This . Indeed, this building is stunning in its scale. In Chinese it is called 万里长城 Wanli Changcheng which literally means « Long wall[length] ten thousand li". Lee is ancient measure length, in different periods its size varied, but on average it was about 500 m. “Ten thousand” also does not need to be understood literally - in the hieroglyph 万 in addition to its direct meaning“ten thousand” (a four-digit number system is adopted in China) also has the meaning “very many”, “all”.

Some numbers

The Great Wall of China begins in Shanhaiguan County 山海关 (Hebei Province), on the seashore and further stretches to the west, where it ends at the Jiayuguan Outpost 嘉峪关 on the border of Gansu Province and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In fact, the Great Wall is a collection of a large number of walls built in different time.

It resembles a huge one that protects from the north from barbarian invasions. According to the findings of archaeologists, the total length of the Wall is 8,851.8 km, of which the artificial wall itself is 6,259.6 km, trenches are 359.7 km and natural defensive barriers such as mountains and rivers are 2,232.5 km. The height of the wall is 6-7 m, thickness - 4-5 m, so that a cart could pass along it. Many areas are so steep that stairs are built there. Besides, in Lately Several more previously unknown sections of the Wall were found.

History of the construction of the Great Wall of China

A huge number of Chinese written sources have been preserved that describe the construction of the Great Wall of China. The beginning of the construction of the Wall is usually associated with the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty - Qin Shihuang 秦始皇 (259-210 BC). However, the very idea of building defensive walls arose much earlier, during the Spring and Autumn period ( Chun-qiu春秋时代, 771-476 BC). During the Warring States period ( Zhan-guo战国时代, 475-221 BC) between the kingdoms of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan and Zhongshan, fortifications were erected to protect the borders - moats and walls. The walls were built from blocks of specially compacted earth and could withstand attacks from weapons such as swords and spears.

Having come to power, Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered to demolish all the fortifications between the former kingdoms, and, on the contrary, strengthen them in the north in order to protect themselves from the attacks of the Xiongnu. According to historians, about a million people took part in the construction of the wall during the Qin era - a fifth of the entire population of the Celestial Empire at that time. Very few Qin buildings have survived to this day. During the Han era (206 BC-220 AD), construction continued and a section was built to Dunhuang, and further west - watchtowers to protect caravans moving along the Great Silk Road. Construction continued during the Six Dynasties (220-589).

During the reign of the Tang (618-907), Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1271-1368) dynasties, construction was practically non-existent, and was resumed only during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). These are the areas that have been preserved the best way. During the Qing era (1644-1911), the wall gradually began to collapse. In 1899, American reporters spread a rumor that the wall would be destroyed and a highway would be built in its place.

The Great Wall of China and other walls that existed in China

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It was never possible to storm the wall, it was so impregnable. Only as a result of betrayal did she open her passages...

The Great Wall of China near Nankou, photograph 1900

Soon after the formation of the People's Republic of China (1949), restoration of some sections of the Wall began. In 1957, the first section, closest to Badaling, opened for tourists. In 1984, on the initiative of Deng Xiaoping, restoration of other areas began.

The most popular tourist places are located in close proximity to Beijing, Simatai, Jiayuguan, which are a little further, as well as Shanhaiguan Outpost. Some sections of the Wall are badly damaged and have almost merged with the surrounding area.

Great Wall of China, Badaling section

And another small note about the loopholes. Sometimes you can come across the statement that, they say, the loopholes on the Great Wall of China face exclusively towards China and this supposedly proves the fact that the Wall was built by the ancient Rus (or some other unknown peoples) for protection from the Chinese. This theory does not stand up to criticism. If you look closely, you will find that the loopholes are located on different sides (on one or two) depending on the exposure of the slopes, open spaces and other fortifications. This is explained by the fact that the Wall was designed for protection from both external and internal enemies and was a fortress “in itself.”

If you ask a person anywhere in the world to name the first thing they associate with China, chances are it will be Chinese Wall. No wonder - this is truly a huge, majestic structure that deserves to be mentioned. Many readers would probably like to know what the length of the Chinese Wall is in km, when it was built, by whom, for what purpose. We will try to answer these questions briefly but meaningfully.

Where is it?

It would seem that the answer is obvious - the Great Wall of China should be located in China. However, it is only partly true. Of course, most of it really is in the Middle Kingdom. But not all! Several hundred kilometers of the wall are in the south of Mongolia, and some section is in the northeast of the same country. Many will probably be surprised by the fact that a small piece of the same section runs along the southernmost border of the Chita region. Some of the most ancient sites can be found in the territory North Korea.

The wall itself has a very complex structure - individual pieces were built tens and even hundreds of kilometers from others. Because of this, the wall is located not only in the northern part of China, but also in the central, and even eastern.

What is its length

Not only ordinary readers, but also many experts would like to know how long the Great Wall of China is. Unfortunately, the data on this vary greatly. Judging by the chronicles, the length was the same, some modern commissions present completely different data, and other groups of specialists present still others.

So, what is the length of the Chinese Wall in km?

The Chinese themselves call it the “10,000-li Wall.” If you consider that “li” is an ancient Chinese measure of length equal to approximately 570 meters, then you can calculate the length - you get 5,700,000 meters, or 5,700 kilometers. A very impressive figure. However, in ancient times there were often problems with counting. Therefore, it is better to turn to modern research, since it is carried out regularly.

In 2012, a special commission was assembled to determine exactly the length of the Great Wall of China in km. They counted 21,196 kilometers - it’s simply mind-boggling. After all, the length of planet Earth along the equator is a little more than 40 thousand kilometers. It turns out that the wall could encircle the Earth by more than half? Very doubtful. It is more likely that Chinese scientists, wanting to impress the whole world and attract even more tourists, simply “slightly” increased the length of their main pride. All areas were taken into account - both those existing to this day and those destroyed many centuries ago. They even included in their calculations the parameters of structures erected in Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty, although they were never part of the Great Wall of China.

The official length is 8852 kilometers. Quite impressive too! Especially when you consider its other dimensions. The thickness in different areas ranges from 5 to 8 meters, and the height is approximately 6-7 meters. However, there are also places where it rises as much as 10 meters.

Even with the use of modern technology and materials, creating such a colossus would be very difficult. But here construction was carried out using manual labor, natural materials and the most primitive tools. So you definitely can’t deny the hard work of the Chinese.

Why is it so difficult to calculate its length?

After reading, the reader may have a question: why do such problems and discrepancies arise when trying to determine how long the Great Wall of China is in km?

The answer is simple. The fact is that it was built not one or two years, but almost two millennia. As a result, when some sections were just completed, others had already collapsed - under the influence of rains, floods, and human activity.

When two sections of a wall several tens of kilometers long are found, with no buildings between them, many guesses arise as to why this happened. Maybe Chinese engineers didn’t want to build anything here? Or didn't you have time? Or maybe there was a wall here, but it simply collapsed over time? Therefore, some experts, trying to understand how long the Chinese Wall is, count only the sections that exist today. Others, trying to get more impressive figures, take into account both destroyed and hypothetically existing ones. Of course, the discrepancies are more than serious.

So, if we talk about the parameters of such a structure as the Great Wall of China, it is not possible to clearly name its length in kilometers.

Why was it built

Speaking about the global nature of the construction, one cannot help but wonder why it was built in the first place. The most obvious and popular answer is to protect Chinese lands from the enemy from the north. But it does not stand up to any criticism - we will return to this later.

There is a version that it was supposed to prevent the enemy, who captured slaves and wealth in China, from freely leaving back to the north. But this version is not very plausible.

But another option has been tested in practice - it was used as a road. Wide enough for two carts to easily pass each other, it was not afraid of rain and mud. The wall was dry even in the autumn slush. Merchants and simple peasants transporting goods to markets could quickly move from one province to another.

The wall could also be used as a customs post. After all, military men were on duty in the towers all the time, checking whether all duties were paid by the merchants. The Great Silk Road alone is crossed by the wall three times.

Some experts defend a completely different version. When the wall began to be built, China was a bunch of fragmented, warring states and peoples. A single great goal was needed that would force yesterday's enemies to work together, helping each other. This was precisely the goal of the construction of the Great Wall of China.

Useless from a military point of view

Now let's think about why it couldn't be used as a military facility? Everything is simple - precisely because of its length. In those days, the Chinese army was very small, and it protected not so much the borders from enemy raids, but rather the emperor and his entourage, as well as other feudal lords from ordinary peasants.

If you split up the entire existing army, placing a small detachment in each tower, then they would not be able to offer resistance - even a small enemy army, having chosen a good direction for attack, would easily capture a section of the fortress, killing the guards. And if small detachments were gathered into large armies, they would be at a great distance from each other - it would not be possible to control the entire length of the wall.

In addition, as mentioned above, the wall is not a straight, continuous building, but a chain of separate sections, between which there are often gaping gaps of tens and hundreds of kilometers. What prevented the enemies from breaking through the wall, but calmly bypassing it, choosing a route through such a hole?

So the fact that she could not, even if she wanted to, perform a military function is quite obvious.

How many years did it take to build

Well, the question of how long the Chinese Wall is, how many kilometers it stretches, is more or less answered. How many years did it take to build it? Fortunately, many written sources have survived that allow us to answer this question quite accurately.

Construction began in the third century BC. At that time, China as such did not exist - only numerous disparate and constantly warring kingdoms. If you believe the chronicles, then almost immediately 20% of the population - about a million people - were thrown into construction.

Construction ended in 1644, when united China was already ruled by the powerful Ming dynasty.

Of course, construction was not ongoing. Sometimes they forgot about it for decades and even centuries, only to eventually return to the construction of this amazing object.

Casualties during construction

Saying how many people died during construction is even more difficult than definitively answering how long the Chinese Wall is. The fact is that people were constantly maimed and killed: poor nutrition, primitive mechanisms, inhuman working conditions - all this affected life expectancy. But it never occurred to anyone to record or otherwise mark the deaths of people at work. It’s just that from time to time more and more workers were brought here.

There is a legend that for every kilometer of wall built, there was one fatal accident. fatal. But it is possible that in reality there were much more victims than 9 thousand.

The dead were treated quite simply - they were walled up in the base of the walls so as not to dig graves for them. So the Chinese Wall is not just an impressive building, but also a very unusual cemetery.

Legends associated with her

By the way, one of the legends is connected with the people buried in the wall. It says that one man - a simple farmer who was forced to build the wall - died and was embedded in the base of the building. His wife, Meng Jiang Nu, was heartbroken and cried terribly. So scary that part of the wall where the husband was buried simply crumbled, exposing the remains and allowing them to be buried according to customs. Rumor has it that a monument was even erected on the wall in honor of this.

Another one interesting legend connected with the dragon - what would China be without it? Allegedly, the location of the Great Wall of China was not chosen by chance. The wise dragon crawled along the ground, showing the place where it should be erected. Well, the legend is really beautiful and quite in oriental style.

Vandalism and fraud

At various times, the Great Wall was often used as... a source of building materials. Down-to-earth peasants, without thinking too much about the value of the building, calmly dismantled it into bricks for their needs. Moreover, this began many centuries ago and continues today. Only in the middle of the twentieth century did the authorities come to their senses and impose a fine for such sabotage - 5,000 yuan (about 48 thousand rubles). True, in remote provinces this does little to stop people - many do not even know about such a ban and punishment.

In many places you can even buy such a brick - it is quite inexpensive, about 50 yuan (less than 500 rubles). However, when exporting from the country, serious problems may well arise. And what prevents scammers from slipping an ordinary brick made a few days ago under the guise of an ancient artifact? Therefore, it is better to refrain from such purchases.

As the main binder They did not use concrete, as they would do now, but slaked lime mixed with rice porridge.

On average, 40 million tourists visit the Great Wall of China every year - both from the Middle Kingdom and from all over the world.

Although there is an opinion that this is the only building that can be seen from space with the naked eye, this is not so - although the wall is quite long, its small width makes this impossible.

In 1987, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, being China's greatest attraction.

Conclusion

This is where we can end the article. Now you know, if not everything, then a lot about such an amazing building as the Great Wall of China: length in kilometers, width, purpose, years of construction and much more. Surely this will allow you to significantly expand your horizons.

The most grandiose defensive structure on the planet is the Great Wall of China, the Eighth Wonder of the World. This fortification is considered the longest and widest. There are still disputes how many km is the Chinese wall stretches. You can find many interesting facts about this structure in the literature and on the Internet. Even its location is of interest - this wall divides China into north and south - the land of nomads and the land of farmers.

History of the Chinese Wall

Before the appearance of the Great Wall of China, China had a lot of scattered defensive structures against the raids of nomads. In the third century BC, when Qin Shi Huang began to rule, small kingdoms and principalities united. And the emperor decided to build one big wall.

They started building the wall in 221 BC. There is a legend that construction of the Chinese wall threw the whole imperial army- about three hundred thousand people. Peasants were also attracted. At first the wall was in the form of ordinary earthen embankments, and only after that they began to replace them with brick and stone.

By the way, this structure can be called the longest not only wall, but also a cemetery. After all, a lot of builders were buried here - they were buried in the wall, and then structures were built directly on the bones.

Since its construction, there have been several attempts to destroy the wall and then restore it. Modern look This building was built during the Ming Dynasty. From 1368 to 1644, building towers were erected, bricks were laid instead of earthen embankments, and some areas were rebuilt.

There are many interesting facts about the Chinese Wall, which is considered the longest man-made structure in the world. Here are some of them:

when laying stone blocks, adhesive was used rice porrige, into which slaked lime was mixed;
its construction took the lives of more than millions of people;
this wall is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the greatest historical landmarks;
in 2004, more than forty million foreign tourists visited the Wall of China.

Most of the controversy is around the number how many km is the Great Wall of China. Previously it was believed that its length was 8.85 thousand. But then it turned out that archaeologists measured only those sections of the structure that were built during the Ming Dynasty.

But if we talk about everything Chinese wall, length it is 21.196 thousand kilometers. These data were announced by employees of the State Administration for Cultural Heritage Affairs. They began research back in 2007, and announced the results in 2012. Thus, the length of the Chinese wall turned out to be 12 thousand kilometers longer than the original data.

The Great Wall of China is the most grandiose defensive structure in the history of mankind. The prerequisites for its creation were formed long before the centuries-old construction. So many northern principalities and kingdoms of China built walls for defense against the attacks of nomads. After the unification of these small kingdoms and principalities in the 3rd century BC. Under the Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang was elected emperor. It was he who, with the combined efforts of all of China, began the long construction of the Great Wall of China, designed to protect China from attacks by enemy troops.

The Great Wall of China in facts and figures

Where is the Great Wall of China? In China. The wall originates in the city of Shanhai-guan and from there stretches in snake-like curves across half the country into Central China. The end of the wall is near Jiayuguan City. The width of the wall is approximately 5-8 meters, the height reaches 10 meters. On a stretch of 750 kilometers, the Great Wall of China was once even used as an excellent road. Near the wall in some areas there are additional fortifications and fortresses.

The length of the Great Wall of China, if measured in a straight line, reaches 2,450 kilometers. And the total length, taking into account all the twists and branches, is estimated at 5,000 kilometers. Since ancient times, myths and legends have been telling about the size of this building; it was even said that the wall can be seen from the moon. But this myth has been freely exposed in our age of technological progress. Although from space (orbit) the Wall of China is visible, especially if it concerns satellite images. Satellite map By the way, you can see it below.

Satellite view of the wall

The history of the grandiose construction of China

The construction of the Great Wall of China began in 221 BC. According to legend, the emperor’s army (about 300 thousand people) was sent to the construction. Here they were also involved a large number of peasants, because the loss of builders had to be constantly compensated for by new human resources, fortunately there were no problems with this in China. There are even a number of people who believe that the Great Wall of China was built by the Russians, but let's leave this as another beautiful guess.

The main part of the wall was erected just under the Qing. The front work was carried out to combine the already built fortifications into a single structure and expand the wall to the west. Most of the wall was ordinary earthen embankments, which were later replaced with stone and brick.

Unrestored section of wall

Interesting geographical position walls. It seems to divide China into two parts - the north of the nomads and the south of the farmers. Further ongoing research confirms this fact.

At the same time, the longest fortification is also the longest cemetery. One can only guess about the number of builders buried here. Many were buried right here in the wall and construction continued on their bones. Their remains are still found today.

Based on the high mortality rate, many legends have surrounded the wall over the centuries. According to one of them, Emperor Qin Shi Huang was predicted that the construction of the wall would be completed either after the death of a person named Vano or 10 thousand other people. The Emperor, of course, ordered to find Vano, kill him and bury him in the wall.

During the existence of the wall, attempts were made to restore it many times. This was done by the Han and Sui dynasties. The Great Wall of China received its modern appearance during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). It was here that earthen mounds replaced bricks and some areas were rebuilt. Watchtowers were also installed here, some of which have survived to this day. The main purpose of these towers was to warn of enemy advances. So at night the alarm was transmitted from one tower to another with the help of a kindled fire, and during the day with the help of smoke.

Watchtowers

Construction acquired a huge scale during the reign of Emperor Wanli (1572-1620). Many people, right up to the 20th century, thought that it was he, and not Qin Shi Huang, who erected this grandiose structure.

The wall performed poorly as a defensive structure. After all, for a major conqueror, a wall is not an obstacle. Only people can interfere with the enemy, but there were problems with the people on the wall. Therefore, for the most part, the guards of the wall looked not to the North, but to... the South. It was necessary to keep an eye on the peasants, tired of taxes and work, who wanted to move to the free north. In this regard, there is even a semi-myth that the loopholes of the Great Wall of China are directed towards China.

With the growth of China to the North, the function of the wall as a border disappeared completely and it began to decline. Like many other large structures of antiquity, the wall began to be dismantled for building materials. And only in our time (1977) did the Chinese government introduce a fine for damaging the Great Wall of China.

The wall in a photograph from 1907

Now the Great Wall of China is a recognized symbol of China. Many sections have been restored again and are shown to tourists, one section even runs close to Beijing, which attracts millions of lovers of Chinese culture.

Badaling site near Beijing

Average general education

Line UMK Volobueva-Ponomarev. General History (10-11) (BU)

General history

Who built the Great Wall of China?

The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous walls in the world. Translated from Chinese, her name means “Long Wall” (or “Long Wall of 10,000 li”, which symbolizes not a specific “kilometer”, but a “great” length). The total length of the wall is more than 21 thousand kilometers, and its height is 6-8 meters.

Who built such a majestic structure? And for what?

The beginning of the great construction

It is believed that the construction of the wall began during the era of the Warring States in the 3rd century BC (475-221 BC). Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi ordered the construction protective wall, in order to save his people from the raid of the Xiongnu nomads. The wall was built by a fifth of the country’s population, which is over a million people. Among the workers were slaves, ordinary farmers, and soldiers, and the construction was led by the commander Meng Tian.

Myths and legends of the ancient Celestial Empire

The construction of significant structures always gives rise to many myths and legends. The Great Wall of China has not been spared from history either. Here are some beautiful legends about this event.

Under the sign of the Dragon

Who else but a dragon should be involved in such a grandiose construction? According to legend, it was this mythological creature who indicated the desired location of the future structure. A huge dragon walked along the Chinese border, and builders built a wall following it. Even the shape of the resulting wall is similar to a great dragon

It is curious that another name, folk, also refers to mythical creature- "earth dragon". But its origin no longer refers to Chinese legends, but to real facts. The fact is that before the reign of the Qin dynasty, the simplest materials were used in the construction of most of the Great Wall. natural materials, often simply compacting the earth. A significant part of the materials was taken right there: reeds, pebbles, clay. In shape, the structure was too reminiscent of a writhing dragon, stretching from the Yellow Sea to the Tibetan Mountains.

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Imperial word

And if it was not the dragon who indicated the direction of construction, then it could only be the emperor himself. Legend has it that the emperor rode around his domain on a white horse, considering where to lay the foundation of the future Great Wall. And in those places where his horse stumbled, watchtowers were then erected.

Official and Master

To build such a large-scale structure, real masters of their craft were required. There were many talented builders among the Chinese, but one craftsman, nicknamed “Iron Abacus,” especially stood out among the others. He was so smart and savvy in his craft that he could calculate the required volume with the accuracy of a brick. building material for future construction.

Naturally, such a loud statement could not go in vain. And so, one imperial official decided to check the Master. A condition was set: the Master indicates required quantity bricks, and construction begins. If the worker made a mistake by just one brick, then the Official himself will lay this brick for the glory of the Master. If the mistake is more significant, the employee will not lose his head.

Construction has begun. The master calculated that 99,999 brick blocks would be needed for construction. grew up brick walls, watchtowers and gate towers. And so, on one of the 25 thousand towers, near the one that stands near the famous ancient Silk Road, on a hill near the city gate of Xiwen, you can see a brick that stands out noticeably from the rest of the masonry. Apparently, this is the same brick laid by the Official in honor of the Master in gratitude for the correct account.

Faithful wife

Among other legends, there are also sad tales. Such, for example, was the story of Meng Jiang Nu’s faithful wife. Her husband, a farmer, was forced to participate in the construction of the wall. Next, the legend has several options.

In the first version, Meng learns that her husband died during construction and his body rests in the wall. Inconsolable, she sobbed so bitterly at the foot of the building that the bricks collapsed from her suffering in the place where her husband’s corpse lay. So the poor thing was able to take his remains and give him a decent burial.

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According to another version, the wife went to her husband with warm clothes, so that he could endure the cold at work. But before she had time, the farmer died before she arrived. The woman cried bitterly and, as usual, the wall immediately collapsed from her tears. This did not escape the eyes of the emperor - he ordered to place the widow in his palace. The woman agreed, but hid her true intentions. She buried her beloved husband with dignity, and then committed suicide by bravely throwing herself into the river. Whatever version is true, a monument was erected on the wall in memory of the faithful and loving Maine.

Unfortunately, such a sad story is certainly partly based on real events. During all the years of construction of the wall, such a huge number of people died that the Great Wall of China began to be called “the longest cemetery in the world.” At least half a million people died, and people died from hard work, terrible working conditions and epidemics. Absent good roads, there was not enough water and provisions for workers. The entire construction route of the Chinese wall was literally covered with the remains of dead people.

The traditions of Chinese art are such that each work is both an object and a text, that is, a system of signs that can be read, because any object has its own symbolic meaning. And in Chinese painting, for example in landscape, the implied movement towards wisdom and perfection is necessarily depicted. If you look closely, you will see a path that leads the traveler among the mountain valleys and slopes to the top, where a secluded hut is hidden, and in the hut lives a hermit, to whom the wanderer directs his path. Confucius said that humanity and knowledge are like waters and mountains. And water is one of the main images of wisdom and wise behavior in the Chinese tradition.

The Great Wall of China was not built by the Chinese?

Some historians believe that the Great Wall not only protected the Chinese from enemy attacks, but also kept its citizens from escaping the country. To continue the monstrous theory that the Chinese were forced to build a wall “against” themselves would be confirmed by some loopholes aimed inland. However, there is a hypothesis that the construction of the Great Wall of China was not the work of the Chinese, but of the northern inhabitants. Then, it is quite logical that the loopholes should have helped defend against their southern neighbor.

Scientists cite the following facts to support their theory. The first dates back to the time of the construction of the wall - somewhere between 445 and 222 BC, when there was no news of the Mongol-Tatar nomads yet, therefore, there was no reason for defense. In addition, instead of a united China, there were eight small states, which individually could not “pull” the construction of the Great Wall.

The Qin Dynasty, one of whose representatives was Shi Huangdi, began its reign in 221 BC, therefore, by these years most of the Great Wall had already been completed. And the grandiose structure itself in its style is more similar to European defensive structures erected after the Middle Ages.

Considering the above, it is likely that the towers, loopholes and the famous road above that are so familiar to us were built much later than is believed.

It is no coincidence that all great buildings, such as the huge pyramids in Egypt, the Great Wall in China, and the grandiose Aztec pyramids, raise many questions and bewilderments among historians. Scientists argue not only about When they were the ones who were erected, but also Who specifically built them. Sometimes, in the absence of facts, people begin to believe that they interfered with the construction of such significant structures. higher power. However, the truth is this: all great buildings owe their existence to ordinary people, who not only shed blood and sweat for them, but also gave their lives.

When was the Chinese Wall built? The Great Wall of China: interesting facts and history of construction