Non-refundable verbs are verbs without the postfix –sya; returnable– verbs with the postfix –sya. Historically, the formation of reflexive verbs is associated with the pronoun Xia, which was originally attached only to transitive verbs (wash + xia (“yourself”) = wash).

All verbs in Russian can be divided into several groups:

irreflexive verbs, from which returns are formed	non-refundable	returnable
a) wash + wash build + xia education return different forms meet + xia b) turn white + xia darken + xia – morphological synonyms c) look - look enough verbs work - get enough SD d) write - impersonal is not written sleep - can't sleep verbs	reply lunch	fight laugh balk

Thus, we can conclude that the postfix –sya in the Russian language can perform several functions:

Form reflexive forms of verbs ( wash, whiten);

Form reflexive verbs, different from producing irreflexive verbs lexical meaning (forgive - say goodbye, finish - achieve).

It should be noted that some verbs in –sya have a synonymous reflexive combination ( to deprive - to deprive oneself, to cover oneself - to cover oneself).

The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive was established in the Russian language without regard to the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix –sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and voice correlation is provided only by the reflexive forms of the verb.

Pledge category

The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scientists define the content of this category differently, and therefore resolve the issue of the number of voices differently: some count up to 17 voices, others deny the presence of voices altogether.

In Russian linguistics there are the following definitions of voice:

1) pledge means “an act that passes from one thing to another, and an act that does not pass from one thing to another” (Lomonosov);

2) voices are those verbal forms that denote a difference in the relationship of the verbal action to its subject. On this basis, a refundable deposit can be allocated ( the book is being read) and non-refundable deposit ( read a book) – Aksakov, Fortunatov;

3) pledge is the relation of action to object (Buslaev, Shapiro);

4) pledge is an expression of the asset and liability of the subject (Isachenko, AG-70);

5) deposit – is the relation of action to subject and object(Vinogradov, Golovin, Gvozdev, Shansky).

In all the above definitions of collateral there is general criterion– the relationship of action to subject and object. This feature is, indeed, important in voice content, since voice, like other verbal categories, manifests itself primarily as a certain grammatical relation - the relation of an action to its source and to the object. The category of pledge reflects objectively occurring processes, the implementation of which is possible in the presence of an actor and an object of action.

The mother (subject) washes (action) the child (object).

The child (subject, object) washes himself (action).

But in the Russian language there are verbs that name such actions, for the implementation of which only the doer, the subject of the action is needed:

Clouds (subject) float quietly across the sky.

Thus, all verbs in Russian can be divided into two groups:

1) verbs capable of conveying voice relations (voice verbs);

2) verbs that do not convey voice relations (non-voice verbs).

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with postfix xia(s), which express the opposite action are called inverse: be proud, fall in love, date.

Suffix xia(s) can be used with most verbs in all forms except participles. It comes after the infinitive suffix - ti (t) or endings in personal forms of the verb. For example: wash - wash, wash, wash.

Modern verb suffix xia (s) - is an ancient short form of the reverse pronoun myself V accusative case singular.

Using a suffix xia(s) verbs are formed:

Attention! It is written -s is written Xia

We swim in the sea - we swim in the lake; I shaved yesterday - shave twice.

Category verb state

The category of state expresses the relation of action to subject and object. Subject-object relations appear in the sentence. The verb is the main link in the implementation of grammatical relations between the subject and object of an action. Yes, in a sentence The team carries out the plan the subject of the action (or the bearer of dynamic characteristics) is the word brigade; action performed by the subject as an active agent, aimed at an object (plan), which in a sentence acts as a direct object.

The logical relations of subject and object in this sentence coincide with the grammatical ones; the verb expresses the meaning of an active action aimed at an independent object.

However, these logical relations can be conveyed in a different grammatical form, for example The plan is carried out by the team. In this sentence structure, the verb acts with the meaning of passive action. Verb performed, formed from a transitive verb fulfill using postfix -sya, has lost its transitive meaning. The logical subject is expressed in the dependent form of the noun - the instrumental of the subject, the logical object appears in the form of the nominative case.

Compare also: Everyone greets a friend and Friends are welcome. In the first case, the verb expresses an active action aimed at an independent object; in the second, the action is distributed between subjects and is also an object.

The meaning of the verb state is closely related to the semantics of the verb and turns out to be in its syntactic connections with other words.

The category of state finds its expression in the methods of verbal control, closely associated with the category of transitivity/intransitivity. Thus, all transitive verbs can express the meaning of an active action, but intransitive verbs never express it. Transitive and intransitive verbs formed from transitive ones using a postfix -sya, express double subject-object relations, and enduring ones do not correlate with transitive verbs (for example, go, grow, bloom), express a one-sided, subjective attitude. Compare for example:

Subject-object relations Subject relations

The student completes the task. - Everyone around is sleeping.

The task is completed by the student. Vasilko goes to school.

Alenka dresses her sister. - Lena laughs.

Lena gets dressed (Alyonushka dresses herself).

Morphological and word-formative means of expression individual values state postfix Xia. With the help of this word-forming affix the meaning of reverse and passive action is expressed.

Transitive and intransitive verbs correlate with postfixes Xia differ not only in the meaning of the state, but also in semantic shades, compare, for example fight ~ fight, love - love, fight - climb, carry-carry. Only when creating verbs with a passive meaning are the semantic nuances of comparable verbs almost invisible, for example the factory builds workshops, workshops are built by the factory; the choir performs the cantata, the cantata is performed by the choir.

In the modern Ukrainian literary language, the following states of verbs are distinguished: active (or active), passive and reverse neuter.

In addition, there is a group of intransitive verbs that do not express double, subject-object relations; these are verbs of zero object state.

Attention! In linguistic science, since the time of M.V. Lomonosov, a traditional system of verb states has been defined. M.V. Lomonosov in “Russian Grammar” named six states: real (or transitional), inverse, reciprocal, average, passive (or suffering) and general.

In the works of A. A. Shakhmatov, three states are named: real, passive and inverse, and within the inverse state they are considered different meanings its: actually inverse, indirectly reciprocal, mutually inverse, etc.

In academic grammar Ukrainian language only two states are considered: active and passive, it is emphasized that the category of state is inherent only in transitive verbs; it is based on two interrelated correlative grammatical meanings- active and passive. Active meaning is expressed by morphological forms, passive - by morphological and syntactic forms. In considering the verb state there is different approach scientists fall into this category: some take into account the semantic and grammatical nuances of subject-object relationships expressed in verbs; others identify the state with the category of transitivity/intransitivity; some scientists rely only on the grammatically manifested correlation of subject-object relations, leaving the subject relations with the zero object without attention.

1. Active state. Verbs of the active (or actual) state express the active action of the subject, aimed at an independent object. Only transitive verbs that control the accusative case form without a preposition have this meaning.

For example: A mower in a meadow scythes his scythe loudly(M. Rylsky) The girls looked at the viburnum bush in the meadow(I. Nechuy-Levitsky).

The formal expression of a direct object by a dependent noun (or pronoun or other substantivized word) is a grammatical indicator of the active state of the verb. In the structure of a sentence with an active verb, grammatical subject-object relations correspond to logical subject-object relations.

2. Passive state. Verbs of the passive state are contrasted with verbs of the active state by the relationship of the subject to the object and by the direction of action. The logical subject of a passive verb has the form of the instrumental case without a preposition and acts as an indirect object, thereby expressing the relationship between a passive subject and a passive action. The object of action with a passive verb is expressed by the form of the nominative case (pronoun or substantivized word), which acts as the subject, for example: The song is performed by all concert participants.

Passive verbs arise from active verbs using a postfix -xia. The states of the verb, correlative in meaning, appear respectively in active or passive figures of speech, for example: The singer performs an aria. - The aria is performed by the singer.

The forms of inflection of verbs in the passive state are somewhat limited in use: with the instrumental subject, the verb is often placed in the 3rd person, less often in the 1st or 2nd person or in the past tense. The meaning of the passive state can also be expressed by the form of the passive participle, for example: Did you think I'm obsessed with you? - And, choking, you fall into the grass... I am affirmed, I am affirmed, I live(P. Tychina) I'm abandoned and I'm poor(I. Kotlyarevsky).

The absence of an instrumental subject in the verb neutralizes the meaning of the passivity of the action, and the verb acquires the meaning of a reflexive-medial state. For comparison: The film is watched by a commission And The film is being watched for the second time.

3. Back average condition. Verbs of the reflexive-medial state express the action of the subject, do not transform into an independent object, but are directed back to the actor himself or additionally characterize him through an unnamed object, for example: child puts on shoes(puts on his shoes) workshops compete(compete with each other) dog bites(may bite someone).

Reflexive verbs can have different shades of reflexive-medial state, differently characterize the relationship between the subject and object of the action

a) the actual reflexive verbs express an action, the subject and object of which is the same person. These include verbs: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, bathe, wash, powder, shave, dress up. For example: With obscene help, the boy did not hesitate to wash and tidy up(Panas Mirny)

b) reciprocal verbs express an action performed by several subjects, each of which simultaneously acts as the object of the action. These include verbs: meet, compete, greet, hug, kiss, correspond, communicate, consult. For example: It was then... in the village, in the evening, when I met Gabriel, I saw you. “And now you see where we met,” Zherdyaga recalled.(S. Sklyarenko)

c) indirect reflexive verbs express an action performed for the subject himself. Verbs with an indirect meaning may have an indirect object or circumstance, for example prepare for exams, get ready for a trip, get ready for a trip. These verbs are different from the actual reverse topics, that the logical direct object is not expressed with them. For comparison: The girl washes her face(the girl washes herself) and girl getting ready to go(the girl packs her things for the trip) The father took his cap: - Get ready, son, let's go(Panas Mirny) (means "pack your things")

d) reflexive verbs express action, concentrated in the very acting person, or express internal state subject. This includes verbs with the meaning of the relationship between the performer of the action and the object admire, worry, wonder, get angry, become angry, calm down, lament, shake, suffer and under. For example: There three willows bowed down as they lamented(L. Glebov)

d) active-objectless verbs express the property of the subject without its connection with the object. These include verbs with the meaning of dynamic characteristics of creatures: bite, fight, scratch, hit (the dog bites, the cow hits, the cat scratches, the horse hits) or inanimate objects: sting, prick (nettle sting, thistle prick) ",

e) passive qualitative verbs express a static attribute of an object, which includes the influential actions of another object. This includes verbs like tear, bend, fight, break, crumble, prick, g. laugh, drown(melt, turn into a liquid state), melt etc. Compare in phrases: iron bends, chintz crumples, wax melts, tin melts, ice breaks, bread crumbles, glass breaks."

f) reflexive passive verbs express an action attributed to a passive subject. Reflexive passive verbs control the form of the dative case (dative subject), which acts as an indirect application. The logical object of reflexive-passive verbs is expressed in the nominative case form and acts as the subject of the sentence. For example: And I remember my grandfather’s Ulyantsi fairy tale(A. Donchenko).

If the direct object is not expressed in the nominative case form, then the verb turns into an impersonal with a zero state value for the object, for example I shouldn't eat bread - I shouldn't eat.

Reflexive passive verbs arise from transitive verbs using a postfix -sya, in which, to a certain extent, the meaning of the reciprocal pronoun has been preserved, especially in the group of reflexive verbs themselves.

All intransitive verbs without a postfix have a zero state according to the object expression -sya (fly, ring, posters, become, run etc.), as well as impersonal verbs with a postfix Xia (can’t sleep, can’t sit, can’t lie down).

Intransitive verbs without postfix Xia mean an action closed in the subject itself, that is, they express only the subjective relationship (the relationship of the action to the subject), for example: Summer passed like a day, and out of the restless fog came the blue-eyed, golden-fanged September(M. Stelmakh).

Impersonal verbs with postfix Xia also express one-way relations of action to a logical subject in the form of the dative case (dative subject). Action expressed impersonal verb with postfixes xia, attributed to the subject as an internal state independent of him (I couldn’t sleep; the girl couldn’t sit in the house; he couldn’t lie down).

• Shakhmatov A. Ya. Syntax of the Russian language. - L., 1041. - P. 476-481. Modern Ukrainian literary language: Morphology / Under general. ed. I. K. Bipolida. - M., 1969.

Reflexive verb

Verb with the affix -sya (-еъ). The scope of the concept “reflexive verb” and the related concept “reflexive form of the verb” is presented differently in theoretical research and in educational literature. In some works (“Morphology of the modern Russian language” by I. G. Golanov, school textbooks), all verbs with an affix (particle, suffix) -sya are called reflexive verbs, regardless of their origin and collateral meaning: formations from transitive verbs (to wash, be upset, hug, etc., where -sya is considered as a formative affix), from intransitive verbs (cry, take a walk, wake up, walk, etc., where -sya is a word-forming affix) and verbs that do not exist without -sya used (to be afraid, to be proud, to climb, to hope, to wake up, to laugh, to crowd, etc.). In other works (academic “Grammar of the Russian Language”), reflexive verbs ы are reflexive verbs, in contrast to which verbs with the affix -sya, which do not express a voice meaning, are called reflexive forms of the verb a; The latter include formations from intransitive verbs (threaten, call, knock, etc.) and verbs that are not used without -sya ( cm. higher). In third works (university textbook “Modern Russian Language,” Part II), reflexive verbs are considered independent lexical formations in which the affix -sya performs a word-formation function (fidget, give out, lean against, call to one another, tidy up, hurt yourself, cry, knock, etc.). etc., be proud, hope, laugh, etc.), and reflexive forms of the verb are formations in which the affix -sya performs a formative function: these are forms of the passive voice that retain lexical-semantic identity with transitive verbs (the window is washed by the worker, the streets landscaping by Komsomol members, etc.). The difference in the interpretation of the terms “reflexive verb” and “reflexive form of the verb” is associated with a different understanding of the category of voice ( cm. voice of the verb.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “reflexive verb” is in other dictionaries:

RETURNABLE, oh, oh. 1. Same as reverse (1 digit) (obsolete). Let's hit the road. 2. Renewing, sometimes arising again. V. typhus (an acute infectious disease that occurs in the form of attacks). 3. In grammar: 1) a reflexive verb denoting... ... Dictionary Ozhegova

- (gram.) see Reflexive verb... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- (reflexive | réfléchi | reflexiv | reflexive | riflessivo) Containing a return to the subject of the action. A reflexive verb (verbe réfléchi) means that the action coming from the subject returns to it again (French je me baigne “I am bathing”) ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

RETURN, return something to where or to whom, turn, turn back, give back, back; send home, put or put in its original place. Get your health back, your money, get back what you lost, get it back for yourself. Come back,… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Reflexive pronouns are a part of speech, a type of pronoun that expresses the direction of action on the person producing it. Group... ...Wikipedia

A verb is a word that denotes an action and answers the question “What to do?” The last clarification is very important, because the word “walking,” for example, also denotes an action, however, it cannot be classified as a verb.

Action is always directed towards some object. It may be the same thing that does it, or some other one. In the first case we will be talking about a reflexive verb, and in the second - about a non-reflexive one.

Identification feature of reflexive verbs

The fact that an action performed by a certain subject is directed at himself can be indicated by a reflexive pronoun. In the Russian language there is only one such pronoun, which does not even have a nominative case - “yourself”.

Language always strives for brevity, so the reflexive pronoun in combination with verbs was shortened to “sya”, and then turned into a part of these verbs - a postfix, i.e. suffix that is after the ending. This is how reflexive verbs arose, the identifying feature of which is the postfix “-sya”: “dress yourself” - “ ”, “wash yourself” - “wash”. Verbs that do not have such a postfix are called non-reflexive.

Types of reflexive verbs

The semantic content of a reflexive verb is not always so simple. An action that someone directly performs on himself is only one reflexive verb - proper reflexive.

A verb of this kind can also imply a certain action that the object performs not on itself, but in its own interests. For example, if people are said to be “being built,” this can mean not only “forming themselves in a line” (a self-reflexive verb), but also “building a house for themselves.” In the latter case, the verb will be called indirect reflexive.

The joint actions of several objects are also denoted by reflexive verbs: “meet”, “negotiate” - these are reciprocal verbs.

However, not, which has the postfix “-sya”, is reflexive. Verbs that have a passive voice cannot be classified as such, i.e. implying that an action on an object is performed by someone else: “a house is being built,” “germs are being destroyed.”

A verb cannot be reflexive if it is transitive, i.e. denotes an action aimed at another object, although in an impersonal form such verbs may have the postfix “-sya”: “I want to buy a car.”

The verbs of the Russian language contain some morphological inconstant and constant features. One of them includes reflexive and non-reflexive types of verbs. Non-reflexive verbs, as well as reflexive ones, carry the presence or absence of special reflexive word-forming postfixes - -сь and -ся. Let's try to figure out what it is and how such verbs are used.

Reflexivity of verbs

The reflexivity of verbs is grammatical category, which will indicate the direction or non-direction of a certain state defined by this verb, or an action on some subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms, which differ in the presence or absence of postfixes -s and -sya (reflexive).

What constitutes reflexivity in verbs can be seen in the following examples: The boy washed himself and got ready. The man got into a conversation with a friend (these are examples of reflexive verbs).

The puppy played with the ball and ran off to the playground. It was raining in the evening (this is a non-reflexive form of the verb). This is how you need to distinguish them.

A couple of useful words

Let us briefly remind you once again that understanding how to define a non-reflexive verb is not particularly difficult. It can be transitive and intransitive, it can mean a certain action that is aimed at a subject (assembling a puzzle, reading a book), a state, a certain position in space, a multidirectional action, and the like (dreaming, sitting, thinking). Irreflexive verbs do not include the postfix -сь and -ся.

Shades of meaning

Reflexive verbs are capable of expressing an action that will be directed at a specific subject (at someone doing something, at a speaker, at a looker, and so on).

It seems possible to discuss reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian endlessly. Here are examples of reflexive verbs with completely different shades of meaning:

To be happy, upset, sad (denotes the mental or physical state of a certain subject);

The dress wrinkles, the dog bites, the nettle branch burns (shows a permanent quality or property of the subject);

Dress, eat, put on shoes, bathe (the action of the verbs is directed exclusively at oneself);

I want, I wish, it gets dark (impersonal action is shown here);

Hugging, quarreling, seeing each other (a reciprocal action performed by several people in their relationship to each other);

Clean up, line up, get some money (an action of an indirect reciprocal nature, which is performed by the subject solely in his own interests).

Unforgettable suffixes for reflexive verbs

Let's figure out what a reflexive and non-reflexive verb means.

Verbs in the reflexive form have suffixes:

Xia - maybe, both after consonants (take, surround, and the like), and after endings (teach - learn, dries - dries, and the like));

S will come after vowels (lowered, drawn, unseen, and so on).

In the process of forming reflexive verbs great importance have not only suffixes, but also prefixes (read - read a lot, drink - get drunk). In addition, among the verbs of this type there are non-derivatives. They are the ones that under no circumstances are used without the suffixes -sya and -sya (to laugh, to fight, to please).

Since pronouns in the accusative case and nouns are never used after reflexive verbs, they are all classified as intransitive.

No suffixes

Non-reflexive verbs in Russian do not have the suffixes -sya and -sya. They can be either intransitive (create, breathe, play) or transitive (speak, draw).

An important point: many reflexive verbs can be formed from non-reflexive ones, for example, cook - prepare.

Based on the above, you need to understand that in order to determine what a reflexive and non-reflexive verb means and exactly what type it belongs to, you need to find a suffix that helped in education. If the suffixes -sya (-sya) are present in words, then these are reflexive verbs. If they are not present, then non-reflexive verbs.

Situations marked in verbs

So, we already know that reflexive verbs have the suffixes -sya and -sya. They can be both non-derivative (for example, laugh) and formed from transitive and intransitive verbs (to wash - to wash).

Some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them talk about the same situation, for example: something is black in the distance and something is black in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what a non-reflexive verb means and what it looks like “in life” by noting that the verbs reflexive and non-reflexive mean completely different moments.

A good example is the following: washing - a situation in which there are two participants (a mother washes her daughter) and washing - a situation in which there is only one participant (the girl is washing); Petya hit Vanya. Petya and Vanya hit a large stone (in both cases we are talking about two boys, but the situations in which they are direct participants are completely different).

Here we can say that the components of meaning themselves, which are introduced into the word by the postfixes -sya and -sya, are word-forming.

What can you find in grammars?

And the following information is noted there (we are talking about several meanings):

The meaning is mid-reflexive - to have fun, get angry, get scared, rejoice;

The meaning is active-non-objective - bite, butt, swear (use ;

The meaning is reciprocal - quarrel, make up, meet, hug, kiss;

The meaning is proper-reflexive - to dress, put on shoes, meet, powder;

The meaning is passive-reflexive - to be remembered, to be remembered;

The meaning is indirectly returnable - to gather, stock up, pack, pack;

The meaning is passive-qualitative - to be introduced, to be remembered.

A reflexive verb can be formed by using -sya as a help, which will be combined with other morphemes (wink, run up).

It is with the voice that reflexivity will be associated (that is, in the case in which the voice is defined at the morpheme level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs will be combined into a voice, which is called reflexive-medial).

The intransitive sign is an affix. Combinations such as I’m afraid of dad, I obey my older brother, which can be found in the Russian language, are few and non-normative.

Without rules - nowhere

Let's return to what a non-reflexive verb is. The rule says that without a postfix -sya. But in return ones this postfix is ​​present. It has long been the case that the appearance of reflexive verbs was associated with the pronoun -sya. True, initially it was attached exclusively to transitive verbs (for example, bathe + xia (that is, oneself) = bathe).

The variety of verbs in the Russian language is divided into different groups.

Non-reflexive verbs from which reflexive verbs are formed - build + sya; meet + xia; write - can't write, sleep - can't sleep.

Non-reflexive verbs - have dinner, answer.

Reflexive verbs - laugh, fight, resist.

From the information provided we can conclude: the postfix -sya in Russian can perform different functions:

Prepare reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning (forgive - say goodbye);

Form the reflexive form of verbs (whiten).

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some verbs in -sya have a synonymous reflexive combination (to cover oneself - to cover oneself).

The division of verbs into reflexive and non-reflexive has developed in the Russian language completely regardless of their division into transitive and intransitive, voicing and non-vocal. It does not coincide with either one hundred percent, but is in certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sya represents the intransitivity of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide voice correlation.

In conclusion

Let's talk a little more about verbs and summarize the productive conversation.

Verbs are words that define the meaning of a process, that is, capable of expressing the signs they designate as a certain action (say, read, write), state (sit, jump) or becoming (aging).

In addition to syntactic conjugation forms, verbs have non-syntactic reflexive and non-reflexive forms and aspect forms. According to the way non-syntactic formal meanings are expressed with their help, verbs can be divided into grammatical categories, which are in some relation to each other.

The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive depends on how much the grammatically intransitive meaning of the process is expressed or, conversely, not expressed in them.

Reflexive verbs are verbs that contain grammatically expressed intransitivity. In other words, they perfectly show that the process they express can be addressed to a direct object, which is represented by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. An example would be the words - get angry, meet, wash, knock, get dressed.

Irreflexive verbs have some difference: they do not have any indication of the intransitiveness of the process. That is why they can be transitive: dressing (daughter), making people angry (parents), welcoming (guests), and intransitive: banging, knocking.

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