law
1. Local government bodies and local government officials elected by the population before the entry into force of this Federal Law shall retain their powers until the expiration of the term for which they were elected.
2. Heads of local administrations (heads of local self-government), appointed to positions by state officials, government bodies, as well as in another manner than provided for by this Federal Law, retain their powers until the election (appointment) of the relevant body, official, taking into account provisions of this Federal Law, but not more than sixteen months from the date of entry into force of this Federal Law (clause as amended, entered into force on April 25, 1996 by Federal Law of April 22, 1996 N 38-FZ.
Article 60. On municipal employees
Pending the adoption of the relevant federal law, municipal employees are subject to the restrictions established by federal legislation for civil servants.
Article 61. On the formation of municipal property
1. Subjects of the Russian Federation transfer into the ownership of municipalities objects owned by constituent entities of the Russian Federation, necessary for resolving issues of local importance, in accordance with the division of powers between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, as well as between municipalities.
2. Disputes arising in connection with the transfer of state property into municipal ownership are resolved through conciliation procedures or in court.
3. The absence of municipal property on the territory of a municipal formation at the time of entry into force of this Federal Law is not a basis for the abolition or transformation of the corresponding municipal formation or refusal to form a new municipal formation.
Article 62. On the formation of the legal basis of local self-government in accordance with this Federal Law
1. The Government of the Russian Federation develops and submits for consideration of the State Duma no later than fourteen months from the date of entry into force of this Federal Law (paragraph as amended, entered into force on April 25, 1996 by Federal Law of April 22, 1996 N 38-FZ :
draft federal laws ensuring that the legislation of the Russian Federation, including tax and budgetary legislation, is brought into compliance with this Federal Law;
draft legislative acts providing legal protection for local governments;
draft legislative acts establishing liability, including criminal liability, for obstructing the exercise of citizens' rights to local self-government, including liability for violating the established deadlines for holding elections of local government bodies and local government officials.
2. To propose to the legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, no later than fourteen months from the date of entry into force of this Federal Law, to adopt laws ensuring the rights of citizens to exercise local self-government established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law (clause as amended , put into effect on April 25, 1996 by Federal Law of April 22, 1996 N 38-FZ.
The president
Russian Federation
B. Yeltsin
Revision of the document taking into account
changes and additions prepared
CJSC "Kodeks"
On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation (as amended on July 21, 2005) (lost force from January 1, 2009 on the basis of Federal Law of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ)
| Document's name: | On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation (as amended on July 21, 2005) (lost force from January 1, 2009 on the basis of Federal Law of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ) |
| Document Number: | 154-FZ |
| Document type: | the federal law |
| Receiving authority: | The State Duma |
| Status: | Inactive |
| Published: | Rossiyskaya gazeta, N 170, 01.09.95 Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, No. 35, 08.28.95, Art. 3506 |
| Acceptance date: | August 28, 1995 |
| Start date: | 01 September 1995 |
| Expiration date: | 01 January 2009 |
| Revision date: | July 21, 2005 |
Intelligent, observant, able to think logically. Virgos have an analytical mind. Virgo's credo: “If something is worth doing, do it well.” Respects and values erudition, has diverse interests. The criterion of “significance” is extremely high and constantly strives for perfection. Many people born under this sign achieved high results in their chosen activities.
Born under this sign: David, Ingres, Gautier, Richelieu, Tolstoy, T. Dreiser, Goethe, Ivan Franko, Isaac Levitan, Lafayette, Greta Garbo, Sophia Loren.
Characteristics by zodiac sign
- Influence: Mercury.
- Symbol: maiden, cube, vat.
- Colors: white, blue, purple, green.
- Stone: jade, carnelian, cat's eye, agate, carnelian, jasper, malachite, topaz, chrysoprase, marble.
- Metal: tin, copper.
- Flowers: asters, mother and stepmother, red poppies.
- Mascot: grasshopper, aster.
- Happy day: Wednesday.
- Unlucky day: Thursday Friday.
- Favorable numbers: 3, 5 (all numbers divisible by 5), 6, 12 (all multiples of 12), 20, 27.
Born from 3 to 11 September under the influence of Venus - secretive, shy, often monogamous.
Born from 12 to 23 September under the influence of Mercury - modest and resourceful, sometimes lazy.
TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER
Virgo is perhaps one of the most complex and rich signs of the Zodiac. The need for culture, for improvement, understanding through logic, deduction, system.
These are skeptics who do not believe in revelation and intuition. But most religious philosophers imagine their spiritual leaders as being born of a virgin. Virgos rarely exaggerate, analyze and think that they see everything too clearly, they take everything personally, criticize, try to simplify, clean up. Deep need for cleanliness. They are like cats torn between curiosity and fear.
Virgo is the sign of cats and small animals in general. They are restless and want to think things through before doing them. Sometimes they think too long, which deprives them of spontaneity, and sometimes because of this they lose chances and miss opportunities.
They are smart, efficient, reliable and can do anything, they can be ideal average representatives and maniacs, bores, greatest thinkers and geniuses.
There are 3 different types of Virgos.
TYPE I. He is always restrained, constrained, abstinent. This tendency can range from positive to negative extremes: from the need for order to manic pedantry, from penny collecting to great collecting, from cleanliness to excessive scrupulousness, from careful planning to putting everything off until tomorrow.
TYPE II. I went to the opposite extreme, to physical and psychological diarrhea, as a form of protest and disagreement. Loves “dirt” of all kinds, thirst for strength and power, cruelty to the point of selfishness. This type is often compared to Scorpio.
TYPE III. Mixed, oscillating between first and second. They hold with one hand and give with the other. An intermediate personality, sloppy today and passionate about cleanliness tomorrow. A respectable citizen suddenly becomes violent.
All types are reflected in clothing, a classic impeccable style, conservative, caring for details, but without much imagination, courage or freedom. Sometimes deliberately refined, super formal. This can turn into dullness, monotony, which has lost all connection with fashion. These people like to wear everything out and hesitate to buy new things. "Positive" Virgo wears carefully selected and fitted clothes that give a pleasant impression of simplicity.
PROFESSIONS
In their youth they are attentive to the choice of profession, realizing how serious life is, they want to study and work on themselves all their lives. Love for detail and perfection, keen analysis, sometimes turning into greedy pedantry, concern for health, all this opens up great opportunities for them.
Virgos are impeccable regardless of their chosen profession. They may prefer to work alone, but this does not exclude the ability to work together. They are correct with their superiors, strict with their subordinates, sometimes a little patronizing and condescending. They feel uncomfortable asking for a raise. They are sometimes underpaid for a long time; they are paid with tokens of encouragement, medals, and patents. They are attentive, careful in financial matters and can live on little money; they know how to slowly save for a “pleasant” tomorrow, taking care of a rainy day. They rarely take risks in gambling and do not rely on luck.
Virgos make good doctors, pharmacists, veterinarians, emergency workers, obstetricians, massage therapists, herbalists, nutritionists, linguists, also watchmakers, opticians, engineers, chemists, clerks, designers, farmers, laundresses, cleaners, shop owners, secretaries, telephone operators , domestic staff, civil servants, textile and horse care specialists. Virgos are considered the "worker bees" of society. They love their work to the point of self-denial. This is the core of their life.
LOVE
Virgo has no natural instinct to take action. If their heart is caught, they retreat, go into hiding to think. They hate and fear all uncertainty and expectation.
Some Virgos are afraid that bearing children will deprive them of their femininity and attractiveness. Others become mothers attached to their children and give up their independence.
Passion seems to Virgo to be a disease of the soul that reason must cure. They analyze their feelings, trying to minimize them with the help of reason, doubt, debate, ridicule, while being more attached than they think.
Virgos are burning ice, they do not pour out their feelings and love, proving with deeds more than words. Tenderness takes the form of humiliation; swearing loyalty, the same is not expected in return. And they keep their word. They expect relationships where the main emphasis is on moral honesty, purity, deep chastity, affection; if they cannot have this, then they prefer loneliness.
No sign has more bachelors and spinsters isolated in a tower of criticism. The biggest difficulties occur in the first stage of a relationship. Virgos are constrained or feel awkward when it comes to making it clear to another what feelings they harbor, sometimes they miss their opportunities, return home alone, tormented by passionate desires, or retreat to the level of ordinary, generally accepted relationships that bring them indifference, but a calmness that gives each of the partners a seat alone, leads them to deep vegetation. In the later days of life, they suddenly blow it all up for the sake of one incredible passion.
Virgo has the highest percentage of stops, delays at the last minute: almost everything is stopped.
Virgo lovers are divided into 3 categories: the lucky type combines business with pleasure; he is a charming man with an even character who loves to cook and do all sorts of household chores. A woman in this category is affectionate, lively, devoted and “serves coffee in bed.”
The abstemious type can be cold to the point of latent impotence, he is a puritan, an awkward novice, fantasizing in solitude, interrupted by short-term adventures. A woman of this type can be narrow-minded, making a monument of virtue out of her loneliness or turning life around her into a training camp and home.
The third type allows sex to dictate its own rules, has adventures after adventures, and the heart is almost not involved. Sometimes with a penchant for pornography. Women of this type can start out as Lolita and end up as nymphomaniacs in monastic robes.
An alliance with Capricorn, Taurus, Scorpio and Cancer is favorable. Aries, Sagittarius should be avoided.
How to achieve perfection
A mixture of apparent contradictions, highly developed intelligence, practical mind and artistry with pragmatism and groundedness. The first impression is not bright, they are often embarrassed in the presence of strangers, and are not always the leaders in conversations. Virgos have an amazing gift for seeing clearly what lies on the surface of a situation. They are sensitive, precise, neat, scrupulous and charming, very reliable. They become disappointed in people because of their desire for perfection and are critical. To be happy, Virgos often lack laziness and lose acquaintances due to inflated living standards. Characteristic features are constant growth and the desire for improvement. Very good and kind friends, they never go on adventures. Virgos have a pragmatic orientation, they are attracted to everything earthly, they are not interested in ideas and theories. These are persistent workers of life. Negative aspects: excessive caution, moralism bordering on hypocrisy, sometimes narrow-mindedness.
Astromedicine
Healthy men are usually born in the Virgo constellation. They care about diet. The constellation Virgo rules the digestive tract. Typical Virgos are of average height. They often do not like sports and do not like to spend time on scrupulous work. Virgos rarely get sick; there are no hypochondriacs or nervous patients among them. They often go to doctors, their weak point is their nerves and stomach. Virgos need to avoid heavy food and strong excitement.
Elements: EARTH
An earthly, everyday person, no mind-blowing plans or projects, practicality and reality. He calls things by their proper names and demands the same from others. You perceive only what you can see, hear and touch, what you can confirm with material things, provable facts - and no fantasies. They may call you a prose writer, but they turn to you for a practical answer. You actually get things done while others are just talking about them. Few people imagine your hidden depths - you are too proud and independent to reveal or demonstrate them.
You must choose friends and loved ones from the earth and water - the earth needs water if you do not want to become a desert. The earth can also exist with fire, if it does not object to its occasional fun, and with air, provided that it can endure hurricanes from time to time.
Your advantages: practicality, reliability, ability to live on your income. You do not expect too much from life, you are consistent, persistent, hardworking, and know how to provide support and protection.
Your cons: boring, lack of imagination, stinginess, pessimistic view of things, stubbornness, cruelty to oneself and others, callousness.
If you are Capricorn, you are the most earthly, i.e. secretive, like to control actions from behind the scenes without going on stage. If you are a Taurus, you are reliable and unshakable, the personification of strength, unshakable as a rock until your volcanic gut is triggered. If you are a Virgo, then you are efficient, handle mountains of work, etc. Your motto: everything has its time. With it you move mountains.
Home conditions: must live on the earth, pressing the soles of their feet firmly to their element, love gardens, greenhouses and flower boxes on the windows as a compromise. You need calm stability, reliable work, all things in their places.
Your spirit that brings good luck is a gnome, it lives in an inconspicuous hole, it can live in a greenhouse, in a window box with plants.
Career
The main features are punctuality, analytical approach, sober thinking. Research and editorial work preferred. Many of the Virgos write. They are very attentive, excellent doctors, teachers, pharmacists, and service workers. They rarely make mistakes and are very responsible. They are not afraid of menial work and often criticize others. When choosing, one must take into account their critical mind, accuracy, accuracy and diligence.
House
She is practical and loves solitude, lives on the outskirts in a house with all amenities, a garden around the house. Doesn't communicate with neighbors, loves antiques, brick decoration, stones. He knows the value of money and is always afraid to overpay.
Leisure
An integral nature, she does not talk about her hobbies, prefers simplicity. She doesn’t need expensive resorts, but just a corner of beautiful nature. Loves to travel.
Zodiac horoscope
Earth sign. Practical mind, deep character. The sign of VIRGO is a sign of reality, logic, clarity. Those born under this sign require that there be a clear line of behavior and precision in everything. They rarely give in to passion.
Their love for order sometimes develops into mania. Almost always gifted with a clear, analytical mind, good workers.
VIRGO Woman. Women of this sign are charming, but they lack temperament. They love to flirt, but back off at the last moment.
They almost always suffer from shyness, even when they have learned to skillfully hide it. They are selfish and often jeopardize their relationships with loved ones.
Relationships of signs: An alliance with TAURUS, SCORPIO, CANCER is unfavorable. CANCER and VIRGO have a lot in common, but VIRGO's rationalism hurts CANCER's sensitivity. Friendship arises easily between VIRGO and LEO. Physical attraction is also possible. With the sign of LIBRA - frequent conflicts. With the sign of VIRGO, mutual sympathy and understanding rarely arise. SCORPIO attracts VIRGO, despite the difference in temperaments, a happy union is possible, but they look at life too differently. VIRGO strongly attracts AQUARIUS, short-term relationships rarely arise.
How to choose a life partner
VIRGO is the most obscure sign of the Zodiac. Virgos, on the one hand, are cold, on the other, impressionable. Their coldness is often deceptive. Perhaps Virgos are too picky and overly analytical. They are afraid of criticism, afraid of being misunderstood. Too sensual. Express your innermost desires to the girl not with loving glances and timid hints, but in plain text. After some thought, you will be given a reasoned answer. Virgos have no complexes and are not shy about anything. They are the best at mastering a variety of sexual techniques. Virgos are wonderful wives, witty and reliable. Virgos need a person they respect. Composure and love of order, not only in business, but also in relationships with women, are characteristic of Virgo men. They conquer women's hearts with tenderness and devotion. Virgos are happy with Libra, Capricorn, Scorpio, Taurus, Cancer and Leo. They cannot get along with Sagittarius, Pisces, Gemini.
Sexuality
WomanAll the best feminine qualities were conveyed to her by this constellation: beauty and gentle character, loyalty and tenderness, fullness of sexual sensations. She is very attractive to men, but never uses this quality for personal gain. It gives her great joy to know that a man is enjoying her. There is no need to expect super-passions and violent exaltation from her, she is created for affection and bliss, and this colors intimacy with her with unique colors. She has a deeply respectful attitude towards a man, and in his arms she feels safe and calm. This feeling is transmitted to her chosen one. She's a little shy. Her attractiveness brings a man back to her again and again. And then he stays forever, when he becomes experienced enough to understand the simple truth: “they don’t seek good from good.” Virgo is the ideal wife, mother and housewife.
- Virgo, Aquarius, Pisces;
- Taurus, Scorpio, Libra, Aries.
Birthday horoscope
You were born on Monday.
Monday is the day of the Moon, and it is decorated with the favorable and unfavorable properties of the night star, famous for its inconstancy. In addition, depending on the lunar phase, Monday may be very difficult or simply difficult.
The moon shows our emotional side of life, the one that cannot be analyzed and controlled by our consciousness. But the emotional mood greatly influences the adequacy of the perception of the external environment.
The moon and Monday patronize women. Girls born on this day become wonderful mothers, keepers of the hearth and home traditions. However, people born on this day often turn out to be capricious and eccentric, changeable in mood, and fickle. A person under the strong influence of the Moon has deep intuition, and his place is where such a property is needed.
Astrologers believe that woman who was born on this day of the week:
Horoscope compatibility
Relationship between Aries and Virgo
Aries likes to generalize, never worries about details, and gets depressed if he has to.Virgos are meticulous, love to analyze details and hate commonplaces.
This immediately gives you some idea of the differences between these two Sun signs.
All Aries actions begin with pure feeling; he trusts his emotions and is skeptical of excessive practicality.
Virgos are practical, they trust their minds and are skeptical of pure feelings and emotions.
When Aries are upset, they shout about it at all crossroads and share their grievances so that they end as soon as possible.
When Virgos are upset, they hide it inside themselves and hide their grievances, accumulating the rust of indignation.
Aries do not care about their physical health and yet rarely suffer from chronic diseases.
Virgos, on the contrary, are extremely concerned about this and yet often find various symptoms of diseases in themselves.
But that's not all.
Both are willing to help others, although their motives are somewhat different.
Aries do this because they feel good, giving someone happiness, because by doing this they prove to themselves that they can create small miracles.
Virgos do this because they take a morbid pleasure in seeing confusion added to chaos when, in their practical opinion, a little common sense would untie all the knots.
It is typical for a Virgo to walk in, pick up a tool, make adjustments here and there, and move on on her way, without wanting or expecting gratitude.
Aries will also not wait long for gratitude, but they want to hear it. If it doesn’t exist, they will be offended and angry, unlike Virgos, who do not expect much from people and therefore calmly accept ingratitude, simply attributing it to the list of many imperfections of human nature.
Both, however, are characterized by purity of intentions.
Everyone craves the beauty of the spirit and seeks a sparkling ideal.
Aries and Virgo, having set off together in search of truth and beauty, will go in different directions at a fork in the road. Aries blindly and instinctively believe that they will find what they are looking for.
Virgos have almost no hope for this, and if they achieve their goal, they will definitely find a flaw in it.
And yet, despite all these differences, Aries and Virgo can share a comfortable relationship.
If this is a business, then admiration and respect, as well as a mutual desire to help each other, will almost always be the result of this union.
If this is friendship, then perhaps someday they will go into business together.
If a family, then the combination of these two different characters under the influence of the fluctuations of the Sun signs can bring great satisfaction to both.
Aries and Virgo often confide in each other things that they would not tell anyone else. They seem to feel that they can trust each other, although usually one has difficulty understanding the other.
However, no matter how close two Aries and Virgo sign people are, Aries may feel deeply displeased with Virgo if they are late for a date, play the fool, or become careless and irresponsible.
The Ram will never be able to relate to work in the same way as the Virgo.
What he considers harmless procrastination, Virgo views as almost a sinful waste of precious time. Of course, after all the work is completed (and this can take endless time and attention), when the conscience is calm, because everything is in its place, Virgos, free from worries, can lead a very interesting, sometimes even shocking, extravagant personal life.
Sooner or later, when they have lived together for a long time, Aries will definitely remind Virgo of her excessive attention to small worries and will receive something like this: “What small worries? I don't spend too much time on the little things." The further dialogue will look something like this. Aries:
Remember that morning last week when you skipped your daily shower because you couldn't find Ivory soap and didn't want to get anything else, then spilled a drop of ink on your shoe and found a fly in your lunch soup? You then had a headache for several days and had indigestion due to nervousness. Virgo : You, as always, are exaggerating somewhat.
The indigestion lasted only three hours and forty-five minutes and was not caused by nerves, but by this terrible fatty soup that I ate.
The headache lasted sixty-five minutes, not days, and it came on because I hadn't gotten enough sleep the night before.
I skipped the shower not because I couldn't find the soap I always use, but because I was late for a date.
As for the ink, of course, I was a little upset, because the boots cost twenty-two dollars, and I only wore them for a couple of years.
I can't afford to throw money away.
The last remark is a tactful way to accuse Aries of wastefulness.
Virgos, even when very angry, carefully monitor their speech and are almost never impolite.
Because Virgos love to analyze so much and adore clarity. Aries tend to consider them picky and cold.
However, they are far from cold and at heart they are the most sentimental of all Sun signs. This is why they are often misunderstood.
Their very insight implies high ideals. If the people they live with do not live up to these ideals, Virgos become very disappointed and eventually become irritable.
Aries most often irritates them, since Virgos do not like to openly show firmness, and with Aries this is sometimes simply necessary.
Aries's impulsiveness can make Virgos feel uncomfortable about their inability to change the situation, and they will sometimes try to displace this feeling with a critical attitude, silently expressing disapproval.
It doesn't really matter how it happens. Any form of disapproval unsettles Aries.
The typical Aries tries to avoid reasoned discussion or Virgo's cold and sensible comments about what is right and what is wrong.
Aries do not like formalism and criticism.
And yet, when there is a favorable aspect between their Sun and Moon in their birth charts, the Aries-Virgo couple can bless each other with many gifts.
In this combination of signs, Aries may, to his own surprise, follow the calm example of Virgo and take seriously her always well thought out and useful advice. And Virgo will also surprise herself by allowing Aries to control her and getting rid of many of her inhibitions and some of the traits of her usually calm character.
All this will help smooth the relationship of this combination if each of them more often begins to pay attention to the merits of the other, rather than focusing on the differences.
Virgos rarely know that Aries unmistakably sense whether Virgo's concern for their well-being comes from sincere devotion, tenderness and friendship, or simply from official duty.
And if there are no good feelings here, they would rather try to cope alone than accept help from someone who does not really like them.
Although at first glance they seem so different, many happy surprises may well await them if they want to find common ground.
Virgo will discover in Aries a person who is really worth helping and who will generously give her warm enthusiasm and touching gratitude and will even be able to unlock the small doors of her prohibitions and secret desires.
Aries will find in Virgo the sincere understanding that he needs, and a heart as honest and true as his own.
Virgo will teach Aries to see beauty in little things, understand the wisdom of waiting and believe in the inevitable success of patience.
Aries will help Virgo believe in herself.
Partner compatibility
Aries man - Virgo woman
It's sad, but often true.Sooner or later, an Aries man may feel the need to prove to a Virgo woman that his concepts and ideals are reasonable, that he is emotionally mature - in general, he will try to prove to her that his plans, ambitions and feelings have a right to exist.
It's not that she doesn't agree with him, but he might think (if she's a typical Virgo) that she somehow disapproves of his behavior.
Perhaps this is true.
She may wholeheartedly support most of his suggestions and inventions, but there will always be something that she will object to.
These are the Virgos.
They notice weak links in the chain and warn about them before the chain breaks.
We should all be truly grateful that they are able to spot danger before it is too late, and therefore the success of every adventure becomes more likely.
Most people duly appreciate Virgo's ability to bring clear order to chaos.
But not Aries. He will angrily resent her lack of trust and may even accuse her of being insensitive and unimaginative. He is very wrong. This woman is endowed with a wonderful, vivid imagination, but she is so secretive that everyone considers her terribly prosaic.
She does not like to flaunt her brilliant mind and secret thoughts. When he appeared, the dashing, magnificent Aries, she had the feeling that she was very special.
It warmed Virgo's cold heart and made her more confident than ever. But he, like everyone else, accuses her of being unimaginative and insensitive.
Or maybe he is the insensitive one?
A woman's inner world cannot be filled only with imaginary magical creatures.
And yet it is a beautiful wonderland because it sees beauty in the small and ordinary.
If an Aries man who loves her truly understands this, stops yelling at her and humiliating her, she can tell him about her unfulfilled desires and secret fantasies, become tender and affectionate and open up her fears instead of hiding resentment in her soul .
Yes, she will learn a lot from him.
He can learn a lot from her too.
For example, thoughtful consideration of others, peace and happiness to serve (rather than accept services).
She shows it almost every day they are together.
Only he rarely sees it.
She intervenes so gently in the mess that he barely notices her presence, helps him do everything right, although he did not ask for help, and does not expect praise. She would bloom with his gratitude, but she never demands it.
It’s so good to come home to a Virgo woman when she likes herself, when she doesn’t pretend and allows her beloved to be himself too.
If she is a typical Virgo, then she is unobtrusive (compared to Aries!), but at the same time cheerful and pleasant. She is calm and well-mannered and so in need of tenderness (which she never asks for, as well as gratitude).
She's sometimes critical, yes, but at least she's polite when she argues about small things.
An Aries man who loves this reasonable woman can calm her down when she is upset and discouraged by some of her minor mistakes (Virgos are prone to harsh self-criticism), reminding her that no one is immune from mistakes, not even the noble Nazarene.
There is often a hazy charm hidden in the physical love between an Aries man and a Virgo woman.
It is likely that they belong to the rare people today - opponents of sex for the sake of sex, which is put on display for everyone. The Aries man is a convinced idealist (and also over-jealous), and the Virgo woman usually does not recognize any cheapness or vulgarity.
Their lovemaking will reflect their mutual idealism and subconscious search for purity and innocence.
This does not mean that their physical love will lack passion.
The Aries man, ruled by Mars, is passion personified. But at the same time, he is touchingly gentle and usually remembers the little things associated with sexual unity.
The Virgo woman will respond to this with genuine joy. But she must be careful not to criticize his love technique, not to allow her innate coldness to turn into ash the fiery sexual outpourings that he so trustingly offers her.
He, for his part, must be careful not to offend her delicacy, always showing that tenderness and gentleness are part of their union.
He needs to learn not to be offended when she chooses to express her love for him in a non-physical way.
His sexual stamina is often greater than hers, and then he must remind himself that patience is a virtue that bears fruit.
He just has to give her a little rest and also not forget that her desire or reluctance to make love always directly depends on the problems and anxieties that occupied her the day before.
Virgo will never completely surrender to love, but Aries is capable of this.
This is the main difference between the two, and must be approached with caution.
Despite their natural attraction, they may allow their relationship to gradually take on a slightly different form, depending on mutual respect. There is, of course, nothing wrong with this.
But emotional return and mutual understanding are also necessary. Virgo and Aries, even if their relationship has cracked, are rarely unfaithful to each other.
There is a deep reason for this.
Typical representatives of these Solar signs cannot leave or abandon another (even when it would seem inevitable) if they have once devoted themselves to him. Virgo, a forced analyst, is always responsible for his words, and especially for his promise.
And if she violated it, it means that she was inflicted a personal insult of such immeasurable depth that it required either a final decision to break, or a real mental fracture.
The Aries man does not want to admit his mistakes.
What binds him to a woman is not a sense of responsibility, but emotions.
It is difficult for Aries to imagine that he was mistaken in love if he once believed in it with all his heart. This man rushes headlong into any adventure, responds with fiery intentions to every challenge (and to love too).
Could Romeo ever stop loving Juliet and Juliet ever get tired of Romeo?
Of course not.
That's pretty much how he looks at it.
He forgets that these examples of pure love were not even twenty, and if they had lived longer, they might have encountered mutual misunderstanding and disagreement. Strangely, he strives for perfection in love just as much as his Virgo woman strives for perfection in everything except love.
When serious difficulties arise in their relationship, the knot is usually cut by the sharp scissors of powerful external pressure, rather than the cooling of their feelings.
Sometimes it is her almost fantastic obsession with the responsibilities of work or home, sometimes it is his fiery ambition and determination, forcing him to push aside everything except the great life goal, the desire to find himself. Then she may feel an overwhelming urge to criticize his actions and intentions.
This first irritates, then humiliates and, finally, arouses Marsian anger in him, which, in turn, freezes her desire to help him to icy detachment and almost ostentatious enjoyment of her grief.
Then you have to give up something, and quickly! Or their mutual need for each other's tenderness will soon fade into the background, giving way to a mutual need for self-respect, and they will go their separate ways.
But enough about the sad stuff. This man and woman can correct all their mistakes and improve relationships, even if they would seem doomed to someone else.
But only when love for him is dedication and awareness of her needs, and for her - complete trust and passion for his dreams.
Japanese horoscope
According to the calendar adopted in Japan and other Eastern countries, within a 12-year cycle, every year passes under the sign of some animal. A person born in a certain year receives a number of innate properties, depending on which his fate is formed. The popularity of this calendar in the East is very great.YEAR OF THE BOAR.
These people are distinguished by courage and the ability to self-sacrifice. Everything they undertake is done with full dedication. They recognize only the straight path, without knowing any deviations. Very honest and courageous people. They find it difficult to get along with other people, but they are faithful to their few friends until the end of their lives and do not leave friends in trouble. They are laconic, but very inquisitive, read a lot, and are well informed. They can be quick-tempered, but do not like quarrels and bickering. They are kind and attentive to loved ones and acquaintances, although their family affairs do not always go smoothly. They strive to eliminate all conflicts and avoid long-term disagreements. No matter what difficult problems they face, they never give up, although they act under the influence of a momentary impulse.- ideal as friends or life partners: RABBIT, SHEEP.
- fit more or less: RAT, TIGER, Ox, DRAGON, ROOSTER, DOG, BOAR.
- are absolutely not suitable, are absolutely contraindicated and can even bring misfortune: SNAKE.
Chinese horoscope
PIG (good old)
Knightly character (this is the top for a PIG). Gallant, helpful, scrupulous to the extreme. You can trust her, she will not sell you out and will never try to deceive anyone. She is naive, trusting, defenseless. In short, we can say that the PIG is a “hat”. However, do not be fooled by her apparent weakness, she is only peaceful.
The PIG has few friends, but she keeps them for the rest of her life and, glad of them, is capable of great sacrifices. She is very attentive, especially to those she likes. Women of this sign love to give gifts and organize small holidays. This is a good housewife. The PIG has a lively character, but she will never object to you or argue if she loves you. In short, she is not inclined to litigiousness and will be ready to make any concessions in order to avoid controversial processes, although she will be confident that she is right. Being impulsive and honest, she always loses in favor of someone who is less scrupulous.
A PIG can devote himself to any profession; he will always prove himself to be a conscientious and hardworking worker. Due to his sensitivity, he can achieve success in some forms of art, such as poetry and literature. But things can take a bad turn for her. One of the most unsympathetic traits is the addiction to “dirt,” since it is, after all, a pig.
From a material point of view, she will always find what she needs for a living wage. She will have a job and money, and this will not require much effort. Throughout her life, she will receive assistance that will help her reach the highest financial spheres. Popular wisdom says that “food will always be delivered to her with a second thought, so that she becomes fatty and can be eaten on New Year’s holidays.” Therefore, she needs to be careful and not trust anyone. It is usually abused.
The same will happen in the area of feelings. She will often be loved, but no less often she will be fooled and disappointed. The PIG woman will be a good mother. She needs to connect her life with the CAT. This will be the surest way for her to avoid disputes. Let him avoid the SNAKE, as he will quickly become dependent on it.
She will easily allow herself to be fooled, she will accept her failures serenely, and the shortcomings of others will be tolerant.
Being a good player, he never shows the spirit of competition. She is so impartial that in order to be sure that she is right, she will endlessly ask herself whether she is acting honestly and loyally in a particular case. Unusually sincere, to such an extent that she completely destroys doubts, disarming her opponents. If he lies, then in extreme cases and only for self-defense. Although she is smart, there is not a penny's worth of cunning about her. It often happens that she lacks dexterity. Helpless against hypocrisy, she becomes entangled in attempts to justify herself. She always believes what she is told and feels the need to provide evidence of what she claims.
PIG is a cheerful companion in society, often a little loose. She rarely speaks, but if she decides to do so, she expresses everything at once, and nothing can stop her before she exhausts the topic of conversation.
Like the MONKEY, the PIG is an intellectual. She has a great thirst for knowledge. Reads a lot, but indiscriminately. She looks like a knowledgeable person, but in reality this is not entirely true. If you check her knowledge, you will notice that it is not as complete as it seems. She is a materialist. She is characterized by a love of epicureanism and sensuality.
Under the complacent appearance, the PIG hides will and even authority. Whatever may be her ambitions, intended tasks and goals, she performs her duty with all the strength of which she is capable. This inner strength is great, no one can resist it. If the PIG has made any decision, nothing will stop it. But before making a decision, she will weigh the pros and cons for a long time, and it may seem that she is hesitant and does not know what she wants. She knows this very well, but in order to avoid complications, she has to think for so long that sometimes it harms the matter.
The PIG must avoid the SNAKE, which will wrap itself around it so that it cannot move. The GOAT will abuse her kindness.
The first phase of a PIG's life will be relatively calm. During the second, all sorts of problems in married life may arise. But the modest and timid PIG never resorts to outside help. She will look for a way out herself. No one has any idea about her experiences. If she was born long before the holidays, she will avoid trouble, but the closer her birth date is to the holiday, the more likely she is to be “eaten.”
Druid horoscope
Exquisite silhouette, beautiful, decorative. Knows how to highlight his strengths. Loves home, valuable items, beautiful interiors. Often that sweet home, without which she could not develop, she creates for herself. They say that she knows what she wants, but does not allow herself to be carried by the will of the waves, that what life itself gives is not enough for her. There is nothing submissive about her; she is capable of planning and subordinating conditions to her needs.
She is brave, faces resistance with her head raised and does not allow bad luck to overcome her. Thanks to his courage and ability to take risks, he always leads the way. She is capable of success at work, regardless of the type of activity she chooses.
PINE is distinguished by the tenacity with which it follows its chosen path and from which it is difficult to lead it astray. Knows how to get out of the most difficult situations. Very fast and precise in action.
Despite her affability and ability to be a nice friend, there is no excessive complexity and generosity in her. Your own well-being and convenience come first. The failures of others do not drive the sleep from her eyelids, although it happens that she mentions them with sympathy in friendly conversations. Only in one thing does he show weakness - in love. Sensual and impulsive - she gets carried away easily, and then it’s too late.
With all this, he has a penetrating mind and ordered thinking, and is a good organizer. Able to make the necessary efforts to achieve set goals and, as a rule, achieves them. He knows how to get out of any troubles, even love ones, with honor. The PINE sign is extremely favorable for women.
Traits of those born under the sign of PINE: aesthetic intelligence, organizational skills, penchant for analysis.
Federal Law of August 28, 1995 Federal Law of October 6, 2003
№ ^ 154-FZ “On the general principles of organization No. 131-FZ “On the general principles of organization
local self-government in the Russian Federation" local self-government in the Russian Federation"
the same list of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, individual regions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (within existing borders) related to territories with high population density;
before January 1, 2005, in accordance with Part 11 of this article, approves the procedure for the redistribution of property between the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, as well as the procedure for delimiting property in municipal ownership between municipal districts, settlements, urban districts in accordance with the established this Federal Law distinguishes between issues of local importance and the provisions of Article 50 of this Federal Law;
before January 1, 2008, ensures the free transfer to municipal ownership of property that is in federal ownership on the day this chapter comes into force and intended to resolve issues of local importance in accordance with the requirements of this Federal Law. During the transition period before registration of ownership of the specified property, local government bodies have the right to use the specified property free of charge to exercise powers to resolve issues of local importance;
before January 1, 2005, submits to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation: draft federal laws on amendments and additions to federal laws by which local governments are vested with certain state powers of the Russian Federation, in order to bring federal data
^ Federal Law of August 28, 1995 Mi 154-FZ “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” (as amended on July 21, 2005)
laws in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 4 of this Federal Law;
draft federal laws on introducing amendments and additions to federal laws regulating the powers of local governments to resolve issues of local importance established by this Federal Law, in order to bring these federal laws into compliance with the requirements of Articles 17 and 18 of this Federal Law;
draft federal laws on introducing amendments and additions arising from the requirements of this Federal Law to the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in order to ensure local self-government the right to judicial protection;
before January 1, 2005, approves the procedure and timing for drawing up a transfer (division) act in accordance with the requirements of Part 10 of this article;
provides in the draft federal law on the federal budget for 2006 for subventions for the exercise by local governments of certain state powers established by federal laws;
before June 1, 2005, approves the procedure for maintaining the state register of municipalities of the Russian Federation, as well as the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation to maintain this register.
Federal Law of August 28, 1995 No. 154-FZ “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” (as amended on July 21, 2005)
Applications ^ Table continuation
Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation* (as amended on February 15, 2006)
on the day this chapter comes into force, funds for holding elections of deputies, members of elected local government bodies, elected officials of newly formed urban and rural settlements located within the boundaries of the territories of the relevant districts;
before July 1, 2005, bring the charters of municipalities and other regulatory legal acts of local government bodies into conformity with the requirements of this Federal Law;
before January 1, 2008, ensure the free transfer into federal ownership, the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, of property that is in municipal ownership on the day this chapter enters into force, intended for the exercise of the powers of federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the delimitation of powers, established since January 1, 2006 by this Federal Law and other federal laws. During the transition period before registration of ownership of the specified property, federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation have the right to use the specified property free of charge to exercise powers within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
before January 1, 2009, in the manner prescribed by the legislation on privatization, alienate or repurpose municipal property that is in municipal ownership as of January 1, 2006, that does not meet the requirements of the
^ Federal Law of August 28, 1995 No. 154-FZ “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” (as amended on July 21, 200S)
Article 50 of this Federal Law and not transferred into federal ownership in accordance with paragraph 3 of this part.
9. Before bringing the regulatory
legal acts of local authorities
management in accordance with the requirements
provisions of this Federal Law
law, these acts are valid in the hour -
that does not contradict the present
Federal law.
10. Local governments
newly formed municipal
entities are legal successors
kami of local government bodies
niya and officials of the local sa-
municipal government, other bodies and duties
persons who carried out activities on the territory
territories of the specified municipal
entities decision powers
issues of local importance based on
knowledge of Russian legislative acts
Russian Federation, from the date starting from the
then the specified local authorities
municipal administrations are starting to implement
authority in accordance with the
the provisions of Part 5 of Article 84 insist
general Federal Law.
Property liabilities of the organization
new local government again
formed municipalities
titles arising by virtue of legal
succession are determined by the transfer
nym (separation) act. It's time
document and deadlines for drawing up transfer documents
th (division) act established
are issued by the Government of the Russian
Federation.
The specified transfer (separation) act is approved by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation.
11. Redistribution of property
in accordance with paragraph 3 of part 1,
clause 3 of part 7, clause 3 of part 8
of this article between the Russian
Federation, subjects of the Russian
Federations, municipal formations
Vaniyami is produced in accordance
Appendix 2
^
Information on the existence of regional laws regulating various issues of local government
Explanations for the table
When compiling the table, only legislative acts were taken into account - constitutional laws, codes and laws. The constitutions and charters of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were not taken into account. Also, the calculation did not take into account laws on amendments and additions to relevant laws, on declaring them invalid or repealing them. Laws regulating specific one-time relations were not taken into account, for example: the law on the creation of a municipal entity in the city of N.
The number in the column indicates the number of laws on the relevant issue. At the same time, the relationship between the subject of legal regulation - wider or already formulated in the title of the column of the table - was taken into account. For example, if the column “On elections to local government bodies” contains the number 3, this may mean that in a subject of the Russian Federation there is a law on the election of deputies of a representative body of local government, on the election of the head of a municipal entity directly by the population, on the election of the head of a municipal entity from number of deputies, i.e. three different laws. On the other hand, if the same column contains the number 0.5, this means that the subject of the Russian Federation has a law with a broader subject of legal regulation, for example, an election code.
The sign “±” means that in the subject of the Russian Federation there is only one law regulating relations similar to those indicated in the question, and the subject of the law existing in the subject of the Russian Federation is already formulated in the title of the column of the table.
The table is compiled based on data from the regional legal database “ConsultantPlus” as of January 1, 2006.
^ Abbreviations used: GV - state power. NPA- regulations; MO - municipalities; MSU- local government;
TOS - territorial public self-government.
| ^ Name of the subject of the Russian Federation | About LSG, LSG bodies | About the administrative-territorial structure | On the status of the capital of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation | ^ Territorial foundations of local self-government | O X O | About elections to local self-government bodies | On the status of local self-government elected officials | ^ On the recall of elected officials | About the responsibility of local self-government | About appeals | ABOUT | About mass actions | About meetings, gatherings, conferences | ^ About the local referendum, poll | ABOUT CBT | About municipal service | 0 legal acts of local self-government bodies | 1 ABOUT | About municipal property | About the financial foundations of local self-government | ^ About vesting of powers | Relationships with breastfeeding authorities | Relationships between IOs |
| 1. Republic of Adygea | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0,5 | - | - | 0,5 | 1 | _ | - |
| ^ 2. Altai Republic | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | - | 6 | - | ± | 1 | 03 | 4 | - | - |
| ^ 3. Republic of Bashkortostan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 03 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | ± | 1 | 1 | - | 5 | - | 03 | - | 2 | 1 | _ | _ |
| ^ 4. Republic of Buryatia | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ± | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 3 | _ | 2 | - | 03 | 3 | _ | - |
| ^ 5. Republic of Dagestan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 0,5 | - | 3 | _ | 03 | - | 03 | - | _ | 1 |
| ^ 6. Ingush Republic | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 03 | - | 03 | 1 | - | - |
| ^ 7. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | ± | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | - |
|
| ^ 8. Republic of Kalmykia | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | + | - | 1 | - | 4 | - | 0,5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 |
| ^ 9. Karachay-Cherkess Republic" | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ^ 10. Republic of Karelia | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | ± | - | 0,5 | - | 1 | - | - | ± | 3 | 2 | - | - |
| ^ 11. Komi Republic | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 0,5 | - | 0,5 | - | - | - | - | - | 03 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 03 | 5 | - | - |
| 12. Republic of Mari El | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | - | ± | ± | 1 | - | - | - | ± | 1 | - | 3 | - | - | 1 | 0,5 | 1 | - | - |
|
| 13. Republic of Mordovia | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 2 | ± | - | - | 1 | - | ± | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
|
| 14. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | ± | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0,5 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
||
| 15. Republic of North Ossetia | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | - | 0,5 | - | - | + | - | - |
|
| 16. Republic of Tatarstan | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | ± | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0,5 | - | 0,5 | 2 | - | - |
|
| 17. Republic of Tyva | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 8 | - | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | + | - |
|||
| 18. Udmurt Republic | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 0,5 | 2 | - | - |
||
| 19. Republic of Khakassia | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | 0,5 | ± | - | - |
||
| 20. Chechen Republic 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21. Chuvash Republic | 4 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | 0,5 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
||
| 22. Altai region | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | 0,5 | 1 | 0,5 | ± | 2 | - | 1 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 0,5 | 4 | ± | - |
||
| 23. Krasnodar region | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 6 | - | 2 | 1 | 0,5 | 4 | + | - |
||
| 24. Krasnoyarsk region | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | + | - | 1 | - | ± | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | + | 1 | 2 | 9 | - | 1 |
||
| 25. Primorsky Krai | 2 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | ± | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 3 | - | 3 | 1 | 0,5 | 2 | ± | - |
||
| 26. Stavropol region | 3 | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | 1 | - | ± | - | - | 1 | 0,5 | - | 3 | 0,5 | - | - | 2 | 7 | - | - |
||
| 27. Khabarovsk region | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0,5 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - | ± | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 9 | - | - |
||
| 28. Amur region | 2 | - | + | - | 0,5 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ± | - |
||
| 29. Arkhangelsk region | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 4 | - | 0,5 | - | 0,5 | 7 | - | - |
||
| 30. Astrakhan region | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
||
| 31. Belgorod region | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0,5 | 3 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 0,5 | - | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | 1 | ± | 2 | - | - |
Your self-confidence, exactingness and precision allow you to gradually enter the path of success. But in personal relationships, it won’t hurt you to deviate from the usual rules. Don't judge people too harshly and don't be afraid to show your weaknesses and show emotions: excessive restraint can lead to tension and deterioration of your own health.
Advantages
- Honesty and truthfulness, striving for justice;
- The desire to help the weak and defenseless;
- Ability to work in a team;
- Diligence and accuracy in performing responsible work, good performance;
- Objectivity and the ability to see the shortcomings of others.
Flaws
- Fear of giving in and not meeting your own strict requirements;
- Uninhibitedness, lack of passion and openness;
- Excessive criticism and pickiness, especially in family life;
- Tendency to re-educate others;
- Lack of psychological flexibility in communication.
Personality indicators
Below is a diagram that clearly shows the main traits of your character. Please note that over time, character indicators may change, both up and down. All this depends on age, upbringing, social level, material well-being, and many other criteria.
All character traits can be developed, and over time they can change for the better or for the worse.
Tendency to diseases
The graph shows a number of diseases to which you are most susceptible. Most illnesses begin to appear closer to adulthood.
Pay attention to the weakest aspects of your body. Timely prevention will protect you from possible consequences.
Symbol of the year: Boar
- You can solve many of your problems if you let go of the situation. By going with the flow, you will be able to accomplish more than you originally intended;
- Don’t make promises, otherwise people around you will stop trusting you;
- Changeability makes love relationships more intriguing and vibrant. But don't go too far;
- Talkativeness won't do you any good if you talk too much about yourself. There are moments about which it is better to remain silent;
- Learn to accept the different opinions of others. It may be useful for you.
Periods of vital activity
The image shows a graph of life activity, with the help of which you can find out your most important life periods, at the time of which key events occur that influence your future destiny.
Pay attention to the most active periods of your life; perhaps the most key events should occur during this period.
Numerological number of destiny: 6
- Jealousy and suspicion interfere with building and maintaining relationships. Don't let these feelings control your situation;
- Do not act in a fit of passion, otherwise you will ruin everything even more;
- Don't solve other people's problems for them. Mind your own business;
- Learn to realize your dreams and don't be afraid to dream. This will come in handy more than once;
- Money is an important part of life, but not the main one. Remember this.
Patron Planet: Mercury
- You are excellent at navigating difficult situations, but life constantly throws puzzles at you;
- You are endowed with versatile abilities, including foreign languages;
- You can feel the energy of money, but do not rush to chase big profits, otherwise luck will result in great disappointments and worries;
- A flexible mind allows you to easily manipulate people, but do not abuse it;
- Avoid wastefulness and greed: extremes bring no good to anyone.
Suitable areas of activity
This chart contains information about the most suitable areas of activity based on your astrological characteristics. This aspect is greatly influenced by your patron planet, which guides you along the path of life.
By making the right choice in your field of activity, you can achieve the best harmony between yourself and the outside world. By choosing “your” direction, you will achieve success in other equally important areas of life.
note
If you want to learn more about your character traits, find out the strengths and weaknesses of your personality, interesting facts and features, then we recommend using our services:
Natal chart - Personal horoscope based on the date and time of birth, which will tell you as accurately as possible about all the features of your personality: which features are most developed in your chart, and which are lagging behind and require elaboration. A natal chart is not just a horoscope with general characteristics, but a valuable tool with which you can better know yourself, find your life purpose, and much more.
Before the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation was prepared, several months passed, eventful, with the struggle of political forces standing for different paths of social transformation.
The referendum on the Constitution, its approval by a majority of voters, and the elections of the Federal Assembly, held in December 1993, largely deflated the stormy situation. At the same time, the administrative practice of local management had to be redone for quite some time. The constitutional norms that established the foundations of local self-government, although they were norms of direct action, required legislative specification. Movement along the path proposed by the Constitution turned out to be extremely slow and contradictory, subject to the influence of long-established traditions that were revived on the eve of the adoption of the Constitution. A federal law on local self-government was needed, which would serve as a guarantee against attempts both by a number of federal bodies and by state bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to slow down the formation of the most important democratic institution.
Work on the draft of a new Federal Law on Local Self-Government began in the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, elected in March 1990. By August 1993, the initial document was prepared.
By that time, in connection with the signing of the Federal Treaty and the corresponding amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the determination of general principles of local self-government was assigned to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. Therefore, the federal framework for local self-government was prepared. The working group for the preparation of this document included Professor K.F. Sheremet, Doctor of Law M.A. Krasnov, candidate of legal sciences from Omsk A.I. Kostyukov and other specialists.
When developing the project, the working group proceeded from the principle of continuity of the current Law of the Russian Federation “On Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” and the Fundamentals being prepared, the search for such forms of legal regulation in the field of local self-government that, on the one hand, would not violate the rights and interests of the subjects of the Federation, and on the other hand, they made it possible to ensure federal protection of the basic principles of local self-government and guarantees for its development.
The project described the territorial basis of local self-government as a territory within the boundaries of districts, cities, districts in cities, towns, village councils and other administrative-territorial units formed in republics, territories, regions, autonomous regions, autonomous districts. Forms for the implementation of local self-government by the population were established through representative bodies - Councils and executive - local administration, as well as directly through local referendums, gatherings, meetings of residents and through bodies of territorial public self-government. The types of legal acts that make up the regulatory framework of local self-government were determined.
The right of local governments to sufficient material and financial resources commensurate with state social standards was secured. Characteristics of municipal property and guidelines for identifying municipal property objects when delimiting state property were given, taking into account their significance for serving the population of a given territory. It was determined that the powers of the local administration to own, use and dispose of municipal property are established by the relevant Councils. The right of local communities to freely dispose of their property was secured.
The right of local governments to independently develop and approve the local budget was established, guarantees were determined to ensure budget independence (the presence of their own budget revenues and a sufficient level of fixed income, a ban on the withdrawal of free balances of funds, and others). The right of local governments was provided for to form extra-budgetary and foreign exchange funds, participate in credit relations, and receive payments for the use of natural resources.
The principle of forming Soviets on the basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage by secret ballot was established. The opportunity was provided for a few local communities to decide not to form a representative body. The principle of responsibility of executive bodies of local self-government (local administration) to representative bodies (Councils) was established.
In determining the organizational foundations of local self-government, some new approaches were proposed. Considering that the district is not a single local community, but a collection of such communities, the possibility of forming a district council was allowed not only through direct elections directly by the population, but also through the election of its composition by rural, town, and city councils of district significance. Several options were proposed for filling the position of head of the local administration (election by citizens, election by the relevant Council, appointment by the Council under a contract based on the results of a competition). At the same time, the draft did not provide an exhaustive, but only a recommendatory list of issues constituting the organizational basis of local self-government, which should not limit the subjects of the Federation in the search and use of other organizational forms of work of local self-government bodies and ways of their formation.
When determining the subjects of jurisdiction of local government bodies, approximate lists of issues of local as well as state significance were given, which are resolved either directly by local government bodies or with their participation, the forms and conditions of such participation in resolving issues of state importance (delegation of certain state functions, involvement in the implementation of federal, regional programs).
In addition, legal prerequisites were established for combining the efforts of these bodies on a contractual basis on issues of mutual interest, as well as for uniting in associations for the purpose of mutual assistance and ensuring interterritorial interests.
Regulating the legal protection of local self-government, the draft established the mandatory execution of decisions of local self-government bodies adopted within their competence, establishing the principle of liability, including property, for damage caused to the local community, provided for judicial protection of the rights of local self-government bodies, and the mandatory consideration of official proposals by state bodies local communities, the establishment by government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of additional social guarantees for managers and other officials of local government bodies.
The draft was supposed to consolidate provisions on the implementation of supervision over the implementation of legislation by local governments and their divisions. Traditionally, the right of higher Councils and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was established in the event of a decision by the Council or the local administration of an act that violates the law, to correspondingly cancel this decision or act. A provision was established on the responsibility of the Councils and local administration to the local community, as well as on liability for violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitution of the republic that is part of it, legislation, up to the early termination of the powers of the Council or local administration.
During further work on the project, it was expected to discuss the option of forming a local administration on the principles of both unity of command and collegiality. At the same time, the possibility was not rejected that the collegial body heading the local administration could be elected by the relevant Council both from among the deputies of the Council and from persons who are not deputies. An option was studied in which one of the guarantees of the independence of the local budget was proposed to include not “the sufficiency of the level of fixed income”, but “the level of fixed income that provides at least 70% of the entire revenue side of the budget.”
It was planned to continue work on the wording of provisions on municipal property, on the issue of establishing the level of Councils up to which it is permissible to combine the post of Chairman of the Council and the head of the local administration, on the procedure for early termination of the powers of Councils in cases of repeated violations by them of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitutions of the republics in its composition, laws and other legal acts of the subjects of the Federation, as well as on some other issues.
When preparing the project, the developers proceeded from the fact that its adoption would entail a fairly long-term transition period necessary for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to prepare their own laws and other legal acts regulating issues of local self-government at the appropriate levels.
The practice of applying the Law of the Russian Federation “On Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” has confirmed the illusory nature of the grounds for believing that this Law alone is capable of solving all problems and regulating the entire range of relations in the field of local self-government. Based on this, the developers proposed to simultaneously prepare, agreed with the relevant commissions and committees of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, a complete list of related legal acts that need to be adopted, as well as those existing acts to which appropriate changes and amendments need to be made. It was planned that this list would be reviewed and approved by the Supreme Council, committees and commissions responsible for preparing, introducing changes and amendments to certain acts, as well as the timing of their adoption, would be appointed. At the same time, it was planned to develop a Federal program for the support and development of local self-government.
As can be seen from the content of the prepared draft, it did not confirm the thesis that the Soviets were not amenable to reform. On the contrary, it testified to the possibility, based on the real state of affairs, of gradual movement forward along the path of improvement and establishment of local self-government on the basis of local Councils. However, this simple logic was opposed by the logic of political struggle, which temporarily completely closed the way to work on the draft Fundamentals of Legislation on Local Self-Government, which resumed only after the adoption of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation and on its basis.
Numerous draft federal laws have appeared on the general principles of organizing local self-government, including those prepared by the Ministry of Nationalities and Regional Policy with the participation of the Union of Russian Cities and the Russian Union of Local Self-Government; by a group of State Duma deputies I.V. Muravyov, Z.I. Sayetgaliev, L.V. Oleinik et al.; another group of deputies consisting of A.A. Dolgopolova, V.A. Pakhomova, N.A. Verveyko, V.L. Talanova and P.A. Medvedev; President of the Russian Federation. The discussion ultimately came down to two projects - the presidential one (basically it was prepared by the Ministry of National Affairs) and the one developed by a group of deputies headed by I.V. Muravyov. (The second “deputy” project was more similar in content to the presidential one.) The main difference between the project of I.V. Muravyov’s difference from the presidential project was that it was largely based on reality and was aimed at a calm change in the organization of local self-government without revolutionary shake-ups. The presidential project suffered from excessive radicalism, outlining transformations in the organization of local self-government without sufficient consideration of the objective possibilities of their implementation. However, both projects could not be considered fully compliant with constitutional provisions.
Project I.V. Muravyov, consolidating the existing administrative-territorial structure of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as the territorial basis for organizing the system of local self-government, contradicted Part 1 of Art. 131 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which does not connect the territories where local self-government is exercised with administrative-territorial units, but assumes the possibility of exercising local self-government in other territories that are not administrative-territorial units.
At the same time, the project established “administrative connections between municipalities,” i.e. actually provided for the subordination of local government bodies of various degrees. This was (as was later noted in the conclusion to the draft sent to the State Duma by the President of the Russian Federation) in direct contradiction with the constitutional principles of local self-government enshrined in Art. 12 and ch. 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Were in the project I.V. Muravyov and other shortcomings.
But there were not less, but more of them in the presidential project, which was aimed not so much at creating a system of local self-government that corresponds to modern conditions, as was declared in its article. 1, how much for the restructuring of the country's territory into "local communities". From a legal point of view, this did not correspond to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which operates with the concepts of “citizens”, “population” and does not provide for the creation of any local communities. Moreover, the proposed restructuring could destabilize the already fragile situation on the ground.
Membership in local communities established by the draft also went beyond the scope of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the definition of territories within the boundaries of which local self-government is exercised is derived from the population of these territories (Article 131). At the same time, the rights of the population to participate in local self-government are not limited in any way. According to Art. 32 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, citizens have the right to elect and be elected to local government bodies, regardless of their membership in the local community.
The draft provisions on the territorial limits of local self-government were contradictory and inconsistent. If we adhere to the principles of the territorial structure of local self-government enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, then any city should be considered a self-governing territory (Article 131). City self-government bodies are not government bodies, since according to the rule established by Art. 12 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, local government bodies are not included in the system of government bodies. At the same time, according to Art. 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, as cities of federal significance, are subjects of the Federation, and their governing bodies are bodies of state power (Article 77 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The draft Law, leaving state authorities in Moscow and St. Petersburg at the citywide level, transferred the functions of self-government to the sub-city level, providing for the creation of “local communities” within these cities.
In a clearly exaggerated form, the “settlement” principle of organizing local self-government is established in the project for rural areas. The rural area, which, according to the project, was abolished, was especially unlucky.
One of the features of the presidential project was that in the event of financial insolvency of the municipal government, it was envisaged to introduce public administration in the relevant territory. This idea later found its solution in a later statutory act.
The attempt to regulate the transfer of powers of local self-government bodies upward - to state authorities - “in the event of the impossibility of resolving” certain issues by self-government bodies was unsuccessful. This norm, which is too vague for the law, is ambiguous in its content. The lack of material and financial resources was pointed out as the reason for the transfer of powers, due to which public authorities are obliged to accept the powers transferred to them. However, a rule was also established here according to which proposals from a local government body are “considered” by government authorities for a response. What the answer should be depends on the government agency. It remained unclear whether proposals from local governments were necessarily accepted or could be rejected. In general, the problem of transfer was resolved in such a way that the powers of a local government body could be completely absorbed by state authorities, which was contrary to the Constitution.
The draft failed to define the organ system (at least its basic principles, given that specific types of organs are determined by the subjects of the Federation). It was stated here that the local community forms local government bodies, endowing them with representative, administrative, executive, control and other powers. Which bodies have these powers remained unclear. Since the draft only named “representative” functions of self-government bodies “in general,” the draft allowed for the possibility of the absence of representative bodies of local self-government, instead of which, in fulfilling their functions, heads of administrations or any other bodies would act, the freedom of choice of which the draft provided to the “local community." If representative bodies were not envisaged in a sufficiently large “local community”, there could be no question of the existence of local self-government there.
The content of the section of the project, which introduced the idea of establishing a transition period for the implementation of local self-government reform, was largely non-normative and was largely of a guarantee or advisory nature. In this section, reference standards were presented excessively, which in itself reduced the regulatory significance of the project. In a rather imperative form, the subjects of the Federation were asked to abandon regional division. This approach represented an invasion into the sphere of legislative regulation of the constituent entities of the Federation.
The draft also contained many illogical, internally contradictory, unfounded norms and provisions. Nevertheless, the All-Russian Conference on Local Self-Government, held on February 17, 1995, recommended that the State Duma adopt it as a basis. The State Duma, having considered all the projects submitted for its consideration, nevertheless adopted in the first reading the one that was developed by a group of deputies headed by I.V. Muravyov.
Then the State Duma Committee on Local Self-Government took up the task of finalizing the project. As a result, a law was adopted that preserved many of the provisions of I.V.’s draft. Muravyov, but significantly updated. Adopted on August 28, 1995, the Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” was a progressive document that established a new model of local self-government, taking into account democratic trends in the formation of a rule of law state, meeting international standards, including the European Charter of Local Self-Government. It was with this Law that the process of systemic legal regulation of local self-government began.