When we talk about "types of roofs" and "types of roofs of houses", we do not always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before talking about what roofs are, let's find out the differences in the concepts of "roof" and "roof".
The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure, which provides protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with a flat design, these are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna attachment elements, funnels for storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the ownership of the hatch with a lock, which is hung by the ZhES so that they do not climb on the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a supporting truss system or trusses, insulation, hydro and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.
In fact, from the point of view of Soviet building science, the roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the possibility of a dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a supporting reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat ones. And to call the upper part of St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut a “covering” would never occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly”.
The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, truss system, beams, insulation do not apply to the roof. Often, it includes a load-bearing roof preparation: lathing, flooring, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing material and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper are called roofing.
Flat and pitched designs
Roofs are flat and pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12 ° are flat, with a large slope - pitched. On flat roofs, the slope is arranged to remove precipitation, 1.5-3 ° is enough.
The flat roof provides a lot of room for imagination in terms of design.
The pitched roof can be very original.
Attic and non-attic roofs
As the name implies, an attic roof has an attic, a non-attic one does not. The Russian hut, and indeed most types of traditional dwellings of all countries and peoples, have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. It's hard to do there. Also, there are no attics among the tribes living in the equatorial jungle, they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof leaks, the tenants will not know about it immediately.
Atticless (synonymous - combined) coatings can be pitched (mansard) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel "Khrushchev". The attic device allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Non-attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.
The combined gable roof in a one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness
Types of flat coverings
In terms of layout, flat roofs are quite similar, differing mainly in design. According to the mutual arrangement of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished, in this case, a hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, wooden beams with solid flooring can be used.
The structure of the roof of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab is multi-layer
The area of flat roofs can be used by laying a covering that can be walked on: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or arranging a lawn on the roof.
In New York, a program has been adopted to turn the roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.
In fact, arranging a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered in a drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.
The design of the lawn on the roof is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane
Pitched construction details
Before talking about what roof shapes are, let's define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into cornice (lower) and gable (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the base material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating roof details.
The main elements of pitched roofs are standard.
Consider what are the roofs of houses, depending on the configuration. The forms of pitched roofs are very diverse. More often, the most simple in design and rational single-pitched, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.
The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.
Consider the individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.
Shed cover
A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally, has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge, for non-ventilated roofing (eg flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and ventilation holes can be placed in the filing. A shed roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to atmospheric influences. The maximum wear of roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice lie there longer. A simple roof with a slope in one direction is exposed to uniform rainfall, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. Ceteris paribus, a shed roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: the truss system is simpler, the minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.
Russian project of a typical house with a shed roof. A high slope with living rooms should be oriented to the sunny side
Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, bringing living quarters under a high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under a low one. In a premium-class home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.
For the construction of this country house, simple materials were used: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect the walls from precipitation, and the premises from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold
The roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting.
Gable design
The most common form in the world. A gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed truss system using a puff.
The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.
For large spans, additional supports must be used.
The gable roof is simple in execution, economical in materials, it is not difficult to build it yourself. Gables serve as a better place than slopes for placing windows; it is easy to equip an attic.
The gable roof fits perfectly into the design of the frame house, allows you to rationally use the space of the upper floor
The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The slope of the roof is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.
The peaked roofs of the half-timbered houses traditionally concealed attics, where the inhabitants stored part of the supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic is adapted for living quarters.
The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope.
The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior.
A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.
Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-forceps
A gable (as, indeed, a shed) roof is perfect for landscaping.
Green roof slope must not exceed 25°
hip view
A hipped or hipped roof is more complicated than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and the roofing will cost more. But you do not have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roofing (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. At more expensive - hardly. Of the positive properties of the hip structure, one can name the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). The slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in the organization of the attic space, the hipped roof loses.
Simple four-pitched attic roof
There are varieties of hip roofs: semi-hip (an intermediate type of roof between a gable and hip), hip with a visor, or their varieties.
The main part of the roof of a rather complex shape is half-hip. On the right, a bay window with a multi-pitched roof is attached, a pediment is arranged.
The windows in the hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their construction and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in a pediment.
Skylights of this type are called "bull's eye"
Multi-slope variety
A hipped roof is called a hipped roof. But if the house does not have four outer corners, but more, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called a multi-pitched roof.
Multi-pitched roof is difficult to install
A hipped roof is called a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. Such a roof does not have a horizontal ridge.
Shed roof. Three types of skylights are placed on it at once
Mansard construction
Mansard roofs are called roofs of various shapes and types, which are united by one common feature: the shape of the slope is broken in order to increase the height of the attic rooms. Thus, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings, to arrange full-fledged rooms at the top. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, semi-hip and so on.
The truss construction of a gable mansard roof was assembled.
The design of the mansard roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (puff), racks, rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to somewhat reduce the cross section of the frame elements.
The load from the mansard roof truss is transferred vertically
Mounting the load-bearing structures of mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. Slightly larger roof area. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are paid off by increasing the area of \u200b\u200bnormal height on the attic floor.
Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the eaves area allow creating large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas
Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. Slopes divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curvilinear shape
Roofs of complex shape
All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in execution and were invented by architects to decorate important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “locks on the ruble”, complex roofs in the architecture of individual residential buildings are not common.
Residential building with a complex domed roof
Sometimes complex roofs are made up of known elements and are "hybrids" of different types.
This roof combines the features of a gable, hip, semi-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs.
But people tend to decorate their home, make it unusual. Sometimes there are "hybrid" types of roofs, which are difficult to unambiguously define.
The natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany
Simple in form, but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.
The roof of this "dugout" would have been designed for sledding in winter, if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?
The choice of roofing material for a pitched roof
Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing. The roof can be tiled, metal, shingled, copper and so on. The choice of roofing is primarily determined by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the spouse and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coatings, sheet materials are more suitable for simple shed and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (inclined ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.
The table shows the minimum roof slopes for different types of roofing.
For roofs of simple shapes, any roofing material can be used without restrictions. Roofs of complex curvilinear shape can only be decorated with small-piece (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bituminous tiles) coating. A roof made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with a titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the fold is made on site.
So, we found out what types of roofs are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money you have to spend. Any builder will cope with a gable roof. In Germany, there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but simple things can be done beautifully.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-464
Large-panel 4-5-story residential buildings of the 1-464 series of standard projects are the most common first-generation prefabricated buildings. The solution of the houses of the considered series is based on the cross-wall structural system.
The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which this type of house was called houses with a "narrow" pitch of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs of the size “per room” are supported on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which take part of the vertical load, while at the same time providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.
The floor slabs laid at 3.2m spacing are calculated and operate as supported along the contour. Since all interior walls separating rooms are loaded by floors and floors above, it is not possible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, the removal of the outer walls at a step of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with a rolled soft roof or attic rafter with a roof of corrugated asbestos cement.
When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to install new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.
When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The arrangement of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes of such openings, reinforcement of the overlap may be required.
In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick and 90 cm wide were mounted according to two schemes. In the initial period of construction, they rested on the outer wall and were held in the design position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this solution was abandoned and, considering the balcony slab as a cantilever supported on the outer wall, they connected it to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-468
Typical projects of residential buildings of the 1-468 series were originally developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.
The load-bearing skeleton of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system are called houses with a "mixed" step of the transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of the houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the outer wall panels are made of autoclaved cellular concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors rest on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll coating and attic truss with a roof of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.
The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, except for individual sections of the inner wall adjacent to the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the shortcomings in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The device of new and expansion of existing openings in the bearing transverse walls is possible only if the calculation confirms and strengthens the "contours" of the openings.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-335
Five-story residential buildings of the 1-335 series of standard projects are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical projects of this series were originally developed by the author's team of the Leningrad Design Bureau, and then continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.
The structural scheme of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a step of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of the reinforced concrete columns , and on the other hand, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the load-bearing outer wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are interconnected by girders that provide longitudinal rigidity of the building.
In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were used mainly layered. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed “shell” and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersection walls of the stairwells.
With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series in the houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.
A modification of this constructive system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support crossbars on them. Such houses are called "full frame houses". In them, the outer walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.
Five-story brick houses series 1-447
The 1-447 series includes standard projects of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing skeleton of the houses in this series are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end and internal, between which there are stairwells. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (internal and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.
The floors are made in the form of reinforced concrete multi-hollow slabs, supported by short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. Openings in the outer longitudinal walls can only be enlarged by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. Lintels above windows should also be preserved. In the end walls of the building during reconstruction, it is possible to make openings.
Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447
Repair of a soft roof with the help of roofing material is widely used for the arrangement and repair of a flat roof of multi-storey panel houses. Roll roof repair is a roof device using the method of fusing soft bitumen-polymer compounds onto a flat roof surface. Such materials are made on a fiberglass basis, impregnated with bitumen, as well as modified polymers. This type of roof is considered the third generation of soft roof development.
Roll roofing has excellent physical and mechanical properties, namely heat resistance, strength, elasticity, water resistance, increased resistance to compression, and has low deformation under significant loads. Such a roof is perfectly combined with concrete and other roofing materials. The rolled roof has good soundproofing and sound-absorbing properties, during a downpour it is almost silent.
The built-up rolled roof, unlike other types, is not afraid of a strong hurricane wind. An important advantage of this rolled material is that it is easily transported. In industrial conditions, a bitumen or polymer-bitumen mixture is applied to the roofing material layer, and then the material is covered with a special protective layer of special coarse-grained crumb. Often sand, mica or slate is used. The bottom layer is a polyethylene film. The produced material can be used for welding. The quality of rolled roofing depends on the modifiers of the bituminous mixture. These are styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS polymer) and atactic polypropylene (APP). These components give the material heat resistance up to +180 degrees, water resistance, fire resistance, UV resistance, flexibility.
Installation, installation and repair of a flat roll roof can be done in different seasons. Only rainfall can interfere with the work. It is highly recommended to completely remove the old cover, as it may contain a certain amount of moisture, which can further contribute to the formation of blisters. It is because of them that puddles will form, and, accordingly, leaks and a reduction in the life of the roofing carpet are possible.
Proper installation technique of roll roofing will extend the service life up to 25 years. Roll roofing is laid on a reinforced concrete surface by melting a layer of mastic. For this, gas, propane-butane or electric burners are usually used.
If subsidence has formed on the surface, then the following methods are used for leveling: if the subsidence has a recess of more than 15 mm, then after clearing the place it will need to be filled with asphalt concrete, then pasting is carried out with three layers of deposited material, followed by overlapping each layer by 150 mm. If the drawdown is less than 15 mm, then it is not necessary to glue additional layers and it will be possible to do without the use of asphalt concrete.
You can also repair the air bag using a simpler method. It will be necessary to pierce the swollen part, release the air and introduce kerosene or white spirit into the cavity. after that, the repaired area must be compacted. If the roof has small leaks at the installation sites of the drain funnel, it is necessary to replace the rigid connection between the riser and the water outlet with a movable one, and also install pipe clamps. Before applying a layer of mastic, the sealing site should be thoroughly dried and primed.
If after a long time of operation the roofing has no defects and leaks, its service life can be extended. To do this, it is necessary to apply impregnation and protection of the surface of the material with special compounds. For impregnation of the built-up roof, the composition of the mastic in percentage terms should be: petroleum bitumen - 33, diesel oil - 50, white spirit - 15, sodium fluorosilicone - 2.
For the installation of an additional protective layer, the composition should be as follows: petroleum bitumen - 23, solar oil - 27.5, aluminum powder - 15.5, white spirit - 25.5, asbestos - 2.5, mica - 2.5, rubber crumb - 4. Rubber crumb is introduced into the molten bitumen, slowly mixing until a homogeneous mass. Asbestos and mica as fillers are ground to a powder state, and then mixed with a bitumen-rubber binder. Solar oil and white spirit are introduced into such a mass. Later aluminum powder is added.
The most time-consuming process in the repair of rolled roofing is the removal of the old cover, which often consists of 10 or more layers of roofing material. To mechanize this process, two machines are used. The multilayer carpet is cut by a machine with a rotary cutter. As a result of the operation of this machine, a seam with a width of 10 mm is obtained. The cover is cut into small sections of 500x500 mm. Another machine cuts these sections and removes them from the base with a knife. Waste is placed in a special container and removed from the roof. With this equipment, about 250 mm2 of the old roof can be removed in one shift.
Large subsidences are first leveled with asphalt, and later they are sealed with rolled material in two layers.
Roll roof repair involves:
- preparation of the base of the roof for subsequent laying provides for cleaning from debris, dirt, water, dedusting and leveling;
- installation of a heat-insulating layer using a monolithic plate or bulk materials;
- leveling the thermal insulation surface with a screed;
- applying a primer layer (primer);
- installation of a waterproofing carpet by laying rolled material and applying heated mastic;
- installation of cornice overhangs, junctions and parapets;
- carrying out sealing of exits to the roof for antennas, pipes, etc.;
- installation of a drainage system;
- anti-icing device for cornices and gutters.
Most buildings with a flat roof are in need of repair. Despite the excellent physical and mechanical properties of the rolled material, in our climatic zone, over time, soft roofing becomes fragile and needs to be repaired. Repair of built-up roofing will be required where visible cracks and defects appeared. They can be caused by many factors. It can be wind, water, snow, air, hail, impact noise, ultraviolet, mold fungi, chemical solutions, garbage.
If through cracks are found in the upper layers of the roofing material along them along a width of 1 m, the roofing decking should be freed from crumbs or a protective layer. A strip of roofing material 150-200 mm wide must be applied to the crack and glued on one side. Next, glue the roofing deck in three layers so that the next one overlaps the previous one by 100-150mm. After this procedure, a protective layer is applied.
If cracks are found at the junction with the walls, it is necessary for the convenience of work to remove or bend the protective apron and remove all layers of the deposited material that are slightly above the crack. Next, it is necessary to arrange an inclined transitional edge, free the entire surface of the roofing carpet from crumbs or a protective layer to a width of up to 750 mm from the bottom of the transitional edge. On the protruding surface, a shtraba and wooden plugs are arranged, to which an antiseptic wooden beam is fixed. The junction surface below the beam must be primed and plastered with a cement-sand mortar.
The bent part of the built-up carpet must be thoroughly cleaned of dust and primed. Next, hot mastic is applied to it and tightly glued to the surface. At the same time, a protective apron is also nailed to the wooden beam. Using dowels, a steel strip is attached to the concrete surface, sealed with mastic, and then painted with paint.
You can determine whether a repair of a built-up roof is necessary according to these signs:
- microcracks, ruptures, bubbles on the upper layer of the material;
- decay and vegetation in the middle layer;
- delamination and delamination from the screed of the base of the roofing material;
- softness of the adhesive.
Experts recommend repairing the built-up roof if there is up to 40% damage on the roof. Repair can be carried out by applying a patch or a melting seam to the defect. Overhaul of built-up roofing is required if 60% or more of the roof is damaged.
Consequences of late repair
A leaking roof can lead to serious consequences. This can be damage to furniture, equipment, poor appearance of the building, leakage of the ceiling in apartments, and even to the accident rate of the entire building. That is why roof repairs must be of high quality, professional and timely. It includes a thorough inspection of the entire surface of the roof.
Roof repair with cold mastics
For such a repair, it is necessary to pre-prepare the surface: clean it from debris, dust, dirt, fix junctions and slopes. It will also be necessary to make a complete or partial repair of defective sections of the roof. Since this type of repair is carried out without fiberglass reinforcement, the next step will be filling with mastic.
Repair with cold mastics with fiberglass reinforcement involves the following work:
- cleaning the surface from dirt, debris, dust, correcting slopes, repairing damaged areas;
- applying the first layer of mastic;
- carrying out reinforcement with fiberglass;
- applying a second layer of mastic;
- final filling with mastic;
- applying protective aluminum paint to the mastic.
Sometimes a repair is used by a combined method, i.e. using cold mastics without reinforcement with special fiberglass with a fuse of a small top layer of rolled materials. To do this, perform the same surface preparation as in the previous cases. Next, the first layer of mastic is applied, reinforced with fiberglass. After that, a second layer of mastic is applied and the top layer of rolled materials is welded.
Repair from roll materials in one layer involves:
- surface preparation;
- priming the old coating with mastic;
- fusing the top layer of the roof from a soft material;
- for ventilated coatings installation of wind vanes.
Types of installation and repair of roll roofing
- Emergency roof repairs. The need for such repairs arises when leaky areas are discovered or in emergency situations, such as extreme weather conditions or a tree fall. Often, a small part of the roofing (5-20%) is replaced.
- Current roof repair. Routine maintenance of the roof is carried out regularly or when signs of a violation of the tightness or strength of individual sections are found. This type of repair involves the replacement of 10% to 40% of the entire surface, as well as the elimination of all kinds of damage.
- Roof overhaul. Such repairs involve a complete or partial bulkhead of the roof. Old and damaged areas are completely cut off and replaced with new ones. Major overhaul involves:
- dismantling of the old coating
- dismantling of thermal insulation materials and screeds
- assessment and repair of the vapor barrier system
- drainage system repair
- creating a ramp
- installation of thermal insulation materials
- laying sand-cement screed
- priming cement screed
- installation of roofing around funnels and aerators
- laying roofing in two layers in the places where parapets and structural elements are located
- the creation of parapets and protective aprons at the points of contact (such elements are made of galvanized steel, which is coated with a polymer material).
- Roll roofing device:
- storm water inlet installation
- vapor barrier film installation
- insulation installation
- installation of reinforcing mesh on the insulation
- laying cement screed with a thickness of 50 mm
- primer priming
- adjoining priming
- fusing with roofing felt of the first layer
- surfacing with roofing material adjunctions
- fusing with roofing material of the second layer
- installation of wind vanes
- clamping plate installation
- installation of galvanized apron
- installation of a galvanized parapet.
Loose or slab heaters are often used for roof insulation. The basis of loose insulation is expanded clay gravel. This material is used for slopes on a flat roof, which will provide a natural flow of water into the drainage system. Roof slab insulation is usually foam, mineral wool and extruded polystyrene foam.
The ideal base for roofing should be firm and even. This criterion will correspond to the screed, which is concrete, cement-sand and asphalt concrete.
If you use an asphalt concrete screed as a base, this will make it possible to avoid wet processes that require long drying. Also, this type of screed makes it possible to shorten the installation process of the roof. The likelihood of waterlogging of the insulation during roofing work will also decrease.
During the installation of polymer membranes, mechanical fastening to the base is often used. Using hot air welding with a temperature of about 600 degrees, thermoplastic membrane panels are welded. To do this, use automatic welding equipment. The junction device is carried out using a manual building hair dryer.
To repair the roof, you must have the following tools, mechanisms and fixtures:
- electroreversive single-drum winches with a loading capacity of 125 kg;
- cantilever beam lifts with a carrying capacity of 200 kg;
- metal cantilever beams
- rope with a diameter of 4.8 mm.
Using an asphalt concrete screed, it will not be necessary to prime the base under the waterproofing layer. Laying of the deposited material is carried out with the help of a burner flame by melting the primed base and the underside of the deposited material. If it is not possible to use an open flame, then ballast or mechanical fastening of the bitumen-polymer material can be used.
Modern built-up roofing, made of polymer roofing membranes or bitumen-polymer compounds, is a durable reliable system with a service life of 15-35 years. Repair of the built-up roof will not require additional labor costs.
Safety
It is forbidden to repair the roof with liquid rubber during strong wind (more than 6 points), sleet and on a wet roof. During work, workers must have safety belts, non-slip (felted or felt shoes), safety belts, goggles and gloves.
With any slope of the roof, it is necessary to take measures to prevent the mastic from running off the roof and falling materials from it. It is forbidden to store primers, solvents and mastics near the fire.
Bitumen boilers should be located on designated special sites, which are at least 50 m away from buildings. Near such a boiler there should be a set of fire fighting equipment (dry sand in boxes, a shovel, foam fire extinguishers). The boiler must have a well-closing fireproof lid. It is necessary to fill the container no more than 2/3 of the total volume.