Lintels, vaults, and arches made of brick are today, rather, a tribute to the design of the building’s exterior. The installation of wedge-shaped, arched lintels allows a modern building to fit into the existing buildings of the past. Arches and vaults are an integral part of many types of stoves and fireplaces. The proposed technology for laying brick openings will help to complete the work efficiently.
Types of brick covering openings
A lintel is the covering of a door or window opening. Reinforced concrete lintels are most widely used in construction. They can span long spans and withstand heavy loads.
Brick lintels are used only for non-load-bearing walls, as they do not have sufficient strength for this. The span width should not exceed 1.7 m.
1 - private; 2 - wedge-shaped; 3 - arched; 4 - arched beam
Ordinary brick lintels are called ordinary lintels. The bricks in them are supported by reinforcement. Wedge, bow, lancet, arched, semicircular and box lintels are used as an architectural detail of facades.
1 - semicircular; 2 - lancet; 3 - box
Their variety is determined by the shape of the opening, or more precisely, the outline of its upper part. According to the principle of an arched lintel, vaults are laid out, which are the ceiling of buildings.
Before the invention of concrete (late 19th century), openings were covered with brick lintels. It was not only a tribute to beauty. Wedge and types of arched openings held the load from the wall due to the expansion, which ensured the fan arrangement of the bricks in the masonry.
In temple architecture, arches and vaults, as a way of covering openings and rooms, over time became the canon of church architecture. Modern brick arched openings and vaulted ceilings are only an architectural solution.
The use of arched or wedge lintels is necessary when reconstructing buildings and structures of the 17th-19th centuries.
Stoves and fireplaces are still being built today in almost every country house, where arched or wedge-shaped lintels and barrel vaults are often used when constructing a stove or guardianship.
Ordinary jumpers
Ordinary lintels are made according to the principle of ordinary brickwork. It is also carried out with dressing and ensuring horizontal and vertical seams. Its difference from simple masonry is the observance of a special quality of work. Careful filling of the seams is necessary to create a joint work of all the bricks covering the opening.
Ordinary lintels, unlike ordinary masonry, not only compress under the weight of the overlying wall, but also bend, having no support in the opening. The size of the brick lintel is taken based on its bending performance in the opening. The height is 5, 6 rows of masonry. In length, the size is calculated by the width of the opening plus 500 mm on each side of it.
Due to the special importance of the design of the ceiling of any opening, the brick selected for masonry is selected, the grade of mortar used is no lower than 25. In an ordinary lintel, the brick rests on reinforcement, which is embedded in a layer of cement-sand mortar.
Reinforcement is assigned by calculation and depends on the magnitude of the load on the opening. For small values, the reinforcement is installed structurally from round steel with a diameter of 4-6 mm. Its quantity is one rod per half brick of the wall. The reinforcement must extend into the masonry beyond the edge of the opening by at least 250 mm. Their ends are bent upward around the brick.
1 - fittings; 2 - solution; 3 - formwork
To install an ordinary lintel, like any other, you will need a tool that is used for ordinary brickwork. To make reinforced support for bricks, it is necessary to install formwork. It can be made from boards 40-50 mm thick.
You can avoid leakage of the solution and give the bottom of the lintel a more even appearance by laying any rolled waterproofing or simple plastic film on the boards. It must be remembered that unevenness on the surface of the formwork will affect the appearance of the upper part of the opening.
A mortar layer is spread on the formwork, on which reinforcing bars are laid and embedded into it. Then a second layer of mortar is laid, which covers the reinforcement. It is important to observe the thickness of the protective layer for metal products. It is at least 3 cm.
When hardening, the solution must gain the necessary strength so that further laying of the lintel can be carried out. The period of keeping it in the formwork is at least 12 days in the summer, in the fall - at least 20 days. During periods of negative temperatures, it is necessary to observe special measures developed for winter masonry.
To support the formwork, bricks are made from the masonry, which are subsequently cut down after the mortar has gained full strength and the boards have been removed. You can make a furrow in the masonry and insert formwork into it, after removing which a brick with a masonry joint is installed in this place.
1 - formwork; 2 - brick release
Large openings (wider than 1.5 m) require the installation of racks under the formwork. You can install the support boards under the flooring on the edge for rigidity.
Wedge jumpers
Wedge lintels do not require reinforced mortar support. The load-bearing capacity of such a lintel occurs due to the expansion in the wedge-shaped installation of the brick.
Exists for the option of installing wedge jumpers:
- wedge-shaped vertical joint of masonry;
- wedge-shaped brick.
In the case of a wedge-shaped seam, its thickness at the bottom is taken to be at least 5 mm, and at the top - no more than 25 mm. If wedge bricks are used, the joint in the masonry is made of the same thickness of no more than 10 mm. Wedge lintels are installed using formwork with circles.
If a window or doorway is placed with quarters, then to construct a wedge lintel you will need three circles. One is made shorter and installed at the level of the quarters, the other two - inside the opening. Longer circles are covered with formwork, which can be made from boards.
The wall is laid to the level of the upper part of the lintel with a heel (support) device. In this case, the angle of inclination of the edge of the lintel (bricks) relative to the vertical is immediately determined. Next, you need to mark all the rows on the formwork of the future floor. Their number must be odd. When calculating the design of each row, it is important to take into account the thickness of the seam.
The central brick row is inserted vertically and acts as a lock. It creates compression in the lower part of the lintel and makes it possible to withstand the overlying load without reinforcement.
1 - lock; 2 - heel
They begin laying the wedge lintel from the heels to the middle on both sides, in order to ultimately approach the central brick - the castle. You can maintain the exact direction of each seam by finding the point of intersection of the direction lines of both heels. A nail is driven into this place on the formwork and the line of each seam is determined using a rope tied to the nail.
Arched lintels, arches and vaults
The principle of constructing arched ceilings of openings and vaults does not differ from the laying of wedge lintels. The shape of the arch can be arched, lancet, semi-circular, or box-shaped. They differ in the choice of center, segment size and circle radius.
In any embodiment, the center line of the seam is perpendicular to the inner surface of the lintel or arch. The curved line is formed due to the wedge-shaped joint or wedge-shaped brick. In the case of an arched opening, the center line of the seam is a continuation of the radius of the curve.
Calculation of the arched lintel: 1 - onion arch; 2 - semicircular arch; h—arc height; s is the width of the window or door opening; r — arc radius
The thickness of the seams is taken as in wedge lintels:
- minimum 5 mm - for the bottom of the vertical seam;
- maximum - 25 mm - for the upper part.
1 - lintel brick; 2 - wedge-shaped solution; 3 - castle brick; 4 - circled
The formwork shape is made in accordance with the selected floor shape. Checking the radial direction of the seams and the correct curvature of the arches is done with a rope tied to the center of the circle of each section of the lintel. You can make a template-gon for the desired outline of a semicircle or segment.
Arches are laid out according to the principle of an arched lintel. Vaults today are erected during the construction of public buildings, churches or temples. To construct them, continuous formwork of the required shape is made. Cylindrical vaults are often laid out in a “Christmas tree”. The masonry is carried out simultaneously parallel to the axis of the arch and in rows at an angle of 45°.
Wedges are placed under the formwork, which are gradually removed when stripping the formwork to ensure its uniform lowering. Fresh masonry is very sensitive to loads. You cannot place containers with mortar on it or place bricks for masonry. This can lead to distortion of the shape of the ceiling and disruption of the bonding of the brick and mortar.
Vaults and arches of complex configuration require highly qualified masons, and it is better to entrust the work to a specialist. Having understood the intricacies of the technology of brick ceilings for openings, the construction of lintels and arches of a simple configuration will not be difficult.
Brick lintels, arches and vaults that came from the past, and today decorate the facade of the house, fencing, small architectural forms, fireplaces and stoves, harmoniously fitting into the interior or exterior of almost any architectural style.
Before calculating the support of lintels on a brick wall, you should clarify several important points. What is a jumper? This is the part of the wall that covers door and window openings and supports the masonry above the openings. When the gravity of the ceiling falls directly on the wall above the window and door openings, precast load-bearing reinforced concrete elements are used. If there is no load on the walls and the width of the openings does not exceed 2 m, use non-load-bearing reinforced concrete or ordinary brickwork using high-strength mortars, laying reinforcing bars to support the bottom row of bricks. It happens that instead of ordinary lintels, wedge lintels are used, which also serve as decoration for the facade. For the same purpose, arched lintels are erected in 4-meter spans. This type of masonry is used to organize floors in buildings with vaults. In this case, all transverse and longitudinal seams must be filled during laying of the lintels.
Lintels are designed to cover door and window openings in brick walls of buildings for various purposes.
If the vertical seams are not sufficiently filled, then the loads will cause the individual bricks to shift first, and then the masonry to collapse. It is imperative to observe the horizontality of the rows of ordinary lintels and the rules for tying masonry from whole bricks. A solution of at least 25 grade is used for masonry. The height of the row lintel should be about 5 rows of masonry, and the length should be 50 cm greater than the width of the opening itself. The laying of lintels is done using formwork from boards 40-50 mm thick. Spread the solution over the formwork approximately 2 cm thick. The reinforcement bars are then embedded in the solution. The layer goes under the first row of bricks of ordinary lintels. The lintels are reinforced with 6 mm diameter round steel rods. Calculating the number of rods is simple, one is placed for every half-brick, but for the entire lintel there are at least 3. In the lintel, the reinforcement works in tension; it absorbs tensile forces from the masonry. The ends of the rods extend 25 cm beyond the edges of the opening and end with a hook.
Brick lintel
The formwork is supported on bricks released from the masonry. After the formwork is removed, the bricks are cut down. If the opening width exceeds 1.5 m, the formwork is supported on circles of boards, which are placed on edge. It happens that in addition to plank formwork, tubular inventory circle supports designed by Ogarkov are used. This support structure is very easy to make. To do this, make 2 pieces of pipes with a diameter of 48 mm and insert them into a piece of pipe with a diameter of 60 mm. During the laying of the circles, the pipes are moved apart so that the ends of a smaller diameter go inside the grooves that are left in the masonry. 2 circles are placed on each opening and are used if window and door blocks are inserted into the openings. When using other types of frames, window and door blocks are inserted after the frames are removed. Wedge and beam lintels with wedge-shaped seams are laid from ordinary clay bricks, the thickness of which at the top of the lintel is 25 mm, and at the bottom - about 5 mm.
Laying of ordinary lintels: a - facade of the lintel, b - section of the lintel, c - laying of the lintel on plank formwork, d - laying of the lintel on inventory tubular circles; 1 - reinforcing bars, 2 - boards, 3 - wooden circles, 4 - Ogarkov tubular circles.
Of course, first the walls are erected to the level of the lintels, and a supporting heel is laid out from brick, hewn before laying the lintels. The direction of the reference plane is determined using a template, that is, the angle of deviation from the plane vertically. The masonry is laid in transverse rows along the prepared formwork, which is held in place by circles. The calculation of the rows of masonry on the formwork is marked in such a way that their number, taking into account the thickness of the seam, is odd. In this case, the rows of masonry are counted horizontally. The odd row of bricks in the center is called the castle row, and it is clearly in a vertical position in the center of the lintel. Lay beam and wedge lintels on both sides evenly from the heel to the castle so that it is wedged in the castle with an odd central brick. Using a lace, check the correct direction of the seams. At the point of the mating lines of intersection of the supporting parts, a cord is attached. Laying wedge lintels cannot be done if the span exceeds 2 m.
Arched lintels, vaults
Scheme of making brickwork of arches and vaults (arched lintels).
Arched lintels, vaults and arches are laid in the same sequence as the wedge ones. The seams formed by the masonry between the rows must be perpendicular to the masonry of the outer and lower surfaces of the arch. The seams form a wedge shape with widening at the top and narrowing at the bottom. In vaults and arches, the force from the load to the curve of the arch acts tangentially. The beds of the rows lie perpendicular to the direction of pressure. With this arrangement of rows, this is the first rule of cutting brickwork. The masonry in the seams is tightly filled with mortar. While the work is being done, the surface of the vaults is rubbed over with a mortar 1/4 brick thick. The correctness of the seams and the laying of the rows is checked with a cord, which is secured in the center of the arch. The position of each row is checked with a square template and a cord. The design of the formwork for laying arches and vaults should ensure its uniform lowering when stripping. Place wedges under the circles; if they are loosened, the formwork lowers. The time it takes to keep arched and wedge lintels in the formwork depends on the type of solution and the air temperature.
Reinforced concrete lintels
Prefabricated reinforced concrete products (precast concrete products) used in construction are produced in specialized factories and installed directly at construction sites.
When building houses, prefabricated reinforced concrete lintels are used to cover door and window openings.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete lintels are distinguished by type: timber lintels, beams with a quarter for support (PG), slabs with a width of more than 250 mm (PP) and façade lintels (PF).
Reinforced concrete products for openings are made using reinforcement embedded products 0.4-0.6 cm and heavy concrete mixture M 250. Structurally, lintels are classified as load-bearing and non-load-bearing. Bearings are those that carry the load of the floor in addition to the mass of the masonry above it. Non-load-bearing ones include those that bear the load of their own weight and those sections of the masonry that are located above them.
By type they distinguish: timber with a width of up to 250 mm (PB), beam with a quarter for support (PG), slab with a width of more than 250 mm (PP) and façade (PF), which are intended for covering openings with quarters with the thickness and width of the part protruding in the opening masonry over 250 mm. Using a level, check the supports and installation locations before installation and spread the mortar.
Support on a brick wall must be at least 250 mm deep, on partitions - at least 200 mm. Non-load-bearing elements with a two-meter span can be laid manually, while heavy load-bearing elements are slung using mounting loops and installed by crane. The installation is checked by level. They are assembled from several elements to cover the entire width of the masonry opening; the side parts of the lintels fit into the plane of the brick wall without protrusions. During installation, jumpers should only be placed in a certain position. The load-bearing capacity may vary depending on the location of the reinforcement and the quantity.
Metal jumper device
The advantage of prefabricated jumpers is the speed of installation, ease of selection and reliability.
When it is not possible to install prefabricated jumpers, you can install metal ones. The brickwork holds its own weight well after the mortar has gained strength. Of course, this is the case if there is no load from the ceiling and the window width is moderate. But until the mortar hardens and gains strength, the brickwork above the opening needs support. The advantage of prefabricated jumpers is the speed of installation, ease of selection and reliability. There is no need to calculate. But they, as we have already said, are produced only in factory conditions and are very heavy. For monolithic reinforced concrete, it is necessary to carry out calculations, selection of height and reinforcement. It is made more difficult, using formwork. But installation can be done directly at the construction site. Well, you can install jumpers from rolled metal profiles, such as corners, channels or I-beams.
when selecting metal elements, it is necessary to make a calculation so that the lintel does not deflect more than permissible, and to determine the required strength of the selected metal elements. In this case, the calculation is made according to the following conditions:
- strength is determined by the formula,
Mr = 1.12 *W *R,
where Мр - depends on the load and length of the jumper, as well as the reliability factor;
W is the resistance of the metal element, which is taken from reference books. If the jumpers are made up of 2 angles or 2 channels, then the moment of resistance of the composite element is equal to the sum of each of the elements of the moments of resistance;
R - steel resistance.
- deflection is determined by the formula:
Mn * L/(10EI) = 1/200,
where Mn is the standard moment, depending on the load and length of the jumper;
L is the design length, which is equal to the sum of the clear width on one third of each side of the lintel of the supporting length;
I—moment of inertia;
E—modulus of elasticity of steel;
1/200 is the maximum permissible deflection.
Calculation for door and window openings
To fit a metal lintel, calculate the load from the brickwork per 1 rm of the lintel.
Let's look at the example of selecting a lintel for a door, and then. Let's assume that the opening of the proposed door in the wall has a thickness of 0.25 mm. The opening will not support the ceiling. Above the lintel, the height of the masonry is 0.9 m, and the width of the opening is 1 m. We select a metal lintel. To do this, it is necessary to calculate the load from the brickwork per 1 rm of the lintel, if the specific weight of the bricks is 1.8 t/cub.m
q = 0.25*0.9*1.8*1 = 0.41 t/m.
Now, using the formula, we determine the moment M = qL2/8,
L—calculated length;
200 - depth of support of the lintel. Mn = 0.065 t*m;
L = 1000 + 2*200/3 = 1130 mm;
Mr = 73 kN*cm.
Required moment of resistance according to the strength condition:
W = 65/(1.12*21) = 2.76 cu. cm.
Moment of inertia:
I = 200Mn*L/(10E) = 7.85 cm4.
You need to use a jumper, which consists of 2 corners 50*50*5
W = 7.88 cu. cm > 0.5*2.76 cu. cm, I = 11.2 cm4 > 0.5*7.85 cm4.
Simplified calculation of a metal jumper
It will not be difficult for a person who has encountered strength of materials to understand such a calculation, but for others these concepts can be complex and incomprehensible. The cross-section of metal jumpers for . The calculation consists of determining the load acting on the jumper; determining the maximum bending moment acting on the cross section of the lintel; selection of the cross-section of the jumper.
We determine the load per 1 pm of the jumper using the formula:
q 1 = p * b * h,
It is necessary to calculate the cross-section of a metal lintel for a brick partition.
where p (kg/cubic m) is the density of the partition material, taking into account the masonry mortar and plaster solution. The density of the cement mortar is up to 2200, which must be taken into account when laying hollow bricks; you can multiply the density of the material by 1.1. The density of solid brick is 1600 - 1900; The density of hollow brick is 1000 - 1450.
b (m) - wall thickness. For example, a brick partition of half a brick will be equal to 15 cm.
h is the height above the lintel of a brick wall, taking into account the bricks that will be used for laying on the corner in the case of a lintel made of corners.
For a meter wide opening for a brick partition half a brick thick, the load will be q 1 = 142.5 kg/m.
In this case, we carried out calculations for the partition. For load-bearing walls, it is also necessary to take into account the load from the floor.
Required moment of resistance and design load
Let's use the following formula:
where n is the number of metal profiles;
The density of the cement mortar is up to 2200, you can multiply the density of the material by 1.1.
P is the dead weight per 1 pm of the profile, determined by the assortment. As a rule, for metal lintels the weight does not exceed 1-2% of the total weight of the wall above the lintel, so it can be considered a correction factor of 1.1.
Thus, for a meter-long opening of a brick partition half a brick thick, the total design load is equal to: q = 157 kg/m.
Now select the required section. For a beam lying on 2 supports, the maximum bending moment will be in the middle of the beam:
M max = (q * 1 sq.m) / 8 = 19.6 kg/m
For a meter-long opening half a brick wide, the required moment of resistance will be:
W required = M max / R y = 0.933 cubic meters. cm,
where R y is the design resistance of steel equal to 2100 kgf/sq. cm
We divide the resulting value by the number of profiles that we will use when constructing the jumper. It is more rational to use at least 2 profiles for brick partitions. Wrequired = 0.47 cc. Next, in the assortment, select the profile type and find a value greater than in the calculation. For a meter wide opening for a half-brick thick brick partition, 2 equal angle corners 28 * 28 * 3 mm are sufficient. The support of metal lintels on the walls must be at least 250 mm.
Calculation of lintels for load-bearing brick walls
The calculation of a lintel for load-bearing walls is almost no different from the previous calculation, you just need to determine the load on the lintel and choose the correct calculation scheme. If the lintel is a load-bearing beam above the opening, it can be calculated as a beam on hinged supports.
b - in this case it will be 2 bricks, that is, 0.51 - 0.55 m.
Calculation of the cross-section of a metal lintel for a brick load-bearing wall.
h - the masonry above the lintel, which will bear the load, can be defined as h = L/2. So, for a one and a half meter opening with a length and a width of 2 bricks, the load will be 755.3 kg/m. Floor slabs weigh a lot. You can take their weight in the range of 800-1000 kg/sq.m. Hollow core slabs weigh approximately 320 kg/sq.m; an additional 100 kg/sq.m will provide insulation and screed. So, with 6 m hollow core slabs, the load will be 2400 kg/m. The linear design load will be 3167 kg/m. The maximum bending moment for a lintel affected by distributed and concentrated loads is calculated using the formula:
M max = (q * l 2) / 8 + (Q * l) / 4 = 1133.7 kg/m
Required moment of resistance: Wrequired = (1133.7 * 100)/ (2100 * 2) = 27.0 cc
You can make a jumper from hot-rolled steel angles, unequal or equal flange, profile pipes. For an opening 1.5 m long and 2 bricks wide, 2 unequal corners 110 * 70 * 8 mm are enough. Instead of the 2 required corners, you can use 4 90*56*5.5. The support of such a lintel on the walls must be at least 250 mm. Bending:
f = (5 * q * L 4) / (384 * E * I z), where
E - modulus of elasticity is 2 * 10 10 kg/sq.m - for steel.
I z is the moment of inertia, according to the assortment, along the selected profile.
For a jumper made of 2 corners f = (5 * 3167 * 1.5 4) / (384 * 2 * 10 10 * 2 * 171.54 * 10 -8) = 0.003045 m. According to the requirements of “Loads and Impacts” SNiP 2.01.07-85 the maximum deflection for lintels should not be more than 1/200 of the span. According to our calculation, 150/200 = 0.75 cm. The condition is met.
The part of the wall that covers a window or doorway is called a lintel. Our company offers BAUT brick lintels. If the load from the floors is transferred to the wall directly above the opening, load-bearing precast reinforced concrete lintels are used. In the absence of such a load, to bridge openings less than 2 m wide, lightweight reinforced concrete or ordinary brick lintels are used in the form of masonry on high-strength mortars with reinforcing bars to support the bricks of the lower row. Instead of ordinary ones, wedge-shaped brick lintels are sometimes made, which at the same time serve as architectural decorations of the facade.
For the same purpose, arched brick lintels are often erected for spans up to 3.5-4 m. Arched masonry is also used to construct floors in buildings; such floors are called vaulted floors.
Ordinary lintels are a continuation of the wall masonry. They are ordinary masonry with high-strength mortars. The tensile forces arising in the lintel masonry are absorbed by the reinforcement and placed on the formwork under the lower (first) row of lintel bricks. Window and door openings can be covered with wedge lintels. Wedge-shaped brick lintels, which are a continuation of the wall, are laid out of ordinary brick with an opening width of no more than 2 m by forming wedge-shaped seams. A variety of wedge lintels are beam lintels. When installing beam lintels, just as when installing wedge lintels, the wall must be erected to the level of the lintels.
All longitudinal and transverse seams when laying brick lintels must be completely filled. If the vertical joints are insufficiently filled, the loads first cause the individual bricks to shift, then the masonry collapses. Ordinary brick lintels are laid out in compliance with the horizontal rows and the rules for tying ordinary masonry from whole selected bricks. For laying brick lintels, a mortar of grade no lower than 25 is used. The height of an ordinary lintel is 4-6 rows of masonry, the length is 50 cm greater than the width of the opening.
Horizontal masonry
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Brick lintel BAUT: Horizontal brickwork The lintel consists of a minimum of three horizontal courses of brick veneer in traditional mortar. Clamps are inserted into each vertical seam of the first row of masonry. Reinforcement is placed in the horizontal seams between the first and second, second and third rows of masonry along the entire length of the lintel and beyond in both directions Murfor RND/Z-50. |
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Brick lintel: Clamp BAUT SK 50-40 Height (mm.): 40 Wire diameter (mm.): 3 Coating: Zinc |
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Height (mm.): 45 Width (mm.): 60 Wire diameter (mm.): 3 Coating: Zinc |
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Width (mm.): 50 Length (m.): 3.05 Coating: Zinc |
Vertical masonry
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Brick lintel: Vertical masonry The lintel consists of a minimum of three courses of brick veneer on traditional mortar, the first of which is laid vertically and the other two horizontally. Clamps are inserted into every second vertical seam of the first row of masonry. Reinforcement is placed in the horizontal seams between the first and second, second and third rows of masonry along the entire length of the lintel and beyond it in both directions Murfor RND/Z-50. |
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Brick lintel: Clamp BAUT SK 50-170 Height(mm.): 170 Wire diameter(mm.): 3 Coating: Zinc |
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Brick lintel: Clamp BAUT SU 50-45 Height (mm.): 45 Width (mm.): 60 Wire diameter(mm.): 3 Coating: Zinc |
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Brick lintel: Murfor RND/Z-50 reinforcement Width (mm.): 50 Length (m.): 3.05 Coating: Zinc |
Vertical one and a half bricks
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Brick lintel: Vertical one and a half bricks The lintel consists of at least three rows of brick facing on a traditional mortar, the first of which is laid vertically, one and a half bricks long, and the other two - horizontally. Clamps are inserted into every second vertical seam of the first row of masonry. Reinforcement is placed in the horizontal seams between the first and second, second and third rows of masonry along the entire length of the lintel and beyond it in both directions Murfor RND/Z-50. |
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Brick lintel: Clamp BAUT SK 50-270 Height (mm.): 270 Wire diameter(mm.): 3 Coating: Zinc |
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Brick lintel: Clamp BAUT SU 50-45 Height (mm.): 45 Width (mm.): 60 Wire diameter(mm.): 3 Coating: Zinc |
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Brick lintel: Murfor RND/Z-50 reinforcement Width (mm.): 50 Length(m.): 3.05 Coating: Zinc |
Laying on edge inside
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Brick lintel: Laying on edge inside A BAUT lintel consists of a minimum of three rows of facing brickwork on traditional mortar, the first of which is laid on edge perpendicular to the load-bearing wall, and the other two - horizontally. Clamps are inserted into every second vertical seam of the first row of masonry. Reinforcement is placed in the horizontal seams between the first and second, second and third rows of masonry along the entire length of the lintel and beyond it in both directions Murfor RND/Z-50. |
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Brick lintel: Clamp BAUT SKК 50-65(80) Height (mm.): 65, 80 Wire diameter (mm.): 3 Coating: Zinc |
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Brick lintel: Clamp BAUT SU 50-45 Height (mm.): 45 Width (mm.): 60 Wire diameter (mm.): 3 Coating: Zinc |
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Brick lintel: Murfor RND/Z-50 reinforcement Width (mm.): 50 Length (m.): 3.05 Coating: Zinc |
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE FOR VERTICAL BRICK JUMPER
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1. Construction of formwork Having brought the facing masonry to the level of the lintel, formwork is constructed on which the first row of bricks is laid. |
2. Installation of the first row Clamps SK 50-170 are located in every second vertical seam row of masonry, i.e. 1 clamp for every second brick. |
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3. Input of Murfor fittings The Murfor RND/Z-50 fittings are inserted into the corresponding grooves on the clamps. The reinforcement must extend beyond the edges of the opening by at least 250 mm. round trip. |
4. Installation of clamps SU 50-45 In the second row of masonry, in every second vertical seam, SU 50-45 clamps are located. |
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5. Murfor reinforcement in the following rows Murfor RND/Z-50 reinforcement is also located in the second row of masonry. In both rows, the reinforcement must extend beyond the edges of the opening by at least 250 mm. round trip. Then every 300.....500 mm. Murfor RND/Z-50 reinforcement should be placed along the height of the masonry to achieve uniform load on the lintel. |
6. Removing formwork The formwork is dismantled after 2 weeks. |
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Before installing lintels on brick walls, you need to understand some important nuances. Firstly, what is a partition and is it necessary to use it in construction at all?
A lintel is considered a structural element that lies above door and window openings and carries the load of brick walls. If pressure acts on the masonry above the openings, then reinforced concrete partitions should be used.
When there is no impact or load on the bricks outside the opening, then it is permissible to use non-load-bearing reinforced concrete or brick structures; a prerequisite is the use of high-quality mortar and reinforcement between the rows of bricks.
Jumper
Convenient to use reinforced concrete lintels How to choose the right lintels for brick walls, and for what purposes should they be used? All partitions perform the following functions:
- are the main part;
- strengthen the structure of the floors: if the upper part of the openings is not strengthened, then the wall will collapse, as it will not be able to support the load;
- create the basis for further laying of rows.
For lintels, materials with high strength properties are used; they are often made from similar raw materials as the street wall, but sometimes the raw materials of the blanks differ in all available indicators.
Regardless of the type of material, it should maximize the strength of the opening, as well as redistribute the force of gravity above it. Before choosing the necessary lintels for brick walls, you should consider the types.
They are made from 4 main materials:
- brick;
- reinforced concrete;
- metal;
- wooden beams.
If you need to expand the size of the opening, then you should take care of the correct location of the partition above it. It will not be possible to expand the height upward only if you remove the rows from below. When changing the width of the opening, it is necessary to lengthen the strengthening beams, taking into account the minimum lintel value for a brick wall.
Brick partition
When assembling a brick lintel, pipe supports are used The formwork will be held directly on the masonry; when dismantling it, the protruding stones will be cut off. If the width of the opening is more than 1.5 m, then the box rests on wooden circles mounted on the edge. In addition to the wooden formwork structure, pipe supports are also used; this structure is quite easy to assemble.
To do this, take a couple of pieces of pipe with a diameter of 5 cm and fix them into a larger one with a diameter of 6 cm; during the installation of a brick partition, the structure is moved apart in different directions so that the ends of the smaller pipes fit into the masonry itself. For each opening, at least two circles should be installed, then red brick is used to lay beam or wedge partitions with seams in the form of wedges.
First lay out the support heel Laying brick partitions: a - front view, b - section of the partition, c - lintel on wooden formwork, d - structure on circles made of pipes; 1 - reinforcement, 2 - board, 3 - circles from the board, 4 - Ogarkov circles.
The thickness of the seams should be up to 25 mm at the top and approximately 5-7 mm at the bottom. Before laying lintels in the opening, it is important to build the walls around the entire perimeter to their level. Initially, it is worth laying out the supporting brick heel, and only after that install the partition itself.
Before installing the supporting plane, you should prepare the necessary template, then lay the masonry in transverse rows on the manufactured formwork. It is important to produce it so that their number horizontally is odd. The central row of bricks is considered a castle row; it is located strictly in a vertical position.
The laying of wedge or beam partitions is carried out in such a way that on each side from the heel to the central lock the row ends with a central brick, then the correct location of the seams is checked using a rope, which is secured in the places of the supporting parts on the brick wall.
If the opening width is more than 2 m, then it is prohibited to lay a wedge lintel, as they may collapse.
The rows of the partition are laid perpendicular to the direction of the acting force Installation of arched partitions is carried out in the same sequence as wedge partitions. The seams of the bricks should be placed perpendicular to the masonry frame with a thickness of 25 mm at the top and 5 mm at the bottom.
The load during the construction of arches acts tangentially, so the rows should be laid perpendicular to the direction of the acting force, and the masonry seams should be tightly filled with cement. To increase the reliability of the arches, its surface must be plastered, the thickness of the layer should be at least a quarter of the thickness of the brick.
The correct location of the seams is checked using a rope, and the location of the rows is checked using a template. The wooden box for the arches should be assembled in such a way that after laying all the bricks it can be easily loosened, lowered and disassembled. Wedges are installed under the circles, with the help of which the formwork is raised or lowered.
After installing the brick arch, it must be supported in the formwork. The exact hardening time of the solution depends on the brand of cement.
Ready-made jumpers will save time Installation of reinforced concrete partitions is intended for load-bearing walls. You should first make a calculation, and then use it to select lintels in brick walls. Often builders do not purchase finished products, but prepare them on site, since the cost of assembled goods is much higher than those made at home.
They install formwork from boards, lay reinforcement in it and fill it with ready-made concrete mortar. The design of a lintel in brick walls most often depends on the product itself, the geometry of the opening and the pressure on the walls. If there is neither the time nor the opportunity to make the part yourself, then ready-made partitions are installed. For more information about the types of jumpers, see this video:
To securely hold them, it is necessary to additionally lay a reinforcing belt only at the border of contact between the reinforced concrete and the load-bearing wall.
When installing reinforced concrete structures, it is important to follow the recommended rules for their installation. How to choose suitable lintels for brick walls? They should completely cover the entire opening, and also rest at least 25 cm on each edge.
Most often, standard straight blanks are used in construction, but if you wish, you can make a lintel of any shape, you just need to first make a template. It will be much more reliable to use a reinforced concrete semicircular type instead of a wedge-shaped brick one; it can also be used on openings more than 2 m wide.
Metal
Before choosing a beam, make deflection calculations Metal elements are used to reinforce the holes. The partitions are made of angle iron, the material of which has high strength and is able to cope with high pressure on the surface.
How to choose the right lintels for brick walls? Before selecting metal corners, a calculation should be performed to prevent the partition from deflecting above established standards, then the strength of the selected iron elements must be determined.
To install an iron profile into an opening, the part is adjusted to fit the seams between the masonry bricks; there is no need to additionally strengthen the edges with connecting fittings. For more information on how to make a jumper, watch this video:
In order for the corner to be firmly held and cope with the load, it is important to place it at least 15 cm on each side.
Prefabricated iron partitions are used for all types of structures. Gain calculations are not required before installation.
Wooden floors
Wooden lintels are short-lived but cheap Such structures are very often used in the construction of private brick houses.
The disadvantages of wooden products include: low durability, inability to cope with high loads, and rotting of the material.
The minimum support of wooden lintels on the walls should be at least 15 cm on each side. The installation of partitions made of this material is currently carried out only in frame houses.