In the process of erecting various structures and buildings, the skillful hands of workers and building materials play a fundamental role. The most famous are wood, stone, brick, plastic, glass, cement and others. Classifying materials, the following can be distinguished: concrete and reinforced concrete products, stone, timber and synthetic, binders, metals and others.
The most basic building material is commercial concrete, which is a concrete mixture based on cement and various fillers. When concreting car parks, petrol and railway stations, it becomes simply indispensable. Durability and fire resistance are the main advantages of ready-mixed concrete. In addition, it has another positive function - in accordance with the specified parameters of the material that is going to be obtained, its density and strength can be changed. Regarding this stone material, we can say the following: “Concrete helps us build and live!”
No construction is complete without such material as crushed stone, which is obtained by crushing rocks, gravel and boulders. Even for a small construction site, crushed stone is delivered, since it is famous for its easy extraction. It is divided into several types depending on the composition of nature: gravel, granite, dolomite and limestone. Gravel in comparison with other types has a low radioactive background, and this is its indisputable advantage.
An important element in construction work is also sand - loose non-metallic material. Depending on the place and conditions of formation, it is divided into several types: river, sea, mountain, dune and dune. For brickwork, quarry sand is mainly used, and cement-sand mortars require river sand, since there is no clay component in it. Delivery of sand to the construction site does not require long-distance transportation, because it is mined near the construction site.
In road construction, sand and gravel mixtures used for paving are very popular. In industrial construction, they are used in the laying and repair of communications. Among the sand and gravel mixtures, natural (PGS) and enriched (OPGS) stand out. ASGs are characterized by a reduced content of gravel (about 20%), OGGS exceeds this amount by 3 times.
Cement is one of the main components in construction. As water is the "glue" of the universe, so it performs the function of connecting and bonding various elements. Basically, the use of cement involves the creation of concrete and mortars.
For the construction and decoration of buildings and structures, various artificial and natural building materials are used. The use of a particular material depends on the purpose of the structure, its properties and operating conditions.
The most widely used natural building materials are rubble stone, gravel, crushed stone, sand, clay, granite, marble.
rubble stone represents large pieces of sandstones, limestone, irregularly shaped granite from 150 to 500 mm in size. It is used for laying foundations, constructing walls of non-residential premises, paving slopes of canals and slopes of embankments of subgrade roads, etc.
Gravel- a loose accumulation of rocks, consisting of fragments of granite or basalt of a rounded form, ranging in size from 1 to 20 mm. By size, gravel is divided into fine, medium and large; by origin - on the river, lake, sea and glacial. Gravel is widely used in the preparation of concrete, the construction of the top coating of roads, the ballast layer of railways, as well as in hydraulic engineering construction.
Rubble - stone building material, which is obtained by crushing various rocks up to 5-70 mm. The strength of the rock corresponds to the strength of the original rock. Crushed stone is used as a filler in the preparation of concrete, for the construction of crushed stone pavement and pavement layers of highways, as well as for the construction of drainage layers of hydraulic structures.
Sand- fine-clastic loose mass, consisting of grains of various minerals and rocks. Sand contains quartz particles, feldspar crystalline grains, and a number of other minerals. Sand consists of fractions ranging in size from 0.1 to 2 mm. It is widely used in construction as an artificial underlay under foundations, for the preparation of concrete, various mortars and artificial stone materials.
Clay- rock, which includes kaolinite, montmorillonite and a number of other minerals, the size of which does not exceed 0.01 mm. Clay has the properties of plasticity, swelling, and when moisture enters, it can increase its volume several times.
Granite- igneous rock, which includes quartz, feldspar, mica and other minerals. Granite has a very high density, an average of 2600 kg / m 3. It can be machined and is used for facing floors, stairs, columns, walls, as well as for the preparation of high-strength crushed granite.
Marble- a rock of metamorphic origin, formed as a result of recrystallization of limestone. Marble is mined in quarries with the help of stone-cutting, percussion-cutting machines, wire saws. Marble, along with granite, is widely used as a finishing material, and both white marble and its colored varieties with different patterns, which appear after polishing, are used in construction.
In the construction of buildings and structures, shell rock, volcanic tuff, basalt, diabase, syenite, labradorite, and some other materials of igneous and sedimentary rocks are also widely used.
artificial stone materials are used in the manufacture of building structures at factories of reinforced concrete structures and reinforced concrete products.
Brick- one of the most widespread materials in construction. It is obtained by molding and firing a mixture of natural clay and additives in the form of sand and other materials. Bricks as a whole have the properties of water absorption (at least 8%), frost resistance, strength, thermal insulation; properties of specific types of bricks depend on their composition, production technology and purpose. Brick dimensions are $ 250x120x65 mm. Depending on the strength, the brick is divided into eight grades: 50, 70, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250 and 300. The higher the brick grade, the greater its compressive strength.
Cement- one of the most common mineral substances belonging to the group of hydraulic binders. The composition of cement includes calcium silicates, which are formed during high-temperature processing of limestone, clay, bauxite and a number of other minerals. As a result of the firing of natural cement raw materials, sintered clinker is formed, which is ground into powder and mixed with various active additives. The quality of cement depends on the fineness of the clinker, and consumers determine it by brand. Cement is produced in different grades, for example:
- 0 portland slag cement grades: 200, 300, 400 and 500;
- 0 plasticized Portland cement grades: 300, 400 and 500;
- 0 pozzolanic cement grades: 200, 300 and 400;
- 0 alumina cement grades: 400, 500 and 600.
Depending on the purpose, several types of cements are produced with different properties: fast-hardening, acid-resistant, expanding, sulfate-resistant, etc.
building lime belongs to the group of air binders. It is obtained by roasting and subsequent processing of carbonate rocks (limestone, chalk). Lime is slaked and quicklime. It is used for the preparation of mortars, silicate bricks and a number of other autoclaved silicate concrete products.
Building plaster obtained by firing natural gypsum - a fast-hardening binder. It is used in the production of gypsum concrete, plaster mortars and other gypsum products, and also as additives to cements.
Concrete- durable artificial stone material, which includes cement, gravel or crushed stone, sand and water. A mixture of these materials until hardening is called a concrete mixture. Concrete is characterized by properties such as strength, density, impermeability, frost resistance, shrinkage and expansion, creep, and fire resistance. Concrete mixture is produced by mechanical mixing of its components in special concrete $ skewers with a capacity of 65 to 1600 liters or at special plants and delivered to the construction site in finished form or mixed directly on the construction site.
The best concrete mix is produced in factories where it is obtained in the most balanced and rationally selected composition. Depending on the design solutions, the concrete mortar is laid directly on the construction site into the structure being constructed or poured into a formwork specially designed for this purpose, which gives the mortar the required shape. By density, heavy and light concrete grades are distinguished from 25 to 600. Heavy concretes are used mainly in the construction of load-bearing structures of buildings and structures, and light ones - as a wall material, in such cases porous materials - expanded clay, pumice, vermiculite can be used as fillers .
In cases where the concrete mixture is placed in a formwork with a frame of steel reinforcement, after hardening, a structure is formed, called a monolithic reinforced concrete structure.
In our country, reinforced concrete structures are very widespread. The technological process of their creation consists of the preparation of a concrete mixture, the preparation of reinforcing cages, the formation, laying and compaction of the concrete mixture in an inventory metal formwork, as well as a special heat and moisture treatment of the structure in a steaming chamber to give the concrete the necessary strength by accelerating the hardening process. .
Building mixture is a mixture of water, sand and binder. Depending on the density, solutions are divided into heavy and light. For their preparation, mortar mixers with a capacity of 30 to 1800 liters are used. Mortars are used for filling joints in masonry and brick masonry, plastering surfaces, and for sealing joints in concrete and reinforced concrete structures.
asbestos cement It is formed by mixing water, cement and asbestos and has high mechanical strength in bending, low density, low thermal conductivity, resistance to leaching by mineralized waters, low water permeability and high frost resistance. Asbestos cement is used to produce fibrous or smooth sheets of roofing, facing slabs, pressure or non-pressure pipe products. In agricultural construction, asbestos-cement structures made of sheet asbestos-cement, heat-insulating materials and a wooden frame are widely used.
Astringents organic or inorganic composition form a separate group of building materials.
Mineral binders when mixed with water, they form a pasty mass, which hardens under the action of physicochemical processes.
From organic binders materials most widely used in construction and repair is bitumen- a material consisting of hydrocarbons and their derivatives and obtained as a result of the distillation of oil, from waste acid cleaning of lubricating oils, as well as from coal and peat. It is widely used in road construction for the production of asphalt concrete, for the manufacture of roofing material and glassine, for waterproofing walls and foundations.
Thermal insulation materials in construction, they are necessary to ensure the specified thermal regime of buildings, coops, pipelines, etc. The effectiveness of the selected insulation depends on the bulk density of these materials, which is expressed in kilograms per cubic meter of volume (kg / m 3).
Organic thermal insulation materials include wood fiber boards, reeds, foam plastics, fiber boards, and wood shavings and sawdust. Their volumetric weight is from 10 to 100 kg/m 3 . Inorganic heaters include lightweight concrete, aerated concrete, foam concrete, foam glass, glass wool, from which felt, mats, slabs, and a number of other insulating materials are produced. The volumetric mass of inorganic heat-insulating materials can reach 300 kg/m 3 .
Timber products are processed and unprocessed.
Round raw Timber products are widely used in construction as supports and logs for felling wooden buildings and structures, as well as as a raw material for sawing and processing.
To processed materialsinclude beams, edged and unedged boards, parquet riveting, wood veneer. Processed timber is obtained from the wood of coniferous and deciduous trees. Timber products have low density, strength, ease of processing, etc.
Wood is used to produce load-bearing and enclosing structures: beams, trusses, frames, arches, panels, window and door blocks. Details of various wooden structures are connected using nails, dowels, dowels, various metal fasteners, and glue. Wooden structures connected with glue have increased strength, lightness, durability, as well as fire resistance and low cost. It is these qualities that determine the widespread use of these materials in construction.
From waste wood and woodworking, fibrous and chipboards are obtained, which are widely used in housing, civil and industrial construction as a heat-insulating and finishing material. The use of such boards, finished with fine wood veneer of valuable species, makes it possible to effectively use scarce timber, as well as improve their decorative properties.
Metals and metal structures are widely used in construction, as they are relatively light, high strength and combined with materials of any kind. Steel structures are manufactured from structural steel using the industrial method and joined together by welding or rivets. In construction, aluminum alloys are also widely used, which are distinguished by high specific strength, decorative effect, and good anticorrosion properties. Wall panels, suspended ceilings, window frames, finishing and profile sheets are made from them.
Roofing materials used for roofing. These include asbestos-cement sheets and tiles, roofing material, roofing felt, tiles of various types, galvanized sheet steel, but the latter is used quite rarely, as it has a high cost. Roofing materials are characterized by water resistance, durability, frost resistance, fire resistance.
Decoration Materials give buildings and structures high aesthetic qualities, as well as protect structures from external influences. This group of materials includes: finishing plasters, natural and artificial stone materials, ceramic products, paints, varnishes, glass, wallpaper, linoleum, veneer, chipboard and metals.
plastics widely used in construction. They are lightweight and have high specific strength. Plastics are used to manufacture floor coverings, plumbing equipment and pipes for various purposes, including for water management construction, skirting boards, handrails, and facing material.
Film materials have become widespread in land reclamation construction as an impervious material in the construction of canals and reservoirs for various purposes.
asphalt concrete, used in road construction, is obtained from a compacted and rationally selected mixture of crushed stone, sand, mineral powder and bitumen in asphalt mixing plants.
K category: Construction materials
Classification of building materials
Building materials are divided into natural (natural) and artificial. The first group includes: forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay), etc. The second group - artificial materials - includes: binders (cement, lime), artificial stones (brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes and Other materials, the production of which is associated with chemical processing.
Building materials are classified according to their purpose and scope, for example, roofing materials - roofing material, asbestos cement, etc.; wall - brick, blocks; finishing - solutions, paints, varnishes; facing, waterproofing, etc., as well as according to the technological basis of their manufacture, for example, ceramic, synthetic, etc. A special group is made up of heat-insulating building materials - they are made from various raw materials, used in various designs, but they are combined by a common property - low bulk density and low thermal conductivity, which determines the constantly increasing volume of their production and widespread use in construction.
Building materials that are mined or manufactured in the area of the facility under construction are commonly referred to as local building materials. These primarily include: sand, gravel, crushed stone, brick, lime, etc. In the construction of buildings and structures, it is necessary first of all to use local building materials, which reduces transportation costs, which make up a significant part of the cost of materials.
For building materials manufactured by enterprises, there are State All-Union Standards - GOSTs and technical conditions - TU. The standards provide basic information about the building material, give its definition, indicate raw materials, applications, classification, division into grades and brands, test methods, transportation and storage conditions. GOST has the force of law, and compliance with it is mandatory for all enterprises manufacturing building materials.
The nomenclature and technical requirements for building materials and parts, their quality, guidelines for the selection and use, depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being erected, are set out in the "Building Norms and Rules" - SNiP I-B.2-69, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee in 1962-1969 gg. as amended in 1972. State All-Union Standards (GOSTs) have been developed for each material and product.
For the correct use of a particular material in construction, it is necessary to know the physical, including the ratio of materials to the action of water and temperatures, and mechanical properties.
Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from environmental influences. All buildings consist of parts of the same purpose: - the foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground; - frame - the supporting structure on which the enclosing elements of the building are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes loads and transfers them to the foundation; - enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from the effects of the external environment or separating individual parts of the internal volume from each other; Enclosing structures include walls, floors and roofs, and in low-rise buildings, walls and floors often serve as a frame.
From ancient times, residential and religious buildings were built from natural materials - stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made from them: the foundation, walls, roof. This versatility of the material had significant drawbacks. The construction of stone buildings was labor intensive; to maintain a normal thermal regime in the building, stone walls had to be made very thick (up to 1 m or more), since natural stone is a good conductor of heat. For the construction of ceilings and roofs, many columns were placed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of the stone is not enough to cover large spans. Stone buildings, however, had one positive quality - durability. Less labor-intensive but short-lived wooden buildings were often destroyed by fire.
With the development of industry, new, different-purpose building materials appeared: for roofing - sheet iron, later - rolled materials and asbestos cement; for load-bearing structures - rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fibrolite, mineral wool, etc.
Specialization and industrial production of building materials, semi-finished products and products radically changed the nature of construction. Materials, and then products from them, began to arrive at the construction site almost ready-made, building structures became lighter and more efficient (for example, they were better protected from heat loss, from moisture, etc.). At the beginning of the XX century. factory production of building structures (metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns) began, but only from the 50s, for the first time in the world in our country, they began to build prefabricated buildings from prefabricated elements.
The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of finished building parts and materials for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for interior cladding, facade, carpet mosaics; roofing material and glassine for roofing, insulating and hydro-insulating - for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate in this variety of building materials and products, they are classified. The most widely used classifications are by purpose and technological feature.
By purpose, materials are divided into the following groups: - structural, which perceive and transmit loads in building structures; - heat-insulating, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal regime of the room with minimal energy consumption; - acoustic (sound-absorbing and soundproof) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room; - waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from water or water vapor; - sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures; - finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences; - special purpose (for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.
A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products - these are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete - heat-insulating materials; especially heavy concretes are special-purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.
The basis of the classification according to technological features is the type of raw material from which the material is obtained, and the method of manufacture. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and, accordingly, the scope of its application. According to the manufacturing method, materials obtained by sintering (ceramics, cement), melting (glass, metals), monolithic with binders (concrete, mortar) and mechanical processing of natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials) are distinguished. For a deeper understanding of the properties of materials, which depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, the course "Materials Science" is based on a classification according to a technological feature, and only in some cases groups of materials are considered according to their purpose.
- Classification of building materials
The wide scope of construction in the Soviet Union is accompanied by an expansion in the production of local materials and the introduction of new types of materials into construction practice, as well as an increase in building parts and semi-finished factory-made products. The main building materials include: forest materials, natural stone, ceramic, mineral binders, concrete and products made from them, artificial stone materials, bituminous and heat-insulating materials, metal products, etc.
Forest materials- pine, spruce, fir, cedar and larch are widely used in construction. These materials are divided into roundwood (logs, bollards and poles) and sawn timber (plates, quarters, boards, slabs, beams and bars). In construction, wood with a moisture content of not more than 20% is used. To protect the wooden structures of buildings from moisture and decay, they are coated or sprayed with antiseptics (tar, creosote, etc.)
natural stone materials used in construction both without processing and after preliminary processing (splits, hewing and sawing). The volumetric weight of natural stones ranges from 1100 to 2300 kg / m3, and their thermal conductivity coefficient ranges from 0.5 to 2. Therefore, rubble and cobblestones are used mainly for laying foundations, paving roads and for processing into crushed stone. Rocks are also used to make lime, gypsum, cement and bricks. Materials such as sand, gravel and crushed stone are used as aggregates for the preparation of concrete.
Ceramic materials and products- These are artificial stone products that are obtained by molding and subsequent firing of the clay mass. These include porous ceramic products (ordinary clay brick, porous brick, hollow brick, facing tiles, roof tiles, etc.) and dense ceramic products (clinker and floor tiles). Recently, a new material, expanded clay, has been widely used in construction. This is a light material in the form of gravel and crushed stone with accelerated firing of fusible clays. During firing, the clay swells and a porous material with a bulk density of 300-900 kg/m3 is obtained. Expanded clay is used for the manufacture of concrete and reinforced concrete.
Mineral binders- these are powdery materials, when mixed with water, form a pasty mass, which gradually hardens and turns into a stone-like state. There are air binders that can harden only in air (building gypsum, air lime, etc.), and hydraulic ones that harden not only in air, but also in water (hydraulic lime and cements).
concretes and products from them - artificial stones obtained as a result of hardening a mixture of binder, water and aggregates (fine sand and coarse gravel or crushed stone). Concrete can be heavy (volume weight above 1800 kg/m3), light (volume weight from 600 to 1800 kg/m3) and heat-insulating or cellular (volume weight less than 600 kg/m3). Cellular concrete includes foam concrete and aerated concrete.
foam concrete obtained by mixing cement paste or mortar with a special, stable foam. To obtain aerated concrete, gas-forming substances are introduced into the cement paste containing sand, slag and other aggregates. Concrete structures and parts into which a steel frame is introduced - reinforcement consisting of steel rods interconnected by welding or connected by wire, are called reinforced concrete.
Artificial stone non-fired materials- these are gypsum and gypsum-like products (slabs and panels for partitions and sheets of dry plaster, magnesite) used for flooring and the manufacture of fibrolite, silicate products (silicate brick, etc.) and asbestos-cement products, smooth roofing slabs and corrugated sheets (slate) .
Bituminous materials contain natural bitumen or tar oils, pitches, raw tars in their composition. A mixture of bitumen and sand is called asphalt mortar, used as a base for laying tile floors, asphalt floors, and for waterproofing. Bituminous materials include roofing material, glassine, hydroisol, borulin, roofing felt. These materials are used for roofing, waterproofing and vapor barrier.
Thermal insulation materials used to protect rooms or individual structures from heat loss or from heating. These materials have high porosity, low bulk density and low thermal conductivity up to 0.25. There are thermal insulation materials of organic and mineral origin. Organic include: fibreboard (hardboard) from crushed wood fiber; straw and reeds - slabs pressed from straw or reeds and stitched with wire; fibrolite - plates pressed from wood shavings bound with a magnesian binder solution. Of the mineral heat-insulating materials, foam concrete and aerated concrete, mineral wool, foam silicate, etc. have become widespread. Recently, products based on plastics have been introduced into construction practice. This is a large group of materials, which is based on natural artificial high-molecular compounds. For sheathing the interior surfaces of the room, you can use aluminum sheets that reflect thermal radiation from animals and heaters.