1. Verb type
Most ch. have species pairs: build – build.
Some ch. do not have species pairs:
Ch. owls V.: to utter, to gush, to burst out, to rush.
Ch. nesov. V.: prevail, stride, depend, participate.
Methods for forming species pairs:
A) replacing suffixes: resh A t - decide And ugh, scream A t - shout at t;
B) adding the prefix: grow old - By grow old, bake - is bake;
B) shifting the accent: cut - cut, pour out - pour out;
D) changing the stem of the word: speak - say, take - take.
Attention! Some verbs can take on either a perfect or an imperfect meaning: marry, execute, telegraph, order, wound, investigate. Compare offers:
2. Transitivity/intransitivity
3. Refundability/non-refundability
Reflexive verbs denote an action directed at the object itself. They have postfixes (also designated as suffix):
SY: hide xia, prepare Xia, to return Xia,
SY: getting dressed sya, I'm proud sya.
Non-reflexive verbs- other.
4. Conjugation type
Conjugation- this is a change in verbs by persons and numbers, it is indicated by Roman numerals.
| I conjugation | II conjugation |
| Indefinite endings | |
| -at, -yat, -et, -yt, -ot, -ut | -it |
| Personal endings + examples | |
| - U (Yu) (I) tell mumble - EAT (you) tell mumble - ET (he) tell mumble - EAT (we) tell mumble - ETE (you) tell mumble -UT (- YUT) (they) tell mumble | - U (Yu) (I) build glue - ISH (you) build glue - IT (he) build glue - IM (we) build glue - IT (you) build glue - AT (- YAT) (they) build glue |
| Refers to ІІ conjugation: - 7 verbs for – to eat: see, twirl, depend, hate, offend, watch, twirl. - 4 verbs ending in – at: drive, hold, breathe, hear. | Shave, lay belong to the I conjugation. |
Remember! Pronunciation and spelling rules for some verbs:
1) At Ch. There is And give when changing the form, prefixes appear: With eat, By There is, re give, pops give.
2) Speak correctly put, put; put, put; go, go.
Variably conjugated verbs
Variably conjugated verbs– these are verbs that belong to both I and I I conjugations: to squeal, to rest; want, want (want, want, want, want, wants, want); run, run in (run, run, run, run, run, run).
Remember! Changing the mixed conjugated verbs want ( want, want, wants, want, want, want) and disdain ( glimmering, glimmering).
How to correctly determine the conjugation?
Personal ending of ch. percussion – according to personal endings: fly - fly– II reference, drink - drink– I reference
The personal ending is unstressed - in the infinitive: prove - prove– I reference
In the latter case, it is important to correctly determine the type of verb. Compare:
Don't confuse the verbs led. n. with similar sounding ch. will express n. bud. vr. Compare:
1. Verb mood
1. 1 Indicative denotes an action that happened in the past, is happening in the present and will happen in the future. Verbs in indicative form. n. change:
From time to time;
In the present tense - by persons and numbers;
In the past tense - by gender (only in singular) and number;
In the future tense - by persons and numbers.
Example: In the meadows shine dew peas, what It happens only early in the morning.
1. 2 Subjunctive (conditional) mood denotes a desired action that can occur under certain conditions. Verbs do not change tenses, but they have forms of gender (only in singular) and number.
Formed: Ch. past vr. withdrew n. + particle WOULD (B).
Examples: I would play now something. This is for anyone it would seem possible.
1. 3 Imperative mood expresses an incentive to action, an order, a request, advice. The action may or may not happen. Examples: live (live), learn (learn), believe (believe), read (read), let him come.
The imperative mood is formed using:
Sometimes, to soften the form of the order, led to verbs. n. the particle KA is added: bring it, give it.
Attention! The form led. n. may coincide in sound with the form of the 2nd l., pl. hour, present or bud. vr. will express n.: You speak that you saw him?
2. Verb tenses
At times, verbs change only in the indicative mood.
3. Number of verbs
Determined by the question to the verb.
4. FaceVerbHeads
The person of the verb indicates who is participating in the speech. The face can only be identified in Ch. in the form of present and bud. vr. in will express. n. and at ch. led n.
| Face | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Unit h. | I'm glad Yu sya | You're glad eat Xia | He (she, it) is happy no Xia |
| Mn. h. | We are glad eat Xia | You're welcome yeah sya | They are happy ut Xia |
Impersonal verbs- these are verbs denoting an action that occurs on its own; they are called natural phenomena, human states. They do not change in person or number, and are not combined with Im.p. TO impersonal verbs verbs include:
3rd l., units. hour, present time: It's getting dark . To me unwell . Can't sleep , nanny, it’s so stuffy here. Outside dawn . Me chills . I want to something fun. It's easy here breathing .
Wed, units, past. vr.: It’s still a little outside it dawned on me . It would get dark quicker.
5. Verb gender
Can only be determined for indicative verbs in the past tense.
The verb, as a part of speech, is characterized by features that can be unstable and constant. In the first case grammatical categories change depending on the context, in the second - do not change under any conditions. The article provides both signs with examples.
Verb signs- these are grammatical categories verb forms, which are inherent in the verb as a part of speech. In Russian there are constants and inconsistent symptoms verb.
Constant signs of the verb
Constant signs of the verb- these are grammatical categories inherent in all verbal forms (conjugated verbs, infinitives, participles, gerunds). These features do not change depending on the context in which the verb is used.
- View- a sign that determines exactly how an action occurs.
- Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” (examples: read, multiply);
- Imperfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” (transfer, divide).
- Repayment– a category that defines a potential state (bites) or an action of a subject (washes) directed towards oneself, or the actions of several objects whose actions are directed at each other (put up).
- Reflexive verbs (sort it out, hug);
- Non-reflexive verbs (hug, brush).
- Transitivity– a sign that defines a process or action that passes to an object.
- Transitive verbs (drink coffee, cut vegetables);
- Intransitive verbs (believe, play).
- Conjugation type– a category that determines the features of conjugating verbs by numbers and persons.
- I conjugation (stitch, float);
- II conjugation (shine, clean);
- Heterogeneous conjugates (to run, to want).
Inconstant verb features
Inconstant verb features- these are grammatical categories characteristic of conjugated verbs and participles. These categories change depending on the context in which the word is used.
- Mood– a category expressing the relationship of an action or process to reality. The feature is characteristic of conjugated forms of verbs.
- Indicative (examples: rewriting, feeling);
- Imperative (rewrite, feel);
- Conditional (I would rewrite it, I would feel it).
- Number– a category indicating the number of subjects performing an action. The feature is inherent in conjugated forms and participles.
- Plural (visited, ordered);
- The only thing (built, covered).
- Time– a category indicating the moment at which the action was carried out in relation to the moment of speech. The feature is inherent in verbs in the indicative mood.
- Future (I’ll assemble it, they’ll drive it, we’ll decorate it);
- The present (collects, travels, decorates);
- Past (collected, traveled, decorated).
- Face– a category indicating who carries out the action. The feature is characteristic of verbs of the indicative mood (present and future tense) and the imperative mood.
- 1st person (type, play, sing);
- 2nd person (install, build, look, write);
- 3rd person (translates, walks).
- Genus– a category indicating the gender of the subject performing the action. The feature is characteristic of participles, past tense verbs of the indicative mood and verbs of the conditional mood.
- Male (filled, swept, cooked);
- Female (sewn, washed, moved);
- Average (cooked, rolled away, would be useful).
The Russian language contains auxiliary and significant parts of speech. A verb belongs to independent parts of speech. “Glagolit” in Old Russian meant “to speak.” Thus, even our ancestors proved that literate speech is impossible without the dynamics of the narrative, which is achieved by using verbs.
What is a verb: morphological and syntactic features
The verb talks about the action of an object. The verb is determined by the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. When characterizing a verb, pay attention to its grammatical meaning, morphological characteristics and function in a sentence. The grammatical features of a verb are divided into constant and inconstant.
The points of view of scientists regarding the identification of verb forms differ. There are still debates whether the participle and gerund are distinguished as significant parts of speech, or whether they are just forms of the verb. We will consider them as independent.
Grammatical meaning of the verb
Grammatically, a verb talks about the action of an object. There are several groups of actions that are expressed by verbs:
- Work, labor of the subject of speech: “sharpen”, “drive”, “build”, “dig”.
- Speech or mental activity: “talk”, “assume”, “think”, “figure out”.
- The movement of an object in space, its position: “drive”, “be”, “sit”, “be located”.
- The emotional state of the subject of speech: “sad”, “hate”, “cherish”, “love”.
- State environment: “it’s getting evening,” “it’s freezing,” “it’s drizzling.”
In addition to the general grammatical meaning verb worth saying about it syntactic function. In a sentence it is one of the main members, the predicate. The predicate verb agrees with the subject and forms with it predicative basis offers. Questions are asked from the verb to the secondary members of the predicate group. As a rule, these are additions and circumstances expressed by nouns, adverbs or gerunds.
How the verb changes: constant and inconstant signs
The morphological features of the verb are divided into constant and inconstant. This gradation occurs from the point of view of changing the word itself or only its form. For example, “read” and “read” are two different words. The difference is that “read” is an imperfect verb, and “read” is a perfect verb. They will change in different ways: the perfect verb “read” is not supposed to have the present tense. And “I read” - we read only indicate the number of the verb to read.
Constant signs of the verb:
- type (imperfect, perfect);
- conjugation (I, II, heterogeneously conjugated);
- repayment (non-refundable, returnable).
- gender (feminine, neuter, masculine);
- mood (subjunctive, indicative, imperative);
- number (plural, singular)
- time (present, past, future);
These signs are formative. Therefore, when parsing a verb, they say that it is in the form of a certain tense, mood, gender and number.
Verb moods
The grammatical features of a verb contain mood. One verb can be used in the form of the indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative moods. Thus, this category is included in the inconstant features of the verb.
- Indicative. It is characterized by the fact that the verb in this form can be used in the present, future and past tenses: “the child is playing” (present tense); “the child was playing” (past tense); “the child will play” (future tense). The indicative mood allows you to change the verb in persons and numbers.
- Conditional (subjunctive) mood. Represents an action that can only happen under a certain condition. It is formed by adding the particle would (b) to the main verb: “With your help, I would cope with difficulties.” It is possible to change the conditional verbs by number and gender; in these forms they agree in the sentence with the subject: “She would have solved this problem herself”; “They would solve this problem themselves”; “He would have solved this problem himself”; “Most would solve this problem on their own.” It is important to note that the conditional mood does not involve changing the verb tense.
- Imperative mood. Indicates encouraging the interlocutor to take action. Depending on the emotional coloring, the impulse is expressed both in the form of a wish: “Please answer the question,” and in the form of an order: “Stop shouting!” To obtain an imperative verb in the singular, it is necessary to attach the suffix -i to the stem in the present tense: “sleep - sleep”, it is possible to form it in a suffixless way: “eat - eat”. Plural is formed using the suffix -te: “draw - draw!” Imperative verbs change according to numbers: “eat soup - eat soup.” If it is necessary to convey a sharp order, the infinitive is used: “I said, everyone stand up!”
Verb tense
The morphological features of the verb contain the category of tense. Indeed, for any action it is possible to identify the time at which it occurs. Since the verb changes tenses, this category will be inconsistent.
Verb conjugations
The grammatical features of a verb cannot be fully characterized without the category of conjugation - changing them according to persons and numbers.
For clarity, here is a table:
Other features of a verb: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity
In addition to conjugation, constants grammatical features verbs contain the categories of aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.
- Kind of verb. There is a distinction between perfect and imperfect. The perfect form presupposes the questions “what to do?”, “What will it do?” Indicates an action that has achieved a result (“learn”), begun (“sing”) or completed (“sing”). The imperfect is characterized by the questions “what to do?”, “What does it do?” Involves an action that continues and is repeated many times (“jump”).
- Verb reflexivity. It is characterized by the presence of the suffix -sya (-s).
- Transitivity of the verb. Determined by the ability to control a noun without a preposition accusative case(“to imagine the future”), if the verb has a negation meaning, during transitivity the noun will be in the genitive case: “I don’t observe it.”
So, the signs of a verb as a part of speech are varied. To determine its permanent characteristics, it is necessary to put the part of speech in its initial form. To determine non-constant features, it is necessary to work with a verb taken in the context of the narrative.
Verbs that have the postfix “-sya” are called reflexive. The addition of this postfix affects syntactic and semantic properties.
The transitivity of a verb lies in its ability to attach a direct object to itself. It can be expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: “read a book.” It can also be a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, provided that part of the subject is involved: “put salt.”
The verb that has a negation is also transitive: “not to hear laughter.” Intransitive verbs do not have such possibilities: “crawl”, “”.
A verb can be perfect or imperfect. The perfective verb symbolizes a completed action: “to respond.” The imperfect verb indicates the incompleteness of the action: “to answer.”
The conjugation of a verb is its change in persons and numbers. There are two types of conjugation.
If the ending of the verb is unstressed, according to the first conjugation, all verbs are declined not to “-it”. The exceptions are the verbs “shave” and “lay”; they are also declined according to the first type. According to the second, then verbs are inclined to “-it”, except for “shaving” and “laying”, 7 verbs to “-et” and 4 verbs to “-at”. These verbs are: “twist”, “see”, “depend”, “hate”, “offend”, “look”, “endure”, “drive”, “hold”, “hear”, “breathe”.
With a shock personal, it is conjugated according to the following pattern. The first conjugation is first person: “I give/give”, second person: “you give/give”, third person: “gives/give”. Second conjugation first person: “sleep/sleep”, second person: “sleeping/asleep”, third person: “asleep/are sleeping”.
Variable morphological characters
The mood of the verb is indicative, imperative and conditional. The indicative expresses real actions that have happened, are happening and will happen. The imperative reflects the speaker's motivation to do something.
Conditional mood - actions that are desirable or possible if certain conditions. The particle “would” is added to verbs in this mood.
The tense of the verb is divided into present, past and future. Only indicative verbs can change tense. The number of the verb is singular or plural.
The persons of the verb are first, second and third. First person: I/we, second: you/you, third: he/she/they. The gender of the verb is masculine and . Only verbs in the past tense and singular, as well as in the conditional mood, can change according to this feature.