Roofing of panel houses. On the roof of a nine-story building

Roof leaks are experienced by the residents of the upper floor and the residents of the lower floors below them. In a 5-story panel building covered with roll materials, water can penetrate to the 4th and even 3rd floor. In brick 9-story buildings, the 9th, 8th floor is exposed to leakage. And how unsightly the room looks, into which water flows from the ceiling of the last floor!

In addition, leaks are often observed in apartments and staircases. In this case, water can reach the 1st floor, running down the stairs without obstacles. Such a disaster is fraught with the penetration of water into the electrical panels located on the site, which will lead to a short circuit and “burnout” of the switchboards. This is serious damage, fraught not only with water invasion and dampness, but can also lead to accidents. Therefore, repairs should be carried out immediately.

What and who can help with a roof leak?

Photo 1 - Covering a leaking roof with new roofing material
Photo 2 - Roofing with a bitumen-polymer roll

Photo 3 - Modern roll materials
Photo 4 - Repair of the roof of an apartment building

About, what to do if the roof in an apartment building is leaking, there are many different hints:

seek help from public utilities, a housing cooperative, a society of co-owners;
write an application to the city executive committee, the State Housing Inspectorate;
file a lawsuit;
gather the neighbors of the entrance to solve the problem;
try to prevent the leak on your own.

As experience shows, in our time nothing helps, except for the initiative and funds of the owners who suffer from the development of roof leaks. However, you need to try other methods, and suddenly - someone will help at least partially, or your house has been put on scheduled repairs!

Repairs at the expense of tenants

To the question: “What to do if the roof in an apartment building is leaking?”, Today there is one correct answer. "Needs to be renovated!" Residents themselves collect money for material and work, and thus solve the problem. What else to do? From managers come refusals, delays, replies. The decision of the court can be expected for years. If careless people live in the entrance, who are not bothered by a leak, then the residents of those apartments in which leakage is observed have to “take the rap”. In this case, you can try to resolve the issue of partial compensation from the company that pays the monthly rent.

How and what to do if the roof leaks in an apartment building?

The prevention of leakage depends on the shape of the coating and the roofing materials used. Let's consider the most common case of leakage of a flat roof covered with rolled bituminous materials. Most of the houses were covered with roofing material in the past. Of course, over a long period of operation, the roofing material managed to wear out, areas peeled off from the sun and precipitation appeared.

Photo 5 - Detachment of roofing material
Photo 6 - Crack

1. First you need to inspect the coating and determine the level of damage visually.

2. The best way to eliminate troubles is to completely cover the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire plane with new roofing material (f. 1-2). Those owners of high-rise buildings who decide to cover the entire house are doing the right thing. For this, there are many high-quality materials (form 3). If there are no funds to cover the entire house, at least one entrance is completely repaired. Such a solution may eliminate lesions, but does not guarantee complete protection. The tricky thing about flat roof leaks is that water can move through the ceiling in any direction. If the roof is "leaky" at the junction or near the drainpipe, then there is a chance that the leakage will stop if these places are sealed (form 4).

3. When the problems of the financial plan do not allow blocking the entire entrance, you can try to fix the leak with selective repairs. The success of such repairs will be temporary (if any). But, if the overhaul of your house with the replacement of the roof is scheduled in a couple of years, then you should try to fix the situation for at least a few seasons. At the same time, cracks, swelling, delamination at the joints are closed (f. 5.6)

4. Often the owner who experiences the “waterfall” the most tries to correct the situation on his own or with the help of specialists. If he has a 2-room apartment with a total area of 56 sq.m, he buys one or two 10-meter rolls of rubemast or other similar material. This coating can cover 20 sq.m. planes at the sites of injury. New roofing material is laid on the most emergency areas. In places near drainpipes and in other areas, the plane can be treated with a special polymer mastic.

How to repair?

When swollen, the lesions are opened crosswise with a cutting tool and the edges are turned away. Then the mastic is applied inside with a spatula, and the edges are returned to their place and nailed. The damaged area is covered with a patch that is several cm larger than the damage. Opened seams are cleaned, lubricated with mastic and nailed. If there is material, a patch is applied on top along the entire seam. Cracks are sealed in a similar way with mastic, and a “patch” is applied on top. In places where damage is frequent, lay a strip or two of new material.

ROOFS AND ROOFS OF MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.

Roof classification, requirements for them.

Construction of prefabricated reinforced concrete roofs.

Exploited roofs, their design.

Roofing of multi-storey buildings.

In modern capital housing and civil construction, low-slope attic roofs with an internal drain, load-bearing and enclosing structures made of reinforced concrete are mainly used.

The structural element enclosing the building from above is called the roof. Their main types are attic, non-attic, operated roofs, large-span flat and spatial coatings.

Based on the main purpose of roofs - to protect the building from precipitation in the form of rain and snow, as well as from heat loss in winter and overheating in summer, it consists of load-bearing structures that perceive the transferred loads from overlying elements. cops, and the enclosing part.

The following basic requirements are imposed on roofs. The roof structure must provide for the perception of a constant load (from its own weight), as well as temporary loads (from snow, wind and coatings that arise during the operation of the coating). The enclosing part of the roof (roof), which serves to remove precipitation, must be waterproof, moisture resistant, resistant to aggressive chemicals contained in the atmospheric air and falling in the form of precipitation on the coating, solar radiation and frost, not exposed to warping, cracking and melting. Coating structures must have a degree of durability consistent with the standards and class of the building.

Important requirements for roofs are the cost-effectiveness of their installation and ensuring the expenditure of minimum funds for their operation. Of particular importance is the use of industrial methods in the installation of coatings, which reduces labor costs at the construction site and improves the quality of construction and installation works.

To ensure the removal of precipitation, the coatings are arranged with a slope. The slope depends on the material of the roof, as well as the climatic conditions of the construction area. So, in areas with heavy snowfalls, the slope is determined by the conditions of snow deposition and snow removal; in areas with heavy rains, the slope of the roof should ensure rapid drainage of water; in the southern regions, the slope of the coating, as well as the choice of roofing material, are determined taking into account solar radiation.

Reinforced concrete prefabricated roof structures design with a slope of up to 5%. Three types of roof structures are used: attic, non-attic and exploited.

attic roof - the main option for covering in residential buildings of mass construction with an increased number of storeys.

roofless roof - the main type of coverage in low-rise mass public buildings. A non-attic roof is also used in residential buildings up to four floors high during construction in a temperate climate, as well as on areas of multi-storey buildings that are limited in area: above the engine rooms of elevators, above loggias and bay windows, attached shops, lobbies, vestibules, etc. In turn, attic roofs are also used in multi-storey public buildings, when their planning parameters coincide with the parameters of residential buildings, which makes it possible to use the corresponding prefabricated roof products.

exploited roof it is arranged both over attic and non-attic coverings. It can be arranged over the entire building or part of it and used for recreational purposes, both for the population (or employees) in the building, or independently, for example, for setting up an outdoor cafe.

The final choice of a roof drainage system during design is carried out depending on the purpose of the object, its number of storeys and placement in the building. In residential buildings of medium and high-rise buildings, an internal drainage system is accepted, in low-rise buildings - an external organized one, and in low-rise buildings located inside a block - an external unorganized one.

With internal drainage in residential buildings, one water intake funnel per planning section, but at least two per building, is provided. With an external organized drain, the distance between the downpipes along the facade should be no more than 20 m, and their cross section should be at least 1.5 cm 2 per 1 m 2 of the roof area.

waterproofing reinforced concrete roofs are designed depending on the type of roof. For non-attic roofs (with the exception of roofs of a separate structure), multi-layer waterproofing roll coatings are used. Waterproofing of attic and separate non-attic roofs is carried out in one of the following three ways.

The first (traditional) is the installation of a multi-layer rolled carpet, the second is painting with waterproofing mastics (for example, organosilicon), which, together with the waterproof concrete of the roof panel, provide the protective functions of the coating, the third is the use of prestressed roof panels molded from high-grade concrete for strength and grades for water resistance, providing waterproofing of the roof. This version of waterproofing is experimental.

According to the adopted method of waterproofing, the requirements for the physical and technical characteristics of concrete for roofing panels change (Table 1).

Table 1. Minimum allowable values for concrete properties of roof panels

According to the method of removing air from the exhaust ventilation system through the roof structure, roofs with a cold, warm and open attic are distinguished. For each of these structures, any of the above hydro-isolation methods can be applied.

Attic roof structures are used in construction in the following six main options (Fig. 1):

A - with a cold attic and a rolled roof;

B - the same, with a rollless roof;

B - with a warm attic and a rolled roof;

G - the same, with a rollless roof;

D - with an open attic and a rolled roof;

E - the same, with rollless.

Bare roof structures are used in construction in the following five options (Fig. 2):

Zh - separate (with a roofing panel, attic floor, insulation and ventilated space) with a roll-free coating;

And - the same, with a rolled coating;

K - combined single-layer panel structure;

L - combined three-layer panel construction;

M - combined multilayer building production.

When designing, the type of coating structure is chosen in accordance with the purpose of the building, its number of storeys and the climatic conditions of the construction area according to the recommendations of Table. 2.

Table 2. Structures of reinforced concrete roofs and their slopes depending on the type of building and climatic conditions of the construction area

Rice. 1. Schemes of structures of attic roofs: A, B - with a cold attic with a rolled (A) and non-rolled (B) roof; C, D - with a warm attic with a rolled (B) and non-rolled (G) roof; D, E - with an open attic with a rolled (D) and non-rolled (E) roof;

1 - supporting element; 2 - attic floor slab; 3 - insulation; 4 - non-insulated roofing slab; 5 - roll carpet; 6 - drainage tray; 7 - support frame; 8 - protective layer; 9 - vapor barrier layer; 10 - a strip of roofing material; 11 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 12 - roofing plate of a rollless roof; 13 - waterproofing layer of mastic or paint compositions; 14 - U-shaped plate - flashing; 15 - drain funnel; 16 - ventilation unit (mine); 17 - head of the ventilation unit; 18 - lightweight concrete single-layer roofing slab; 19 - machine compartment of the elevator; 20 - lightweight concrete tray slab; 21 - two-layer roofing plate; 22 - non-insulated frieze panel; 23 - insulated frieze panel

Rice. 2. Schematic diagrams of the structures of non-attic reinforced concrete roofs:

Zh - a separate design with a rolled roof;

And - a separate design (with a roll-free roof);

K - combined panel single-layer construction;

L - the same, three-layer;

M - the same, building construction;

1 - attic floor panel;

2 - insulation; 3 - frieze panel;

4 - roofing panel of a rollless roof;

5 - supporting element; 6 - single-layer lightweight concrete roofing panel;

7 - roll carpet; 8 - three-layer roofing panel; 9 - cement screed;

10 - layer ceram-site slope;

11 - a layer of laying roofing material on mastic.

Attic roofs are made up of roofing panels (roofing panels and trays, attic flooring, supporting structures for trays and roofing panels, external frieze elements. The height of the through passage in the attic space should be at least 1.6 m. Local reductions of up to 1.2 m are allowed outside the through passage.

attic roofs with a cold and open attic (structure types A, B, D, E) contain an insulated attic coating, non-insulated thin-walled ribbed reinforced concrete roofing, tray and frieze panels, in which holes are provided for ventilation of the attic space. The area of ventilation openings on each longitudinal side of the facade is assigned in climatic regions I and II at 1/500 of the attic area, in regions III and IV - at 1/50.

The dimensions of the supply and exhaust openings in the frieze panels of open attics are taken to be significantly larger according to the results of thermal engineering calculations, according to winter and summer operating conditions.

Ventilation ducts cross roofs with a cold attic, which should be taken into account when laying out attic floor panels and roofing.

Roof structures with a warm attic (types C and D) are made up of insulated roof, tray and frieze panels, non-insulated attic floor and supporting structures of roof and tray panels. Since the warm attic serves as an air-collecting chamber of the building's exhaust ventilation system, the ventilation blocks of the lower floors are completed in the attic space with a 0.6 m high head without crossing the roof. Fascia panels are designed deaf (without ventilation holes). These panels in some areas can be solved translucent (for natural lighting of the attic), but not hinged. In the central zone of the warm attic, a common exhaust shaft is arranged (one per planning section) 4.5 m high from the upper plane of the attic floor.

Roof structures with an open attic (types D and E) are similar in composition of structural elements to structures with a cold attic, but the ventilation structures do not cross it, breaking off at a height of 0.6 m from the surface of the attic floor, as in roofs with a warm attic .

Exhaust air removal along with a common shaft is facilitated by intensive horizontal ventilation through enlarged ventilation openings in the frieze panels.

Roofs with inclined frieze panels and gable-shaped vertical frieze panels, echoing the traditional forms of mansard roofs, became a peculiar architectural variant of the structures of reinforced concrete attic roofs of multi-storey buildings. This option can be applied to both cold and warm attic roofs (Fig. 10.3). The facade finishing layer of steeply sloped frieze panels can be similar to that used for external walls ( decorative concrete or facing tiles) or made of roofing materials - clay, cement or metal tiles.

The design of a separate non-attic roof (type I) contains the same structural elements as an attic roof with a cold attic, but due to the fact that its airspace has a low height (up to 0.6 m), the solution of supporting structures simplified.

The roof panels of rollless roofs with a cold and open attic, as well as separate non-attic roofs, are solved in the same way. These are thin-walled (slab thickness 40 mm) ribbed reinforced concrete slabs. The butt edges of the panels and their junctions to the vertical structures crossing the roof (elevator shafts, ventilation units, etc.) are equipped with ribs 100 mm high. The joints are protected by flashings (or overlapped) and sealed.

Drainage trough-shaped trays are made of waterproof concrete with a bottom thickness of 80 mm and a rib height of 350 mm, a width of at least 900 mm.

Roof panels and roof trays with a warm attic are designed with two or three layers. The top layer is made of frost-resistant concrete with a thickness of at least 40 mm. For the insulating layer of two-layer panels, lightweight concretes with a density of 800-1200 kg / m 3 of class B 3.5-B7.5 are used, for three-layer panels - effective heaters with a density of less than 300 kg / m 3.

With rollless roofs, insulated roof panels have longitudinal edge ribs for overlapping or flashing mates.

Rice. 3. Attic reinforced concrete roofs:

A - diagrams of a cross-section of roofs with a warm attic with a vertical frieze (a); with a steep frieze (b); B - details of the inclined frieze device; c, d - with a cold attic; d - the same, with heat; 1 - cold frieze panel; 2 - the same, roofing; 3 - jelly concrete beam; 4 - jelly concrete frame; 5 - insulated frieze panel; 6 - the same, roofing; 7 - supporting structure of the frieze panel

Rice. 4. Attic roof construction with a cold attic and a roof made of rolled materials (type A):

A - scheme-plan of the roof; 1 - ventilation unit; 2 - drain funnel; 3 - attic floor panel; 4 - frieze panel; 5 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 6 - insulation; 7 - support frame; 8 - tray panel; 9 - ribbed reinforced concrete roofing panel; 10 - main roof; 11 - additional layers of roofing material on bituminous mastic; 12 - protective apron made of galvanized roofing steel; 13 - mineral wool mats

Fig.5. Knots 2-4 mates of roll roof structures with a cold attic (type A):

A - an option for solving a cornice assembly with a lattice fence; B - the same, with a parapet; 1 - frieze panel; 2 cement-sand mortar; 3 - anchor release; 4 - roofing crutches after 600 mm are shot with dowels; 5 - galvanized roofing steel; 6 - fence post; 7 - additional two layers of roofing material on bituminous mastic; 8 - main roof; 9 - ribbed reinforced concrete roofing panel; 10 - concrete side stone; 11 - protective apron made of galvanized roofing steel; 12 - sliding strip of rolled material; 13 - mineral wool mats; 14 - a strip of rolled material with one-sided gluing to a width of 50 mm; 15 - support frame; 16 - embedded part; 17 - mounting connecting element; 18 - tray panel; 19 - drain funnel; 20 - filling with sealing mastic; 21 - drain pipe of the drain funnel

Atticless combined roofs a single-layer structure is designed as a panel of lightweight concrete or autoclaved cellular concrete (type K construction). Lightweight concrete roofing panels with a density of up to 1200 kg / m 2, cellular concrete - 800 kg / m 2. The panels provide cylindrical ventilation ducts in the subroofing layer. The roof is a four-layer roll, and the first layer of waterproofing is carried out at the factory to avoid wetting the structure during transportation, storage and installation.

Three-layer panels of combined bare roofs (type L) are manufactured in a single technological cycle or are assembled at the factory from two thin-walled ribbed plates and insulation between them.

Combined building-made roofs (type M) are erected by successively laying a vapor barrier layer on the upper floor of the building, filling along the slope, a heat-insulating layer, a leveling screed and a multi-layer waterproofing rolled carpet. Design M is the most time-consuming and has the worst performance. Its use should be limited as far as possible.

Rice. 6. Rollless roof with a cold attic (type B):

A, B - cross-sectional diagrams of the attic with internal and external drainage; B - prefabricated element of the catchment tray; G - the same, roofing panels for roofs with internal; D - the same, with an external unorganized drainage system; 1 - frieze panel; 2 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 3 - lattice fence of the roof; 4 - frieze panel of the end wall; 5 - roofing panel; 6 - flashing; 7 - drainage tray; 8 - catchment funnel; 9 - support beam; 10 - attic floor; 11 - support column; 12 - supporting element of the tray; 13 - drain hole; 14 - mounting loops

When constructing a roof from a 3-, 4-layer carpet, a set of constructive measures is taken to increase its durability and reliability. Apply a dot (or strip) sticker of the lower layer and armored ruberoid- for the top layer. The dot sticker promotes uniform distribution of water vapor pressure under the carpet, eliminating the formation of blisters and tears; armoring the coating with light-colored gravel increases the light reflection of the roof, reduces its radiation overheating, which prevents aging and leakage of mastic.

The places where the roof mates with protruding vertical structures (parapets, etc.) are isolated by laying a carpet on these surfaces with the protection of its upper edge with water-removing metal or plastic aprons. The transition of the carpet to the vertical plane is designed smoothly with the installation of slopes at the base of the carpet from a monolithic screed or the installation of prefabricated bars of a trapezoidal section.

An additional insurance for the isolation of these places is the mandatory installation of two additional layers of roofing material in the places where the carpet passes to the vertical plane.

Rice. 7. Rollless roof with a cold attic and internal drainage (type B):

A - scheme-plan of the roof; 1 - roofing panel; 2 - drain funnel; 3 - ventilation unit; 4 - attic floor panel; 5 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 6 - tray panel; 7 - U-shaped plate - flashing; 8 - insulation; 9 - reinforced concrete support frame; 10 - cement-sand mortar; 11 - sealant; 12 - head of the ventilation unit

Rice. 8. Nodes of mates of a rollless roof with a cold attic (type B):

A - options for conjugating the roof with the end of the outer wall; B - options for longitudinal joints of roofing panels; B - design options for coupling ventilation shafts with a roof; 1 - outer wall panel; 2 - frieze panel of the end wall; 3 - parapet slab; 4 - apron made of galvanized steel; 5 - roofing panel; 6 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 7 - strip of roofing material; 8 - insulation; 9 - attic floor slab; Yu - L-shaped parapet element; I - ventilation shaft; 12 - flashing; 13 - sealant; 14 - cement mortar; 15 - drainage tray; 16 - supporting element of the tray

Rice. 9. Variants of junctions of roll-free roof structures with a cold attic (type B):

A, B - options for the design of the roof fencing; C, D, - options for the design of an expansion joint; 1 - roofing panel; 2 - anchor release; 3 - fence post; 4 - U-shaped plate - flashing; 5 - waterproofing with mastic or paint compositions; 6 - cement-sand mortar; 7 - frieze panel; 8 - sealant; 9 - roofing crutches with a step of 600 mm; 10 - galvanized roofing steel; 11 - protective apron made of galvanized steel;

12 - embedded part; 13 - steel connecting element; 14 - tray panel; 15 - drain funnel; 16 - sealing gasket made of porous rubber; 17 - clamping ho-mute of the funnel; 18 - pierced mineral wool mats; 19 - downpipe drain funnel; 20 - insulating bitumen-rubber suit; 21 - hairpin; 22 - metal washer; 23 - steel strip; 24 - compensator made of galvanized roofing steel; 25 - interior panels of the attic.

Rice. 10. Roll-up roof with a warm attic (type B):

A - scheme-plan of the roof, 2 - drain funnel; 3 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 4 - frieze panel; 5 - roofing panel; 6 - tray panel; 7 - support frame; 8 - ventilation pipe; 9 - insulating insert; 10 - main roof; 11 - sliding strip of rolled material; 12 - cement-sand mortar

Rice. 10.11. Joint nodes of roll roof structures with a warm attic (consumer goods B):

A, B - options for the design of the roof fencing; 1 - frieze panel; 2 - warming insert; 3 - anchor release; 4 - roof crutches with a step of 600 mm; 5 - galvanized roofing steel; 6 - stop-ka fences; 7 - three additional layers of rube-roid; 8 - main roof; 9 - concrete side stone; 10 - cement-sand mortar; 11 - protective apron made of galvanized steel roofing; 12 - roofing panel; 13 - sliding strip of rolled material;

14 - support frame; 15 - tray panel; 16 - two additional layers of roofing from mastics reinforced with glass mesh or fiberglass; 17 - filling with bituminous mastic; 18 - a bowl of a drain funnel; 19 - jet straightener; 20 - sleeve made of asbestos-cement pipe d = 150 mm; 21 - rubber gasket; 22 - clamping collar; 23 - downpipe drain funnel; 24 - filling with sealing mastic; 25 - ventilation shaft; 26 - tow soaked in hot bitumen to a depth of 50 mm; 27 - an umbrella made of galvanized roofing steel; 28 - steel pipe with a flange; 29 - attic floor slab

Rice. 12. Rollless roof with a warm attic (type G):

A - scheme-plan, roofs: 1 - two-layer warm non-rolled roofing panel; 2 - exhaust shaft; 3 - protective umbrella; 4 - two-layer tray panel; 5 - frieze panel; 6 - head of the ventilation shaft: 7 - supporting element of the tray panel; 8 - riser of the internal drain; 9 - drainage tray; 10 - three-layer roofing panel; 11 - the same, tray panel; 12 - attic floor panel; 13 - concrete flashing; 14 - sealing mastic; 15 - insulation; 16 - concrete key.

Fig.13. Joint nodes of roll-top roof structures with a warm attic (type G):

1- frieze panel; 2 - gernite; 3 - sealing mastic; 4 - concrete parapet; 5 - insulation; 6 - three-layer roofing panel; 7 - cement-sand mortar; 8 - two-layer roofing panel; 9 - U-shaped concrete flashing; 10 - tray three-layer panel; 11 - tray double-layer panel

Rice. 14. Schemes of plans for non-attic roofs of types "I", "K", "M". Knots of a non-attic ventilated roof of type "I":

a - with internal drainage; b - the same, with an external drainage system; B - parapet nodes of the roof; node I-1a - adjoining the roof and ceiling to the outer load-bearing wall; I-1b - the same, to the outer curtain wall; I-2a - to the brickwork wall; I-2b - to the wall of large blocks; 1 - multi-hollow floor panel; 2 - a layer of cushioning roofing felt on bituminous mastic; 3 - slab insulation; 4 - lime-sand crust; 5 - ventilated air gap; 6 - roofing panel; 7 - three layers of laying roofing material; 8 - a layer of roofing roofing material;

9 - protective layer of fine gravel 20-25 mm; 10 - cement-sand mortar; And - the outer wall of brickwork; 12 - external non-bearing wall; 13 - ventilation air; 14 - concrete parapet slab; 15 - concrete side stone; 16 - two additional layers of roofing material; 17 - protective painting with a waterproofing compound; 18 - mineral wool felt; 19 - lifting loop, bent and welded to the embedded part of the parapet block; 20 - blocks of the outer load-bearing wall; 21 - roofing galvanized steel; 22 - ventilation air grille; 23 - activated wooden cork; 24 - anchor pipe fencing; 25 - fence post; 26 - antiseptic wooden lath 66x80 mm

Rice. 15. Non-attic ventilated roof type "G":

Nodes I-3, I-4 and I-5: 1 - outer wall; 2 - cement-sand mortar; 3 - ventilation air grille; 4 - eaves plate; 5 - roofing crutch; 6 - roofing galvanized steel; 7 - two additional layers of roofing material; 8 - flat asbestos-cement slab; 9 - multi-hollow floor panel; 10 - layer of cushioning roofing material; 11 - slab insulation; 12 - lime-sand crust; 13 - ventilated air gap; 14 - roofing panel; 15 - three layers of cushioning roofing material;

16 - a layer of roofing roofing material; 17 - protective layer of gravel 20 - 25 mm; 18 - brick wall; 19 - mineral wool felt; 20 - apron made of galvanized steel roofing; 21 - antiseptic wooden cork; 22 - antiseptic wooden board with a section of 120x50 mm; 23 - upper compensator made of galvanized steel roofing; 24 - internal transverse walls; 25 - lower compensator made of galvanized steel roofing, adjusted with dowels through 300 mm; 26 - dowels; 27 - parapet slab; 28 - concrete side stone; 29 - protective painting with waterproofing compound

Rice. 16. Non-attic roof made of light-weight concrete panels of type "K":

Nodes K-1, K-2, K-3, K-4 and K-5; 1 - lightweight concrete cover panel; 2 - outer wall; 3 - mineral wool felt; 4 - side concrete stone; 5 - three layers of cushioning roofing material; 6 - a layer of armored ruberoid; 7 - two additional layers of roofing material; 8 - parapet plate; 9 - protective layer of fine gravel 20-25 mm; 10 - apron made of galvanized steel roofing; 11 - upper compensator made of galvanized steel roofing; 12 - antiseptic wooden board; 13 - antiseptic wooden cork; 14 - brick wall; 15 - internal walls; 16 - lower compensator made of galvanized steel roofing; 17 - ventilation duct; 18 - roofing crutch; 19 - roofing galvanized steel.

Rice. 10.19. Non-attic non-ventilated roof type M:

nodes M-5a - M-8; 1 - brick wall; 2 - cement-sand mortar; 3 - multi-hollow reinforced concrete panel; 4 - a layer of cushioning roofing material on bituminous mastic; 5 - a layer of expanded clay crushed stone or slag to create a roof slope; 6 - slab insulation; 7 - cement-sand screed; 8 - three layers of cushioning roofing material on bituminous mastic; 9 - layer of armored roofing material; 10 - protective layer of fine gravel 20-25 mm; 11 - mastic waterproofing carpet reinforced with fiberglass;

12 - three additional layers of roofing material; 13 - three additional mastic layers reinforced with two layers of fiberglass; 14 - apron made of galvanized steel roofing; 15 - antiseptic rail along the entire length; 16 - mineral wool felt; 17 - window sill; 18 - antiseptic wooden cork; 19 - mastic; 20 - compensator made of galvanized steel roofing; 21 - antiseptic wooden board 19x150 mm along the entire length; 22 - roofing galvanized steel; 23 - dowels.

In some cases (for example, if a metal tile system is being installed on top of an old soft tile), this is possible. However, it must be understood that a damaged base may begin to rot and, thereby, provoke the failure of a new layer. That is why we would not recommend laying new materials on top of old ones. It is better to remove the damaged building material and complete the required work, as required by the technology.

As practice shows, the vast majority of roofs in ordinary private houses are built in such a way that it is not necessary to dismantle the roof base to install an additional insulating layer. If we talk about multi-apartment buildings, then the situation is different: since in multi-storey buildings, built-up coatings are used, insulation becomes impossible.

If there is damage to individual structural elements, then only these parts can be replaced. In this case, the area of damage should not exceed 35%. For larger problems, it is worth making a complete replacement of the truss system.

Urgent repair is required in case of a serious violation of the tightness of the coating: it may be required when part of the roof is torn off, water flows during precipitation, peeling, tearing or swelling of the roofing material.

We provide the following warranty periods:
soft roof: 5 years

metal roofing: 3 years

roll and bituminous coatings: 3 years

polymer tile and seam covering: 6 years.

The warranty period depends on the type of work performed and is calculated when drawing up a repair plan. Data on the warranty period must be announced to the customer before the start of work and are included in the contract.
Any leak is a problem that requires careful and timely repair. First, it is important to correctly determine the cause of the leak. Secondly, with self-repair, there is a risk of damaging serviceable elements that are nearby. If you are not a roofing specialist, we recommend calling a master who will not only fix the problem, but also provide a guarantee for their services.

In order to accurately determine the cause of the appearance of water, an examination is necessary, which will be carried out by a specialist. You can independently determine what is the cause of the appearance of moisture by the following signs:
in the event of a leak in the roof, water begins to drip in the warm season after rain, and in the cold season in sunny weather and sudden warming.

with the accumulation of condensate, moisture appears constantly and practically does not depend on weather conditions.

For an accurate diagnosis, we recommend calling a specialist who will accurately determine the cause and tell you what actions to take next.
Two fundamentally different types of roofs have been used in Moscow construction: non-attic and attic, and non-attic roofs are used in two constructive varieties - non-ventilated (Fig. 7.1) and ventilated (Fig. 7.2).
Atticless roofs have been widely used in five- and nine-story large-panel houses. The most typical example is the construction of the combined roof in the houses of the 1605 or I-464 series (see Figure 7.1). The same flat reinforced concrete slabs serve as the bearing base here as in the interfloor ceilings. Under the conditions of construction, a foam glass insulation, cement-fibrolite plates, etc., a cement screed and a waterproofing carpet are laid along the vapor barrier layer along the supporting slab. Drainage from the roof is organized through an internal drain.
This design is highly labor-intensive, since all work is carried out in construction conditions.
Ventilated combined roofs, the design of which consists of paired reinforced concrete slabs with a heater enclosed between them (see Fig. 7.2, a), are manufactured at the factory. The drainage here is also internal (see Fig. 7.2, b). As a heater, mineral wool slabs on a bitumen or phenolic binder, cement fiberboard, etc. are used. The lower and upper slabs are connected to each other using expanded clay concrete wedge-shaped ribs (see Fig. 7.2, a), thanks to which the necessary slope of the upper roofing panel is simultaneously organized.
New in this design is the inclusion of a prefabricated valley element in the roof, which allows you to clearly organize the drainage of water from the roof to the funnels of the internal drain.
The weight of a complex panel of this design is approximately 8 tons. It is used for nine-story large-panel houses of mass series II-57, II-49 and 1605/9. Surveys have shown the reliable operation of such a roof structure, satisfactory waterproofing and heat engineering qualities.
Attic roofs are usually made on high-rise buildings - more than 9 floors. Their designs are largely determined by the constructive solution of the house as a whole. With a panel structure of houses with a narrow pitch of transverse load-bearing walls, the roof is made of often ribbed vibro-rolled slabs in combination with a special prefabricated valley element, as is done, for example, on a 17-storey house of vibro-rolled structures built on Prospekt Mira. Insulation in this case is located on the ceiling above the upper residential floor, and the attic, thus, remains cold.
In houses with a wide pitch of transverse walls, the attic roof is supported by panels used in interfloor ceilings, or ribbed roofing. In houses with longitudinal load-bearing walls, for example, the I-515 series or in brick houses, the roofing is carried out on vibro-rolled often ribbed panels laid on special transverse girders (Fig. 7.3) or on long ribbed flooring.
Similar solutions for attic roofs have been implemented in all high-rise buildings, both large-panel and frame. The use of attic roofs improves the performance of residential buildings and at the same time is not associated with a significant increase in construction costs.
Consider the features of the roof and compare the existing design solutions for roofs.
The combined roof as an external fence differs from the external walls in the presence of a powerful waterproofing layer (carpet) located on the outside. The waterproofing layer is practically vapor-tight, it creates conditions for the accumulation of moisture directly in the insulation layer under the waterproofing. Due to the diffusion of water vapor penetrating from the room, moisture is retained in the structure and as a result (during the operation of the building in winter) there is a sharp deterioration in the heat-shielding qualities of the roof, delamination and violation of the waterproofing carpet, destruction of the insulation. The situation is aggravated by the high initial humidity of heat-insulating materials - fibrolite, mineral wool boards and other porous materials that easily absorb and slowly release moisture. As field observations showed, the actual moisture content of the heat-insulating material after 2.5 years of operation ranged from 12 to 28% instead of the standard 3-10%. Such a high humidity of the heat-insulating layer of combined roofs adversely affects their performance, reducing durability and increasing the thermal conductivity of structures, which causes freezing of the roof or condensation on the ceiling of residential premises.
It is well known that with an increase in the moisture content of materials, their thermal conductivity increases significantly. For example, for foam concrete with a volumetric weight of 600 kg / m 3, the thermal conductivity coefficient at a weight humidity of about 10% is 0.226 kcal / m 2 h deg, and at a weight humidity of about 20% it is already 0.321 kcal / m 2 h deg. During the heating season, heat loss through 1 m2 of coatings with an increase in the humidity of foam concrete from 10 to 20% increases by almost 30%. This can be compensated by increased heating (and correspondingly increased fuel costs). But with increased heating with roof panels with insufficient heat transfer resistance (due to high humidity), the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the premises deteriorate, despite the increase in operating costs.
In addition, the high humidity of the materials under the roofing drape dramatically reduces its durability. Due to the intense heating of the carpet in summer, the water vapor pressure sharply increases in the pores of the material located under it, as a result of which easily bursting swellings are formed in the carpet, the height of which reaches 20-30 mm. This phenomenon becomes even more intense due to the occurrence of cracks in the wet cement mortar screed, which repeatedly freezes and thaws in winter.

A large initial moisture content is especially typical for non-industrial combined roofs, insulated by laying heat-insulating material on a carrier plate, followed by a screed and a carpet sticker (as, for example, in the houses of the 1605 series). Structures of this type are difficult to protect from soaking by atmospheric precipitation during the construction process.
As surveys have shown, ventilated roofs dry out quickly: after a year of operation, the humidity decreases from 13% to the standard - 3%. Observations have shown that the movement of air in ventilated roofs occurs constantly; the speed of this movement, depending on the speed and direction of the wind, ranges from 0.08 to 1 m/s or more.
In the process of developing and improving the structures of combined roofs, many different solutions have been developed, but so far the roofs are still busy and have insufficiently reliable performance.
Among the heavy, non-industrial and at the same time expensive solutions for non-attic roofs is the roof construction in the 1605 series houses. It is no coincidence that it turned out to be 18% more expensive and 2.5 times more labor-intensive than the construction of a combined roof from twin reinforced concrete shells (Table 7.1), in which a normal temperature and humidity regime is ensured. In the latest solution, the design of reinforced concrete rolling elements has been significantly improved, which have become more crack-resistant and rigid; successfully solved the element of the tray, through which atmospheric water is diverted to the internal drains. All the main work on the installation and assembly of the roof is carried out at the factory, and at the building they only close up the seams between the plates and stick the last layers of the waterproofing carpet.

Drains from roofs are internal, since both organized and unorganized external drainage is unacceptable in the Moscow climate, especially in high-rise buildings.
A reliable and rational design of the internal drain has been worked out, which can be recommended for widespread use (Fig. 7.4). The internal drain is made of cast iron or, more rationally, of asbestos-cement pipes with a diameter of 150 mm, connected by couplings. Its main feature is the organization of open releases to the surface of the earth. Gutters with such open outlets have been operating flawlessly for more than 10 years.
Measurements of the temperature of melt water in the drain during the winter period showed that it does not fall below -2 ° C, and therefore the possibility of ice plugs is excluded. Thus, traditional solutions with the discharge of atmospheric water from internal drains into storm sewer systems turned out to be completely optional, which are far from being available everywhere and, moreover, lead to a sharp increase in the cost of drains (Table 7.2).

In order to avoid the formation of frost on the ground under the open outlet, it is advisable to switch over to the winter period the descent of essentially a very small amount of melt water into the city sewer.
The analysis shows (see Table 7.2) that the cost of installing internal drains with an open water outlet system, which have immeasurably higher performance, is approximately equal to or lower than the cost of organized outdoor drains.
Drainage funnels are usually located along the longitudinal axis of the building and one for each residential section. The maximum catchment area for one drain funnel should be taken no more than 400 m 2. The transverse slopes of the roof, directed towards the axis of the building, along which the drain funnels are located, are usually 1.5-3%. Between the funnels, triangular sloping roof slopes are formed, called envelopes, through which water flows into the funnels. In ventilated roofs, it is most rational to arrange straight gutters with a slight longitudinal slope of 1-1.5% (see Fig. 7.2, b). A waterproofing carpet of four layers of roofing felt on one layer of glassine is laid on envelopes or in a gutter.
The correct design of various types of superstructures on roofs: ventilation ducts, hatches, etc. is important for ensuring high performance of roofs. At present, industrial solutions for superstructures have been developed that simultaneously provide for reliable winding and fastening of a waterproofing carpet, in particular, combining in one block of ventilation ducts, sewer hoods and radio and television antennas. Thanks to this, it is possible to significantly reduce the number of intersections between the roof and superstructures and eliminate possible damage to the rolled waterproofing that occurs in areas near intersections.
A generalization of construction practice allows us to recommend an attic roof type (with a warm attic device) with an internal drain from asbestos-cement pipes and water outlet from the drain at ground level as the main solution for residential buildings with a height of more than 9 floors.