Iraq. Absolute genocide

Devon Largio, an employee of the University of Illinois, analyzed statements made by 10 key US leaders responsible for making the decision to start the war in Iraq, and identified 21 reasons why this war was started.

Largio took into account speeches made between September 2001 and October 2002 from George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, Democratic leader in the US Senate Tom Dashle (now retired from politics), influential senators Joseph Lieberman ( Democrat) and John McCainJohn McCain (Republican), Richard PerleRichard Perle (at that time the head of the Defense Policy Review Board, one of the most famous neoconservatives and the “gray eminence” of US foreign policy), Secretary of State Colin Powell (now not a member of civil service), US Presidential National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (now head of the State Department), Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and his deputy Paul Wolfowitz (now head of the World Bank).

Reason: To prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction. According to Largio, it was voiced by: Bush, Cheney, Daschle, Lieberman, McCain, Pearl, Powell, Rice, Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz.

The stocks of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) stored in Iraq before the 1991 war would have been enough to destroy the entire population of the Earth several times over. Before the 2003 war, it was assumed that Iraq’s arsenals could contain up to 26 thousand liters of anthrax pathogens, up to 38 thousand liters of botulinum toxin, several hundred tons of chemical weapons, as well as the raw materials necessary for their production. It was believed that Iraq could retain the means of delivering weapons of mass destruction - hundreds of bombs, thousands of artillery shells and missiles, several Scud ballistic missiles - and was also able to convert old combat aircraft into unmanned aerial vehicles capable of delivering biological or chemical weapons.

It has now been established that Iraq stopped developing nuclear weapons programs after 1991 and destroyed its stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons at the same time. Although Saddam Hussein hoped to rebuild Iraq's WMD arsenals, he did not have a specific strategy in this direction. Iraq maintained an infrastructure that could allow it to quickly create chemical and biological weapons.

Reason: The need to change the ruling regime. The same people were talking about her.

Saddam Hussein was constantly included in the informal “hit parades” of the most brutal dictators of our time. He started two wars. The Iran-Iraq War claimed the lives of 100 thousand Iraqis. and 250 thousand Iranians. The Iraqi army's invasion of Kuwait and the subsequent Operation Desert Storm led to the death of 50 thousand Iraqis. Hussein also destroyed 20-30 thousand Kurdish and Shiite rebels, including using chemical weapons against civilians. There were no civil liberties in Iraq. Hussein destroyed political opponents, and torture was widely used in Iraqi prisons.

Reason: To combat international terrorism. The same, except for Daschle.

Iraq has provided training facilities and political support to numerous terrorist groups, including the Mujahideen Khalq, the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the Palestine Liberation Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. Iraq also provided political asylum to terrorists.

Reason: Iraq has violated numerous UN resolutions. The same, except for Daschle.

Over two decades, Iraq has failed to comply with 16 UN Security Council resolutions. On November 8, 2002, the Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution N1441, which states that Iraq must disarm under threat of "serious consequences." This resolution was a continuation of Resolution N687, adopted in 1991, which committed Iraq to full and complete disclosure of all aspects of its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles with a range of more than 150 km. In 1998, the UN Security Council issued a special Resolution N1205, which condemned Iraq for violating Resolution N687 and other similar Security Council resolutions. However, Iraq is far from the only country in the world that does not comply or does not fully comply with the decisions of the Security Council.

Reason: Saddam Hussein is a brutal dictator guilty of killing civilians. The reason was voiced by: Bush, Cheney, McCain, Pearl, Powell, Rice, Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz.

Reason: Because UN inspectors responsible for searching for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction encountered Iraqi opposition and were unable to complete their tasks. Authors of the argument: Bush, Lieberman, McCain, Powell, Rice and Rumsfeld.

UN inspectors operated in Iraq for seven years - from May 1991 to August 1998, when Iraq refused to conduct further inspections. The Iraqi authorities have repeatedly resisted the inspectors. Nevertheless, the inspectors' "hunting trophies" were quite substantial. Long-range missiles and launchers and stockpiles of chemical weapons were destroyed. It took UN inspectors four years to discover Iraq's biological weapons program. Until September 2002, all attempts to return inspectors to the country encountered resistance from the Iraqi leadership, which insisted that the international community must first end the regime of economic sanctions against Iraq. Subsequently, in September 2002, UN inspectors returned to Iraq, but did not find Iraqi WMD.

Reason: Liberation of Iraq. This was stated by Bush, McCain, Pearl, Rice, Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz.

Reason: Saddam Hussein's connections to Al Qaeda. The argument was made in speeches by Bush, Cheney, Lieberman, Pearl, Rice and Rumsfeld.

American intelligence reported that the “connector” between Bin Laden and Hussein is a certain Abu Musab Zarqawi, who allegedly underwent treatment in Baghdad in 2002. However, it later turned out that Zarqawi supported one of the extremist movements in Iraqi Kurdistan, which operated outside the control of Saddam Hussein. It was also reported that one of the terrorists who participated in the September 11, 2001 attacks met with an Iraqi intelligence official. A US Congressional commission that investigated the causes of these terrorist attacks found no evidence of this claim.

Reason: Iraq poses a threat to the United States. This was stated by Bush, Pearl, Powell, Rusmfeld and Wolfowitz.

In October 2002, the US Senate and Congress authorized President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq. The US administration argued that Iraq posed an immediate threat to the US, and therefore the United States had the right to launch a preemptive strike.

In early 2002, the US National Intelligence Council concluded that Iraq would not be able to effectively threaten the US for at least a decade. During the international sanctions regime, Iraq will not be able to test long-range missiles until 2015. However, provided that this regime is relaxed, Iraq will have access to modern technologies, it will be able to quickly improve its missile arsenals and, possibly, create missiles capable of striking the United States. It has now been established that most of Iraq's long-range missiles were destroyed after 1991. However, Iraq tried to develop its missile program, which became especially intensified after the expulsion of UN inspectors (1998). Saddam Hussein intended to create ballistic missiles capable of carrying weapons of mass destruction warheads.

Reason: The need to disarm Iraq. Bush, Pearl, Powell, Rusmfeld and Rice.

Reason: To complete what was not done during the 1991 war (then the troops of the anti-Iraqi coalition led by the United States defeated the Iraqi troops that captured Kuwait, but did not enter Iraqi territory). Authors: Lieberman, McCain, Pearl, Powell.

Reason: Saddam Hussein poses a threat to the security of the region. The version was proposed by Bush, Cheney, McCain, Powell and Rumsfeld.

Over the past decades, Iraq has taken part in five wars (three with Israel, one with Iran, one in Kuwait), and has been involved in a huge number of border armed incidents (in particular, with Syria and Turkey). Saddam Hussein's regime carried out large-scale military operations to suppress the uprisings of national and religious minorities - Kurds and Shiites. Moreover, in the years leading up to the US invasion, Iraq repeatedly threatened to use military force against neighboring states. The Iraqi army was once considered the strongest army in the region, but before the start of the last war it was in poor condition.

Reason: International security. Bush, Daschle, Powell and Rumsfeld spoke about this.

Reason: Need to support UN efforts. Bush, Powell and Rice advocated for it.

Reason: The US is capable of an easy victory in Iraq. The authors of the argument are Pearl and Rumsfeld.

The 2003 Iraqi army, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, was 50-70% less combat-ready than the 1991 army. During the 1991 Gulf War, approximately 40% of the Iraqi armed forces were destroyed. Hussein was unable to restore the combat effectiveness of his army. International sanctions prevented him from obtaining modern weapons, and the economic crisis in the country led to the fact that the size of the Iraqi army - once one of the largest armies in the Middle East - was reduced by approximately 50%. The US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency estimates that 70% more money was spent on a 1991-model Iraqi soldier than on a 2003-model Iraqi soldier. The results are known: if in 1991 the war lasted 43 days, then in 2003 the end of the active period of hostilities was announced after 26 days. During the battles with the regular Iraqi army, 114 soldiers and officers of the anti-Iraqi coalition were killed. The losses of the Iraqi armed forces amounted, according to various estimates, to 4.9 - 11 thousand killed.

Reason: To protect world peace. George Bush.

Reason: Iraq poses a unique threat. Donald Rumsfeld.

Reason: The need to transform the entire Middle East. Richard Perl.

American neoconservatives, including Pearl, believe that the states and peoples of the Middle East feel like outsiders, losing the competition with the West. These peoples look at the rich West with hatred and envy. However, according to neoconservatives, this situation was the result of the underdevelopment of democratic institutions in these states - the pressure of religious fundamentalists, the dominance of dictators, the unfreedom of the press, the virtual absence of civil society, etc., which hinder the normal development of the economy, culture, etc. Therefore, according to neoconservatives, the United States and the West should bring the “seeds of democracy” to the Middle East. The creation of a truly democratic Iraqi state could cause a “chain reaction” and completely change the entire region.

Reason: The need to influence states that support terrorists or are trying to obtain weapons of mass destruction. Richard Perl.

This argument has been confirmed in practice. After the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi agreed to destroy and partially transfer to the United States his stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction and completely stop work on WMD programs.

Reason: Saddam Hussein hates the US and will try to translate his hatred into something concrete. Joseph Lieberman.

Saddam Hussein repeatedly made anti-American statements; anti-Americanism in Iraq was the state ideology. including using an “oil weapon” - he suspended the export of Iraqi oil in order to “punish” the United States. In 1993, Iraqi intelligence services organized a failed assassination attempt on former US President George H. W. Bush, who led the United States during the 1991 war. It is now believed that Saddam Hussein was most interested in strengthening his reputation in the Middle East and containing Iraq's longtime enemy, Iran.

Reason: History itself calls on the US to do this. Author of the statement: US President George W. Bush.03 November 2005 Washington ProFile

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“I see no difference between the invasion of Iraq and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939. Bush took advantage of the terrorist attacks committed in the United States on September 11, 2001, in the same way for his own purposes, just as Hitler used the fire in the Reichstag in his time.”

Former UN weapons inspector Scott Ritter (5)

Donald Rumsfeld, the US secretary of defense who championed the attack on Iraq, shakes hands with Hussein during their meeting in 1983

• In 1963, S. Hussein studied law in Cairo, where the CIA contacted him. In 1968, the United States brought the Baath Party to power in Iraq, which at that time was headed by Saddam Hussein’s mentor, Ahmed Hassat Al-Bakr, who transferred power to Saddam Hussein in 1979. Thus, “the most brutal dictator” in history, as George Bush dubbed S. Hussein, was at that time invited to cooperate by the Americans themselves. (7) Next.
• AUGUST 2, 1990 - Iraqi troops invaded and captured Kuwait. In January 1991, bombing of Iraq by international coalition forces began, followed by ground operations in February. In April 1991, hostilities ceased and Iraqi troops were withdrawn from Kuwait. The hostilities lasted 43 days. The ground part of the operation took 100 hours. The anti-Iraq coalition included representatives of 36 states, the size of the combined military group was 800 thousand people, including 540 thousand US military personnel. During the operation, the Allies dropped 142 thousand bombs - this is approximately 5% of the number of bombs used during the Second World War. Direct US costs for the Gulf War, according to the Department of Defense, amounted to $40 billion. The Gulf War in early 1991 brought the following losses to the allies in the anti-Iraq coalition: 145 people were killed (including 95 Americans) , 58 US military personnel died outside of combat zones, but during the war (for comparison: in the Vietnam War, the US lost 57,685 people killed). The British killed 25 people, 12 were missing. Iraq's losses are much more serious. American sources estimate that up to 100,000 Iraqis were killed or wounded during the war (1), according to independent Americans. propaganda estimates - more than 200,000 Iraqis. During the second war, the Americans killed about 20,000 people until May 2003 (61)
• The US was considering using military force to seize oil fields in the Middle East as early as the Arab oil embargo in 1973, declassified British government documents show. US airborne forces were expected to seize oil installations in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and might even ask the British to do the same in Abu Dhabi. This episode shows that security of oil supply has always been a government planning priority. (49)
• One of the US crimes during the 1st Golf War. Let us remember the Amaria bomb shelter in Baghdad, which was hit by American missiles in February 1991. The first rocket pierced two-meter reinforced concrete floors, then two thermal rockets flew in. They destroyed all living things. Instantly, about 400 sleeping women, old people and children were burned alive. The silhouettes of people imprinted by the blast wave into the walls and floor are still preserved. The Americans said that they confused a bomb shelter with a government bunker. (22) Well, it’s generally unnecessary to talk about such things as the use of prohibited types of weapons by the Americans (napalm, cluster and needle bombs), because this is always a characteristic feature of their wars (see, for example, (74, 75)). US troops also used Mark 77 napalm, a type of bomb banned by the United Nations, in Iraq. (75)
• A huge role in shaping public opinion in the United States itself, supporting the 1st war against Iraq, was played by television footage in which a 15-year-old girl, who was presented as a Kuwaiti refugee, said that she saw with her own eyes how Iraqi soldiers pulled out 312 Kuwaiti babies from maternity hospital, and put them on the concrete floor to die. They wanted to take away the incubators where these babies were kept. An interview with this girl was shown on American TV hundreds of times before the war. I must admit that the girl played her role masterfully, she even cried, and many in the audience also wiped away their tears. The girl's name was hidden because she supposedly had family left in Kuwait and could be harmed by Hussein's soldiers. In order to understand how important this video was, we add that President George H. W. Bush used the story about dead babies ten times during the forty days of the war propaganda campaign, the interview was repeatedly appealed to by members of the US Senate when deciding whether to send troops to Bay Subsequently, it was proven that the girl shown on TV was not a refugee at all, but the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, who lived in the United States and therefore could not have been an eyewitness to the occupation of Kuwait; moreover, she is a member of the royal family that rules Kuwait, all her relatives have huge fortunes, estates abroad and live mainly in the USA and Western countries, so they could not suffer even if she performed under her own name. What we have before us is a falsification that was deliberately carried out by television crews on the order of war supporters from the presidential administration. Of course, President Bush Sr. himself could not help but know this; he deliberately manipulated the opinions of millions of ordinary Americans in order to achieve his political goals. (12) This whole PR stunt was ordered by the American government to the company Hill and Knowlton, which produces advertising. The firm found that the American public most hates people who abuse children. Therefore, this is precisely the plot that was invented to promote the war with Iraq. The deception came to light due to the fact that some journalists were not too lazy to go to that same maternity hospital and tried to talk with employees and management. It turned out that they had never heard of any murder of babies there, and although the Iraqis looked into this building during the war, they limited themselves to stealing chairs. Special “incubators” for babies, which, according to the girl, they took with them, are still in place and serve their purpose (see. photo). (73)

• For the first invasion of Iraq (1991), America used the following justifications (96):

• It is estimated that the sanctions regime imposed after the first Gulf War cost the lives of between 500,000 and 1 million children. (10)
• “Depleted uranium (DU) projectiles were first used by the Joint Forces during the Gulf War in 1991. At the end of 1991, I diagnosed a hitherto unknown disease in the Iraqi population, which is characterized by kidney and liver dysfunction. Leukemia and anemia became widespread. and malignant neoplasms. Pediatric statistics are filled with descriptions of congenital deformities caused by genetic defects. Pregnant women are experiencing an increase in miscarriages and premature births. Bedouins from Kuwait, turned into a training ground by US soldiers, report that hundreds of corpses of camels, sheep and birds lie in the desert." (4) Over the past 10 years, the level of childhood cancer has increased catastrophically. (16) In the first Gulf War in 1991, the Americans and British used 350 tons of depleted uranium. This had consequences not only for Americans. soldiers (about half of the soldiers who fought during Desert Storm returned from the war with strange diseases) and the people of Iraq, but also for surrounding countries. According to Asian estimates, 20-25% of the total population of these countries consulted doctors with similar complaints, and 250 thousand people had already died by 1996. These data are from Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Oman. (26) According to the British Atomic Energy Society, 50 tons of depleted uranium can cause 500,000 deaths. Most of the victims are residents of southern Iraq, especially children. During the last war (2003), at least 2,000 tons were used.(61) In the Iraqi capital of Baghdad alone, many sites were found contaminated with radioactive materials, the radiation levels of which were 1,000 times higher than normal levels. (75) Radiation contamination in Iraq is equivalent to 250,000 atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima, the reason for this is precisely depleted uranium weapons. The radioactive uranium that Americans fill their bombs and missiles with has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. If you inhale just 1 gram of this dust, you will receive radioactivity as if you had an X-ray of your lungs every hour for the rest of your life. In the United States, 103 plants produce radioactive uranium. 77 thousand tons of uranium are already in warehouses. This is enough to provide another 40.5 companies equivalent to the Iraqi one. (76)
• Child mortality has increased 6-fold since 1991 (even 16-fold, according to one report).(4) Child mortality from dystrophy has increased by more than 3000%. (19)

A seven-month-old child is on the verge of starvation due to sanctions

• The incidence of cancer increased between 1991 and 1994. by 700%.(17)
• By the time sanctions were lifted on Iraq in 2003, some 2 million people had died from them. (57)
• Cholera, which did not exist in Iraq in 1990, is rapidly spreading in the country. (18)
• Health care spending fell from $90 to $12 per person per year during the sanctions period.(18) Before the sanctions, over 90% of Iraqis had access to free health care. (57)
• During the first Iraq War in 1991, the Americans bombed half of the schools (about 2,000 out of a total of 4,000).(57)
• The number of operating schools fell by three-quarters from 1990 to 2003 as the population grew from 18 to 25 million people. Therefore, now only half of Iraqi children can attend school (before sanctions - 80%). (57)
• Because of the sanctions from 1990 to 2003, every 4 minutes one Iraqi died from hunger or from diseases that could have been cured if the “international community” had not destroyed hospitals and drug factories, if the import of drugs had not been banned country.(57)
• Thanks to the sanctions, 1.5 million children became orphans. (57)
• Expenditures on education during the period of sanctions fell from 230 to 23 million per year.(18) The level of education and literacy of the population has deteriorated. (9)
• The food allowance per person is limited to 1000 calories per day. (4)
• The mortality rate increased sharply from 50 per 100 thousand people in 1988 to 117 in 1998. (9)
• A third of children under 5 years of age are chronically ill. (20)

• 70% of pregnant women in Iraq suffer from anemia.(21)
• 2003. Iraq's oil wealth - several trillion dollars - came under the de facto control of the United States as a result of the war. The explored reserves of crude oil in Iraq, according to OPEC, amount to 112.5 billion barrels. The current price of oil fluctuates between approximately 20 and 30 US dollars per barrel. The total value of explored deposits ranges from 2.25 to 3.4 trillion dollars. Of course, Iraq's total oil reserves may be much larger. (2)
• The water is polluted and contaminated. Water, the source of life, is itself the source of disease. Cases of leukemia have increased fourfold. Cancer rates have increased; In men, the lungs and bronchi are enlarged, stomach dysfunction and skin diseases are observed. (4)
• As a result of US military attacks and sanctions that persisted for 12 years, Iraq found itself among the least economically developed countries in the world. (eleven)
• Iraq's gross national product has declined by more than 70% over the past two decades.(11)
• The connection between Hussein and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 has never been proven.
• the company, headed from 1995 to 2000 by US Vice President Richard Cheney and still paying him up to $1 million annually (KBR), will exploit the Iraqi fields and manage all the oil produced there. So Iraqi oil came into the possession of the United States, and the statements that “Iraqi oil belongs to the people of Iraq” turned out to be empty words. (eleven)
• 2003 - Having won the war on the cheap ($79 billion is less than 1% of the US economy's annual output), the Bush administration apparently hopes that rebuilding Iraq will soon begin to pay off. The Post-War Reconstruction and Humanitarian Relief Administration was allocated a paltry $2.4 billion. (3)
• As it turned out in October 2003, 14 American companies successfully sold weapons to Iraq between the wars of 1991 and 2003. Despite the absolute ban. As Deputy Director of Criminal Investigations at the Bureau of Immigration David Conboy emphasized, “in all these cases, the common theme was greed, the desire to make dollars at the expense of US national security.” Let us recall that until 1991, the United States officially supplied Iraq with weapons, which were used in the war with Iran, Kuwait and to suppress uprisings within the country. (13)
• In a series of surveys conducted from May to September 2003, experts found that a significant portion of Americans have no idea what is happening in Iraq. Fully 48% of Americans said the United States had uncovered evidence of Saddam Hussein's collaboration with al-Qaeda. Another 22% of respondents noted that we discovered weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. And 25% of respondents expressed confidence that the majority of the world's inhabitants supported the American war. This is a direct result of misinformation perpetrated by the American media, especially Fox.(14) April 2004 A year after the occupation began, Americans continue to believe in their government's fairy tales. More than half continue to believe that Baghdad had weapons of mass destruction when the war began a year ago, and about half believe there is "clear evidence" that Hussein supported the al-Qaeda terrorist network. (83)
• In order to satisfy the “sexual needs” of soldiers in the aggression against Iraq, the Pentagon included 30,000 prostitutes in its armed gang, recruiting them into auxiliary positions in the army. (24) To raise the patriotic spirit, mercenaries of the “army of freedom” are sent pictures from Playboy with autographs of prostitutes. (27)

Amazing transformation. This is what Americans look like. barbarians, if you strip them of all the husks of their uniforms and weapons:

After the pictures appeared, Amer. prisoners of war, the Americans indignantly started talking about how the evil Iraqis were violating the Geneva Convention, according to which the faces of prisoners of war should not be shown (at least that was their interpretation). In America, showing American prisoners of war on television was banned altogether. But Iraqi prisoners of war could be shown as much as they wanted and in any way they wanted. Obviously, the Geneva Convention did not apply to them. The same applies to the 1st war in Iraq. The frightened Iraqis were shown in close-up. True, after this incident with the capture of Americans, CNN and other channels suddenly “remembered” human rights and began to paint over the faces of prisoners in their reports. The Internet was also cleaned. Previously, you could find a picture of an Iraqi kissing the shoe of an American invader. Now you won't find it anymore.

American personnel television, taken from an American patriotic website, where they revel in the killing and fear of the people of Iraq. For some reason, the Americans forgot about the Geneva Convention.

• Let's compare how the Iraqis and the Americans treated prisoners of war. The Iraqis provided medical care to all the wounded, did not torture anyone (despite the Pentagon's lies) or kill anyone. The Americans treated (and treat) prisoners of war barbarously: torture, murder, inhumane conditions of detention, death threats, beatings, humiliation...
• The Pentagon had been planning military action against Iraq in the months leading up to 9/11. (24)
• Sanctions on Iraq cost Russia more than $40 billion (94)
• More than 90% of Iraqis consider coalition soldiers stationed in the country to be occupiers. At the same time, only 3% of Iraqis perceive the coalition troops as peacekeeping forces, and 2% see them as a liberation army. This is evidenced by the results of a public opinion poll conducted in Iraq commissioned by the country's Provisional Coalition Administration. 11% of respondents have confidence in the coalition administration, while in November 2003 this figure was 47%. (90)
• Half of Iraq's population are children under 15 years of age. (28)
• 53-year-old American Harvey John “Jack” McGeorge, who works as a “UN inspector for the disarmament of Iraq,” recently successfully completed a “sex slave training course” in America. The courses taught how to use knives and ropes. He himself is the head of the largest sadomasochistic organization in America, the Leather Leadership Conference. Prior to his assignment as an inspector in Iraq, he served with the CIA. (24)
• On January 14, 2004, Human Rights Watch released a report saying that some US tactics in Iraq violated the Geneva Conventions, including bombings of residential buildings that "cannot be justified on the basis of military necessity." The report accuses the US Army of rounding up and detaining Iraqi civilians simply because they are relatives of fugitives. (60)
• The US is the biggest violator of all UN resolutions on Iraq. (24)
• Baghdad. The city, which had never seen drugs before March 2003, was already flooded with drugs, including heroin, in May, within days of the Americans declaring victory. (62) The CIA is known as the largest supplier of drugs. 2005: in the context of the war in Iraq and the global anti-terrorism campaign, a new threat emerged for US national security, and from a rather unexpected direction. Intelligence services have exposed dozens of American military personnel in collaboration with the enemy - drug traffickers. As ABC has learned, the FBI is forced to launch a major investigation to find out how widespread this phenomenon is in the ranks of the armed forces and law enforcement agencies of the United States. According to government sources, two operations have recently been carried out, the results of which “are emerging as a worrying picture.” (104)

• February 2004 The Independent published an article reporting that American soldiers kill approximately 1,000 people every week in "peaceful" Iraq. And this is an approximate figure, since there is data about a more significant number of victims. They try to carefully cover up the traces of every incident in Iraq, especially when it comes to the death of American soldiers as a result of attacks by the Iraqi resistance. Those who have visited Baghdad unanimously claim that the capital, quiet during the day, turns into a battlefield at night. Despite the fact that President George W. Bush announced the end of hostilities several months ago, the war in Iraq continues.(63)
• The US Congress first decided on an embargo against Iraq not in 1990, after the start of the war with Kuwait, but in 1989, when Hussein called on Middle Eastern countries to unite to become more independent from the United States. (64)
• Saddam started the Iran-Iraq war after Iranian provocations, one of which was the assassination attempt on Tariq Aziz. It was the Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini who refused to sign a peace treaty, which is why the war dragged on for eight years. US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said he hoped the war would "continue as long as possible with as many deaths as possible on both sides." After all, the United States never tolerated Middle Eastern states that could resist Israel, and attacked Iran, Lebanon, Syria and the Palestinians... And Iraq ardently supported the Palestinians.(64)
• ESSO, Shell and British Petroleum are among the 15 largest TNCs. Until 1958, they colonized and plundered Iraq. Thrown out by the national liberation revolution, they did not lose their desire to recapture Iraqi oil reserves. And they want to displace their French and Russian competitors (Total and Lukoil). (64)
• there is every reason to believe that the terrorist attacks carried out in Iraq in 2003 against Shiites were the work of US intelligence services. They hoped to quarrel the Shiites and Sunnis in this way, in order to prevent them from uniting into a united front against the invaders. The terrorist attacks were carried out mainly at Shiite mosques; no one claimed responsibility.
• Most of the 250 Czech soldiers rebelled in Kuwait. They don't want to take part in the war against Iraq. The mass export of puppets by Czech airlines began. (24)
• 10.2003. The popularity of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein among the country's residents is growing rapidly. There are reports of dozens of newborn children named after the dictator, something that was not observed even during his reign. In populated areas where Sunnis live, clashes constantly occur between military and civilians, often ending in victory for the latter. In fact, the provisional administration does not control these areas and is trying in every possible way to hide the facts of its powerlessness. Iraqis are unhappy that the Americans are ready to use weapons for any reason. You can die under the fire of coalition forces in today's Iraq while installing a television antenna and even performing morning prayer. There are also frequent cases of looting among the US military, which naturally goes unpunished. All this leads to a certain “nostalgia” for the overthrown regime. (15)
• February 15 and 16, 2003 went down in history as the days when the LARGEST WORLD ANTI-IMPERIALIST ACTION ON A PLANETARY SCALE took place in HUMAN HISTORY. Up to 20 million people took part in global protests against the war with Iraq. A round-the-clock storm of popular anger swept across all continents of the Earth. Protests took place with great success in America, Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia and Oceania, and even on the ice continent - Antarctica. Many actions took place around the clock, which significantly constrained the forces of the gendarmes and police. Promotions took place simultaneously in 400 cities in 60 countries. Against this background, Russia looked painfully shameful, where, through the efforts of all left parties, just over a thousand Protestants were gathered in Moscow. (48)
• As for Iraq, which accused the inspectors of espionage, this accusation turned out to be solid. The Washington Post reported on January 8, 1999, that "UN inspectors helped gather information used by the United States in its efforts to overthrow the Iraqi regime." USA Today clearly knew about this spy story because it published an editorial justifying the spying. In the article "Spying Was Just a Side Activism" (January 8, 1999), the newspaper stated that "spying on Saddam Hussein is nothing new and needs no apology. Moreover, Iraq did not 'expel' the inspectors; in fact, they were recalled by Richard Butler, the head of the team of inspectors. The Washington Post, like many other media outlets, truthfully reported this at the time (12/17/98): "Butler ordered his inspectors to leave Baghdad, in anticipation of a military attack, on Tuesday night."(65)
• On the eve of the war in Iraq, British intelligence, at the request of Washington, helped the United States spy on UN delegates. At the end of January 2003, the UK Government Communications Office was ordered to assist the United States in arranging for wiretapping of members of the UN Security Council. The United States needed the help of British specialists in installing “bugs” in the apartments and offices of representatives of Angola, Cameroon, Chile, Bulgaria, Pakistan, etc. At that time, the United States was trying to get the Security Council to approve its anti-Iraq plans. The US request was outlined in a memo compiled by the US National Security Agency (NSA). Its text became known to the Observer newspaper in March last year, which immediately published some of its details; she has already been charged with disclosing state secrets. (67) The telephone conversations of UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and the former head of UN inspectors in Iraq, Hans Blix, were also wiretapped. (69)
• When more than a million jubilant Shiites marched through the streets of the Iraqi city of Karbala in late April, American media were quick to declare the demonstration a “spontaneous expression of joy at the liberation of Iraq.” There was an obvious stretch. For with what joy do they inflict wounds on themselves with chains and daggers? In fact, mourning ceremonies took place in Karbala in memory of the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, Imam Hussein. (72)

Killed while trying to surrender

• Since in “patriotic” America there is a clear lack of people willing to fight and die for it in Iraq, Bush was forced to resort to a publicity stunt - now every foreigner who wants to obtain American citizenship for free and quickly gets this opportunity if he agrees to fight for his future homeland in Iraq. (31)
• Since the beginning of the military operation against Iraq by the end of December 2003, about 1.7 thousand American troops deserted from units included in the occupation corps.(38)
• America constantly repeats how terrible the Hussein regime was, because it used chemical weapons against civilians. In fact, when this happened, America was not at all embarrassed by this behavior. In contrast, the United States secretly provided military planning assistance to Iraq even after Hussein's use of chemical weapons became widely known. And Rumsfeld, who served as the Reagan administration's special envoy in 1984, traveled to Iraq to try to convince officials there that America wanted to improve relations with President Saddam Hussein. (36)
• The accusation that Iraq used chemical weapons against its citizens is a well-known argument. One of his strong evidence is the fact of a gas attack on Iraqi Kurds in the city of Halabja at the end of the 8-year Iran-Iraq War (March 1988). The condition of the dead Kurds' organs, however, indicated that they had been killed by the cyanide-based gas used by Iran. The Iraqis did not possess such chemical agents at the time and used mustard gas in the battle. These facts were in the public domain for a long time, but, unusually, the more often the Halabya ​​case was exaggerated, the less often they were mentioned. (59)
• "hero" of the Iraq War, US Army private Jessica Lynch, who came under fire in Iraq in March, was captured and "released" by American soldiers, was rescued again. This time - from a scandal associated with the publication in the press of photographs in which a 20-year-old blonde from West Virginia was photographed naked in the company of two “comrades in arms.” The unexpected savior was the publisher of the pornographic magazine Hustler, Larry Flynt, who bought sensational photographs for an unknown amount for publication, but felt sorry for the girl and decided not to publish them. In her latest interviews, she did not discuss the topic of photographs, but more openly than before, she said that the whole story of her “martyrdom” in captivity and heroic liberation from an Iraqi hospital was invented in the Pentagon. “This is not about me,” she told AP. “I don’t want to take credit for something I didn’t do.” (66) A remarkable story happened to this Jessica Lynch. She is the only "heroine" of the American invasion of Iraq. The official version of her “feat” is as follows: the convoy where she was traveling was attacked, many Americans were killed, and she herself shot back to the last bullet until she lost consciousness from her wounds. She was tortured in captivity, but she said nothing, and then she was rescued by a special forces team during a brilliant operation. The truth turned out to be more banal: the squad was really attacked, and out of fear she drove into the car in front, was injured in the collision, and then woke up in an Iraqi hospital. There she was well fed and her wounds looked after. Then the Americans came and, to their surprise, found that there were no Iraqi soldiers in the hospital, and the doctors fled in horror at the sight of them. That's all, no one tortured her, no one heroically saved her, and she herself did not do anything outstanding.
• Who did the Americans put in the place of the terrible dictator Hussein? Ahmed Chalabi, sentenced in absentia to 22 years in prison for 31 cases of embezzlement, theft, misuse of depositors' funds and currency speculation. He used to be one of Jordan's most powerful businessmen, thanks to whom millions of dollars belonging to investors were transferred to other accounts of the Chalabi family empire - in Switzerland, Lebanon and London, from where they never returned. (35)
• Polls. Russia. 09/21/2003. When will the US return Iraq's independence? Never – 41%. After about a year - 6%. When Iraq runs out of oil – 41%. By the end of the current year (2003) – 1%. Four years later - 11%.(30) 03/20/2003. Why was the invasion launched? Establish control over the region - 28%, save the American economy and the dollar - 26%, overthrow Saddam Hussein - 6%, destroy a united Europe - 5%, get Iraqi oil - 36%. (30) 04/03/2003. PLEASE TELL US, IN THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE USA AND IRAQ, WHICH SIDE ARE YOUR SYMPATHIES ON: THE USA SIDE, THE IRAQ SIDE, OR NEITHER SIDE? On the side of Iraq - 57%. On the US side - 3%. For no one – 35%. I find it difficult to answer - 5%. (8) March, 2004. IN YOUR OPINION, DID THE AMERICANS OVERALL DO RIGHT OR WRONG BY STARTING THE MILITARY OPERATION IN IRAQ? Incorrect - 81%, correct - 5%, difficult to answer - 14%. March, 2004. IN YOUR VIEW, WHAT OBJECTIVES DID THE AMERICANS ACHIEVE WHEN STARTING THE MILITARY OPERATION IN IRAQ? Actions related to the financial and economic interests of the United States - 45% (in Moscow - 57%), strengthening presence in the region - 9%, demonstration of power - 4%, then it goes on in detail, and believes Bush himself with his statements about the fight against terrorism 2% of Russians. (79) April, 2004. WHICH SIDE ARE YOUR sympathies - THE IRAQI SIDE, THE AMERICANS SIDE, OR NEITHER SIDE? On the side of the Americans - 4%, the Iraqis - 48%, on no one's side - 38%, difficult to answer - 10%. (85)
• Provocations. In recent months, Americans have consistently reported attacks by Iraqi guerrillas on civilians. This is impossible! The partisans, hoping for the support of the people, and being, in principle, the people themselves, would not harm themselves and their families. They would not poison all the drinking water of entire cities, as the Americans claim, they would not kill their children and women. But the Americans have always done this: both in Vietnam and in other conflicts, they either organized similar provocations themselves or hired collaborators from the local population. The goal is simple - to discredit the partisans in order to have some evidence that they are actually terrorists.
• Iraq ended its weapons of mass destruction programs in the mid-nineties and posed no threat to the United States before the war. This is stated in a report by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, published in January 2004. One of the authors of the report, Joseph Cirincione, said in an interview with the American television company CNN that on the eve of the war, intelligence advisers were under pressure from official persons in Washington. Then, at the end of active hostilities, there followed a months-long search for nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. However, no weapons caches were found. Not a single weapon was found, not a single component that the administration believed existed, the foundation expert said. (56)

Under false pretenses, the American occupier slipped an Iraqi child a cardboard with the inscription "Lcpl Boudreaux killed my dad, then he knocked up my sister."

• On October 12, 2003, Patrick Cockburn described in the Independent how American soldiers in Iraq bulldozed date palms and orange and lemon orchards in central Iraq - a new policy of collectively punishing farmers for refusing to inform on the guerrillas. According to the Iraqis themselves, the Americans thus doomed them to starvation. (40)
• The British intelligence report on Iraq (2002), which became one of the arguments in favor of war, was partially rewritten from a coursework student at the Monterey Institute of International Studies Ibrahim al-Marashi wrote back in 1991. “They even copied my grammatical errors,” - al-Marashi complains. Some of his work has undergone significant changes, in particular some figures have been distorted. The authors of the British document also changed a number of phrases in order to thicken the colors. For example, the Iraqi intelligence service Mukhabarat, as noted by al-Marashi, is engaged in “monitoring foreign embassies in Iraq,” in the British report this is already “spying on foreign embassies in Iraq.” (70)
• 2004. An independent commission of the US Congress received at its disposal a great many government documents that shed light on the circumstances surrounding the events of September 11 and their consequences. Among these documents was a memorandum that arrived at the White House from the Pentagon literally a few days after the terrorist attacks. The memorandum was compiled by one of the most prominent officials of the military department, Douglas Feith. He, like Wolfowitz, Pearl, and Libby, is part of the “neoconservative” group, which is very influential in the current administration. What ideas did Douglas Feith share with the White House? According to Newsweek magazine, the memorandum said that in the war against international terrorism, Afghanistan's strategic goals look too small and insignificant. Instead of striking al-Qaeda, it was proposed to unleash US military power either on Iraq or on the countries of Southeast Asia, and even better, to send troops... to Latin America. There is, they say, intelligence data that Hezbollah terrorists supported by Iran are grouping in the border areas of Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil. The White House did not support the proposal. The President, of course, also did not want to “catch flies,” as he put it. I dreamed of a serious military campaign with a quick and brilliant victory over a serious enemy. However, Latin America is too much... We decided to accept Wolfowitz's plan: first Afghanistan and then Iraq. The data presented for Iraq was not confirmed either then or later. (95)
• As always, the Americans showed that they only know how to destroy, not build. After an advertising campaign about how they would build schools and hospitals in Iraq, it turned out that work in this direction was planned only symbolically, to divert attention. Already in November 2003, all funds allocated for this ran out, but oil production is increasing every day. (32)
• 01.12.2004. The military actions unleashed by the United States in Iraq led to the complete collapse of the country's healthcare system. This was reported by representatives of humanitarian organizations working in Iraq. According to a report presented by the Medact Foundation, in the regions of Iraq where military operations took place, the water supply and sewerage systems have been practically destroyed, there are no medicines or medical equipment in hospitals, and there are not enough medical specialists. Humanitarian aid sent to the population from other countries is often not reaches its intended recipients - many vehicles and convoys fall prey to criminals because the measures taken by American troops to protect them are not enough.(98)
• December 2003 - US infantry officer Allen West admitted to torturing prisoners in Iraq. However, he will not answer to the court, because he tortured him under stress (this was established by an internal investigation). So much for human rights. (37) The Americans use torture against prisoners very actively, which was repeatedly established when examining those killed in Iraqi prisons. About similar cases (with photographs).
• December 2003 - The Americans cannot stand the flow of bad news from Iraq and, disregarding freedom of speech, throw out of the country independent Arab television channels that were telling the truth about what was happening. (39)
• 01/19/2005. In all countries, the majority of the population has a negative attitude towards the fact that their fellow citizens are sent to serve in Iraq. (101)
• Bush was planning to attack Iraq even before 9/11. Former US Secretary Paul O'Neill stated this on CBS television in early 2004. O'Neill claims that Bush has been discussing the possibility of removing Hussein by military means since he took office, that is, since January 2001. (58)
• The editor of the Los Angeles Times has banned journalists from calling Iraqis fighting US soldiers "Iraqi resistance fighters." Instead, newspapermen were asked (i.e. obliged) to use other words, in particular “militants” and “bandits”. Now what happened during the Vietnam War is being repeated. The Vietnamese fighting against the United States, from “backward savages who do not understand their happiness,” turned into “reds,” “commies,” “bandits” and “macaques.” (41) Iraqis, by the way, are called Ali Babas in America.
• Mass graves of Americans have already been found. soldier in Iraq. It became known that in this way the United States is trying to get rid of the bodies in order to underestimate the number of its losses. This is usually how soldiers who are not US citizens but serve in America are buried. army in the hope of obtaining permission for permanent residence in America. (55) How Americans have been silent about their losses in wars for decades. At this link you can look at some photographs from such mass graves, but I do not recommend it for the faint of heart.
• 2006. Due to ethnic violence, about 100 thousand Iraqi families were forced to leave their homes. According to Iraqi Vice President Adil Abdul-Mahdi, 90% of these families are Shiites. According to him, most of them were able to take only things that they could carry on themselves. (106)
• On October 22, 2003, the Washington Post reported that the US Bush administration had ordered the Pentagon to prevent media coverage of the delivery of dead US soldiers from Iraq. The blackout on casualty reports is part of a White House effort to frame the Iraq nightmare as "good news." At the same time, the administration demands that imaginary achievements, such as the issuance of new Iraqi currency developed in the United States, be described and shown. Media owned by large companies generally comply with this requirement. (42)

• Major donors to George W. Bush's campaigns were the main beneficiaries of $8 billion in government contracts to rebuild Iraq. (43)
• The American administration’s disregard for even its own soldiers is surprising. Many of the wounded after they were discharged from the hospital - often crippled for life! - discovered that they were still owed money for food during treatment. At Fort Stewart, Georgia, approximately 600 wounded reservists are awaiting treatment. They were housed in cinder-block barracks dating back to World War II, with no running water or air conditioning. Wounded soldiers (many on crutches) have to walk 30 meters to unsanitary shared toilets. They buy toilet paper at their own expense. When some of the reservists reported these conditions to the newspapers, some of the 400 wounded on Tuesday, October 21, were lined up on the parade ground in the morning, and senior officers chastised them for their talkativeness. These soldiers are largely working class, often joining the army due to unemployment or in hopes of earning money for education. (42) Soldiers reported cases in which wounded who arrived from Iraq in April did not end up on the operating table until July. As UPI correspondents were able to establish, many of them have to spend six hours a day outside the doctor’s office, and still they cannot get an appointment with a specialist. At the same time, the soldiers themselves say that even when one of them manages to get to the doctor, doctors usually try to prove that the illnesses they received in Iraq and other places were caused by reasons unrelated to military service . The soldiers believe that the army thus wants to deprive them of the right to receive a pension. (44)
• At the last stage of the Iraqi-American war of 1991, Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire not by the Iraqis, but by US special forces. Veterans of this war reported this to the press. The sabotage was carried out on Bush's orders so that oil firms controlled by his family in Texas could profit from the restoration of Kuwait's oil industry. (89)
• Britain's participation in the military operation in Iraq undermined Tony Blair's authority. In early May, he received the title of “most disliked” compatriot from the British. The results of a survey of 100 thousand British people, which was conducted by Channel 4 of British television in early May, were considered stunning by experts; sociologists explained them by the exclusively negative attitude of the British towards the use of force against Iraq. (34)
• 2004 - The United States admitted that it had not detected Ukrainian-made Kolchuga radar systems in Iraq. “We did not find the Kolchuga complexes in Iraq, and their transfer could not have happened,” said Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Steven Pifer, speaking at a congressional hearing. The American administration has long suspected Ukraine of transferring its military equipment to Saddam Hussein in violation of international sanctions. (86)
• The largest operation to smuggle Iraqi oil in violation of the UN Oil-for-Food program was carried out with the knowledge of the US government, reports the Financial Times. According to the publication, the illegal operation, which took place in January 2003, involved 14 tankers, which were loaded with 7 million barrels of Iraqi oil.(100)
• 01/12/2005. The Catholic Church, hitherto famous for its support of Nazi Germany, has now declared that it fully supports American aggression in Iraq. The trend is obvious. (99)
• 2004 - a high-profile international scandal began, which revealed corruption and connections with criminals of UN officials from the Oil-for-Food program in 1996-2003. Evidence has emerged that senior UN officials, including Secretary-General Kofi Anan, his son Kojo Anan, and Under-Secretary-General Benon Sevan, embezzled billions of dollars in funds that were supposed to go towards humanitarian aid for the Iraqi people. This money was transferred to the personal accounts of UN officials. At the center of the latest UN corruption scandal are Kofi Anan's appointed director of the oil-for-food program, Benon Sevan, and Anan's son, Kojo Anan. Documents seized in Iraq prove that Sevan and Anan's son made very good money from the Oil-for-Food program, helping Saddam Hussein launder money that was then used to buy Hussein's regime weapons and pay for Hussein's luxurious lifestyle. Oil-for-food was introduced to the world as a humanitarian aid program. Iraqi civilians suffered the consequences of a trade embargo imposed by the world against Hussein's regime. This embargo, of course, did not affect Hussein’s lifestyle: he lived with the luxury inherent in the ancient Babylonian kings. In 1995, the humanitarian thief at the UN adopted Resolution 986, according to which a secretariat was created at the UN to deal with the “even distribution of humanitarian assistance.” Under the program, Saddam could sell oil and purchase food, medicine, mine clearance and the construction of schools, hospitals and water treatment plants. However, only a small portion of the money from the oil sold went to these projects to reduce the suffering of Iraqis. Instead, most of the money ended up in the pockets of Saddam, UN officials and contractors from Russia, France and China. Kofi Anana's son became an eight-figure consultant for the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA, which approved and monitored oil contracts under the oil-for-food program. Cotecna Inspection SA, Kojo Anan, and Benon Sevan are now the main suspects in the embezzlement of Iraqi funds. But the sheer size of the embezzlement, and the length of time over which it occurred, points to the complicity of hundreds of senior UN officials. (80)
• April 2004 - an uprising against the invaders began in Iraq. The photo shows the moment one of the occupiers collapses at a press conference on April 18 when asked about the situation in Fallujah, the center of the uprising where Americans have killed hundreds of civilians and wounded thousands. It seems like an unpleasant question. The right photo shows a sports ground in Fallujah, which was turned into a cemetery for shelling victims during the American blockade. 125 civilians found peace there. In the fall of that year, the Americans carried out a massacre in Fallujah, which claimed the lives of thousands of civilians. Absolutely terrifying photos taken a few days after the end of this “military operation” can be viewed, but this is not for the faint of heart.

• During the Gulf War, hatred of Iraq was intensified by heartbreaking images of Green volunteers washing with soap poor birds caught in an oil slick spilled by the cruel Iraqis. Soon after this, a message was published that these were stills from a report filmed in Alaska, where a tanker landed on the rocks, spilling 70 thousand tons of oil. That is, it was loudly stated that leading television channels around the world deliberately falsified information. And what? No effect. No hearings in parliaments, no appeals to the courts, no UN resolution. (29)
• many questions arise in connection with the arrest of Hussein. The Americans are obviously afraid that the ex-dictator might say too much at the Shemyakin trial, which they initially wanted to arrange for him. Therefore, they now claim that Hussein has cancer, and he may not live to see his trial at all. (81)
• 2004 - no serious work is being done to restore the country in Iraq. There is massive unemployment in the country. The population is in poverty because the occupiers were unable to provide electricity and clean water. Iraqis are not trusted: people from Southeast Asia and the Philippines have been brought in to clean the barracks. (47)
• 2001 - Details of the atrocities of American soldiers during the 1991 Gulf War became known. Based on interviews with soldiers, American journalist Seymour Hersh managed to collect evidence of crimes and publish them on 35 pages in the New Yorker magazine. On March 2, 1991, two days after the ceasefire, US soldiers invaded the city of Rumaila. The soldiers shot at literally everything they saw. Iraqi civilians were shot in their cars. 380 Iraqi soldiers surrendered. The Americans took their weapons, put them in a pile and blew them up. And after that they opened fire on the prisoners and killed everyone - 380 people. It is also reported how the Americans discovered a weapons depot left by the Iraqi army in one village. After this, all the inhabitants of this village were exterminated: women, children, old people. (88)
• In America, access to independent information about Iraq (that is, to American propaganda cleared of American propaganda) is increasingly being blocked. This is especially true for Internet pages, for example. electronicIraq.net In Iraq itself, harsher methods are used to combat freedom of speech. For example, when 2 Reuters correspondents dared to photograph the burning Amer. helicopter, they simply opened fire on them, and then arrested them. A US military spokesman said Reuters correspondents fired at them with machine guns and hand-held grenade launchers. (52)
• 85% of young Americans are unable to find Iraq on a map (and 11% cannot find the United States itself). (91)
• "... one of the senior members of al-Qaeda, Ibn al-Sheikh al-Libi, was extradited by the United States to Egypt in January 2002. Later in January 2004, al-Libi stated that he had confessed to the terrorists’ connections with the former Iraqi leadership to avoid torture. Already in March 2004, the CIA recognized the intelligence based on his testimony as unreliable. Meanwhile, back in February 2002, American military intelligence in its report doubted the reliability of the information provided by al-Libi about the connections between Iraq and Al-Al-Libi. Qaeda." The intelligence officers already knew that the terrorist had been extradited to Egypt and suspected that his testimony could have been given under torture." (105)
• 2005. The American occupiers and their Iraqi puppets hold more than 17,000 Iraqis arrested for political reasons in the Gulag they created. The vast majority of them have not been charged.(103)
• During the capture of Baghdad, the Americans tried to imitate the people's love and happiness of the “liberated” Iraqis. To do this, they showed a close-up of the “crowd”, which was very happy about the destruction of the Hussein statue. In fact, everything was somewhat different. The performance was staged on the square in front of the hotel, where international journalists were present; it was for them that the performance was intended. Let's look at the photo. The American tanks are outlined in yellow, the statue of Saddam, the tiny crowd of “people” (more like a collection of several people), representatives of the press and soldiers are outlined in red. As it turned out, the Iraqis who took part in the filming were brought to Iraq a couple of days earlier by the Americans. Look at the two bottom photographs, their leader Ahmed Chalabi is circled in red at the entrance to Iraq and already in the form of a simple Iraqi guy in the square in front of the Palestine Hotel. A. Chalabi is an American puppet to whom they promised a lot of power and money in the post-war government. By the way, in several countries he is wanted for financial fraud. See photo with explanations:

• efforts to link the Iraqis directly to Osama bin Laden failed. (59) 2003. The war in Iraq contributed to the increase in the popularity of the international terrorist organization Al-Qaeda, according to the latest edition of the Military Balance study published on Wednesday, conducted by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).(84)

• American troops in Iraq have been given pamphlets calling on them to pray for President George W. Bush. A call for this is contained in one of the sections of the prayer book. The prayer book contains the text of the prayer: "In times of doubt and confusion, I fervently pray for you, your family, your cadres, as well as for our troops. May the god of peace be your guide." At the same time, the booklet contains prayers for the president for every day. (77)
• The Iraqis are in no hurry to defend with their breasts the occupiers and the regime they established. For example, in just two weeks in April 2004, 20-25% of Iraqi army personnel and law enforcement officers left their jobs or switched sides. This is partly due to the low salaries of collaborators and the constant threat to life from not only partisans, but even their own relatives. (78)
• 2005. 44% of Iraqi children over the age of 10 are forced to leave school due to poverty and insecurity in the country. This is evidenced by the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Planning and Development of Iraq with the participation of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The study showed that 87% of children in Iraq would like to continue their studies and receive an education, but circumstances push them into the labor market. (102)
• 2004. Egyptian political scientist from Al-Ahram University in Cairo, Dia Rashwan, “one of the few Arab experts on terror,” in an interview with the Austrian newspaper Die Presse, praised the role of the United States in the growth of religious self-awareness of Muslim peoples: “With its response to September 11, the United States greatly helped the Islamists. In the late 1990s, the profile of militant Islamists fell in the Arab world after bloody attacks in Egypt and Algeria. After the Afghan and Iraq wars, their star once again rose high as freedom fighters against foreign occupation. Islamists have never enjoyed such high prestige in the Arab world as they do now.”. (97)
• Americans would not be Americans if they had not distinguished themselves by their bestial attitude towards local “subhumans.” The peacekeeping forces are constantly being accused of mistreatment of civilians and of “contempt and rudeness.” (33) When attacking an American patrol, the Americans usually shoot everyone who is within their reach. There is a known case when an American tank just like that, in front of many witnesses, crushed an Iraqi car with two civilians sitting in it. The Americans did not even pay attention to this and calmly drove on. They are so intimidating. (46) By the way, this is not an isolated case. On July 19, 2004, in the Iraqi city of Baqubah, an American tank also ran over a civilian car, crushing a girl and injuring four other people (92). Just a few days later, on July 23, as a result of a similar incident on a road 27 km north of the Iraqi capital, 9 Iraqis were killed and 10 more were injured. (93) In December 2003, another demonstration against the coalition and for Saddam took place in Baghdad. The American army came and cordoned off the entire block. They just broke into the school, into every classroom with weapons. They looked for the children who participated in the demonstration using photographs they took during it. They literally dragged some schoolchildren by their clothes across the floor from the classrooms. The invaders used tear gas against the schoolchildren and shot over their heads to intimidate them. One student was beaten so much that his arm was broken. They had electric shock sticks and beat the schoolchildren. Some were vomiting, some were crying, and all the children were very scared. The school was surrounded by tanks, helicopters were circling over it... The children were released only after 10-12 hours of interrogation. (50) In early January 2004, the Americans raided the At-Tabul mosque, located on the western outskirts of the Iraqi capital, and ransacked it. The invaders desecrated the Koran, the Muslim holy book, tore out a page from it, stole a donation box and a computer, beat several Iraqis and took away more than 30 others. The actions of the American soldiers caused violent protest from local residents. About one and a half thousand people gathered near the walls of the mosque. They accused American soldiers of shamelessly violating religious traditions and desecrating sacred objects. Of course, they didn't get an apology. (51) The Americans demand that for every mine and unexploded bomb removed, they be given one partisan. The mines, of course, remain there. Some agricultural areas are already practically unsuitable for work, because... peasants are constantly being undermined by American “gifts”. The invaders clear only those objects that they themselves need. Every day in “peaceful” Iraq, residential areas, villages, and civilian objects are bombed. (52) There are arrests of trade unionists who were organizing rallies of the unemployed (and in January 2004 there were 70% of the population). No rallies - no problem. The working day in Iraq is now 11-13 hours, the average salary is $60 a month, the Americans have banned the payment of any bonuses and salary increases so that they do not have to spend a lot on rebuilding the country. However, a year after the start of hostilities, no restoration work is being carried out even in Baghdad. People have become so impoverished that they are forced to look for food in large numbers in landfills and trash cans.(53) Money and gold are constantly disappearing from houses where US soldiers conduct searches.(54)

Articles about Americans in Iraq

PAGE 1 :

• "BACKGROUND ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO OPERATION IN THE PERSIAN GULF."
• UNESCO STATISTICS ON INCREASING MORTALITY RATES IN IRAQ AS A RESULT OF SANCTIONS.
• YAMIN ZAKARIA "FANATICS AND WAR CRIMINALS".
• "AMERICAN BUDANOV". "GOOD MORNING BAGHDAD."
• "THE LOOT OF IRAQI TREASURE CONTINUES."
• SALAM KHALID "BLACK SKY". "FASCIST REGIME OF THE USA".
• "AFTER THE DEFEAT OF HUSSEIN'S ARMY, AMERICAN MILITARY TORTURED ONE OF THE PROMINENT IRAQI MILITARY LEADERS, THE WASHINGTON POST REPORTED."
• "A PEOPLE'S HERO APPEARED IN IRAQ - SNIPER JUBA."
• "WARSAW BOUGHT THE RIGHT TO LOOT BABYLON."

PAGE 2:

• "MASSACRE AFTER THE WAR: "ROAD OF DEATH".
• "WALKING IN THREE PINES" (EXCERPT).
• "IN IRAQ."
• "The CIA OFFERED AHMAD CHALYABI TO ORGANIZE A SHOOTING OF THE UN REPRESENTATION IN ARBILA - ESPRESSO INTERVIEW.
• SERGEY ILYIN, ALEXANDER KOGAN "WHY IRAQ IS NOT AMERICA."
• VYACHESLAV TETEKIN "YANKEES IN IRAQ - HUMANISTS WITH SWASTIKA."
• MICHAEL HOSSUDOWSKI "WOVEN ENEMY".
• VASILY SAFRONCHUK "BARBARIANS OF THE XXI CENTURY".
• RUSTEM VAKHITOV "BY THE CAMPFIRE ON A SPIT. WHAT ARE THE "DEMOCRATIC" DOVES AND BUSH'S HAWKS COOING ABOUT?" "WE ARE GOING THROUGH YOUR SOUL."
• TERRIBLE CONFESSION OF AN AMERICAN."
• ANDREY RAISFELD "BASIC INSTINCT OF LIBERALS. ALONE WITH THE SCREEN."

PAGE 3:

• "IRAQ GENOCIDE THROUGH THE EYES OF WESTERN MAN IS THE MOST TOXIC WAR."
• "THE FAILURE OF AUNT SAM."
• "BLAIR DID NOT BASE ON INTELLIGENCE WHEN TALKING ABOUT THE IRAQ THREAT."
• N. A. NAROCHNITSKAYA "CARTHAGE OF THE PERSIAN GULF MUST BE DESTROYED!"
• SERGEY BORISOV "A SPY IS AT THE HEAD OF IRAQ."
• "EXPLOSION OF "ABRAMS". PHOTOS AND VIDEO."
• ANDREW BUNCOMBE "US ARMY SHOOTING CIVILIANS IN IRAQ."
• VLADIMIR ROGACHEV "SPECIFIC CRIMES".

PAGE 4 :

• HISTORY OF OIL WARS.

PAGE 5 :

• "WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION IN IRAQ - BUSH'S 'BIG LIE' AND THE CRISIS OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM."
• "US GOVERNMENT INVOLVED IN IRAQI MUSEUM ROBBERY."
• "J. BUSH: IRAQ WAS CAPTURED BECAUSE IT COULD PRODUCE WMD."
• VYACHESLAV TETEKIN "ORANGE SYNDROME".
• "A YEAR AND A HALF AFTER THE US INVASION OF IRAQ, THE UN SECRETARY GENERAL RECOGNIZED IT ILLEGAL."
• PAVEL AKSENOV "FALLUJAH, MOSUL, EVERYWHERE."
• "You can't lure a SOLDIER into the US ARMY FOR $20,000."
• "REVELATIONS OF A US MARINE: "THERE ARE NO RULES FOR US BLACKPOST KILLERS IN IRAQ."

PAGE 6:

• "WAR, OLIGARCHY AND POLITICAL LIES."
• DAHR JAMAIL "THE AMERICANS ARE UNDERSTANDING THE REAL LOSSES OF THEIR TROOPS."
• ANDREY SMIRNOV "HOW IS IT GOOD TO BE A GENERAL (AMERICAN)."
• "AMERICAN OCCUPIERS USE HITLER'S HOSTAGE-TAKING TACTICS IN IRAQ."
• "FRONTAL BURIAL OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN IRAQ."
• "CANNON FOD FOR THE IRAQ WAR (FROM HBO)."
• KONSTANTIN KRYLOV "SHOCOTHERAPY".
• "S. HUSSEIN WAS CAUGHT NOT AT ALL AS THE AMERICANS CLAIMED."
• "IRAQI HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS CLAIM THE PRESENCE OF SECRET PRISONS IN THE COUNTRY."
• "CHILDREN WERE KEPT IN ABU GHARBHAIB PRISON, IN ADDITION TO ADULTS."

PAGE 7:

• "MASSACRE IN SAMARA - LIES AND SELF-DECEPTIVENESS OF AMERICA."
• "HOW THE BRITISH BOMBED IRAQ IN THE Twenties."
• R.B. ZHDANOVICH "VICTORY OF PROPAGANDA".
• HAKIM MIRZOYEV "LORD OF THE FLIES".
• VASILY SAFRONCHUK "AMERICA WANTS TO BURY THE UN."

PAGE 8 :

• "BAGHDAD: MARINES AGAINST ALI BABA",
• "IRAQ - GULAG", OPERATION "BLOODY NEADS" - ABOUT THE BARBARIAN ACTIONS OF THE AMERICANS IN IRAQ.
• INTERVIEW WITH SYLVAN CONTOJEREMIS (A DESERTER FROM THE AMERICAN ARMY TALKS ABOUT SERVING WITH UNCLE SAM).
• VLAD SMOLENTSEV "AND THE OCCUPIERS FLY TO THE GROUND...".
• "IRAQ IS BECOMING A DEMOCRACY: CORRUPTION IS RAMPING."
• JAMES PETRAS "NEW YORK DIARY - "CRUSHING FALLUJAH."
• "10 THOUSAND IRAQI ACT AGAINST 'AMERICAN TERRORISM'."
• "WANT TO TEACH A LESSON."
• "GERMAN TELEVISION: US USED NAPALM IN IRAQ."
• "A MARKET ECONOMY HAS COME TO IRAQ: THOSE WHO CAN'T PAY ARE EVICTED FROM THEIR APARTMENTS BY AUTOMATIC MANAGERS."
• HEIKE WIPPERFURTH "WAR IS GOOD BUSINESS FOR MANY."
• IVAN ANDREICHEV "THE WAR HELPED THE USA GET TO THEIR FEET."
• "CRIME IN BAGHDAD INCREASED 50 TIMES OVER A YEAR."
• MIKHAIL CHERNOV "The USA IS CREATING A "FIFTH COLUMN".
• "IRAQ: THE AMERICANS USED CHEMICAL WEAPONS."
• "NOTHING POLITICAL. THIS IS BUSINESS."
• "THE MAYOR OF NEW YORK WILL NOT ALLOW A DEMONSTRATION AGAINST THE IRAQ WAR."
• "NEW EVIDENCE OF BULLYING IN IRAQ PUBLISHED."
  VYACHESLAV TETEKIN "BOMB TRAPS WAIT FOR THEM."

PAGE 9 :

• FEATURES OF THE NATIONAL "JAMER".
• VALERY EGAZARYAN "LIFE BEHIND THE RED LINE."
• "IRAQ: US MILITARY PERSONNEL TRAINING IN ISRAEL."
• "IRAQI ATHLETES WILL FIGHT AGAINST THE USA AFTER THE OLYMPICS."
• "AMERICAN WAR CRIMES IN NAJAF".
• NIALL GREEN "NORWAY - 'ANTI-TERRORIST' INVESTIGATION EXPOSES US-CONSENTED TORTURE IN NORTHERN IRAQ."
• VYACHESLAV TETEKIN "IT'S TIME TO FIND OUT: WHO REALLY ARE THE TAPPERS AND HOSTAGES."

PAGE 10 :

• "FROM STALINGRAD TO BAGHDAD" (1ST AMERICAN AGGRESSION IN IRAQ).
• "ALMOST THREE-QUARTERS OF POLES OBJECT TO THE PARTICIPATION OF THE POLISH MILITARY IN OPERATIONS IN IRAQ."
• GREG PALAST "CAPITALISM IS A RISKY BUSINESS."
• A. TOLSTOBROV "INFORMATION WAR OF THE USA AND GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE MILITARY OPERATION AGAINST IRAQ."

PAGE eleven :

• "THE WHITE HOUSE LIE ABOUT IRAQ AND SADDAM 237 TIMES."
• JAMES KONAKI "IRAQ - THE HORRIBLE AND STRANGE DEATH OF NICK BERG."
• ANDREY KRUSHINSKY "SMART" BOMBS OF MAD AMERICA."
• KATE RANDALL "EXPOSING AMERICAN LIES - THE KURDS KNOW NOTHING ABOUT THE 'TERRORIST POISON FACTORY'"
• "IRAQI RESIDENTS SAY THAT THE OCCUPATION AUTHORITIES HAVE STRONG CONTROL OF INFORMATION COMING OUT OF THE COUNTRY."
• "TRAFFIC IN HUMAN ORGANS IS GROWING IN IRAQ."
• "US SOLDIERS ARE COVERED BY THE RESIDENTS OF FALLUJAH."

PAGE 12 :

• KIRILL KAMENSKY "VICTORY OF THE USA IS PURE BETRAYAL."
• "BRITISH'S SECRET ARMY IN IRAQ: REAL ARMIES OF ARMED GUARDS, ALLEGEDLY CIVILIANS."
• "THE FIRST FRUITS OF IRAQI'S "FREEDOM" - PROSTITUTES AND PORN SALON."
• "SCARRED COUNTRY OF LIES."
• "DEMOCRACY HAS COME TO BAGHDAD: THE NUMBER OF KILLINGS HAS INCREASED 50 TIMES."
• "US ARMY: MARAUDERS AND VANDALS."
• "REGENERAL LOOTING IN THE AGGRESSOR'S TROOPS. AMERICAN SOLDIERS ARE STEALING NOT ONLY MUSEUM VALUABLES."
• "AMERICAN JOURNALISTS WERE ALSO ENGAGED IN LOOTING."
• V. NESTEROV "AMERICAN SOLDIERS WILL BE HEADED OFF."
• "WMD WILL BE FOUND IN IRAQ, EVEN IF IT HAS TO BE PLACED."
• "AMERICAN MILITARY DISCOVERED A WAREHOUSE OF AMERICAN-MADE WEAPONS IN BAGHDAD."
• "THE AMERICANS LIEED TO START THE WAR. THE UN FOUND NO EVIDENCE OF SADdam'S CONNECTIONS WITH AL-Qaeda."
• N. KLEIN "PAUL BREMER, PROCONSUL OF THE PROVINCE OF MESOPOTAMIA."
• A. DRABKIN "SHARP ANGLE".
• "ORDINARY BUSHism. ANTI-WAR DEMONSTRATORS IN OREGON WILL BE JAILED FOR 25 YEARS."
• "AGGRESSORS BOMB MONUMENTS OF ISLAMIC CULTURE."
• "ANOTHER US SPIT IN THE SIDE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. THE US IS USING PROHIBITED WEAPONS IN IRAQ."
  R. MEISINGER "PATRIOTS AGAINST COUNTRY".
• “IN THE FIGHT FOR “FREEDOM OF SPEECH”: THE OFFICES OF ALL FOREIGN NEWS AGENCIES AND TV COMPANIES ARE BOMBED IN BAGHDAD.”
• "BUSH FAMILY TRADITIONS."
• "EMPLOYEES OF BP AND SHELL OIL COMPANIES PARTICIPATED IN THE PLANNING OF IRAQ WAR OPERATIONS."
• "THE CINEMA PROPAGANDA MACHINE IS LAUNCHED IN THE USA."
• "The US IS HIDDING THE BODIES OF 500 DEAD MILITARY SERVICEMEN IN PAKISTAN."
• A. DUBNOV "30 "UNCONDITIONAL ALLIES" OF BUSH."
• V. SERGEYEV "BUSH WILL TEACH THE ARABS TO LOVE DEMOCRACY."
• A. ROMANOVSKY "MTV: BOMBS BANNED."
• V. TSVETKOVA, A. VOZNESENSKY "HORROR AND COMPASSION".
• D. MORRISON "HOSTAGES OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY".
• R. TOWNSEND "KNIGHTS OF PROVOCATION AND SABOTAGE".
• M. TRETYAKOV "THE PLANET DOESN'T WANT WAR WITH IRAQ."
• V. TETEKIN "BUSH HIMSELF IS BECOMING A 'WORLD EVIL'."
• D. SMITH "BOTTOMLESS BLACK HOLE".
• V. PRUSSAKOV "IS KUWAIT GOOD AFTER SADDAM?" "PHOTOGRAPHS OF IRAQ WAR VICTIMS ARE BANNED IN THE USA."
• ELENA AGAPOVA "THE AMERICANS SHUT UP AL JAZEERA."
• SERGEY BELUKHIN "US MILITARY INTELLIGENCE POISONED IRAQISI WITH DOGS."
• OLEG BAZAK "THE CHAMBING GAS WAS ENTERED INTO THE CHAMBERS, AND WE SCRAPED FOOD FROM THE FLOOR."
• YULIA VERNIK "THE PARENTS OF THE PERVERTS IN ABU GHARB KNEW EVERYTHING."
• MIKHAIL CHECHEVITSKY "AMERICANS TORTURED REUTERS AND NBC JOURNALISTS."
• "UKRAINE ACCUSES THE USA OF VIOLATING INTERNATIONAL LAW."
• AMERICA WILL BE DESTROYED BY "SUBHUMANS".
• "THE FAMILY OF THE AMERICAN WHO REPORTED ABOUT ABU GHARIB IS LIVING UNDER ARREST."
• SVETLANA STEPANENKO "UKRAINIANS WERE TORTURED IN ABU GRAEB PRISON."
• DMITRY PETROV "THE AMERICANS SAY THAT THEY HAVE LEARNED TO TORTURE PRISONERS FROM THE ISRAELITES."
• DAVID ADELAIDE "AMERICAN TORTURE MASTERS MOVE FROM AFGHANISTAN TO IRAQ."
• "SPIEGEL: WITNESSES CALL ABOUT TORTURE OF IRAQI CHILDREN IN PRISONS."
• "IRAQ: WP - AMERICANS IN ABU GHARIB ABUSED CHILDREN."

PAGE 17:

• "IRAQI'S NEW PRIME MINISTER WAS A CIA SABOTIST AGENT."
• BRIAN WHITAKER "THIS IS ONLY GOOD FOR PUT UNDER THE LEGS OF A LAME TABLE."
• KONSTANTIN KOLONTAYEV "STORM OF LIES AROUND "DESERT STORM".
• ALLA NIKONOVA "WHAT AMERICANS THINK ABOUT THE WAR IN IRAQ."
• "WAITED FOR A REASON."
• RAFAEL BIKBAEV "THE WASHING, THEN ROLLING".
• "MEDIA IN WAR CONDITIONS".
• RAFAEL BIKBAEV "THE DISCOVERY CONTINUES",
• "YOU SHOW ANXIETY..."
• JERRY WHITE "AMERICAN SECURITY FIRM IN IRAQ WITH EXPERIENCE IN SUPPRESSING TRADE UNION ACTIVITY IN THE USA."
• ALEXEY AGUREYEV "DO NOT PROVIDE DOCUMENTS."
• "MOST RUSSIANS ARE AGAINST SENDING RUSSIAN TROOPS TO IRAQ."
• PETER SINGER "MERCERANED WARRIORS IN IRAQ."

Several video clips about how the Americans brought “freedom” to Iraq. The content is the suffering of the civilian population. Video: 1 (350 kb), 2 (909 kb), 3 (860 kb), 4 (1.05 mb), 5 (1.95 mb), 6 (2.54 mb), 7 (1.64 mb ), 8 (1.66 mb). Download file:

PAGE 18 :

• "THE BEHAVIOR OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN IRAQ LOOKS INEXPLAINABLY STRANGE TO COMING FROM A RICH COUNTRY."
• "The 9/11 COMMISSION JUSTIFIED SADDAM."
• "TRAGEDY OF IRAQI SCIENTISTS".
• "WORKERS AND PEOPLES OF THE WORLD UNITE AGAINST PREPARATIONS FOR WORLD WAR THIRD BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA!"
• "WAR PRO-WAR JOURNALISTS: WHAT ARE THEY SAYING TODAY?"
• IGOR RYTSIAK "POLISH MERCERANES ARE GOING TO IRAQ."

PAGE 19 :

• A. ARSEENKO "DISpelled MYTH ABOUT US SUPER WEAPONS AND VICTIMS OF FRIENDLY FIRE IN IRAQ."
• "The PENTAGON ADMITTED THAT IRAQ WAS ATTACKED BECAUSE OF OIL."
• VLADIMIR KOZLOVSKY "USA IN IRAQ: THE PRICE OF VICTORY."
• "US MILITARY OPERATION IN IRAQ Aids INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM."
• ANDREY VORONTSOV "LICENSE TO KILL AS A WAY TO DEMOCRATIZE THE COUNTRY."
• "AMBASSADOR OF GOOD WILL."
• "MEN WHO TOOK PART IN THE GULF WAR ARE LESS ABLE TO PROCEDURE."
• "US SENATE COMMITTEE REPORT: CIA MADE TO LIE."
• "THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAQ IS THREATENING SADDAM HUSSEIN'S LAWYERS WITH DEATH, SAYS ONE OF THE FORMER IRAQI PRESIDENT'S DEFENDERS."
• NAOMI KLEIN "RESTORATION...IN THE FORM OF ROBBERY."
• NATALIA BABASYAN "FOR AMERICAN WOMEN IN IRAQ, THE MAIN ENEMY WAS A COLLEGE RAPIST."
• "INDEPENDENT: THE BRITISH PAY OFF FROM CHARGES OF KILLING IRAQITS."
• "SADDAM TOLD A LOT, BUT PRACTICALLY NOTHING."
• "ISRAELI INVESTIGATORS WORK IN IRAQI PRISONS."
• I. SCHWARTZ "UNITY OF THE IMPERIALISTS".
• "GUARDIAN: US STOLEN SEVERAL BILLION DOLLARS FROM IRAQ RECONSTRUCTION FUND."
• SALLY HARDCASTLE "HALLIBURTON: A NEW SCANDAL ABOUT IRAQ ACCOUNTS."

PAGE 20 :

• "THE TARNALIED IMAGE OF AMERICA."
• RUSTEM VAKHITOV "A PURE AMERICAN WAR".
• ILYA TRAYGER "THEY WILL WRITE... AND WHO WILL READ?..",
• "The USA ADVICE TO THEMSELVES!.."
• "IRAQ: AMERICAN SOLDIERS STEAL CARS FROM LOCAL RESIDENTS. FOR THEIR OFFICERS."
• "IRAQ: US PLANS TO EXPEL 300 THOUSAND FILIPINOS - SETTING SCORES FOR WITHDRAWAL OF TROOPS FROM IRAQ."
• "THE REASONS FOR THE START OF THE IRAQ WAR ARE OIL AND BUSH'S DESIRE TO KEEP THE DOLLAR AS A RESERVE WORLD CURRENCY."
• "BRITISH SOLDIERS ARMED WITH PSYCHOSTIMULANTS."
• "IRAQ IS SHORT OF A BILLION DOLLARS."
  SERGEY KHABOTIN "THE CONTRACT IS FORCED... AND VOLUNTARY."
• "THE AMERICANS ASSIGNED A COINER AND MURDERER TO JUDGE SADDAM."
• "ZHIRINOVSKY'S SPEECH IN BAGHDAD SHORTLY BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE 2003 WAR."
• ILYA TRAYGER "BY THE WORD IT HAD TO...", "WHAT YOU SOW...", "An EYE FOR AN EYE!", ​​"AND SO HAPPENED!".
• CLAUDIO BELLOTTI "CAPITALIST EUROPE AND ITS LIES."
• LARISA KRITSKAYA "100 POINTS OF AMERICAN SLANG".

PAGE 21:
:

• BILL VAN OAKEN "SIEGE OF FALLUJAH - AMERICA IS COMMITTING MASS MURDER."
• "NEW YORK TIMES: ESTONIA IS A SMALL BUT GREEDY PARTNER OF THE USA."
• "IRAQ WOMEN BECAME FREE AND ENTERED INTO PROSTITUTION."
• "HOW THE PENTAGON BOUGHT THE STORM OF BAGHDAD. NEW DETAILS."
• "The USA OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED: VICTORY IN IRAQ WAS PURCHASED."
• "AMERICAN MILITARY DOCTORS EXPORT HUMAN ORGANS FROM IRAQ."
• "AMERICANS ARE RECRUITING MERCENARIES FOR IRAQ IN COLOMBIA."
• N. GRODNENSKY "WHY IRAQ GETS HIGH."
• "POLL: 70% OF ARMENIA RESIDENTS ARE AGAINST SENDING MILITARY TO IRAQ."
• "LIKE IT WAS LAST TIME."
• "DEMOCRACY ON THE MARCH: UP TO A QUARTER OF A MILLION US RESIDENTS COULD PARTICIPATE IN IRAQI ELECTIONS."
• "EXTERMINATION OF THE BEST".
• VLADIMIR GREKOV "IRAQ: CRUEL LESSONS OF DEMOCRACY."

PAGE 24:

• "A FORMER ABU GHARBI PRISONER TOLD THE COURT ABOUT HOW THE AMERICANS TORTURED HIM."
• "AMERICAN BUSINESSMAN ADMITTED TO IRAQI OIL SMUGGLING."
• "IT SOUNDS LIKE A JOKE: THE JEWS OF ISRAEL WILL VOTE IN JORDAN IN THE IRAQI GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS."
• FLORINA DUMITRU "A MILLION SIGNATURES AGAINST "ELECTIONS" IN IRAQ."
• "AMERICAN SOLDIERS DESTROYED BABYLON."
• ALLA NIKONOVA "SOMETHING ABOUT ELECTIONS IN GENERAL AND THE "FIRST FREE IRAQI ELECTIONS" IN PARTICULAR."
• INGE VAN DE MERLEN "EVERY IRAQIAN KNOWS SOMEONE WHO WAS KILLED OR JAILED BY THE AMERICANS."
• SAMIR AMIN "AMERICAN IMPERIALISM, EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST".

PAGE 25:

• UDO ULFKOTTE "TOP SECRET: BND. BEHIND THE SCENES OF THE FEDERAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE OF GERMANY" (EXTRACTS).
• NIKOLAY CHERNY "WHO COUNT THE VICTIMS, THEY ARE DESTROYED."
• A. ARSEENKO "URANIUM STORM IN THE IRAQI DESERT".
• "US MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN THREE DIMENSIONS. WHO IS MAKING FROM MILITARY ORDERS IN THE USA."
• MICHELLE SCHNEIDER "USA AND ISRAEL AGAINST THE REST OF THE WORLD."
• VLADIMIR IVANOV "The PENTAGON CREATES DEATH SQUADRONS."
• "THE MAYOR OF BAGHDAD TO ERECT A MONUMENT TO GEORGE BUSH."
• "THE PREVIOUS US OCCUPATION AUTHORITIES IN IRAQ FAILED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE SPENDING OF NEARLY $9 BILLION."
• "The CIA ADMITTED TO ITSELF THAT IT WAS WRONG ABOUT SADDAM."
• D. PESTIO, M. HASSAN "FORMER UN STAFF IN IRAQ: "IF THERE ARE ELECTIONS ANYWHERE IN ZIMBABWE, THE WEST WILL NOT RECOGNIZE THEM."
• "ELECTIONS" IN IRAQ - COMMENTARY BY A RUSSIAN EYEWITNESS."
• "EMPIRE OF LIES".
• "THE PAGES OF THE IRAQI DIARY OF DAHR JAMEIL."
• "THE LAST OF WARS..."

PAGE 26:

• "MOSUL IS A TORTURE ZONE."
• JOSEPH KAY "THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S REVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES CLAIMS AS 'TORTURE' WHAT THE US ITSELF IS USING."
• NADA AL-RUBAYI "NATIONAL LIBERATION AND WOMEN'S LIBERATION: THE IRAQI RESISTANCE AND THE BLACKMAIL OF 'IRAQI WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS'."
• ALEXEY KARTSEV "THE ROOF IS GOING."
• NIKITA PETROV "VIETNAME SYNDROME" OF THE IRAQ WAR."
• "FORMER HEAD OF MI6: THE AMERICANS 'FRAME' THE REASON FOR STARTING THE WAR IN IRAQ."
• DAVID PESTIO, MOHAMMED HASSAN "IRAQ: EYE TO EYE WITH THE OCCUPATION."
• "IRAN NEWSPAPER: AMERICANS USE FOOD AND WATER AS A WEAPON OF PRESSURE ON IRAQISI."
• "HEAD OF HOSPITAL IN KAIM: "AMERICA WILL USE PROHIBITED WEAPONS IN THE CITY WHEN ATTACKING."
• MIKHAIL CHECHEVITSKY "BRITISH INTELLIGENCE MADE A SHAMEFUL CONFESSION."
• ALEXANDER DOLININ "THE PRICE OF "LIBERATION".
• "AMERICAN DISSIDENTS: BUSH IS A CORPORATE ASSASSIN."
• "AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN IRAQ TORTURED AN IRAQI GENERAL."
• "BARRY MASON ENGLAND: RADIO BROADCAST EXPOSES CORRUPTION AND THEFT IN IRAQ."
• MAXIM BARANOV, LENA BORODANENKO "DEPRESSION ATTACKS."

PAGE 27:

• "AMERMACHT FOUND THE EXTREME IN ITS DEFEAT IN IRAQ. AND WASHED AWAY HIS SHAME WITH THEIR BLOOD."
• EAMONN McCANN "MONUMENTAL PROTESTS IN BAGHDAD DIDN'T COME ON WESTERN SCREENS."
• "IN THE HEART OF THE RESISTANCE."
• "IRAQ: A NEW PRISON INSTEAD OF HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS."
• "Abu Ghraib GRAY ZONE".
• "THOUSANDS OF IRAQI SHIITES TRASH ON PAINTED AMERICAN FLAGS."
• G. NENASHEVA "WHO IS THE TRUE MANUFACTURER OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION?"
• KSENIA FOKINA "The USA IS ACCUSED OF APPROACHING IRAQI BILLIONS."
• "The USA is the MAIN culprit of RIGHTS VIOLATIONS."

PAGE 28:

• "WHO KILLED THE IRAQI CHILDREN. THE TRUTH IS COMING OUT."
• A. SAFARIN "WHERE IS THE VALANT NATO?"
• ANASTASIA KONDRASHOVA "THERE IS A COURT OF THE TERRIBLE HAGUE."
• "RAND CORPORATION ANALYZED 100 POLLS BEFORE 2002 AND CLAIM THAT AMERICANS SUPPORT OPERATIONS FOREIGN."
• DMITRY TARASOV "BROUGHT FREEDOM OF SPEECH."
• "The USA PAID LATVIA FOR IRAQ."
• "IRAQ: AMERICAN SOLDIERS SUSPECTED OF BULLYING AND RACKETEING."
• "HOW TO STOP THE WAR OF CIVILIZATIONS?"
• "TONY BLAIR DECIDED TO PROVE HIS LOYALTY TO THE USA DESPITE THE EXPLOSIONS."
• "HUSSEIN'S CHIEF LAWYER REFUSED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PROCESS DUE TO AMERICAN PRESSURE."
• ANDREY SHITOV "AMERICAN BUSINESS".
• "THE AMERICAN OCCUPIERS BROUGHT TOTAL CORRUPTION TO IRAQ."
• B. LVOV "1-4-2-1".
• "30% OF AMERICANS RETURNING FROM IRAQ HAVE MENTAL DISORDERS."
• "A MILLION SIGNATURES COLLECTED IN IRAQ UNDER THE DEMAND FOR THE WITHDRAWAL OF TROOPS."
• "THE REAL COSTS OF THE MILITARIST POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."
• "US GENERAL: 50,000 PEOPLE WERE CAPTURED AND KILLED IN IRAQ IN 2005."
• "US SECURITY SERVICES USE BULLYING AND METHODS OF INTERMINATION MORE FREQUENTLY AND MOST ACTIVELY."
• "BIG LIE. THE CASE OF THE WHITE HOUSE VS. THE WILSONS."
  
• "NEW TESTIMONY HAS BEEN PUBLISHED ABOUT TORTURE OF PRISONERS IN IRAQ."
• "IN BASRA, DEMONSTRATORS BURNED TWO BRITISH IFVs (PHOTO REPORT)."
• "AMERICAN SOLDIERS TRADE PHOTOS OF KILLED IRAQITS FOR PORNOGRAPHY."
• A. SAFARIN "IRAQ. PUNITIVES IN TEL AFAR".
• "The US TRIED TO PAY FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE IRAQI CONSTITUTION."
• "BEFORE, THE CZECHS MADE WEAPONS FOR HITLER, NOW - FOR PRO-AMERICAN REGIMES."
• "SHI'I IMAM: ABU MUSAB AZ-ZARQAWI IS DEAD."
• "100 THOUSAND IRAQI CHILDREN WORK FOR FOOD."
• "WHAT IS COLIN POWELL ASHAMED OF?"
• "PORN SCANDAL IN THE US ARMY: PHOTOS OF SEX IN THE BARRACKS IN IRAQ WITH MILITARY GIRLS POSTED ON THE INTERNET."
• SCOTT RITTER "SILVER BULLET".
• "THE AMERICANS ARREST AND THROW THOUSANDS OF IRAQI INTO PRISONS."
• ANDREY SHITOV "PR ON THE BONES".
• "MODERATE SHARIA AMERICAN STYLE."
• "The US MILITARY ADVENTURE IN IRAQ IS ONE OF THE REASONS FOR PRESIDENT BUSH'S RECORD DROP IN RATING."

PAGE 31:

• "G. BUSH: GOD ORDERED ME TO SEND TROOPS TO IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN."
• "IRAIQI APPROVES SUICIDE ATTACKS ON COALITION TROOPS."
• "DR. AHMED SALIM: BAGHDAD IS HELL!" SALAM KHALID "BLACK SKY".
• A. MANCHUK "LIES AND SCANDALS OF THE UKRAINIAN WAR IN IRAQ".
• "ALMOST 80 PERCENT OF THE JAPANESE ARE AGAINST THE PRESENCE OF THE COUNTRY'S TROOPS IN IRAQ."
• "PRIMAKOV: THE RUSSIA DID EVERYTHING IT COULD SO THAT THERE WAS NO AMERICAN INVASION IN IRAQ."
• "UN EXPERT: US MILITARY IS DEPRIVING IRAQI CIVILIANS OF FOOD AND DRINK."
• "A FORMER US MARINE WROTE A BOOK KILL! KILL! KILL!" ABOUT MILITARY TRAINING IN AMERICAN SOLDIERS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES."
• GEORGE BUSH'S 'SPONTANEOUS' CONVERSATION WITH SOLDIERS IN IRAQ REVEALED TO BE STAGED."
• "SINCE 2003, ABOUT 20 THOUSAND ITEMS HAVE BEEN STOLEN FROM IRAQI MUSEUMS."
• VLAD STAKOVSKY "IRAQI DIARY".
• BILL VAN OAKEN "TALKING ABOUT TERRORISM IN WASHINGTON. - BUSH REACTS TO POLITICAL CRISIS WITH LIES AND NEW THREATS OF WAR."
• VYACHESLAV TETEKIN "THEY ARE LOOKING IN THE WRONG WHERE..."

PAGE 32:

• "The FBI ADMITTED THAT DOCUMENTS REGARDING SADDAM HUSSEIN'S ATTEMPTS TO PURCHASE URANIUM WERE FAKES."
• ANTON BRAZITSA "ANOTHER LIE OF 'THE FREEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD'."
• "WHITE PHOSPHORUS".
• "IRAQI AUTHORITIES HAVE ACKNOWLEDGED THE FACT OF EXTREMELY CRUEL TREATMENT OF PRISONERS."
• "IN 3 YEARS, IRAQ HAS BEEN BECOME A DRUG TRANSIT CENTER."
• "EX-CIA EMPLOYEES DESCRIBED DETAILS OF TORTURE OF TERRORISTS."
• THIERRY MAYSANT "FALSE INFORMATION ABOUT IRAQI BARRELS."
• "EXPERTS WHO ADMITTED THE CIA'S RIGHTNESS."
• GABRIEL ZAMPARINI "CIVILIZATION IN THE STYLE OF GENOCIDE".
• GHALI HASSAN "IRAQ: A CRIMINAL TRIAL".
• "SADDAM HUSSEIN SAYS THE AMERICANS TORTURED AND BEATEN HIM."
• "THE PRICE OF AMERICAN PROPAGANDA".
• "AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE IS MONITORING ANTI-WAR DEMONSTRATIONS IN THE USA."
• "THE CORE OF THE IRAQI RESISTANCE ARE THE IRAQIS FIGHTING THE OCCUPATION."
• "ALMOST THREE-QUARTERS OF AMERICANS ARE FOR THE DEATH PENALTY FOR SADDAM HUSSEIN."
• "BERNARD KUSHNER AND THE "2 MILLION KILLED" BY SADDAM HUSSEIN."
• "BRITISH ENTERTAINMENT IN IRAQ SHOCKED THE PUBLIC."
• "AMERICAN MILITARY WEAR DIAPERS IN IRAQ."

PAGE 33:

• "AMERICANS PAY RELIGIOUS FIGURES IN IRAQ FOR PROPAGANDA."
• SALIM LAMRANI "REPORTERS' SILENCE WITHOUT BOUNDARIES AGAINST THE JOURNALIST WHO WAS TORTURED IN GUANTANAMO."
• "The US RECOGNIZED THAT THE ATTACK ON IRAQ WAS NOT RELATED TO INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM."
• ALEXANDER BOKOVSKY "YANKEES ON THE RUINS OF BABYLON".
• "BUSH HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH BLAIR ABOUT THE IRAQ WAR LONG BEFORE IT STARTED."
• OLEG ARTYUSHIN "INTELLIGENCE SERVICES HAVE THEIR OWN RULES."
• "ALSO "OUTSIDE POLITICS."
• "THE INDEPENDENT: IRAQI MINISTRY OF INTERIOR DEATH SQUADRONS ARE OPERATING IN BAGHDAD."
• "WAR POSTPONED FOR 30 YEARS."
• "BUSH AND BLAIR LIED."
• ANDREY KRYMZIN "USA: A GOOD BANDIT IS AN EXCELLENT SOLDIER."
• "The PENTAGON ADMITTED THE INTELLIGENCE OF INTELLIGENCE ABOUT THE PRESENCE OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION IN IRAQ."
• JEFF LINCOLN "NEW DETAILS ARE COMING UP ABOUT HOW AMERICANS ARE RICHING AND BRIBING IN IRAQ."
• "MOSSAD DESTROYED 530 IRAQI SCIENTISTS. TRAGEDY OF IRAQ ACADEMICS."
• "The USA DENYES COSTA RICA'S RIGHT TO INDEPENDENT DECISIONS."
• "VLADIMIR ANOKHIN: THE KIDNAPPING OF DIPLOMATS IS CONNECTED WITH SOME US ACTION."
• VLADISLAV SHURYGIN "FROM GOEBBELS TO BUSH".
• ALAIN CAMPIOTTI "AMERICA IS HACKED BY THE NIGHTMARE OF THE HADITHA MASSACRE."
• "FORMER CIA EMPLOYEE: THE G. BUSH ADMINISTRATION KNEW THERE WERE NO WMD IN IRAQ."
• "IRAQI CHILDREN SUFFER FROM HUNGER."
• "DURING 3 YEARS OF WAR, BRITISH COMPANIES EARNED ALMOST $2 BILLION IN IRAQ."
• VIKTOR CHEREPAKHIN "The USA SPENT $300 MILLION ON PROPAGANDA FOR THE IRAQ WAR // AND NOW THEY BLAME RUSSIA FOR THE FAILURE OF THIS PR CAMPAIGN."
• YAMIN ZAKARIA "MODERN POLITICAL LEXICON".
• "BRITISH SOLDIERS IN IRAQ HAVE VIOLATED HUMAN RIGHTS ON MORE THAN TIMES."
• "US TROOPS CAPTURED THE WIVES OF ALLEGED MILITATORS IN IRAQ TO FORCE THEM TO SURRENDER."
• "JIMMY CARTER ON THE LARRY KING PROGRAM: "WE WENT TO IRAQ TO CREATE A PERMANENT MILITARY BASE IN THE GULF REGION."
• JOSHUA FRANK "DRILLING BEGINS."

Caption: "I am Iraq"

First and second: cute joke of the “liberators” (Fuck Iraq); the latest: “civilizers” ran over the legs of a civilian in Fallujah with a tank.

And strategic missiles. The commission operated until December 1998, when it was forced to leave Iraq due to the refusal of Saddam Hussein's government to further cooperate. In addition, the UN Security Council introduced air zones in the north and south of Iraq, in areas densely populated by Kurds and Shiites, in which Iraqi military aircraft were prohibited from flying. These zones were patrolled by American and British aircraft.

In January 1993, the air forces of the United States, Great Britain, and France carried out missile and bomb attacks on the positions of Iraqi anti-aircraft missile systems in the south of the country, which posed a threat to allied aviation. Subsequent incidents in Iraqi airspace occurred periodically from December 1998 to March 2003, and their number increased from mid-2002. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the US government decided to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq by force, but began concrete actions only in 2002 after the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Since mid-2002, the United States began demanding the return of international inspectors to Iraq. The Americans were supported in this demand by their Western European allies, primarily Great Britain. The demand for renewed international control over Iraq's development of weapons of mass destruction was supported in November 2002 by a UN Security Council resolution. In the face of a direct threat of hostilities, Saddam Hussein agreed to resume the work of a special UN commission. International inspectors arrived in Iraq but found no evidence of renewed production of weapons of mass destruction.

In 2002-2003, the US presidential administration George Bush made great efforts to prove that Saddam Hussein's regime poses a danger to the international community. Iraq was accused of resuming the development of weapons of mass destruction and of collaborating with international terrorist organizations, primarily al-Qaeda. However, the facts and evidence cited by the Americans were incorrect and falsified. The UN Security Council refused to authorize the use of military force against Iraq. Then the US and its allies launched an invasion in violation of the UN Charter.
The military operation against Iraq began on the morning of March 20, 2003. It was codenamed Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Unlike the 1991 Gulf War, Allied forces launched a ground offensive without a lengthy air campaign. Kuwait became the springboard for the invasion. The coalition command intended to organize an invasion of Iraq from the north from Turkish territory. However, the Turkish parliament refused to agree to the introduction of invading troops into its territory.

The Allied Expeditionary Force included five US divisions and Great Britain. They were opposed by 23 Iraqi divisions, but they did not put up serious resistance. The Iraqi air force was completely inactive. Already on April 9, the capital of Iraq was taken without a fight. Continuing to move north, on April 15, American troops took Tikrit (the hometown of Saddam Hussein), ending the active phase of hostilities. Iraqi cities were overwhelmed by a wave of looting; in an atmosphere of anarchy, many private houses, shops, and government institutions were looted. During the month and a half of the war, coalition losses amounted to 172 people killed (139 Americans and 33 British).

The interventionists divided Iraq into several occupation zones. The north, west and center of the country with Baghdad were controlled by American troops. Populated Shiites areas south of Baghdad became the area of ​​responsibility of multinational forces (Poland, Spain, Italy, Ukraine, Georgia). In the far south of Iraq, a British contingent was stationed in Basra. To govern the occupied country, the Coalition Provisional Authority was created at the end of April 2003. Its task was to create conditions for the transfer of power to the new Iraqi government. One of the first steps of the Interim Administration was the dissolution of the Iraqi army and police. The Iraq Survey Group was looking for weapons of mass destruction. In 2004, the group concluded its work, finding that Iraq did not possess weapons of mass destruction.

Immediately after the formal end of hostilities in Iraq, a guerrilla war broke out. In the summer of 2003, the process of organizing partisan groups was underway, initially consisting mainly of party activists Baath and supporters of Saddam Hussein. These groups had a significant stockpile of weapons and ammunition obtained from Iraqi army warehouses. In the fall of 2003, the partisans carried out the so-called “Ramadan offensive,” which coincided with the Muslim holiday of Ramadan. The partisans managed to shoot down several American helicopters. In November 2003, 110 coalition troops were killed in Iraq, while in previous months 30-50 people died. The guerrillas' stronghold became the "Sunni triangle" to the west and north of Baghdad, especially the Al-Anbar province, where the center of resistance was the city of Fallujah. The rebels fired mortars at the occupiers' locations and set off explosions on roads as military convoys arrived. The danger was posed by snipers, as well as suicide attacks with car bombs or explosive belts.

In August 2003, rebels managed to blow up the embassy building Jordan. Among the victims of the terrorist attack at the headquarters of the UN mission in Baghdad was the head of the mission, Sergio Vieira de Mello. The Italian military suffered great casualties as a result of the explosion of their barracks in Nasiriyah. The response operations of the coalition forces were aimed at finding and detaining the leaders of the overthrown regime. On July 22, 2003, Saddam Hussein's sons, Uday and Qusay, were killed in a shootout with soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division in Mosul. On December 13, Saddam Hussein himself was arrested in the Tikrit area by soldiers of the 4th Infantry Division. However, there was no decline in the partisan movement; leadership in the resistance movement passed from the Baathists to the Islamists.

In late 2003, Iraqi Shia leaders demanded general elections and the transfer of power to a democratically elected government. The Shiites expected to receive full power in the country, which was traditionally in the hands of Sunni minorities. The Provisional Coalition Administration hoped in the future to transfer power in Iraq to a transitional government formed on the principle of equal representation of all sectors of Iraqi society. This position of the United States caused discontent among the Shiites. The most radical representative of the Shiites, Mullah Muqtada al-Sadr, advocated the withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq and the creation of an Islamist state. Under his leadership, armed units known as the Mahdi Army were created. In April 2004, Shiites rebelled in the south of the country against the occupying forces.

At the same time, the situation in Fallujah- the center of Sunni resistance. The US Marine units, which replaced the 82nd Airborne Division previously stationed here, practically lost control of the city. In early April, fierce fighting took place in almost all cities of Central and Southern Iraq. During the same period, a series of kidnappings of foreign specialists working in Iraq occurred. The kidnappings were carried out by the Sunni group Al-Qaeda in Iraq, led by Abu Musaba al-Zarqawi. By the end of April 2004, the occupying forces managed to suppress the main centers of resistance. However, the rebels managed to maintain their control in several areas of the country. A special Iraqi brigade was created in Fallujah to monitor the maintenance of order in the city. Against this background, on June 28, 2004, the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred its powers to the Iraqi transitional government led by Prime Minister Ayad Allawi. Thus, the period of foreign occupation of Iraq officially ended. International coalition troops remained in the country at the request of the new government and in accordance with the UN mandate (UN Security Council resolution of June 8, 2004).

According to the plans of the Provisional Coalition Administration, it was envisaged to hold elections to the National Assembly, a referendum on a new constitution, creation of new bodies of state power and administration. At the end of 2003, the formation of a new Iraqi army and police began. The transitional government did not have the strength to independently maintain order in Iraq or ensure democratic elections to the new government bodies. The multinational forces were tasked with regaining control over all areas of the country. In August 2004, coalition troops managed to crush Shiite resistance in the south. Muqtada al-Sadr was forced to abandon the armed struggle and switch to peaceful political activity. Coalition troops then suppressed Sunni resistance in settlements they controlled. By the end of November 2004, the Americans finally captured Fallujah, depriving the Sunni guerrilla movement of support.

The American authorities were subjected to sharp criticism for the conduct of the war in Iraq, both in the United States and throughout the world. At the end of April, a scandal broke out around the abuse of Iraqi prisoners in the Abu Ghraib prison. The Iraq issue featured prominently during the American presidential election campaign. Despite the criticism, George W. Bush was re-elected as President of the United States, which meant the continuation of the occupation of Iraq by American troops.

On January 30, 2005, multi-party parliamentary elections were held in Iraq. In a number of Sunni areas, voters boycotted the elections, but throughout the country they were recognized as valid. The Shiite United Iraqi Alliance won the election with 48% of the vote. In April, a new transitional government, whose task was to prepare a new constitution for the country. On October 15, Iraq held a referendum on a new constitution, which was adopted despite the opposition of the Sunnis. On December 15, new parliamentary elections were held, in which the United Iraqi Alliance again won, receiving 128 seats in the National Assembly. All Sunni parties received 58 seats, the Kurds - 53 seats. In 2005, the efforts of the interethnic occupation forces were aimed at suppressing outside support for the Iraqi insurgents. To this end, the American Marines conducted a number of operations in the border areas with Syria. To suppress the increasing number of terrorist attacks in Baghdad, Operation Lightning was carried out, in which more than 40 thousand American and Iraqi military personnel participated.

The coming to power of the Shiites in Iraq aggravated the political situation in the country. Confrontation with foreign occupiers faded into the background. On February 22, 2006, the Shia shrine Al-Askariyya Mosque in Samarra was bombed. In the following weeks, the country was swept by a wave of violence based on sectarian conflict, claiming up to a thousand victims every month. By October 2006, about 365 thousand Iraqis had left their places of permanent residence. On May 20, 2006, a permanent government was formed headed by Nouri Maliki. On June 7, an air strike killed Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of the " Al Qaeda in Iraq", which took responsibility for many terrorist attacks. In general, American troops were unable to turn the situation in their favor; the introduction of additional military contingents only led to additional casualties. The Iraq War was not popular in America. A number of Sunni areas were not controlled by either the Iraqi government or coalition forces. In October 2006, the Sunni underground organization Mujahideen Shura Council proclaimed the creation of the Islamic State of Iraq.

Growing criticism of the actions of the George W. Bush administration in Iraq led to the fact that after the next elections to the US Congress in November 2006, the Republican Party lost its majority in both houses of the US parliament. After this, the Minister of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, considered one of the main initiators of the invasion of Iraq, was replaced by Robert Gates. At the end of 2006, the trial of Saddam Hussein, who was accused of mass killings during the suppression of the Shiite uprising in 1982, was completed in Iraq. He was sentenced to death in November 2006 and hanged on December 30.

In January 2007, George W. Bush put forward a new strategy for US military policy in Iraq, known as the “Great Wave.” He admitted that he made mistakes on the Iraqi issue and noted that the reasons for the failures were the lack of troops and insufficient freedom of action of the American command. New strategy provided for the sending of additional troops to Iraq. Whereas previously American troops had left areas cleared of militants, the Great Wave meant that they would remain there to maintain security.

In response, Iraqi insurgents launched an offensive to force George W. Bush to admit defeat and evacuate American troops from Iraq. At the end of January and beginning of February, militants managed to shoot down several American helicopters. In March 2007, during a visit to Iraq by the UN Secretary General Ban Gimun the building where he spoke came under mortar fire. In the spring of 2007, the Green Zone, a protected government and diplomatic area of ​​Baghdad, was regularly shelled. Interethnic forces controlled no more than 20% of the area of ​​the Iraqi capital. By June 2007, the bulk of American reinforcements had arrived in Baghdad, allowing the fight against the insurgents to intensify. Cleanup operation Baghdad from militants continued until November 2007.

Simultaneously with the fighting in Baghdad, a campaign was being waged in the Diyala province northeast of the Iraqi capital. Iraqi rebels have virtually established control over the provincial capital of Ba'quba. The American command in March 2007 was forced to transfer additional forces to the province. As a result of a military operation in June-August 2007 with the participation of 10 thousand troops, the Americans regained control over Baakuba. In the province of Al-Anbar, the American command was able to reach an agreement with the leadership of Sunni armed groups on cooperation, in particular in the fight against Al-Qaeda. In response to the ceasefire, local militants began to receive monetary rewards, and their leaders began to receive real power on the ground. The success of the experiment prompted the American command to try to expand it to other provinces, which displeased the Shiite government of Nuri Maliki.

In the spring of 2008, the Iraqi army and security forces carried out operations to establish full control over the Shiite regions of Iraq, and then Mosul, which was considered a stronghold of al-Qaeda in Iraq. In the second half of 2008, there were no active hostilities, although in a number of regions of the country the situation remained tense, and militant attacks and sectarian conflicts continued. After a peak in 2006-2007, the number of major terrorist attacks and militant attacks has decreased significantly. In 2008, international coalition forces suffered the smallest losses since the beginning of the war (320 military personnel).

In 2008, the process of strengthening the Iraqi security forces and transferring more and more areas under their control continued. By October 2008, only 5 of the country’s 18 provinces remained under the control of international forces in Iraq. On November 17, 2008, an agreement was signed on the status of American troops in Iraq, which determined the conditions for their presence in Iraq after the expiration of the UN Security Council mandate (December 31, 2008). The agreement provided for the withdrawal of American troops from populated areas by July 2009 and their complete withdrawal from the country by the end of 2011. Due to the expiration of the UN mandate at the end of 2008, the military contingents of most countries participating in the multinational force left Iraq. In addition to American and British troops, military units from Australia, Romania, El Salvador, and Estonia remained in Iraq.

On December 14, 2008, during George W. Bush's visit to Iraq, an Iraqi journalist threw two of his shoes at the US President, calling it "a farewell kiss from the Iraqi people." Bush dodged both boots and characterized the incident as "a sign of a free society." During 2009-2011, there was a process of gradual withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq. In the summer of 2009, the last contingents of US allies left Iraq; by August 1, only American and British troops remained in the country. By the beginning of August 2010, the main contingent of American troops was withdrawn from Iraq, leaving about 50 thousand US military personnel in the country who were training and supporting local law enforcement forces. In July 2011, the last contingents of British troops were withdrawn from Iraq, and on December 15, 2011, American troops left the country.

The total number of American troops in Iraq reached 250 thousand people, the British - 45 thousand. Other countries were represented by significantly fewer soldiers, sometimes purely symbolically. The losses of American troops amounted to 4.48 thousand people killed and 32.2 thousand wounded. The multinational force (21 countries) lost 317 fighters killed, 179 of them British.

International relations. Political science. Regional Studies Bulletin of Nizhny Novgorod University named after. N.I. Lob Achevsky, 2011, No. 5 (1), p. 268-274

UDC 94(430).087

GERMANY'S DIPLOMATIC PARTICIPATION IN THE CONFLICT AROUND IRAQ (2001-2003)

© 2011 A.I. Egorov

Dzerzhinsky Polytechnic Institute of Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after. R.E. Alekseeva

[email protected]

Received by the editor 09/02/2011

The problem of Germany's diplomatic participation in the conflict around Iraq in the period 2001-2003 is considered. It was revealed that Germany was pursuing its interests by playing a double game. On the one hand, official Berlin sought to maintain partnerships with the United States, and on the other, it took an anti-war position by entering into an informal alliance with France and Russia.

Key areas: Iraq, Germany, anti-war tions, UN Security Council resolutions, weapons

The strengthening of Germany's geopolitical position due to its unification allowed the federal government to intensify diplomatic efforts in strategically important regions of the world. The latter included the Persian Gulf zone, where Iraq traditionally played the role of one of the key subjects of the international process. Its importance was determined primarily by large reserves of energy resources. According to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), in the early 2000s. Iraq had the second largest crude oil reserves in the world, second only to Saudi Arabia.

Germany pursued primarily economic goals in relation to Iraq. Germany's interests were in maintaining bilateral trade, the annual volume of which was estimated at approximately $350 million, and in addition, with the involvement of intermediary countries, German sales to Iraqi counterparties amounted to approximately $1 billion.

At the same time, Germany had to take into account the continuously deteriorating political climate in relations with Iraq, which was greatly facilitated by such factors as the danger posed by the alleged Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, as well as the negative attitude towards the regime of President Saddam Hussein from a significant part of the world community . The latter was largely fueled by the aggressive foreign policy actions of the regime, in particular, trying to annex Kuwait in August 1990.

Lacking its own effective leverage over Hussein, Germany

diplomatic alliance, international inspectors of mass destruction, pacifism.

gave priority to multilateral mechanisms to influence the situation in Iraq. She considered the UN to be the key instrument for resolving the situation, and therefore supported the adoption of Security Council Resolution No. 687 of April 3, 1991, according to which Iraq had to unconditionally agree to the destruction, removal or neutralization under international control of all chemical and biological weapons and all agent inventories, all related subsystems and components and all associated research, development, maintenance and production facilities; all ballistic missiles with a range over 150 km and related major parts and repair and production facilities. To control the disarmament of Iraq, UNSCOM was created - the UN Special Commission, whose inspectors did a lot of work to identify chemical, bacteriological and missile weapons, and together with the IAEA - objects related to the creation of nuclear weapons. The commission carried out its functions until December 1998, but then Saddam Hussein terminated relations with the UN and expelled international inspectors from Iraq, which served as the basis for the aggravation of the situation.

Rising tensions around Iraq in the early 2000s. coincided with the approach of the next parliamentary elections in Germany. Because of this, the coalition government of the Social Democrats and the Greens found itself in a difficult position. On the one hand, it was forced to take into account the serious pacifist potential in the country. Public opinion polls showed that the majority

The Germans were committed to a peaceful resolution of the Iraqi problem. On the other hand, the government sought to be loyal to its overseas ally, which was heading towards preparing an armed struggle against the regime of President Hussein.

On September 18-19, 2001, German Foreign Minister J. Fischer visited Washington, where he met with US Deputy Secretary of Defense P. Wolfowitz. The American side spoke sharply about an adequate response to the challenges of international terrorism, emphasizing that it sees its mission as liberating a number of countries from their “terrorist governments,” without stopping at the use of military force. Although the list of such countries was not announced, it became clear that Iraq would not occupy the last place on it.

Meanwhile, from mid-2002, Germany began to distance itself from the power course of its American ally. On August 7, 2002, J. Fischer presented a broad justification for the position of the German government regarding the Iraqi problem. It was the first time that critical statements were made against the United States, whose focus on military methods of resolving the conflict situation was considered unacceptable. In addition, Fischer made it clear that Washington’s emphasis in posing the problem was incorrect.

From the point of view of official Berlin, Islamic terrorism took first place among the threats facing the international community at the beginning of the 21st century. The connection between Saddam Hussein's regime and terrorist organizations, including al-Qaeda, has not been proven. Having no doubt that the American military machine was powerful enough to defeat the Hussein regime, Fischer considered President George W. Bush's hopes for a complete transformation of Iraq in the spirit of democracy and in a short time to be illusory. “It will take decades and a permanent US military presence in the region,” warned the German Foreign Minister. Moreover, the hypothetical possibility of withdrawing American troops from the region until the situation was completely stabilized was regarded by Germany as a risk factor, because it threatened to explode the situation in the Persian Gulf area, which could negatively affect the security of European countries.

On August 15, 2002, in an interview with the influential newspaper “Die Zeit,” Federal Chancellor G. Schröder tried to show the legal inconsistency of the position of supporters of the military invasion of Iraq by the fact that the Security Council

The UN did not authorize such actions. However, Germany offered technical assistance and also supported the continuation of the mission of UN inspectors in Iraq, insisting on their unrestricted access to all suspicious sites.

The anti-war line at that moment was also maintained by the conservative opposition in the person of the candidate for the post of Federal Chancellor, Bavarian Prime Minister E. Stoiber, who on August 28, 2002 presented his views on the advisability of military intervention in Iraqi affairs. Stoiber warned the United States against independent action and allowed the Bundeswehr to participate in the anti-Iraq campaign only if it received a corresponding mandate from the UN Security Council and developed a consolidated position of the European Union regarding this problem.

In September 2002, under pressure from the international community, the Iraqi leadership agreed to the return of UN inspectors to the country without preconditions. A new UN Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, UNMOVIC, was formed, which continued the work of UNSCOM in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution No. 1284 of December 17, 1999.

The stronger anti-war stance taken by the government coalition of the Social Democrats and the Greens helped it gain voter support and was an important factor in its victory in the parliamentary elections. After the formation of the renewed government, Federal Chancellor G. Schröder spoke on October 29

2002 with a government statement in which it confirmed Germany's previous course regarding the Iraqi problem. He outlined as a goal a consistent policy of disarmament and international verification of Iraq.

By this time, the situation around Iraq began to heat up again. On November 8, 2002, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 1441, which is quite tough in relation to Iraq. The document regretted Iraq's failure to provide accurate, complete, definitive and comprehensive information on all aspects of its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km and on all stocks of such weapons, their components and production facilities and locations , as well as all other nuclear programs, including those that the Iraqi authorities claim are carried out for purposes other than materials that could be used to produce nuclear weapons.

The Security Council asserted that Iraq repeatedly obstructed access to sites designated by the UN and IAEA special commission, did not cooperate fully and unconditionally with weapons inspectors, and ultimately ceased all cooperation with them in 1998. Since December of that year, Iraq lacked international observers, inspections, and controls regarding weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles.

The Security Council provided Iraq with a final opportunity to fulfill its disarmament responsibilities by deciding to introduce an enhanced inspection regime to ensure complete and verifiable completion of the disarmament process.

Baghdad was to provide "immediate, unhindered, unconditional and unrestricted" access to international inspectors to any and all Iraqi sites that the inspectors deem necessary to inspect.

The UN Security Council warned Iraq that further violation of its responsibilities would lead to serious consequences for it.

In accordance with the requirements of the resolution, it was planned to resume the activities of international inspectors in Iraq no later than

On December 23, 2002, and no later than 60 days later, they had to submit a report on the work done to the UN Security Council. Already on November 27, 2002, UN inspectors resumed their work in Iraq.

Based on the results of the first stage of its activities, the new mission of inspectors prepared a report that did not contain any significant reproaches against Iraq regarding the presence of weapons of mass destruction. On the other hand, a number of questions regarding Iraq’s nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons development programs remained unanswered.

This gave the United States and Great Britain a reason to declare that they do not trust Saddam Hussein and demand the adoption as soon as possible of a tough, ultimatum resolution of the UN Security Council, which would actually authorize the use of military force against Iraq. This position was approved by a number of states, including the countries of Eastern Europe, which in 2004 were supposed to join the European Union. At the end of January 2003, they issued an appeal containing full US support in the Iraqi issue.

The active diplomatic offensive of the war supporters was expressed in the fact that on February 24, 2003, Spain, Great Britain and the United States submitted a draft resolution to the UN Security Council, paragraph 1 of which stated: “The Security Council announces that Iraq has missed the opportunity to use the last chance given to it in accordance with resolution No. 1441."

On February 26, 2003, American President George W. Bush made it clear: the United States sets itself more global goals than identifying and eliminating Iraq's hypothetical weapons of mass destruction. This assumption turned into certainty on March 17, 2003, when the US President announced the need to eliminate Saddam Hussein's regime as part of the war on terrorism.

In this situation, Germany faced a difficult choice: to continue its anti-war line, risking seriously damaging transatlantic relations, or to follow Washington’s aggressive foreign policy course.

Official Berlin was forced to play a double game. On the one hand, the federal government had no intention of questioning its partnership with the United States. On January 29, 2003, speaking at the World Bank office in Washington, the coordinator of German-American cooperation at the German Foreign Ministry, K. Voigt, convinced the George W. Bush administration of Germany’s loyalty to the letter and spirit of the transatlantic partnership. This, the German diplomat emphasized, is best demonstrated by the actions of the federal government.

First of all, what was meant was Germany’s adequate response to the terrorist attacks against the United States that took place on September 11, 2001. “No one expressed grief and sympathy for the American people better than the Germans,” Voigt said. Moreover, Chancellor G. Schröder guaranteed “the unlimited solidarity of Germany with the United States in their fight against terrorism.”

In addition, in November 2001, the Federal Chancellor decided to provide Bundeswehr units to participate in Operation Sustainable Freedom in Afghanistan, and a year later the German Bundestag renewed the German mandate for participation in this operation.

At the same time, Voigt stated unequivocally that the Bundeswehr is not able to simultaneously participate in military campaigns around the globe. “The German commitment is concentrated in Afghanistan, where our country

“is ready to lead the ISAF group together with the Netherlands,” the German diplomat emphasized.

As for the Iraqi issue, he tried to soften the contradictions, proving that the positions of Germany and the United States converge on three fundamental points. First of all, we were talking about a fundamental assessment of the political regime of Saddam Hussein, who was called “a cruel, aggressive dictator who does not respect the resolutions of the UN Security Council.” The parties were also unanimous in the opinion that Iraq cannot possess weapons of mass destruction and the means of delivering them. Finally, the United States and Germany demanded that international inspectors be given unhindered access to Iraqi military installations.

Consequently, the German diplomat stated, both countries had a common goal in relation to Iraq, but differences emerged in their understanding of the means to achieve it. Germany believed that the solution to the problem lay in effective multilateral action carried out within the UN. In this regard, Germany recalled UN Security Council Resolution No. 1441, which, in its opinion, opened the way for a political solution to the Iraqi problem.

Recognition of the priority of non-military means pushed official Berlin towards closer cooperation with Moscow and Paris, which opposed a military solution to the Iraqi issue. The period from December 2002 to January 2003 was marked by consultations between the German Foreign Minister and his Russian and French colleagues. Thus, on December 27, 2002 and January 26, 2003, telephone conversations took place between Russian Foreign Ministers I.S. Ivanov and Germany J. Fischer, during which the main attention was paid to the situation in the Persian Gulf area. Speaking in favor of the elimination of Iraq's possible weapons of mass destruction, the parties insisted on the continuation of inspection missions in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution No. 1441.

In this regard, the position of official Berlin regarding the military method of resolving the conflict has even become tougher. A statement was made that Germany would under no circumstances take part in military action against Iraq, regardless of what the Security Council decides.

At the beginning of February 2003, the anti-war diplomatic alliance acquired clearer outlines, formalizing its priorities in resolving the conflict around Iraq. On February 10, a Joint Statement of France, Russia and Germany was signed in Paris, in which the countries

advocated the speedy completion of the process of disarmament of Iraq, as provided for by UN Security Council resolutions. Any decisions, in the opinion of the parties, were to be based on the principles of the Charter of this organization. France, Russia and Germany saw the basis for achieving the disarmament of Iraq in the steady implementation of Security Council Resolution No. 1441, emphasizing that not all the opportunities that this resolution opens have been used.

Inspections carried out by UNMOVIC and the IAEA in Iraq, according to members of the anti-war coalition, have yielded positive results. France, Russia and Germany advocated the continuation of these inspections, as well as their significant strengthening in personnel and technical relations by all means within the framework of resolution No. 1441.

The parties warned against the use of force, believing that this was the last resort to solve the problem. “There is still an alternative to war... Russia, France and Germany are determined to provide all the necessary conditions to complete the process of disarmament of Iraq peacefully,” the statement of the three countries emphasized.

On February 13, 2003, German Foreign Minister J. Fischer gave a speech to the Bundestag in which he outlined three principles for resolving the situation with Iraq. First of all, Germany insisted that Iraq cannot have weapons of mass destruction and must cooperate on disarmament with the UN on the basis of Security Council resolutions. Further, Fischer demanded a tightening and intensification of the inspection regime; finally, the control regime was supposed to be maintained in the long term.

The countries of the anti-war diplomatic alliance sought to convey to the world community their concern about the worsening situation around Iraq. On February 24, 2003, a letter signed by the permanent representatives of Russia, Germany and France to the UN Security Council was published, where it was reported that these countries had developed a Joint Memorandum on the situation in Iraq.

In the memorandum, the alliance members outlined their position in trying to diplomatically stop the impending military intervention in the internal affairs of Iraq.

According to Russia, France and Germany, no evidence was ever provided of Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction or technologies capable of producing such weapons. Inspections that began in Iraq made it possible to move on from the dead

points of control process, which showed progress as Iraq's cooperation with the international community slowly but surely improved.

As the countries of the anti-war alliance noted, to resolve the situation, measures must be taken that are adequate to the current situation. They boiled down to the following points.

Firstly, the memorandum demanded the development of a clear program of action for UN inspectors in Iraq. According to UN Security Council Resolution No. 1284, the Verification, Verification and Inspection Commissions of the United Nations and the IAEA were required to submit a work program for approval by the UN Security Council. Russia, France and Germany proposed speeding up the presentation of this program, giving priority attention to the tasks of disarmament of Iraq. Particular attention was paid to what Iraq must do to complete each task as part of its disarmament program.

Secondly, priority in the disarmament of Iraq was given to enhanced inspections, whose regime was determined by UN Security Council Resolution No. 1441. It was planned to take measures to strengthen inspections: expansion and diversification of inspection mission personnel; creation of mobile units that exercised control; introduction of a new air control system; systematic processing of the received data.

Thirdly, the question was raised about the timing of the inspection’s activities. The calendar plan, developed by experts from the countries of the anti-war diplomatic alliance, provided for the following schedule: from March 1, 2003, data on aircraft and launch vehicles, chemical weapons and related materials, biological and nuclear weapons were to be provided; UNMOVIC and IAEA communications assessing the results of assignments would be provided by inspectors 120 days after the approval of the work program in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution No. 1284. In accordance with paragraph 1 of Resolution No. 1441, the Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC and the Director General of the IAEA transmitted to the Security Council UN information about every instance of interference by the Iraqi authorities in the activities of inspections.

On March 15, 2003, the foreign ministers of Germany, the Russian Federation and France issued a joint statement, which was the last attempt to stop the impending war. Appealing to the decisions of the UN Security Council and referring to the reports of the General Directorate

Rector of the IAEA, the parties argued that the disarmament of Iraq had begun and could be completed in a short time. Referring again to the UNMOVIC work program, which was supposed to be submitted to the UN Security Council for consideration in the near future, France, Russia and Germany, if approved, proposed immediately convening the Security Council at the level of foreign ministers in order to accept the tasks of disarmament and approve a calendar plan for the implementation of this programs .

On March 19, 2003, Federal President J. Rau held consultations with representatives of German political parties, where the situation in Iraq was discussed. As a result of the consultations, Rau stated that there was no immediate threat to the population of Germany due to the possible outbreak of hostilities in Iraq, although he did not rule out an increase in the danger of terrorist attacks on its territory.

After Hussein did not accept the provisions of the ultimatum addressed to the allied coalition led by the United States, its armed forces launched a military operation against Iraq on March 20, 2003.

During the war, German diplomacy was active. Immediately after the outbreak of hostilities, Federal Chancellor G. Schröder made a televised address to the nation. He stated that a "wrong decision" had been made and expressed hope for a speedy end to the war.

On March 24, an interview with J. Fischer appeared in Der Spiegel magazine, in which he regretted the lack of willingness of both sides to compromise. The next day, speaking at the Plenum of the 59th UN Human Rights Commission in Geneva, Fischer raised the issue of the threat to human rights due to the fighting in Iraq. The German representative called on the members of the Commission to appeal to the warring parties on the subject of compliance with international humanitarian law.

German diplomacy shifted its attention to developing principles for a post-war settlement of the situation. In a speech delivered on April 3, 2003 before the Bundestag, Federal Chancellor G. Schröder proclaimed a program for creating “a just and democratic order in Iraq and throughout the region.” According to this program, the territorial integrity of the country was preserved, and independence and political sovereignty were fully restored. The Iraqi people were given the right to determine their own future, and the country's resources, including oil fields, remained in their possession and control.

In general, the crisis of 2001-2003 around Iraq showed the impossibility of finding a compromise between controlled disarmament and a clear course towards a military solution to the Iraqi problem. The alliance represented by France, Russia and Germany was unable to resist the authority of the United States, supported by its allies in Europe. Also, the attempt of official Berlin to strengthen its influence in the international arena by pursuing an anti-war line was not crowned with success.

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DIPLOMATIC PARTICIPATION OF GERMANY IN THE CONFLICT AROUND IRAQ (2001-2003)

The article deals with the problem of diplomatic participation of Germany in the conflict around Iraq during the period of 2001-2003. It has been revealed that Germany realized its own interests while playing a double game. On the one hand, official Berlin sought to maintain a partnership with the United States, on the other hand, it took an anti-war position by entering into an informal alliance with France and Russia.

Keywords: Iraq, Germany, anti-war diplomatic alliance, international inspections, resolutions of UN Security Council, weapons of mass destruction, pacifism.

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