Genghis Khan was the founder and great khan of the Mongol Empire. He united scattered tribes, organized campaigns of conquest in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, to the Caucasus and China. Given name ruler - Temujin. After his death, the sons of Genghis Khan became the heirs. They significantly expanded the territory of the ulus. An even greater contribution to the territorial structure was made by the emperor's grandson, Batu, the master of the Golden Horde.
Personality of the ruler
All sources by which Genghis Khan can be characterized were created after his death. Special meaning Among them is the "Secret Legend". These sources also contain a description of the ruler’s appearance. He was tall, with a strong build, a wide forehead and a long beard. In addition, his character traits are also described. Genghis Khan came from a people who probably did not have a written language or state institutions. Therefore, the Mongol ruler did not have any education. However, this did not stop him from becoming a talented commander. He combined his organizational skills with self-control and unyielding will. Genghis Khan was affable and generous to the extent necessary to maintain the affection of his companions. He did not deny himself joys, but at the same time he did not recognize excesses that could not be combined with his activities as a commander and ruler. According to sources, Genghis Khan lived to old age, maintaining his mental capacity fully.
Heirs
During recent years The ruler's life was very concerned about the fate of his empire. Only some of Genghis Khan's sons had the right to take his place. The ruler had many children, all of them were considered legitimate. But only four sons from Borte's wife could become heirs. These children were very different from each other both in character traits and inclinations. Genghis Khan's eldest son was born shortly after Borte's return from Merkit captivity. His shadow always haunted the boy. Gossips and even the second son of Genghis Khan, whose name would later go down in history, openly called him a “Merkit degenerate.” The mother always protected the child. At the same time, Genghis Khan himself always recognized him as his son. Nevertheless, the boy was always reproached for his illegitimacy. One day Chagatai (son of Genghis Khan, second heir) openly called his brother names in the presence of his father. The conflict almost escalated into a real fight.
Jochi
The son of Genghis Khan, born after the Merkit captivity, was distinguished by some features. They were, in particular, manifested in his behavior. The persistent stereotypes that were observed in him greatly distinguished him from his father. For example, Genghis Khan did not recognize such a thing as mercy towards enemies. He could only leave alive small children, who were subsequently adopted by Hoelun (his mother), as well as valiant warriors who accepted Mongol citizenship. Jochi, on the contrary, was distinguished by his kindness and humanity. For example, during the siege of Gurganj, the Khorezmians, who were absolutely exhausted by the war, asked to accept their surrender, to spare them, to leave them alive. Jochi spoke out in support of them, but Genghis Khan categorically rejected such a proposal. As a result, the garrison of the besieged city was partially cut out, and it itself was flooded by the waters of the Amu Darya.
Tragic death
The misunderstanding that established between the son and father was constantly fueled by the slander and intrigues of relatives. Over time, the conflict deepened and led to the ruler's persistent distrust of his first heir. Genghis Khan began to suspect that Jochi wanted to become popular among the conquered tribes in order to subsequently separate from Mongolia. Historians doubt that the heir really strived for this. Nevertheless, at the beginning of 1227, Jochi was found dead in the steppe, where he was hunting, with a broken spine. Of course, his father was not the only person who benefited from the death of the heir and who had the opportunity to end his life.
Second son of Genghis Khan
The name of this heir was known in circles close to the Mongol throne. Unlike his deceased brother, he was characterized by severity, diligence and even a certain cruelty. These traits contributed to the fact that Chagatai was appointed “guardian of Yasa.” This position is similar to that of a chief justice or attorney general. Chagatai always strictly followed the law, he was merciless towards violators.
Third heir
Few people know the name of Genghis Khan’s son, who was the next contender for the throne. It was Ogedei. The first and third sons of Genghis Khan were similar in character. Ogedei was also noted for his tolerance and kindness towards people. However, his specialty was his passion for hunting in the steppe and drinking with friends. One day, while going on a joint trip, Chagatai and Ogedei saw a Muslim washing himself in the water. According to religious custom, every believer must perform prayer several times during the day, as well as ritual ablution. But these actions were prohibited according to Mongol custom. Tradition did not allow ablutions anywhere during the entire summer. The Mongols believed that washing in a lake or river causes a thunderstorm, which is very dangerous for travelers in the steppe. Therefore, such actions were considered as a threat to their lives. The vigilantes (nuhurs) of the ruthless and law-abiding Chagatai captured the Muslim. Ogedei, assuming that the offender would lose his head, sent his man to him. The messenger had to tell the Muslim that he allegedly dropped the gold into the water and was looking for it there (to stay alive). The violator answered Çağatay in this way. This was followed by an order to the Nuhurs to find the coin in the water. Ogedei's warrior threw the gold into the water. The coin was found and returned to the Muslim as its “rightful” owner. Ogedei, saying goodbye to the rescued man, took a handful of gold coins from his pocket and handed them to the man. At the same time, he warned the Muslim that the next time he drops a coin into the water, he should not look for it and should not break the law.
Fourth successor
The youngest son of Genghis Khan, according to Chinese sources, was born in 1193. At this time, his father was in Jurchen captivity. He stayed there until 1197. This time Borte's betrayal was obvious. However, Genghis Khan recognized his son Tului as his own. At the same time, the child had a completely Mongolian appearance. All the sons of Genghis Khan had their own characteristics. But Tului was awarded by nature with the greatest talents. He was distinguished by the highest moral dignity and had extraordinary abilities as an organizer and commander. Tuluy is known as loving husband and a noble man. He took as his wife the daughter of the deceased Van Khan (the head of the Keraits). She, in turn, was a Christian. Tuluy could not accept his wife's religion. Being Genghisid, he must profess the faith of his ancestors - Bon. Tuluy not only allowed his wife to perform all proper Christian rituals in the “church” yurt, but also to receive monks and have priests with her. Without any exaggeration, the death of the fourth heir of Genghis Khan can be called heroic. To save the sick Ogedei, Tuluy voluntarily took a strong potion from the shaman. Thus, by diverting the illness from his brother, he sought to attract it to himself.
Board of heirs
All of Genghis Khan's sons had the right to rule the empire. After the elimination of the elder brother, there were three successors left. After the death of his father until the election of a new khan, the ulus was ruled by Tului. In 1229, a kurultai took place. Here, according to the will of the emperor, a new ruler was chosen. He became the tolerant and gentle Ogedei. This heir, as mentioned above, was distinguished by his kindness. However, this quality is not always to the benefit of the ruler. During the years of his khanate, the leadership of the ulus greatly weakened. Administration was carried out mainly due to the severity of Chagatai and thanks to the diplomatic abilities of Tuluy. Ogedei himself, instead of state affairs, preferred to wander in Western Mongolia, hunting and feasting.
Grandchildren
They received various ulus territories or significant positions. Jochi's eldest son, Horde-Ichen, inherited the White Horde. This area was located between the Tarbagatai ridge and the Irtysh (the Semipalatinsk region today). Batu was next. Genghis Khan's son left him an inheritance Golden Horde. Sheybani (the third successor) was entitled to the Blue Horde. The rulers of the uluses were also allocated 1-2 thousand soldiers. Moreover, the number then reached 130 thousand people.
Batu
According to Russian sources, he is known as the Son of Genghis Khan, who died in 1227, three years earlier he took possession of the Kipchak steppe, part of the Caucasus, Rus' and Crimea, as well as Khorezm. The ruler's heir died, owning only Khorezm and the Asian part of the steppe. In 1236-1243 The all-Mongol campaign to the West took place. It was headed by Batu. The son of Genghis Khan passed on some character traits to his heir. The sources indicate the nickname Sain Khan. According to one version, it means “good-natured.” Tsar Batu had this nickname. Genghis Khan's son died, as stated above, owning only a small part of his inheritance. As a result of the campaign carried out in 1236-1243, the western part of the North Caucasian and Volga peoples, as well as Volga Bulgaria, were transferred to Mongolia. Several times, under the leadership of Batu, troops attacked Rus'. In their campaigns, the Mongol army reached Central Europe. Frederick II, then Emperor of Rome, tried to organize resistance. When Batu began to demand submission, he replied that he could be a falconer for the khan. However, no clashes occurred between the troops. Some time later, Batu settled in Sarai-Batu, on the banks of the Volga. He made no more trips to the West.
Strengthening the ulus
In 1243, Batu learned of the death of Ogedei. His army retreated to the Lower Volga. The new center of the Jochi ulus was founded here. Guyuk (one of Ogedei’s heirs) was elected kagan at the kurultai of 1246. He was Batu's longtime enemy. In 1248, Guyuk died, and in 1251, the loyal Munke, a participant in the European campaign from 1246 to 1243, was elected as the fourth ruler. To support the new khan, Batu sent Berke (his brother) with an army.
Relations with the princes of Rus'
In 1243-1246. all Russian rulers accepted dependence on the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde. (Prince of Vladimir) was recognized as the oldest in Rus'. He received Kyiv devastated by the Mongols in 1240. In 1246, Batu sent Yaroslav to the kurultai in Karakorum as an authorized representative. There, the Russian prince was poisoned by Guyuk's supporters. Mikhail Chernigovsky died in the Golden Horde because he refused to go into the Khan’s yurt between two fires. The Mongols regarded this as the presence of malicious intent. Alexander Nevsky and Andrei - the sons of Yaroslav - also headed to the Horde. Arriving from there to Karakorum, the first received Novgorod and Kyiv, and the second received the reign of Vladimir. Andrei, trying to resist the Mongols, entered into an alliance with the strongest prince in Southern Rus' at that time - Galitsky. This was the reason for the punitive campaign of the Mongols in 1252. The Horde army led by Nevryu defeated Yaroslav and Andrey. Batu handed the label to Vladimir to Alexander. built his relationship with Batu in a slightly different way. He expelled the Horde Baskaks from their cities. In 1254 he defeated an army led by Kuremsa.
Karokorum affairs
After the election of Guyuk as Great Khan in 1246, a split occurred between the descendants of Chagatai and Ogedei and the heirs of the other two sons of Genghis Khan. Guyuk went on a campaign against Batu. However, in 1248, while his army was stationed in Transoxiana, he suddenly died. According to one version, he was poisoned by supporters of Munke and Batu. The first later became the new ruler of the Mongol ulus. In 1251, Batu sent an army under the leadership of Burundai to Ortar to help Munka.
Descendants
Batu's successors were: Sartak, Tukan, Ulagchi and Abukan. The first was an adherent of the Christian religion. Sartak's daughter married Gleb Vasilkovich, and the daughter of Batu's grandson became the wife of St. Fedor Cherny. These two marriages produced the Belozersk and Yaroslavl princes (respectively).
Name: Genghis Khan (Temujin Borjigin)
Date of Birth: 1162
Age: 65 years old
Activity: founder and first great khan Mongol Empire
Family status: was married
Genghis Khan: biography
The commander we know as Genghis Khan was born in Mongolia in 1155 or 1162 (according to various sources). This man's real name is Temujin. He was born in the Delyun-Boldok tract, his father was Yesugei-bagatura, and his mother was Hoelun. It is noteworthy that Hoelun was engaged to another man, but Yesugei-Bagatura recaptured his beloved from his rival.
Temujin got his name in honor of the Tatar Temujin-Uge. Yesugei defeated this leader shortly before his son uttered his first cry.
Temujin lost his father quite early. At the age of nine, he was betrothed to eleven-year-old Borte from another family. Yesugei decided to leave his son in the bride’s house until they both reach adulthood, so that future spouses better friend recognized a friend. On the way back, Genghis Khan's father stopped at a Tatar camp, where he was poisoned. Three days later Yesugei died.
After this, for Temujin, his mother, Yesugei’s second wife, as well as the brothers of the future great commander, the time came dark times. The head of the clan drove the family from their usual place and took away all the livestock that belonged to them. For several years, widows and their sons had to live in absolute poverty and wander the steppes.
After some time, the Taichiut leader, who drove out Temujin’s family and proclaimed himself the owner of all the lands conquered by Yesugei, began to fear revenge from Yesugei’s grown-up son. He sent an armed detachment against the family's camp. The guy escaped, but soon they caught up with him, captured him and placed him in a wooden block, in which he could neither drink nor eat.
Genghis Khan was saved by his own ingenuity and the intercession of several representatives of another tribe. One night he managed to escape and hide in the lake, almost completely going under water. Then several local residents hid Temujin in a cart with wool, and then gave him a mare and weapons so that he could get home. Some time after the successful liberation, the young warrior married Bort.
Rise to power
Temujin, as the son of a leader, aspired to power. At first he needed support, and he turned to the Kereit khan Tooril. He was Yesugei's brother-in-arms and agreed to unite with him. Thus began the story that led Temujin to the title of Genghis Khan. He raided neighboring settlements, increasing his possessions and, oddly enough, his army. Other Mongols during the battles sought to kill as many opponents as possible. Temujin, on the contrary, sought to leave as many warriors alive as possible in order to lure them to himself.
The young commander’s first serious battle took place against the Merkit tribe, who were allied with the same Taichiuts. They even kidnapped Temujin’s wife, but he, along with Tooril and another ally, Jamukhi from another tribe, defeated their opponents and regained his wife. After the glorious victory, Tooril decided to return to his own horde, and Temujin and Jamukha, having concluded a twinning alliance, remained in the same horde. At the same time, Temujin was more popular, and Jamukha began to dislike him over time.
He was looking for a reason for an open quarrel with his brother-in-law and found it: Jamukha’s younger brother died when he tried to steal horses that belonged to Temujin. Ostensibly for the purpose of revenge, Jamukha attacked the enemy with his army, and in the first battle he won. But the fate of Genghis Khan would not attract so much attention if he could be broken so easily. He quickly recovered from the defeat, and new wars began to occupy his mind: together with Tooril he defeated the Tatars and received not only excellent booty, but also the honorary title of military commissar (“Jauthuri”).
This was followed by other successful and not so successful campaigns and regular competitions with Jamukha, as well as with the leader of another tribe, Van Khan. Wang Khan was not categorically opposed to Temujin, but he was an ally of Jamukha and was forced to act accordingly.
On the eve of the decisive battle with the joint troops of Jamukha and Van Khan in 1202, the commander independently carried out another raid on the Tatars. At the same time, he again decided to act differently from the way it was customary to carry out conquests in those days. Temujin stated that during the battle his Mongols should not capture booty, since all of it would be divided between them only after the battle was over. In this fight the future great ruler won, after which he ordered the execution of all the Tatars as retribution for the Mongols whom they killed. Only small children were left alive.
In 1203, Temujin and Jamukha and Wang Khan met face to face again. At first, the ulus of the future Genghis Khan suffered losses, but due to the injury of Wang Khan’s son, the opponents retreated. In order to divide his enemies, during this forced pause Temujin sent them diplomatic messages. At the same time, several tribes united to fight both Temujin and Wang Khan. The latter defeated them first and began to celebrate the glorious victory: it was then that Temujin’s troops overtook him, taking the soldiers by surprise.
Jamukha remained with only part of the army and decided to cooperate with another leader - Tayan Khan. The latter wanted to fight Temujin, since at that time only he seemed to him a dangerous rival in the desperate struggle for absolute power in the steppes of Mongolia. The victory in the battle, which took place in 1204, was again won by the army of Temujin, who demonstrated himself as a gifted commander.
Great Khan
In 1206, Temujin received the title of Great Khan over all Mongol tribes and widely accepted famous name Genghis, which translates as “lord of the endless in the sea.” It was obvious that his role in the history of the Mongolian steppes was enormous, as was his army, and no one else dared to challenge him. This benefited Mongolia: if previously local tribes were constantly at war with each other and raided neighboring settlements, now they have become like a full-fledged state. If before this Mongolian nationality was invariably associated with strife and blood loss, now it is with unity and power.
Genghis Khan - Great Khan Genghis Khan wanted to leave behind a worthy legacy not only as a conqueror, but also as a wise ruler. He introduced his own law, which, among other things, spoke of mutual assistance on a campaign and forbade deceiving someone who trusted. These moral principles was required to be strictly observed, otherwise the violator could face execution. The commander mixed various tribes and peoples, and no matter what tribe the family belonged to before, its adult men were considered warriors of Genghis Khan’s detachment.
Conquests of Genghis Khan
Numerous films and books have been written about Genghis Khan, not only because he brought order to the lands of his people. He is also widely known for his successful conquests of neighboring lands. Thus, in the period from 1207 to 1211, his army subjugated almost all the peoples of Siberia to the great ruler and forced them to pay tribute to Genghis Khan. But the commander was not going to stop there: he wanted to conquer China.
In 1213, he invaded the Chinese state of Jin, establishing rule over the local province of Liaodong. All along the route of Genghis Khan and his army, Chinese troops surrendered to him without a fight, and some even went over to his side. By the fall of 1213, the Mongol ruler had strengthened his position along the entire Great Chinese wall. Then he sent three powerful armies, led by his sons and brothers, to different regions of the Jin Empire. Some settlements surrendered to him almost immediately, others fought until 1235. However, as a result, the Tatar-Mongol yoke spread throughout China at that time.
Even China could not force Genghis Khan to stop his invasion. Having achieved success in battles with his closest neighbors, he became interested in Central Asia and, especially, the fertile Semirechye. In 1213, the ruler of this region became the fugitive Naiman Khan Kuchluk, who made a political miscalculation by starting persecution of followers of Islam. As a result, the rulers of several settled tribes in Semirechye voluntarily announced that they agreed to be subjects of Genghis Khan. Subsequently, Mongol troops conquered other regions of Semirechye, allowing Muslims to perform their religious services and, thereby, arousing sympathy among the local population.
Death
The commander died shortly before the capitulation of Zhongxing, the capital of one of those very Chinese settlements that until the last tried to resist the Mongol army. The cause of Genghis Khan's death is called differently: he fell from a horse, suddenly fell ill, and was unable to adapt to the difficult climate of another country. It is still unknown exactly where the grave of the great conqueror is located.
Death of Genghis Khan. Drawing from a book about the travels of Marco Polo, 1410 - 1412 Numerous descendants of Genghis Khan, his brothers, children and grandchildren tried to preserve and increase his conquests and were large statesmen Mongolia. Thus, his grandson became the eldest among the second generation Chingizids after the death of his grandfather. There were three women in Genghis Khan’s life: the previously mentioned Borte, as well as his second wife Khulan-Khatun and his third Tatar wife Yesugen. In total they bore him sixteen children.
The genealogy of ancestors is the connection between the past and the present. A researcher at the capital's National Museum, Gizat Tabuldin, told the site how the great Genghis Khan is connected with the Kazakh people, and also shared with our readers an exclusive family tree of the Kazakh khans.
At all times and absolutely all peoples there has been a keen interest in ancestral history. It is not surprising, because without a deep and comprehensive study of the heritage of the past, it is impossible to establish communication and mutual understanding between representatives of various world cultural communities.
In China, for example, the seventy-eighth generation of the ancient sage Confucius lives.
The thirtieth generation of its people is being born in Iceland.
In Russia, the august family of the House of Romanov has been studied in detail.
The relevance and novelty of scientific research work presenting information on the genealogy and reproductive part of the Genghisids are determined by a number of factors: the need of society for objective data about the past of its people, to preserve the memory of it, as well as the need to fill the gap in our knowledge about the descendants of Genghis Khan.
Photo from Gizat Tabuldin's book " Kazakh khans and their descendants"
With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the centralized “source of truth” ceased to exist, when national history was dictated to us from Moscow. This gave rise to the struggle for the material and spiritual heritage of Genghis Khan, which noticeably intensified in Lately. The history of medieval Eurasia has become the object of attention of modern politicians, and sometimes even their free interpretation of historical events.
The history of the medieval period provides us, our contemporaries, with original and sometimes shocking facts and artifacts on the relationship between the central power, which was concentrated in the Golden Horde, with the bordering principalities and other state-forming elements.
Recently, a Kazakh historian discovered in the repositories of Moscow museums a painting by the famous Russian painter Vasily Orlov from 1912, which depicts the reception by the Golden Horde rulers of a delegation of Russian princes, one of whom knelt prostrate in front of a gold print of the heel, presumably that of Ulu-Muhammad. The painting is presumably called "Oath to the reign of Vasily II (the Dark)." This picture suggests that the Golden Horde khans had enormous influence beyond the borders of their khanate.
Two words about Genghis Khan
Temujin, his sons and grandsons conquered half the world, connecting the Far East, Central Asia and Europe. And this is all solely thanks to the outstanding personal qualities of Genghis Khan. He was an unsurpassed military strategist, a skilled diplomat, politician and expert in human psychology. He showed strength of will, toughness and generosity towards his subordinates. In the eyes of Europeans, he is a barbarian, a cruel conqueror, but in the East this man is, first of all, the founder of the Mongol Empire, a genius of military art, and a great commander.
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Map of the Mongol conquests in the 13th century
The empire he created was a restraining factor in the development of the Chinese empire and made it possible for proto-states to form on the Eurasian continent modern world. In 1995, by decision of UNESCO, The Washington Post declared Genghis Khan “the greatest man of the last millennium.” There is even a monument to him in the US capital Washington.
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Temujin (Genghis Khan) created his empire in a cauldron civil war, which lasted more than 20 years. Of the twelve large tribal associations, such as the Kereys, Naimans, Uakis, Zhalayyrs, Derbets, Kiyats and other Mongol-speaking tribes that made up the empire, half could not stand it and went to the vastness of the Desht-i-Kipchak.
In 1205, with the execution of Jamukha, one of the stages in the formation of the empire ended. Over the course of a year, the great Kurultai was being prepared in the valley of the Onon and Kerulen rivers, and in February-March 1206 Temujin was proclaimed Genghis Khan, that is, Emperor (Ecumenical Khan). With this name he entered world history, as a transformer of the socio-political landscape of Eurasia.
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Dopamine is to blame
Genghis Khan is studied not only by historians, but also by chemists, geneticists, and biologists. This discipline is called sociobiological science. Basic Research in this area were carried out by Professor Yuri Novozhenov from Yekaterinburg in his numerous works. He also attracted me to this topic.
Based on the work of geneticists and neuroscientists, Professor Robert Cloninger from the University of Washington, USA, since 1994 has been developing the idea that temperament consists of three main traits that are independently inherited: the desire to search for something new, avoidance of suffering, and the need for reward.
And character, which is mainly brought up by the sociocultural environment and changes with age, is formed from four independent traits: autonomy, the ability to cooperate, that is, cooperation, emotional stability and a sense of superiority.
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The character and temperament of Genghis Khan are a consequence of increased
dopamine
Having studied the historical evidence about the life and behavior of Genghis Khan, we came to the conclusion that all the main traits of temperament and character listed above are inherent in such an extraordinary personality as this creator of the Great South-Eastern Empire of Eurasia. It is quite possible that he possessed a gene for “lovers of new things”, which is slightly longer than that of ordinary people. Such people have a pronounced exploratory nature, which makes them again and again experience a craving for extreme situations, obtaining strong emotions that are unattainable in ordinary life.
This gene encodes the D4 receptor protein. It receives a signal from the neurotransmitter, dopamine, which is released from nerve endings when a person experiences pleasure, excitement and is in a state of aggressiveness or sexual activity. The discovery of dopamine and the study of its action is one of the remarkable pages in the history of science.
All passionaries great history peoples were permeated with the spirit of natural love. A spirit that was sublimated among them into the struggle for sex status, power, freedom, for wealth and women.
The struggle to assert his sexual status accompanied Genghis Khan from childhood. His father, Yesugei-bagatur, which means “hero”, was a descendant of Khabul Khan. A brave and determined man, he was not a khan, he was a warrior and the head of the Borjigin family, who lived in the region north of the modern Russian-Mongolian border, where , where the city of Nerchinsk is now located.
The basic unit of any Mongol tribe was the patrilineal clan or "oboh". The genera descended from a common ancestor were considered related and were called “yasun”, that is, “bone”. Marriages between their representatives were prohibited. Within the oboh itself, not everyone was necessarily relatives; slaves or servants captured during the war or under other circumstances could be included in it. These workers were called “otole bogol” or “jalahu”. Various clans were part of a tribe called “irgen,” and the tribes formed a union of tribes or “ulus.” Entire clans or tribes, along with leaders and pastures, could be collectively subordinate to other clans or tribes. In this case, they were called “unagin bogol.” Ordinary members of the clan obeyed their own leaders and the leaders of the main tribe, but the leaders of the subordinate clan could marry into the clan of the leaders of the main tribe.
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During his campaigns of conquest, naturally, his comrades and associates brought women of aristocratic origin, or rather the wives and daughters of rulers, as trophies to Genghis Khan. To preserve their lives and the lives of their children, these women shared a bed with the great commander. At the same time, they received a certain status, and with it a guarantee for a comfortable existence, and their children went to serve in the commander’s personal guard.
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The genes of Genghis Khan drifted and are drifting uncontrollably throughout the entire Eurasian space. And from here, scientific genographers today discover the hypothetical gene of Genghis Khan in various ethnic groups. The lands of Desht-i-Kipchak were no exception.
Genealogy of Genghis Khan
Gizat Tabuldin, creator of the family tree of the great conqueror Genghis Khan, shares his exclusive work with the people of Kazakhstan.
Temujin and his beloved wife Borte had four sons:
Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Tolui.
Temujin and Borte also had daughters:
Khodzhin-begi, wife of Butu-gurgen from the Ikires clan;
Tsetseihen (Chichigan), wife of Inalchi, the youngest son of the head of the Oirats, Khudukha-beki;
Alangaa (Alagai, Alakha), who married the Ongut noyon Buyanbald (in 1219, when Genghis Khan went to war with Khorezm, he entrusted her with state affairs in his absence, therefore she is also called Tor zasagch gunj (ruler-princess);
Temulen , wife of Shiku-gurgen, son of Alchi-noyon from the Khongirads, the tribe of her mother Borte;
Alduun (Altalun), who married Zavtar-setsen, noyon of the Khongirads.
Temujin and his second wife, the Merkit woman Khulan-Khatun, daughter of Dair-usun, had sons:
Kulhan (Hulugen, Kulkan), Kharachar.
From the Tatar woman Yesugen (Esukat), daughter of Charu-noyon, sons:
Chakhur (Jaur) and Kharhad.
Kazakh khans are direct descendants of Horde-Ejen
Legitimation, recognition of the legitimacy of the ruler Chingizid was based on the genealogical principle, that is, the rule was passed on by inheritance. Any member of the “Altyn Uruga” could become a khan if he was recognized by the majority of the “Golden Family”, worthy in his qualities and approved at the kurultai of princes and the highest aristocracy.
The issue of transferring supreme power to a successor was resolved in different ways. In the 6th century, Mugan Khan, the fourth ruler of the Great Turkic Khaganate, legalized the custom of the inheritance of khan power by the youngest son from the eldest, then by the son younger brother from the son of his older brother.
In principle, this order was followed in all subsequent times, but with some deviations.
In the vastness of Desht-i-Kipchak, as part of the post-Golden Horde territory of the Chingizids and their various branches, inter-dynasty and inter-clan clashes unfolded.
One of the main representatives of the ruling dynasties of the early and mid-15th century were the descendants of Shiban and Orda-Ejen, both participants in the Second World Mongol War.
According to Rashid ad-Din, Orda-Ejen (Orda, Khordu, Ichen) - the first son of Jochi Khan from his eldest wife named Sartak from the Kongrat clan. After the death of his father in 1227, the main headquarters of Jochi, which was located in the upper reaches of the Irtysh, in the area of Lake Ala-Kul, and was called Kok-Orda, passed to Orda-Ejen. One of the controversial issues is the date of Ord-Ejen's death. Stanley Lan-Poole's Muslim Dynasties (1899) gives the year 1280 incorrectly. From here the error passed into many historical works. In reality, the time of death of Orda-Ejen is between 1246 and 1251.
Photo rodovoederevo.ru
In the second half of the 13th century, that is, under the first successors of Orda-Ejen, the center of the Orda ulus, and at the same time its name Kok-Orda, was moved from the area of Lake Ala-Kul, where it was initially located, to the banks of the Syr Darya. After Kunkiran, Kuyinchi (Konichi), the son of Sartaktai, the son of the Horde, ruled there. After Kuyinchi's death, his eldest son with the poetic name Bayan was approved in his place. From that time on, the territory along the middle and lower reaches of the Syr Darya and the adjacent areas of the Ulus of Jochi were firmly assigned to the descendants of Orda-Ejen.
Shiban, fifth son of Jochi. According to Mu'izz al-ansab, Shiban's mother was Nesser. His date of birth is unknown. At the direction of Batu, Shiban and Orda-Ejen were participants in the kurultai in Mongolia, at which Guyuk was proclaimed great khan.
Photo rodovoederevo.ru
Shibana family tree
The descendants of Shiban are the founders of the Siberian Khanate, associated with the dynasty and name of Shibanid Ibak Khan (Abak, Ibak). The main core of the Siberian Khanate of the Shibanids, the formation of which dates back to the early 70s of the 15th century, was initially the lands located along the middle reaches of the Irtysh and the rivers Tara, Tobol, Ishim and Tura. The borders of the Khanate either expanded or contracted, depending on political circumstances.
Formation of the Kazakh Khanate
Photos from free sources
Since the time of the Golden Horde “Great Troubles”, political instability has lasted in the region for over a hundred years, almost continuously accompanied by wars. The conflict of the situation was also fueled by the deep-rooted traditions of the dynastic confrontation between the Chingizids. The armed confrontation between several branches of the Chingizids - the Tukatimurids, the Shaybanids - for the possession of power in Dasht-i-Kipchak lasted a total of 75 years, from 1428 to 1503. At the final phase of the confrontation, the descendants of Ord-Ejen came to the throne.
Undoubtedly, certain historical circumstances arose for the emergence of the first Kazakh state - the Kazakh Khanate. They show that the fall of the state of Shibanid Abu-l-Khair Khan in Eastern Dasht-i-Kipchak and the formation of the Kazakh Khanate there occurred according to the usual pattern for the era under consideration, according to which in the Middle Ages states arose and collapsed along with one or another dynasty.
“The political and social significance of this event lies, first of all, in the fact that the Kazakh Khanate, which arose in 1470-1471, is the first national state in Central Asia created by the currently existing people, and not by their predecessors or historical ancestors.”
Zhoshy, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, fought and conquered other countries under the direct leadership of Genghis Khan himself. He died in June 1227, and in August, after burying his son, Genghis Khan himself died. According to folk legend, Zhoshy Khan died hunting. The lame kulan he wounded bit off his right hand.
Photos from free sources
In 1946, an archaeological expedition of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences, led by Academician Margulan, opened the Zhosha mausoleum, which is located on the banks of the Kengir River, 45 km south of Zhezkazgan, and discovered the remains of a man without right hand. The authenticity of the legend was confirmed. But, most importantly, in the grave of Zhoshy Khan, scientists discovered the ancestral tamgas of all living Kazakh clans and Karakalpaks. The discovery of Kazakh family signs, although indirectly, confirms the idea that in the 13th century the Kazakh people had already formed into a separate nation and lived on this territory. It should also be noted that the military tradition of bowing banners in front of the coffin of an outstanding military leader goes back far into the past, to the 13th century, and maybe even further. Only, as in in this case, instead of modern banners, another sign was previously used - generic tamgas.
Photo from the site kireev.kz/ulytau
The mausoleum of Zhoshy Khan is located in
foothills of Ulytau
According to historical sources, Zhoshy Khan had 40 sons from various wives and concubines. One of his wives was the daughter of Khorezmshah Muhammad, Khan Sultan, whom he conquered.
For the subsequent development of the genealogical tree of the Chingizids, only six sons of Zhoshy Khan are important: the first - Horde Ezhen, second - Batu, third - Bereke, fifth - Shiban, seventh Son - Buval, thirteenth - Tuka-Timur.
"After the death of Zhoshy Khan, of all his sons, the second - Batu (Batu) was recognized by the troops in the west as his father's heir, and this choice was approved by Genghis Khan himself. And all the people submitted to him."
Photo from the site tartar-sarmat.blogpost.ru
So, at the center of the genealogized system of historical knowledge is a person who identifies the historical era and events.
Next come the Genghisids, descendants of Genghis Khan, endowed with power over the people. In terms of their human qualities, they were very different from each other: far-sighted strategists, cunning and talented commanders, formidable and autocratic rulers, decisive and hardworking rulers, prudent sovereigns, caring fathers, warrior warriors ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of preserving their fatherland. They were brave and courageous in battle, cruel and merciless to their opponents and enemies, like victors - generous and magnanimous. It should be noted that these were loving men, talented poets and chroniclers, loyal friends and treacherous allies, despots and religious fanatics, incredibly stingy, lazy and weak-willed compromisers of the will of others, desperate careerists who killed their fathers in order to achieve the coveted throne. There were even mentally ill people among them.
Similar studies were carried out to identify traces of the army of Alexander the Great, Jewish settlers and African Negroids. The study of Y chromosome variations in Pakistan, a population of 150 million consisting of 18 ethnic groups and speaking 60 languages, continues and promises many more interesting sensations.
New data obtained by a team of researchers who discovered high frequency Genes of Genghis Khan among the Kirei clan (Kirei tribe) in Kazakhstan, descendants of the Kiraits, indicate that much new remains to be discovered about the Mongol founder and the centers of distribution of his genes in Eurasia.
Here are the calculations John Maine makes: “Genghis Khan was not distinguished by debauchery, but, of course, he was not an ascetic either. For forty years, while Genghis Khan was creating his empire, many hundreds of girls passed through his bed. Let us assume that, according to the most conservative estimates, He had 20 children - or there could have been hundreds, and ten of them were boys, and each inherited Y chromosomes of the same structure. Suppose that each of his sons, in turn, had two more sons. Doubling the number of male descendants of Genghis over 30 generations, we come to the paradoxical conclusion that such a calculation goes beyond any reasonable idea long before it is completed. Five generations later, around 1350, Genghis should have, according to the most trivial calculations , 320 descendants, but after another five, in 1450-1500, there were 10,000 of them, and after 20 generations this figure increased to 10 million, add another 20 generations and we get unimaginable billions. In this case, it is quite possible to find today using this genealogical line of 16 million descendants."
At the same time, according to Arab-Persian sources, “a virgin with a jar of gold coins could walk from Iran to Turan without fear of mockery and humiliation...” chaos reigned within the borders of the Empire of Genghis Khan and beyond the borders of the empire.
I want the girl with the golden dish to be able to walk from the Yellow Sea to the Black Sea without fear for either the dish or her honor.
Genghis Khan
By the way, children born from concubines did not go far from their father; they formed his personal guard. This means that this guard was always devoted to him, stood with his chest for him. This is even evidenced by the fact of his death.
Genghis Khan died on his deathbed in honor and surrounded by his children, grandchildren and wives. He was mourned, unlike Alexander the Great, who died somewhere in the desert, and then his burial was plundered. And Napoleon was generally exiled to the island of St. Helena.
This is how the great commanders of World History ended up. Genghis Khan, as an adaptive personality of his era, played a colossal role, fit into World history and entered the cohort of great commanders. The place of his burial remains a mystery to this day, as well as his military-philosophical doctrine.
PS. There is an opinion that his burial place is in Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan may be the burial place of Genghis Khan
Jochi, the son of Genghis Khan, became known in Rus' before other Mongol conquering khans.
In the infamous battle of Kalka, he faced the Russian army for the only time.
The memory of his cruelty, even in those far from humane times, was preserved in the annals National history. But otherwise, researchers leave Jochi in the shadow of his father, Genghis Khan, and his son, Batu Khan.
Meanwhile, the biography of the hero of the story is replete with intriguing mysteries.
Mystery of origin
IN historical sources There is information that Temujin's first wife, Borte, captured by the Merkit tribe, gave birth to a son, Jochi, in 1182, upon her return, whom her husband recognized as his first-born.
The story turned out to be so dark that despite Temukin’s recognition of paternity, rumors circulated throughout the steppe, casting serious doubt on this public statement. From the outside, no one noticed that the problematic origins of the eldest son particularly worried him, like almost his entire large family.
Only a separate unpleasant episode of a quarrel between the brothers Jochi and Chagatai at a military council before the campaign against Khorezm, described in the “Secret Legend,” suggests that the issue was not finally closed. In addition, refutations of Chagatai’s claims to Jochi related to unclear origin no one rushed to refute it.
The quarrel was hushed up, but the sediment remained. Medieval historians paid more attention to the intrigue of birth. TO XIV century In the countries of Central Asia, once conquered by the Mongols, cult veneration of the figure of Genghis Khan was established. There were many retellings, here are just a few of them:
- “Collection of Chronicles”, in the most striking historical work of the Middle Ages by the encyclopedist Rashid ad-Din detailed description circumstances surrounding the birth of Jochi. Here is described the epic story of the pregnant Borte with her capture and almost miraculous deliverance from captivity and the birth of her son on the way home.
- “Genealogy of the Turks”, here the unknown author repeated the narrative of Rashid ad-Din in development, in relation to his circumstances. At the same time, not a shadow of doubt was shown about the illegal origin of Jochi.
- The history of Khiva's Abu-l-Ghazi Khan added to the known circumstances the origin of the name of his eldest son from the lips of Genghis Khan. When he met, he called the baby “new guest,” which in Mongolian sounds “jochi.”
- Modern researchers have not ignored the issue either. Thus, Lev Gumilyov claimed that Borte’s return from captivity was crowned with the birth of a son. Despite the recognition of paternity, doubts gnawed at Genghis Khan and Jochi. However, no negative consequences these doubts did not bring both Jochi himself and his descendants. The Chingizids, in their frequent quarrels with each other, allowing themselves gross insults against each other, never even hinted at this episode from the history of the “noble family.”
Activities of Jochi
In 1207, Jochi, at the behest of his father, set off with an army to conquer the tribes in the west of Lake Baikal. This campaign ended successfully, the peoples submitted without a fight and brought gifts.
In 1213, Genghis Khan and his son went to Jin. The army was divided into three groups, one (western) was led by Jochi and his brothers, the second (main) by Genghis Khan with his youngest son, and the third (eastern) was led by Genghis Khan’s brother Khasar. The groups went on a campaign in divisions, conquering cities. The military campaign was successful, but bloody. Jin paid a large ransom for the truce.
In 1218, Jochi suppressed the uprising of the Kirghiz, who opposed Genghis Khan's order to suppress the Tumats, who defeated the Mongol army.
The mystery of Jochi's death
- Just like birth, Jochi’s death is surrounded by hidden circumstances. There is no unambiguous description of this event in historical sources and studies by modern authors. Chroniclers identify at least three explanations for Jochi’s death:
- Firstly, the official one: being ill, Jochi did not go on a campaign against Nordic countries as Genghis Khan ordered. He also did not appear when summoned to his father’s headquarters, after which he was declared a rebel. The announced campaign was canceled by the news of Jochi's death.
- Secondly, the enemies of the Mongols put forward the version that Jochi, suspected of treason, was killed on the orders of his father. The veracity of this legend is questionable due to the bias of the authors.
- Thirdly, the legends of the Great Steppe attribute his death during a hunt. Modern researchers suggest that most likely Jochi died of illness. Despite the difficult relationships with close relatives, this version seems to be the most preferable in light of subsequent events. The Juchi ulus was not divided, but passed to the eighteen-year-old Batu Khan.
Compared to him, Napoleon, Hitler and Stalin seem like inexperienced beginners
Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire and one of the most brutal men in human history. Compared to him, Napoleon, Hitler and Stalin seem like inexperienced novices.
Today we rarely hear anything about Mongolia, unless Russia is conducting nuclear tests on the steppes there. If Genghis Khan were alive, he would never have allowed this!
And in general, he would not give anyone peace, because most of all he loved to fight.
Here are 15 amazing facts about the Mongol commander who could have conquered the world:
1. 40 million corpses
Historians estimate that Genghis Khan was responsible for 40 million deaths. Just so you understand, this is 11% of the total population of the planet at that time.
For comparison: Second World War sent “only” 3% of the world’s population (60–80 million) to the next world.
The adventures of Genghis Khan thus contributed to the cooling of the climate in the 13th century, as they removed more than 700 million tons of carbon dioxide from the Earth.
2. At the age of 10, Genghis Khan killed his half-brother
Genghis Khan had a difficult childhood. His father was killed by warriors from a rival tribe when Genghis Khan was only 9.
Then his mother was kicked out of the tribe, so she had to raise seven children alone - not easy in 13th century Mongolia!
When Genghis Khan was 10 years old, he killed his half-brother Bekter because he did not want to share food with him!
3. Genghis Khan is not his real name
The real name of the man we know as Genghis Khan is Temujin, which means "iron" or "blacksmith".
The name is not bad, but clearly not worthy of a great warrior and emperor. Therefore, in 1206, Temujin named himself Genghis Khan.
"Khan"- this, of course, "ruler", but about the meaning of the word "Genghis" Scientists are still arguing. The most common version is that it is a corruption of Chinese "zheng" - "fair". So - this, oddly enough, "just ruler".
4. Genghis Khan used brutal torture
Under Genghis Khan, the Mongols were famous for their terrible torture. One of the most popular was to pour molten silver into the throat and ears of the victim.
Genghis Khan himself loved this method of execution: the enemy was bent backward until his spine was broken.
And Genghis Khan and his squad celebrated the victory over the Russians in the following way: they threw all the surviving Russian soldiers onto the ground, and placed a huge wooden gate on top of them. Then they held a feast at the gate, crushing the suffocating prisoners.
5. Genghis Khan held beauty contests
Having captured the new land, Genghis Khan ordered to kill or enslave all the men, and gave the women to his warriors. He even organized beauty contests among his captives to choose the most beautiful one.
The winner became one of his large harem, and the rest of the participants were sent to be desecrated by the soldiers.
6. Genghis Khan defeated superior armies
The size of the Mongol Empire indicates that Genghis Khan was a truly great commander.
At the same time, he repeatedly won victories over superior enemy forces. For example, he defeated a million Jin dynasty soldiers with an army of 90,000 Mongols.
During his conquest of China, Genghis Khan destroyed 500,000 Chinese soldiers before the rest surrendered to the mercy of the victor!
7. Genghis Khan turned enemies into comrades
In 1201, Genghis Khan was wounded in battle by an enemy archer. The Mongol army won the battle, after which Genghis Khan ordered to find the same archer who shot him.
He said that the arrow hit his horse, and not himself, so that the archer would not be afraid to confess. And when the archer was found, Genghis Khan acted unexpectedly: instead of killing the enemy on the spot, he invited him to join the Mongol army.
Such military cunning and foresight is one of the reasons for Genghis Khan’s unprecedented military successes.
8. Nobody knows what Genghis Khan looked like
There are tons of pictures of Genghis Khan on the internet and in history books, but we actually have no idea what he looked like.
How is this possible? The fact is that Genghis Khan forbade depicting himself. Therefore, there are no paintings, no statues, or even written descriptions of his appearance.
But after his death, people immediately rushed to impersonate the late tyrant from memory, so we have a rough idea of what he might have looked like. However, some historians say that he had red hair!
9. Genghis Khan had a lot of children
Every time Genghis Khan conquered a new country, he took one of the local women as his wife. They all eventually became pregnant and gave birth to his offspring.
Genghis Khan believed that by populating all of Asia with his descendants, he would guarantee the stability of the empire.
How many children did he have?
It’s impossible to say for sure, but historians estimate that about 8% of all Asians are his descendants!
10. In Mongolia, Genghis Khan is revered as a folk hero
A portrait of Genghis Khan adorns the tugrik, the Mongolian currency. In Mongolia, he is considered a hero for creating the great Mongol Empire.
It is not customary to talk about the cruelty of Genghis Khan there - he is a hero.
When Mongolia was socialist, that is, ruled from Moscow, any mention of Genghis Khan was prohibited. But since 1990, the cult of the ancient ruler has flourished with renewed vigor.
11. Genghis Khan committed genocide against Iranians
The Iranians hate Genghis Khan with the same intensity that the Mongols adore him. And there's a reason for that.
The Khorezm Empire, located on the territory of modern Iran, was a powerful power until it was attacked by the Mongols. Within a few years, the Mongol army completely destroyed Khorezm.
According to historians, Genghis Khan’s troops slaughtered ¾ of the entire population of Khorezm. It took the Iranians 700 years to restore their population!
12. Genghis Khan was religiously tolerant
Despite his cruelty, Genghis Khan was quite tolerant in matters of religion. He studied Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity and dreamed of the Mongol Empire as a place where there would be no religious strife.
Genghis Khan once even arranged a debate between Christians, Muslims and Buddhists to determine which religion was the best. However, the participants got very drunk, so the winner was never determined.
13. Genghis Khan did not forgive his offenders
Genghis Khan allowed the inhabitants of the Mongol Empire to live for their own pleasure, as long as they did not violate the rules he set. But any violations of these rules were punished in the most severe manner.
For example, when the ruler of one Khorezm city attacked a Mongol trade caravan and killed all the traders, Genghis Khan became furious. He sent 100,000 warriors to Khorezm, who killed thousands of people.
The unlucky ruler himself paid cruelly: his mouth and eyes were poured with molten silver. This was a clear sign: any attack against the Mongol Empire would be punished disproportionately harshly.
14. The death of Genghis Khan is shrouded in mystery
Genghis Khan died in 1227 at the age of 65. To this day, his death is surrounded by an aura of mystery.
It is unknown what he died from, nor where his grave is located. Of course, this gave rise to many legends.
The most popular version says that he was killed by a captive Chinese princess. There are also versions that he fell from his horse - either just like that, or because he was hit by an enemy arrow.
It is unlikely that we will ever know the truth about what happened 800 years ago. After all, even the burial place of the Mongol emperor was never found!
15. Genghis Khan created the largest continuous empire in history
The Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan will forever remain the largest uninterrupted empire in human history.
It occupied 16.11% of all land, and its area was 24 million square kilometers!