A mini hydroelectric power station is a small hydroelectric power station that produces a small amount of electrical energy.
Operating principle of mini hydroelectric power station
The operating principle of small hydroelectric power plants is no different from the operating principle of large power stations. The water of a water formation, river, lake, reservoir, under the influence of pressure created by its mass, moves in a given direction and enters the blades of a hydraulic turbine. The turbine transmits its rotational motion to the rotational motion of a generator, which produces electric current.
Water pressure is created by building a dam or by the natural flow of water, or both.
Device classification
Hydroelectric power plants generating power up to 5.0 MW are considered small.
Existing small hydroelectric power plants are classified according to:
1. Operating principle
- Using a “water wheel” - in this case, the receiving wheel is placed in the aquatic environment parallel to the surface of the water, but is only partially submerged. The water masses, exerting pressure on the wheel blades, cause it to rotate, which is transmitted to the rotational movement of the generator.
- Garland design - in this version of the device, a cable is laid from opposite sides, onto which the rotors are rigidly attached. Masses of water moving progressively rotate the rotors. The rotational motion of the rotors is transmitted to the cable, which, in turn, rotates and transmits its rotational motion to the rotational motion of the generator. The generator is installed on shore.
- With a Darrieus rotor - the basis for the operation of devices of this type is the pressure difference on the rotor blades. The pressure difference is created by water flowing over the complex surfaces of the rotor.
- With a propeller - the principle of operation is similar to the operation of a wind generator, with the difference that in the case of a mini hydroelectric power station the blades are placed in an aquatic environment.
2. Application possibilities
- Industrial use (180 kW and above) - used for power supply to enterprises or sale to consumers.
- Commercial use (up to 180 kW) - used for power supply to small energy-intensive enterprises and groups of houses.
- Household use (up to 15 kW) - used for power supply of individual houses and small facilities.
3. According to the turbine design
- Axial - in units of this design, water moves along the axis of the turbine and hits the blades, which begin to rotate.
- Radial-axial - in this design, water initially moves radially in relation to the axis of the turbine, and then in accordance with the axis of its rotation.
- Bucket - water enters the surface of the bucket (blade) through nozzles, thanks to which the speed of the water increases, it hits the turbine blade, the turbine rotates, the next blade comes into operation and the process continues
- Rotary-blade - the blades rotate around their axis simultaneously with the rotation of the turbine.
4. According to installation conditions
Pros and cons of the device
The advantages of use include:
- Environmental safety of installations for the environment;
- An inexhaustible source of energy;
- Low cost of generated energy;
- Autonomy of installations;
- Reliability of installations;
- Long service life.
Disadvantages of use include:
- Potential danger to inhabitants of water bodies;
- Limited possibility of installation conditions of the installation.
Manufacturers of plants and equipment
A limited number of enterprises both in our country and abroad are engaged in the production of equipment for mini hydroelectric power stations. This is explained by the limited use of small hydroelectric power plants due to the small availability of necessary water bodies, as well as trends in energy development in different countries.
Of the foreign companies successfully operating in this area of business, these are
- "CINK Hydro-Energy" Czech Republic - performs the full range of work from design and supply of equipment to installation and commissioning of installations.
- "Micro hydro power" China - produces and sells equipment sets for small installations for domestic use.
- Engineering and technical firm "Gidroponics" LLC, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The company produces and sells hydrogenerators for small hydroelectric power plants.
In Russia they work in this market
- AEnergy LLC, Moscow. The company is engaged in supporting the development of alternative energy sources. In the field of small hydropower, the company offers a full range of services from design to maintenance of completed installations.
- Interindustry scientific and technical association "MNTO INSET", St. Petersburg. The company is engaged in the design and development of equipment for mini hydroelectric power stations, manufacturing and installation of its products. The product line includes:
- Mini hydroelectric power station with a propeller impeller, power from 5.0 to 100 kW;
- Mini hydroelectric power station with a diagonal impeller, power 20.0 kW;
- Mini hydroelectric power station with a bucket impeller with a power of up to 180 kW;
- Hydraulic units for small hydroelectric power plants.
- Company "NPO Inversiya" Yekaterinburg. The company produces equipment and kits for mini hydroelectric power plants with a power of up to 10 kW.
Do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station
In order to make it yourself, you need ingenuity, the ability to work with your hands and a water body, 
and some small things, such as a car generator, a wheel from any vehicle and a transmission mechanism (pulleys, gears, gears).
First you need to make a water wheel. To do this, take a wheel from a bicycle, motorcycle or car. The blades are attached along the diameter of the wheel; for this you can use any material, as long as it is durable and does not bend - iron, plywood, hard plastic, ebonite, etc. It is best to fasten it with a bolted connection so that it is possible to replace blades damaged during operation. The blades are located at an equal distance from each other. 
A frame is made on which the wheel is mounted. At the points of attachment to the frame, it is necessary to provide for the installation of bearings into which the wheel rotation axis is inserted. A large pulley or a large sprocket is mounted on one end of the axle. A small pulley or smaller sprocket is mounted on the generator axle.
Option for a homemade mini hydroelectric power station with vertical wheel installation
The wheel is placed in water, this can be a vertical installation in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the water, or horizontal - when the wheel is completely immersed in water. In the second case, it is necessary to take into account that the wheel should be immersed in water no more than 2/3 of the thickness of the disk.
The pulleys are connected to each other by a belt, and the sprockets by a chain.
The system is ready for use.
I have always been fascinated by obtaining free energy from natural resources. And somehow I got the idea to make a simple mini power station that would generate electricity from a passing water stream.
It all started with an idea to use the drum of an old washing machine as a water wheel - a miniature homemade hydroelectric power station.
Straight blades made of moisture-resistant plywood were attached to the drum using metal corners.
The torque from the water wheel is transmitted by a belt to a bicycle dynamo (direct current generator). The generated electricity goes to the LED. Simply turn the wheel slightly with your hand and the LED will start flashing.
The basis of the entire structure is a bicycle frame.
Two bearings allow the water wheel to spin freely.
The first tests on a small river showed that the water wheel on the frame was installed too high, which did not allow the flow of water to spin it normally.
After minor changes in the frame design, the wheel began to be positioned lower and the rotation speed increased sharply. As a result, the dynamo began to rotate and the 4.5 V LED lit up.
This is how a homemade hydroelectric power station was created from old trash.
Next, the mini hydroelectric power station assembly was installed on a small stream.
It produces only a few volts, but it is enough to light the LED.
It was a good experiment to start with.
Further improvements in the project
Further improvements to the water wheel should affect:- Build a mini-dam to increase water pressure. At the same time, there are no plans to completely block the river so that the fish can escape in the second stream.
- Install a pipe under the dam through which water will flow to a homemade turbine. Place a casing in the pipe using a rubber conveyor belt. By blocking the flow of water through the pipe, you can carry out maintenance of the mechanisms.
- According to calculations, the turbine will produce approximately twice the power of a water wheel. In addition, replacing the water wheel with a turbine should eliminate the problem of freezing in winter.
- The flow of water will spin the turbine, transmitting torque to the generator. The turbine will be supported on two bearings made of solid wood. With regular lubrication they will last a long time. The thrust washer will keep the mechanism from moving laterally.
- Make metal blades, calculating the angle at which they need to be bent (the power of the hydroelectric power station depends on this parameter). The blades will need to be screwed on using rubber gaskets to avoid tearing them off.
- To transmit torque, use a shaft assembled from pipes.
- Install the generator. Place a pulley on the generator that is smaller than the one installed on the shaft. This will increase the speed, which is necessary for the generator to operate efficiently.
Regular increases in electricity prices make many people think about the issue of alternative sources of electricity. One of the best solutions in this case is a hydroelectric power station. The search for a solution to this issue concerns not only the scale of the country. More and more often you can see mini-hydroelectric power plants for the home (dacha). The costs in this case will only be for construction and maintenance. The disadvantage of such a structure is that its construction is possible only under certain conditions. A water flow is required. In addition, the construction of this structure in your yard requires permission from local authorities.
Mini-hydroelectric power station diagram
- Channel, characteristic of plains. They are installed on rivers with low flows.
- Stationary ones use the energy of water rivers with fast flow of water.
- Hydroelectric power stations installed in places where the water flow drops. They are most often found in industrial organizations.
- Mobile, which are built using reinforced hoses.
For the construction of a hydroelectric power station, even a small stream flowing through the site is sufficient. Owners of houses with central water supply should not despair.
One of the American companies has developed a station that can be built into the water supply system of a home. A small turbine is built into the water supply system, which is driven by the flow of water moving by gravity. This reduces the flow rate of water, but reduces the cost of electricity. In addition, this installation is completely safe.
Even mini-hydroelectric power plants are installed in sewer pipes. But their construction requires the creation of certain conditions. Water through the pipe should flow naturally due to the slope. The second requirement is that the pipe diameter must be suitable for the installation of the equipment. And this cannot be done in a separate house.
Classification of mini-hydroelectric power plants
Mini-hydroelectric power plants (the houses in which they are used are mostly in the private sector) most often belong to one of the following types, which differ in the principle of operation:
- The water wheel is the traditional type, which is the easiest to implement.
- Propeller. They are used in cases where the river has a bed more than ten meters wide.
- The garland is installed on rivers with a gentle flow. To increase the speed of water flow, additional structures are used.
- The Darrieus rotor is usually installed in industrial enterprises.
The prevalence of these options is due to the fact that they do not require the construction of a dam.
Water wheel
This is a classic type of hydroelectric power station, which is most popular for the private sector. Mini-hydroelectric power plants of this type are a large wheel that can rotate. Its blades descend into the water. The rest of the structure is above the riverbed, causing the entire mechanism to move. The power is transmitted through a hydraulic drive to a generator that produces current.
Propeller station
On the frame in a vertical position there is a rotor and an underwater windmill, lowered under water. A windmill has blades that rotate under the influence of water flow. The best resistance is provided by blades two centimeters wide (with a fast flow, the speed of which, however, does not exceed two meters per second).
In this case, the blades are driven by the resulting water pressure rather than by it. Moreover, the direction of movement of the blades is perpendicular to the direction of flow. This process is similar to wind power plants, only it works underwater.
Garlyandnaya hydroelectric power station
This type of mini-hydroelectric power station consists of a cable stretched over a river bed and secured in a support bearing. Turbines of small size and weight (hydraulic rotors) are hung and rigidly fixed on it in the form of a garland. They consist of two half-cylinders. Due to the alignment of the axes when lowered into the water, a torque is created in them. This causes the cable to bend, stretch and begin to rotate. In this situation, the cable can be compared to a shaft that serves to transmit power. One of the ends of the cable is connected to the gearbox. The power from the rotation of the cable and hydraulic propellers is transmitted to it.
The presence of several “garlands” will help increase the power of the station. They can be connected to each other. Even this does not greatly increase the efficiency of this hydroelectric power station. This is one of the disadvantages of such a structure.
Another disadvantage of this species is the danger it creates for others. This kind of station can only be used in deserted places. Warning signs are required.
Rotor Daria
A mini-hydroelectric power station for a private house of this type is named after its developer, Georges Darrieus. This design was patented back in 1931. It is a rotor on which the blades are located. The required parameters are selected individually for each blade. The rotor is lowered under water in a vertical position. The blades rotate due to the pressure difference resulting from water flowing over their surface. This process is similar to the lift that makes airplanes take off.
This type of hydroelectric power station has a good efficiency indicator. Threefold advantage - the direction of flow does not matter.
The disadvantages of this include a complex design and difficult installation.
Advantages of mini-hydroelectric power stations
Regardless of the type of design, mini-hydroelectric power plants have a number of advantages:
- They are environmentally friendly and do not produce substances harmful to the atmosphere.
- The process of generating electricity takes place without creating noise.
- The water remains clean.
- Electricity is generated constantly, regardless of the time of day or weather conditions.
- Even a small stream is enough to set up a station.
- Excess electricity can be sold to neighbors.
- You don't need a lot of permitting documentation.
Do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station
You can build it yourself to generate electricity. For a private home, twenty kilowatts per day is enough. Even a mini-hydroelectric power station assembled with your own hands can cope with this value. But it should be remembered that this process is characterized by a number of features:
- It is quite difficult to make accurate calculations.
- The dimensions and thickness of the elements are selected “by eye”, only experimentally.
- Homemade structures do not have protective elements, which leads to frequent breakdowns and associated costs.
Therefore, if you do not have experience and certain knowledge in this area, it is better to abandon this kind of idea. It may be cheaper to purchase a ready-made station.
If you still decide to do everything yourself, then you need to start by measuring the speed of water flow in the river. After all, the power that can be obtained depends on this. If the speed is less than one meter per second, then the construction of a mini-hydroelectric power station in this location will not be justified.
Another stage that cannot be omitted is calculations. It is necessary to carefully calculate the amount of costs that will go into building the station. As a result, it may turn out that hydroelectric power is not the best option. Then you should pay attention to other types of alternative electricity.
A mini-hydroelectric power plant can be the optimal solution for saving energy costs. For its construction, there must be a river near the house. Depending on the desired characteristics, you can select a suitable hydroelectric power station option. With the right approach, you can even make such a construction with your own hands.
“Greens” around the world are increasingly and increasingly protesting against the development of new oil, gas, coal deposits, as well as the massive use of internal combustion engines throughout the world, which cause the worst pollution in our environment. Celebrities from the world of fashion, theater, and cinema call for living more economically in terms of energy consumption. They install solar panels and wind generators on the roofs of their mansions (like actor Leonardo DiCaprio, for example).
More and more ordinary people also understand that something can depend on their behavior, and if at least one person finds an alternative to the internal combustion engine, then the world will become a little cleaner. Therefore, in villages, towns and in our country, where there is falling or running water, a certain pool of water on a hill, it is possible to make a mini hydroelectric power station with your own hands and, thereby, help both yourself and Her Majesty Nature. This is an alternative to a gasoline or diesel generator, which still runs on fuel and produces caustic emissions into the environment.
What if more than one person, more than one household decided to find an alternative way to obtain electricity? What if it’s a whole town, village, aul? Here the load on Nature will decrease significantly. And the consumer will have more money in his pocket for household needs, because electricity from a mini hydroelectric power station created by the hands and minds of enthusiasts is about three times cheaper than buying it from regular producers (CHPs, nuclear power plants, industrial hydroelectric power stations).
Finding the right water
Recently I saw a short video that showed how, in an ordinary Indian village, students from one of the Western colleges decided to build a mini hydroelectric power station. There is no electricity in that wilderness, young people are fleeing to the cities, but what will happen if you give the residents electricity? There is no river as such in the village, but there is a reservoir. A natural bowl with a huge amount of water is located slightly above the village level. What did the students come up with?
With their smart heads they realized that since there is no flow from Nature here, it can be created! By the hands of hired workers, a covered long pipe with a diameter of a meter was installed, and one end of it was closed onto a reservoir, and the other, below, went into a small and slow-moving river. Due to the difference in height, water from the reservoir rushed down through the pipe, accelerating more and more, and at the exit a rather powerful flow was already created, which rested against the blades of the mini hydroelectric power station. The pipe in which the water of the reservoir is enclosed runs down the hillside so picturesquely that it seems as if a huge python is slowly crawling from top to bottom and instills terror in the local residents with its size. You want to touch it with your hands, feel it, feel its power.
If something similar is being created in an Indian village, then why not try to do the same in a Russian village? If there is no fast-flowing river nearby, but there is a reservoir, then the construction of a mini hydroelectric power station is also possible. You just need to look at the terrain, but one thing is clear: the reservoir - be it natural or artificial - must be located higher than the place where the hydroelectric power station will be installed. If the height difference is significant, even better! The flow of water will run stronger from top to bottom, which means that the possible power of the generated electricity will increase.
It is not necessary to buy expensive pipes to organize an artificial water flow. You can make a kind of gutter with your own hands, and let the water from the reservoir accelerate through it. To begin with, it is better to take any available means, old pipes, albeit of small diameter for now, and build a trial version of draining water from the reservoir located above. This way it will be possible to measure the flow speed (I already wrote how to do this earlier). If there is a fast-flowing river nearby, then there is no need to build either dams, gutters, or artificially create a flow of water. Mini hydroelectric power stations in the form of a garland, propeller, Dardieu rotor or water wheel can be installed in such places without any problems.
It will be important to protect the structure. How? A protective screen made of mesh or a diffuser should be installed in front of the mini hydroelectric power station so that fragments of trees, or even whole logs, floating along the river, as well as live and dead fish, and all kinds of debris, do not fall on the turbine blades, but float past.
The simplest DIY mini hydroelectric power station
Almost everyone can create their own mini-hydroelectric power station with their own hands. Examples? To obtain lighting during a hike, many tourists use an ordinary bicycle, which they use to get around. On any bicycle wheel, they install jumpers made of pieces of, say, thin iron between the spokes and, first with their hands and then with pliers, bring the edges of the sheet behind the spoke, thereby fixing the jumper. The length of the jumper should correspond to half the diameter of the wheel, that is, cover the distance from the rim to the hub. In fact, it should be equal to the length of the knitting needle. It would be optimal to install four such jumpers according to the cardinal directions: North, South, West, East. Next, you will need a regular bicycle generator and a flashlight connected to it.
It's time to go hiking. You need to stop for the night by the river. Well, let the mosquitoes bite! But you will be able to make a video of the party and take photos around the fire. This is very picturesque! The water in the river must have a noticeable flow and then our camping mini hydroelectric power station will work. “Let there be light!” - said the mechanic and made a short circuit. No, this is not about us.
“Let there be light!” - said the tourist and lowered the wheel with iron jumpers a third into the water of the flowing river. The bicycle itself is placed on a small stand, or suspended from a tree or peg on the shore so that one third of the wheel is immersed in the stream. The water presses on the jumpers, spins the wheel, the generator converts the water energy into current and a mini-flashlight illuminates the parking area.
There is no risk that the batteries will be defective, as in the case of using a conventional flashlight, there is no risk that they will run out, and you do not need to take large quantities of them on a hike. The flow of the river will not disappear anywhere. Tourists most often prefer to stay in proven places. So, having once received an electric current through a mini-velo-hydroelectric power station at the place where they spent the night, they will remember this place and try to while away the dark time of the day here.
Negotiation difficulties
However, lighting one candle, figuratively speaking, is one thing, but lighting thousands, giving people light, as Prometheus did, is a completely different matter. A compact hydroelectric power station as a source of electricity, by its appearance in everyday use, can disrupt the established picture and state of affairs.
The largest monopolies are accustomed to the fact that they are the ones who produce electricity for small settlements; sales subsidiaries are accustomed to receiving money for delivering goods - kWh to the consumer. Where to fit mini hydroelectric power stations into this scheme? And not yet controlled by monopolists? I’ll say right away that it will not be easy to coordinate such a project with local authorities in Russia, just like any other new business. But the result is worth the effort.
In general, a compact (mini) hydroelectric power station means a station that produces power up to 100 kW. Craftsmen, working with their hands and heads, can quite easily build this useful thing in their town or village, even in a private household. But only if there are appropriate natural conditions and the desire to create something NEW, save money, that is, pay less for electricity in the future.
If you watch a video or photo of some mini-hydroelectric power plants, you will see that sometimes they look very strange. But for the contemporaries of Leonardo Da Vinci, his flywheels with huge wings also seemed at least strange, and with his daring experiments and ideas, the great Italian completely terrified many people of his time. So what? We don't remember those people. And Leonardo’s drawings and creations will live on for centuries. Build a mini-hydroelectric power station with your own hands, experiment, dare! Nature and descendants will only say “Thank you” to you!
Mikhail Bersenev
There are also craftsmen in Tajikistan, no worse than Indian ones:
An interview from Moscow journalist Andrei Polyakov, who kindly provided us with his material, which due to his workload he could not post on his website. The conversation may be interesting to someone, so we posted it here, adding photos and sketches that appeared in the video.
The conversation took place in the summer of 2011.
- Micro hydroelectric power station from an air pump (snail).
- Homemade Stepper Low-speed generator on permanent magnets, without gearboxes and rolling bearings, at a mere cost.
- Turbine made of Wood. Is it really real? Sketches.
- How to Transmit mechanical energy over 100 - 5,000 meters without electricity?
- How and what to make a generator from in extreme conditions of network outage?
- The film “Village of Water Mills” is a hint about Harmony with Nature.
- Gravity is a source of energy. Scheme. It's simple.
Erast, at what stage is work on your homemade micro hydroelectric power station now? Will the moment of the first test come soon?
We are just doing it for now. We do what is called “a teaspoon per hour” because of the abundance of worries that also cannot be pushed aside. Welding work is 95% complete. In other words, the “machine” already exists. All that remains is to stick around with little things, and with them, as you know, there is more fuss than with an array of iron. This includes cleaning, painting and drilling, riveting, assembly with bolts, installation of magnets, windings with semiconductors.
What is this product in general and what is its operating principle?
Simply put, this is an ordinary centrifugal type air pump, 1.2 meters in size, of which there were and are a great many in enterprises and collective farms, popularly or in the slang of technicians called a “snail”. Its body is slightly reshaped, the outlet opening is opened wider, and its operation, already as a micro-hydroelectric power station or hydraulic turbine, is designed as if backwards. That is, the entrance and exit for air change places, the exit window has become an entrance-socket for the incoming water flow of the river. The body is located lying down, which is very advantageous in shallow waters and on small rivers. Water comes out along the shaft, below and above from two holes cut in both decks. The shaft has stainless steel tips.
An impeller from the same pump with a slightly larger diameter is welded to the shaft and inserted into the housing of this former pump. With this arrangement, a centripetal vortex is formed, which rotates the impeller one and a half to two times faster. Moreover, this acceleration is also helped by the flaps fixed inside, redirecting the flow to the impeller at a more favorable angle, and even with the formation of vortices in the gaps between themselves and the impeller flaps. Thus, the centrifugal air pump became a centripetal type hydraulic turbine, presumably with a power of 0.2 - 0.5 kW. And with even greater current strength it can be “stretched” by 1 kW.
Photo 2. 
What is the point of this alteration and what do we get as a result?
We have an energy source made at extremely low cost. One average pension is enough at cost to produce it. Its power, presumably, should be about 200-500 Watts, based on powering the walkie-talkie, emergency lighting, charging batteries, video-audio equipment, computer, etc. It is transparent, installed and removed by one or two people. Moreover, this is an example of implementation on just one axis of rotation, in two assemblies of birch bearings. Everything is cooled and lubricated with water. Without any gearboxes, pulleys or belts, without high-tech bearings that require lubrication from petroleum products and protection from water with all kinds of seals. Birch can be soaked or boiled in oil, drying oil, rosin, wax, paraffin. Impregnate with any acceptable water-repellent compound. This was precisely the main feature.
A ring 600 mm in diameter, with thirty permanent magnets, should be attached to the impeller. EMF (Electromotive force) occurs in six or nine windings filled with resin to insulate from water. It turns out, in the likeness of stepper motors, a low-speed multiphase (6 or 9-phase) generator. Then, through diode bridges, everything is output to two cable wires and, already on shore, it is finally straightened to direct current. And then “do with him what you want.”
So we are talking about the fact that this thing should work at any time of the year?
Yes. Even under the ice. And almost all year round. But apparently it will be necessary to clean the grass and twigs from sediment and remove them from under the ice before the spring ice drift. Autumn slush - fine ice during the first frosts - is also of course not needed. In general, a couple of months a year fall outside the year of operation.
On what waters? On small rivers or what? That is, in a small current?
It is designed for a current of about 5-8 km/hour. Not less. And here this is exactly the range in areas up to 3-5 meters deep on the core.
How can we call it “small”? Look, when you stand at Kazyr, such power rushes, it takes your breath away. I just want to “come to an agreement” with him, and then harness him somehow...
Photo 3. 
It's clear. Using the example of this micro hydroelectric power station, can more powerful ones be created?
Yes. More powerful ones can be created. But I wouldn’t go down this path at all. I have a blank from an even larger pump, designed for 1-3KW. The body and its “native” impeller. I brought it once for the same purpose. But now I’m thinking, is it worth cutting it? Because I want to stop making welded structures.
And what we are doing now is smaller, at 200-500 watts. is done only to show that it is possible and it works. Because some people don’t really believe in that either. And then, if we repeat such a thing, then in a tree. Entirely made of wood.
The main trick is this. To show that this is being done, well, practically for free. We calculated that it would be possible to even install permanent magnets from household equipment by removing transformer hardware from meters or electromagnetic relays (starters), winding wires from anywhere, selecting them according to the cross-section and number of turns, winding them, and filling them with bitumen. And it will work. There will be no magnets - we will make excitation windings. If necessary, we can even make a turbine out of a log. We’ll choose something even, drill it with drills or feather drills, drive the blades into wedges (at the desired angle) and get a mechanical drive.
There are plenty of ideas and ready-made developments. We can even build a swinging blade and transfer energy by reciprocating motion to the shore with a simple galvanized (or even aluminum) wire from an overhead wire from high-voltage poles. And then use it for the movement of the sawmill frame or convert it into rotation of the machine parts. This was successfully used in past centuries and in Holland, for example, it has survived to this day, after 350-400 years.
Photo 4. 
A separate topic is the use of winds. For all their inconstancy, they have great strength and using their great energy in mechanical form, you can accomplish a huge amount of work in just an hour or two.
Everything is based on the idea of “how to do it without money or purchases.” In the most critical case. And not because it is impossible now, but because one day it may become impossible. Turn off the switch - extreme weather ensues. And the switch is dying. Look, our “Shusha” has already given a sign. They fussed, ran around, and then calmed down. Almost all. But there was a sign!
The word “wood” was heard here, but everyone will say “how will wood work in water? Will it still get wet?”
Great question! And quite natural given our upbringing in the society in which we were born and raised. But imagine that we were born in the 17th century. Would we have such a question? It would never have occurred to me! Everything on the tree worked there. And in water and in fire and in foundries and forges...
Photo 5. 
Ships were tossed and chattered in the seas for 30 years. The Japanese (and the Chinese) in the provinces still heat water for washing in a wooden barrel over an open fire, similar to the school experiments of our childhood (when they boiled water in a paper cup). The water wheels themselves, which powered almost all the machines and equipment, were made of wood and worked in water. Barrels without water dry out and begin to leak. There are laws of physics and “secrets” of carpentry that not only deal with wetting and swelling, but even use this to increase the strength of the entire structure. Many rocks do not rot in water and whirlwinds and can even survive metal.
Rice. 6. 
In addition, if we mention vortices, it is useful to know that they work well in devices made of diamagnetic materials. That is, made of non-magnetic material. Why is wood the best option? Burnt clay and stone are also good. They are the ones who can catalyze processes in water. Look at the rivers. It is these materials that water comes into contact with. And if you are careful and observant, you can see the seemingly supernatural behavior of water in Nature.
But that's not the point. This is all interesting, but not the main thing yet. We are considering the topic from the point of view of so-called extreme conditions, this is the notorious word for emergency situations. The upcoming circumstances will not ask us whether we want to construct in wood or consider it junk. They will simply leave us with one tree and several iron stashes around the yards. That's all. The enema will wash away all our dreams and delusions. But we really need to understand what we will be left with.
We must boldly admit that we are sick with technocracy. And it will be our destruction. Especially in these times. Well, for example, our mega-toys were washed away or blown away, something collapsed there. Well, this is actually happening these days. Here and there. Collapses, sinks, burns...
The earth is alive. She wants Harmony. She breaks our toys. They interfere with her life and threaten to destroy her, while we, with serious faces, run across its surface with all sorts of shooters, and do big things, either under water or under her skin. Yes, we tormented Mother Earth with our stupid games! Especially with your negative emotions and aggression.
And now its Harmony is approaching. Wow! And she feels good... Silence. Space sounds. And for us there is an emergency. Extreme conditions in the middle of Great Harmony. Absurd and that's all.
But I understand perfectly well that it is simply impossible to convey these things to most people. The psychology of perception has changed too much. I was treated for habitual thinking for about 10 years.
Photo 7. 
After watching Akira Kurosawa's short film "Watermill Village" (from the "Dreams" series), I was very inspired. I felt to the depths of my soul HOW HARMONIOUS IT IS! And only 10 years later I began to understand the simple words spoken by the elder. And then I still had to “cure” from the desire to make everything from purchased welded pipes.
Photo 8. 
I've been very lucky in life. Reality taught me difficult lessons. It took me eight years to create this micro-hydroelectric power station of ours. He collected the iron (while the collective farms collapsed, and their remains had not yet been consumed). And for a long time I could not begin to do anything. There were no opportunities. But none. Such languor of the idea forced us to hone everything down to the smallest detail. Learn not to demand from Reality and from people. Don't get attached to the result.
Later, he started, sacrificing a lot in his life. Few people know anything about this. I advanced by 70%. And again there was a break of one and a half to two years. And all this led to a simple thought: if I had immediately made a turbine in a tree, I would have done it long ago. On your own home workbench. This all helped me understand that this is the only way it should be. Due to upcoming conditions. For a year I toiled with the thought “how should this be arranged?” It took me a long time to find a solution.
One day I lay down on my bed and began to meditate on a completely different topic. How, I wonder, did these ancient Greeks soften basalt and cast statues from it? I remember a friend told me.
“Took off” something. Then, since things were going crazy, I started thinking about a turbine made of wood. Twisted, spit... And Ooooh! Oh! Here I “saw” her in all her glory. And I was so inspired that I really saw her beautiful. It is beautiful!
The electronic drawing shows the assembly diagram. This is, of course, a pitiful semblance of the imaginary, but I still think it will be understandable.
Rice. 9. 
Absolutely in the likeness of a snail pump. Two decks of shields connected in a tongue and groove are edged with a set of slats, like a cooper's stave. Brought together to two main load-bearing beams with two wire hoops - sixes or belts made of the same wood, pulled in with wedges or wire ties. In both decks there are holes for the impeller, similar to the same water wheels. This same rotor is inserted into them onto two beams with bearings. All wood. Only the rotor shafts are made of hex head bolts and threads similar to wood screws. This (without details) is a turbine made of carpentry-assembled wood with elements of cooper's assembly, just one of several mental developments. Some things are already designed and in the model. The nodes and connections have been worked out.
Photo 10. 
I already mentioned in the last conversation about the period of conditional poverty. Poverty is a useful thing. She makes you THINK. During my next move, I brought with me an impeller from an even larger air pump (scroll) 250-300 kg. And I began to wonder how I could deal with him now. Shaft 1m. long and 100 mm. in diameter, with 90 kg. the weight had to be pulled out with a huge puller, which is not there, turned on a lathe, and inserted on the other side, welding more parts.
I again ran into money and orders (because I sharpen myself, but I don’t have my own machine and there’s no access nearby either), I ran into turning work, transportation, etc. And then I finally realized that I was doing nonsense and now I don’t need it. I spent so much time and money transporting this rotor so many times, just for the sake of my own epiphany. I’ve been hanging around with it for so many years, trying to turn it into a water wheel or turbine, and only now “it’s come to the giraffe.” And I began to understand more deeply the technologies of the 17th and 18th centuries from the perspective of technologies from the times of the Earth’s transition. I realized that all this hardware of ours is, by and large, unnecessary. It entails welding, with all the connection problems, lack of power in towns and villages, consumable electrodes, disks, turning work, fussing, and essentially MONEY.
If I had money then, the necessary conclusions and insights would not have been made. If I were now offered to live that poverty-stricken period again, but with money, I would refuse. Otherwise I would have sold my insights. Then they could buy them from me. But they are expensive. You can't measure them with money. I simply lived the lessons that still lie ahead for everyone who believes that there will always be money.
And even since we have created some workshops, we can do this in hardware together, on our equipment, chipping in with our pensions and earnings. But this is still a certain complexity. It does not show how to LIVE WITHOUT MONEY and live without technocracy. But I set a goal for myself (I deliberately turned myself in this direction) - to collect possible information, adapt and distribute it widely, to show how it is possible to do something without technocracy. Literally from what WILL REMAIN WITH US AT OUR DISPOSAL and there will be no other. When the hour "H" comes.
And later, having explored the topic of upcoming events on the planet even more deeply, he formed a system or concept of technology and technology of the transition period called “Stalker 2012-17-30”. With a bit of a joke, the decoding of the abbreviation is as follows:
Armageddon Technology System of the Human Concept of Unified Development.
And Stalker is a guide to the unknown, the transcendental, the anomalous, which awaits us all. And if Stalker is a guide, then Stalker technologies will help us “go through” the period of Earth’s transition.
We certainly hope to complete it. There is no miracle. Everything is very simple.
When will this happen?
Now we will wait for spring. Maybe we'll make it earlier. We’ll cut out half a meter of ice with a chainsaw and “fish” for it. But I wouldn’t make any deadlines and I wouldn’t promise anything, especially so. Few of our deadlines come true. Let's live by the process and not the result.
And I can also add: We work with it only because we started it once. In fact, our interest has long been directed to other areas.
Let's touch on this area just. That's what I wanted to talk about.
Yes. These are gravity wheels or the so-called unbalanced wheel principle, which is the simplest and most affordable alternative for any yard or household. The question is controversial, of course, for people who are not initiated, and especially for adherents of the orthodox scientific approach. But those who search in this field have long realized that gravity can do useful work. And we were convinced in practice.
Returning to the topic of the previous conversation, the dogma ABOUT the IMPOSSIBILITY of creating a device with an efficiency higher than 100%, or an engine that turns itself, seemingly without consuming anything, and even produces work, is a false dogma. And those who do not know about it or do not believe in it often do everything successfully and everything works for them.
At the end of the second millennium, a lot of contact (channeling) information began to appear, all kinds of references and warnings (in books and other literature) that flows of information about “new” sources of free energy would soon simply pour over the edge into thousands and millions of minds, and suppress they will become simply impossible. Millions of people will receive information on a conscious level and make “their” inventions in real life. Disinformation will also not be able to stop this truly gigantic wave. This is exactly what is happening these days.
Quite legally, there are many sites where, along with misinformation, there are a lot of gravitational wheels exactly similar to those that were presented as not working in books like entertaining physics by Jan Perelman (or other authors). But they work. And there are hundreds of types and principles. Enough video. Turning a blind eye to this, proving to yourself that it is impossible, this is deception, editing, computer graphics, is hiding your head in the sand.
Gravity wheels are the smallest “pawn” that can be sacrificed by giving it to us in order to save the remaining “pieces”. There are more serious developments. And here we can recall the phrase from the New Testament: “But even dogs eat crumbs from their masters’ table” (in another place children). A hungry person will really go through grub. If you are truly hungry, then where does all your pride go? They gave me a piece and thank you. Why should we be picky?
Here's JUST one example: (YouTube - Chas Campbell - Gravity Wheel)
Photo 11. 
One good American guy made a gravity wheel about 3 - 3.5 m in diameter. Below are gearboxes - chain, belt, pulleys and flywheels. The electric generator rotates from them. The roller is very “pinched”, but despite the low quality, we were able to understand that this is a type of unbalanced wheel with a controlled shift of the center of gravity. And naturally, the white disk covers the mechanism that controls the loads. But it is clear that the weights are pale burgundy in color, probably interconnected with a slight play, on the left closer to the center, and on the right further, almost on the periphery. At the top, as they rotate, they rise, and at the stage of movement at the bottom, they also rise. That is, at the top they move away from the center, and at the bottom they are pulled towards it. There is no need to pay attention to the white lines between the outer rim and the inner disk. These are reinforcement elements for rigidity.
Roughly speaking, the loads describe a circle eccentric to the center of rotation of the wheel itself. The rotation goes clockwise. Uncle includes a load of 2.5 - 3.5 kW on the power tool. This is between 3 and 4 kW of mechanical power. It is not so important on which rods (swinging or not) the loads are suspended. The mechanism for managing them is important.
At first, the control mechanism seemed somewhat complex, but workable. And later we came to the conclusion that everything is much simpler.
Rice. 12. 
Here is a drawing from the Do It Yourself magazine 15-20 years ago, in an article about water wheels for your own household. Such good old water wheels with rotating plates (blades) began to be used after simple, steam-powered water wheels with static unregulated blades, so that the blades would enter at a more favorable angle, slap the water less in vain, and in general their efficiency is higher than simple ones. They are already a hundred years old or more.
Rice. 13 
And if we slightly rotate the drawing, remove the details we don’t need and add our own, then this is what happens. A direct hint from the past. You can imagine two hubs with spokes, spaced a short distance apart, having a common rim. And a crankshaft passes through both hubs, the middle journal of which is spaced from the main axis (main journals) at a distance of 0.5 from the difference in the position of the loads on the radius. The third, control, hub is attached to this middle neck. From it there are rods (pushers, rods) to the load coupling units (movable coupling, with play, since points A converge and diverge. One of the rods must be rigidly connected to the hub, the rest must swing.
That's actually the whole mechanism. It is very simple, which many people fail to understand. This raises a lot of controversy. The mind cannot accept the idea that this is simply how it works. "A! Just? - Can't be!" They say it must be difficult. And it is rejected. In fact, “everything ingenious is simple” comes from things like these. Not primitive, but simple.
It is noteworthy that by “random” coincidence(and as the wise say, there are no accidents) the drawing of the Gravitational Wheel was number 13. What does this mean? Mysticism, Rock, Devilishness?
This is Mysticism, but far from rock.
"13"- It has nothing to do with devils and other things, where this is attributed to people who have had this attitude towards the number “13” drummed into them since childhood.
"13" doesn't resonate and is not proportional to any numbers, dimensions and vibration frequencies of this dimension.
IT'S BETWEEN. That is, it symbolizes a transition, a transitional state. It's like "Tone - Semitone" on the keyboard, in music, in color, in sound. So “13″ is the number of TRANSITION. Everything is as it should be.
It's a sign! (Laughing) It's time to GO to Wheels. (Laughter again...)
How else can we move into the future? With a DE-energized socket in your teeth or what?..
Let's return to the turbine. So you can do something like this? Without attracting any large funds. It's still a tree, as far as I understand.
Yes, the fact of the matter is that we want to take the path of not attracting any funds. All we can attract is what we don’t need to attract. It just might speed things up. No more. Maybe we won’t attract anything at all. But will we do it? - Let's see. Maybe we'll find something better.
Because while we were “making” the turbine in a rush, we had outgrown it. It’s no joke, a year and a half breaks. Time passes, the turbine stops. We involuntarily communicate, consult, learn new things. As long as we live to see the bright moment to take on this, maybe we will outgrow it.
It seems to me that something needs to be brought to the end.
So we are finishing the turbine. It’s not easy, but we jokingly agreed - we work in “retro style.” We joke with each other - imagine, we fly around on saucers, and then we wanted, “let’s build a sailboat or a yacht, a real piece of wood. Let's take a walk, breathe in the fresh wind, the scrapes, the bumpiness. Like once upon a time. In a past life". And we work with the turbine, thinking about something else. Otherwise, those who are expecting a turbine from us and have invested may not understand us if we give up. Here we are trying for the sake of relationships, and not for the sake of a better result.
After all, the main point is that we will be saved, first of all, by trusting, good relationships, selfless help as in our own family, no matter how much we try to implement this. Otherwise, if everyone is for himself, no pieces of iron or wood will save us, no matter how many we make and stockpile. Behind these just a few words lies the main thing. Just one mention, and life depends on it.
Well, you will make a turbine. Of course, she will give you an idea again, but I think you will follow through with it. What a fundamentally new stage can we reach with such gravitational things?
Well, what is 3.5 kilowatts in your own household? In fact, there is no need for more. This is more than excessive habits. Any carpentry machine consumes about 3 kW. This is electrical power. And if we cut out the “generator - wires - engine” link, just like that, the “clack” is cut out. And they did a direct mechanical transmission. Maybe even our own variators. And there are even fewer losses. The yield is greater. Our carpentry machine, made in any way, especially if made using 17th century technology, will run on this power. This is enough to provide for the entire economy. Turn on one or the other alternately and that’s enough. Of course, we are not talking about the mandatory presence of only electric stoves and kettles with irons. Natural fire gives much more health to food than all this rubbish. Perhaps as an exception or a spare addition. And light generally requires little things of energy.
Let's draw conclusions: In principle, by combining these things into a certain system, a separate farm can be energy-closed, self-service, say, along a river of some kind...
Or without a river.
Yes, without a river. And these huge substations are not needed, there is no need to disperse it all. As I understand from what has been said, this can be done by almost any person who is more or less intelligent. For some wheel that was invented a long time ago, there is an engineer, there are people who are ready to do this. All this is quickly done and replenished independently, from materials from Nature. That is, we do not lose anything in any cataclysm, since the electrical mechanisms will not fail.
Yes. Yes. We are considering precisely the moment of life in extreme conditions. We are not currently setting the task of creating an alternative to centralized power supply. We just need to survive. The management circles have done a great job of making their future for themselves. Right? They did everything that was considered necessary for their own salvation. We also have the right to do something for our own salvation. You need communications, lighting, minimal video, audio equipment (if it still continues to work) and mechanics, machines. We need to build, make materials, alternative equipment. We want to live. We are given such a right, right?
A question of quality of life. How exactly to live?
Regardless of system shocks. After all, everyone (if not the blind) sees these shocks.
That is, you are optimistic about the number 111, which is developing rapidly in 2011, a new date has been set for the quantum evolutionary leap. Either 11. 11. 11. Or 05. 11. 11. And that the symbol of salvation 111 is a bus that runs along the route Tayaty - Karatuz, number 111 :-)
The combination of circumstances suggests a lot. But I’m not particularly stuck... Maybe the fact that we have come to new information and have new experiences is also the manifestation of all these signs.
(An example of the implementation of birch bearings on a pottery machine in 2006.
Photo 14. 
