Adjective categories
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three categories of adjectives:
Most qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form vary according to number and gender. Short adjectives are not inflected; in a sentence they are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and adjectives that are part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very and have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) or compound (consists of two words): the harder, the quietest.
- relative(answer the question “which one?”)
- relative adjectives have no degrees; indicate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the object: tree - wood, January - January, freezing - frosty;
- most relative adjectives cannot be combined with the adverb “very”;
Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with the adverb very, and do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).
- possessive- answer the question “whose?” and denote belonging to something living or a person ( paternal, sisters, fox).
Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).
To assign an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.
The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Agreement of adjectives with nouns
Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.
- Example: adjective "blue"
- blue (Singular, m.r., Imp.) house (Singular, m.r., Imp.)
- blue (singular, sr.r., im.p.) sky (singular, sr.r., im.p.).
Declension of adjectives.
The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.
- solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
- soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
- mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.
The declension of adjectives includes changes in numbers, and in the singular - also in cases and genders.
The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.
Short adjectives change only by gender and number.
The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, but are the same in other forms.
There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular, masculine and plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:
- V.p. = I.p. for inanimate nouns:
- “For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
- V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
- “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
- “And the whole earth should forever glorify ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars into medals for their victories” (V. Sysoev).
Masculine adjectives in -Ouch bow in the same way as on th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.
The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in a number of cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - bel[ъвъ], letn-him - letn[въ].
Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:
- solid declination;
- soft declination;
- mixed declension.
Hard declension of adjectives
Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant are inclined according to the hard type, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, dear, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.
Formation of adjectives
Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n y. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: Not big, and prefix-suffix ways: under water n y. Adjectives are also formed in a complex suffix way: flax O seed peeler identifiable. Adjectives can also be formed by combining two stems: pale pink, three-year-old.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
- General grammatical meaning.
- Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is the singular form, nominative case, masculine ( blue).
- Constant signs: discharge.
- Non-permanent features: used in short/long (only for high-quality ones); degree of comparison (only for high-quality ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
- syntactic role - definition
Transition to other parts of speech
Most often, participles become adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( He's not much of an artist).
Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, become nouns: Russian, military.
Features of adjectives in other languages
Notes
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An adjective is an independent part of speech that combines words that denote non-procedural characteristics of an object and answer the questions, which? whose? This meaning is expressed in the non-independent inflectional categories of gender, number and case (perform the grammatical function of agreement). In a sentence, adjectives act as a modifier or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Types and categories of adjectives (qualitative, relative,possessive adjectives)
Ways to form adjectives
1. Full adjectives are formed by adding to a noun, any part of a word: a prefix, a suffix, or a prefix and a suffix together. They can also be formed by adding two bases. For example, swamp - swampy (suffixal), small (prefixal), underwater (prefix-suffexal),
purifying (complex suffixal), Adjectives can also be formed by compounding words: pale pink, three-year-old.
2. Short adjectives are formed from full qualitative adjectives and correlate with them semantically. Short adjectives are those which in the masculine singular have zero endings (black, beautiful), in the feminine singular - endings -а, -я (black, beautiful), in the neuter singular - endings -о, -е (black, beautiful), and in the plural of all genders - endings -и, -ы (black, beautiful). Short adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate. (“How beautiful, how fresh the roses were...”)
Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives
1. Qualitative adjectives - denote the attribute of an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, beautiful, kind), have forms of comparison and short forms; .
2. Relative adjectives - indicate a characteristic through a relationship to another object, they are derived from nominal bases (laboratory, wooden);
3. Possessive adjectives - denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).
Most Russian surnames were also formed from possessive adjectives using suffixes - such as Ziminov - Popov, Ivanov, etc. d. All surnames in the masculine gender are declined, except those that end in o or even have a foreign origin. Female surnames are not declined.
Features of qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives name attributes of objects that are usually perceived by the senses. For example: (sweet, bitter; white, black, blue; ringing, quiet; soft, smooth; wide, narrow, tall, etc.); denote character traits and characteristics of psychological make-up (wise, kind, insidious, cunning, etc.); express an assessment (excellent, wonderful, bad, disgusting, etc.). Such signs may appear to varying degrees. Compare: very bitter, more bitter, the most bitter, the bitterest, etc.
Only a few short adjectives express the absolute attribute of an object, which is unchanging, constant: deaf, lame, married, on foot, brown, black, etc.
Usually short adjectives have both a full and a short form. For example: beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful. However, some groups of adjectives. short forms are not formed: words with suffixes - sk -, -oe- friendly, private, advanced, etc.
These are also some verbal formations with suffixes - l - (burnt, faded, etc., but: stunted - stunted, hoarse - hoarse, etc.); Short adjectives with the suffixes - ush-(-yush-), -enn- and the prefix raz-, denoting a high degree of manifestation of the characteristic (cunning, amiable, etc.). Short adjectives na - sh (ii), going back to the forms of the comparative degree and having lost their previous meaning (larger, younger, etc.); Qualitative adjectives. colors formed from nouns (chocolate, lilac, etc.); adjectives denoting the colors of animals (damn, black, etc.), etc.
For the most part, qualitative adjectives vary according to degrees of comparison. For example: beautiful - more beautiful, more (less) beautiful, the most beautiful, the most beautiful, but the comparative degree is not formed by qualitative adjectives. with the suffixes -sk-, -oe -, -l. Some adjectives do not even have short forms. For example: friendly, emaciated, etc. This also includes some adjectives such as fusible, heavy (with the suffix - to -), as well as all words denoting the colors of animals (brown, savrasy, etc.), individual non-derivative words (flat, dilapidated, etc.).
Qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of degree (very neat, well-mannered, etc.).
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the following word-formation features: adjectives can be non-derivative (gray, black, etc.); most of the quality adjectives. forms adverbs on - o, - e, - and light, it seems, in a fatherly way. The vast majority of such adjectives also form abstract nouns, i.e. names of quality, for example: courage, beauty, blue.
Many qualitative adjectives form forms of evaluation (white, white, whitish, white-white, cheerful, kind). They easily enter into antonymic pairs (stingy - generous, cheerful - sad, tall - short), but at the same time, they realize these properties in different ways. For example: qualitative adjectives. poor, rich have all the listed characteristics, and adjectives like bay have only one characteristic - non-derivativeness.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Degrees of comparison of adjectives are a grammatical category of adjectives that expresses the relative difference or superiority in quality inherent in objects. In Russian, three forms are contrasted:
Positive,
Comparative
Excellent.
1. A positive degree names a characteristic without any opposition to another characteristic.
2. The comparative degree indicates a characteristic that a given object has to a greater or lesser extent. The superlative indicates the highest degree
3. manifestations of this quality in comparison with other objects (cf.: kind - kinder - kinder).
Formation of comparison forms
1.Simple form
2.Complex shape
1. Comparative degree
The foundation will be laid. step. + suffix - her (faster, kinder)
The foundation will be laid. step. + suffix - e (harder)
lay the foundation. step. + suffix - she (before)
The form is put. step.
(more beautiful, less interesting)
2. Superlative
base position step. + suffix - eish -, -aysh - (after g, k, x): fastest, closest
most + shape floor. step. (fastest, closest)
Declension of adjectives and their types
Adjectives are declined, i.e. vary by gender, case and number, but their form depends on the form of the word on which they depend.
The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.
There are three types of declension of adjectives depending on the stem:
1. Solid: red, red, red
2. Soft: blue, blue, blue
3.mixed: large, large, large.
Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant are inclined according to the hard type, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, dear, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.
The declension of adjectives includes changes in numbers, and in the singular - also in cases and genders.
The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.
Short adjectives change only by gender and number.
The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, but are the same in other forms.
There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular, masculine and plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:
V.p. = I.p. for inanimate nouns:
“For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
“The bandura players are quietly singing glorious songs about you” (D. Kedrin);
V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
“Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
“And the whole earth should forever glorify ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars into medals for their victories” (V. Sysoev).
Masculine adjectives on -ой are inflected in the same way as na -y, but always have a stressed ending: gray, moloʹboy — gray, moloʹgo — gray, moloʹmogo — about gray, about young.
The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in a number of cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - white [y], letny-ego - letny [y].
Syntactic function of an adjective
In a sentence, the adjective is mainly a definition, or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Transition to other parts of speech
Most often, participles become adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives (no artist from him).
Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, move into the category of nouns: Russian, military.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Part of speech - an independent part of speech (indicates a feature of an object)
Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is considered to be the unit form. h., m.r., im. n. (blue).
Constant signs: category (qualitative adjective).
Non-permanent features: used in short/full (only for quality); degree of comparison (only for quality); number, gender, case (blue - pr. in full f., singular h, m. r., noun).
Syntactic role in a sentence.
Case endings of adjectives
Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the question word what: in a good (how?) mood, about an interesting (what?) book, etc.
Possessive adjectives on - й, -я, - е, -ы (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and the similar accusative case of the masculine singular, are written with ь: rybachiy, rybachego, rybicheye, fisherman, fisherman, about fisherman; fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, about fishermen.
Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using the suffix -j- (iot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b.
Note 2. Possessive adjectives ending in -й should be distinguished from adjectives of the beginning type: lying, combustible, in which ь is not written in indirect cases, since they do not have the suffix -j-; cf.: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.
The adjectives suburban, interurban, suburban vary according to the fixed declension and are written with the endings -y, -aya, -oe, -e, etc.; The adjectives beskrayny, nonresident are modified according to the soft variety of declension and are written with the endings -й, -я, -е, -и, etc. The forms interurban and nonresident, beskrayny are outdated and are not currently recommended for use.
Adjectives ending in - yenny have a short form in the nominative singular masculine case in - yen: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.
And numbers can have a short form. In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.
Classes of adjectives
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three category adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Qualitative adjectives
They denote a characteristic that can be present to a greater or lesser extent.
As a rule, they have the following symptoms:
- combined with the adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too” ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
- from qualitative adjectives it is possible to form
- compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big-big).
- cognate adjective with prefix Not- (not stupid, ugly).
- have an antonym ( stupid - smart).
Some qualitative adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.
Most qualitative adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart, delicious) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)
Possessive adjectives
Indicate that an object belongs to a living creature or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “whose?”, “Whose?” Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) fur, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.
General information
The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives are inflected by case and inflected by number; in the singular, they are also inflected by gender. The exception is short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.
The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually found after the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: beige jackets.
- solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
- soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
- mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.
The Russian language is very rich. A significant role in this is played by such a part of speech as an adjective, which indicates a characteristic feature of an object. In this article, you will learn what an adjective means, what questions it answers, and how it is defined in a sentence.
What is an adjective as a part of speech?
Adjective in Russian– this is an independent part of speech, indicating a sign (quality, property) of an object expressed by a noun or pronoun. The initial form of an adjective is the masculine singular form in the nominative case (light, cold, green, kind).
In sentences, adjectives, as a rule, act as a determiner, but can also be used as a predicate (or as part of a nominal predicate).
The adjective as a part of speech is studied in grades 4-6.
What questions does the adjective answer?
Adjective answers questions Which (Which? Which?), Whose? (Whose? Whose?) And What?, as well as their derivative forms, depending on the form in which case, gender and number the word is used (for example: fell out snow (what?) white, find a hole (whose?) fox).
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What do adjectives mean?
In the Russian language, the main role of adjectives in speech is to define objects (persons, phenomena, states). According to their meaning, adjectives are usually divided into three categories:
- Quality– indicate specific qualities of objects (weight, size, age, color, appearance, internal characteristics), have degrees of comparison.
Examples of specific adjectives: heavy, red, hardworking, sweet, younger, beautiful.
- Relative– denote signs that express the relationship of one object to another (material, location, purpose, time).
Examples of relative adjectives: English, Volga region, last year, weekly, playing.
- Possessives- indicate the attribute of an object according to its belonging to a certain person or animal (answer questions Whose? Whose? Whose?).
Examples of possessive adjectives: mother's, fisherman's, father's, hare's, sable.
What are the adjectives?
In Russian, adjectives are represented by two rows of forms:
- Full– adjectives that change by gender, number and case act as a definition in a sentence (strong, nutty, long).
- Brief– adjectives that vary in number and gender are used as a predicate in a sentence (old, reliable, carefree).
Morphological features of adjectives
Adjectives have constant (unchangeable) and unstable (changeable) morphological features.
The constant grammatical categories of adjectives include:
- Class by meaning (qualitative, possessive, relative);
- Degree of comparison (positive, comparative and superlative);
- Full or short form.
The morphologically inconsistent features of adjectives are:
- Number;
- Case.
How to define an adjective?
To determine an adjective in oral or written speech, put questions to the word of this part of speech ( Which? Whose?, What? and their derivatives), and also find out whether the word has the basic grammatical and syntactic features of adjectives (category in meaning, degree of comparison, inflection in gender, number and cases, etc.).
§1. General characteristics of the adjective
An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degree of comparison,
- changeable - case, number, singular - gender.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.
§2. Morphological features of adjectives
An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:
sweeter - comparative degree of adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.
Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.
§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.
Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship
- synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
- antonymies: big - small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ii’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -
-y, -y, -oh.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:
Singular
Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.
Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed R. - as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.
Plural
Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.
Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
- light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)
§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Late at night they left the house.
Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.
In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.
The girl is sick.
Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. In modern language, as definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.
Do not be surprised:
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.
Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.
§5. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
- Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
- The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
- The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:
- simple forms: higher, highest,
- compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.
Among the simple forms in the Russian language, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.
- good, bad - positive degree
- better, worse - comparative degree
- best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:
- Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
- Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
- Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
- Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.
Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:
I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is an adjective an independent part of speech?
What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?
- Quality
- Relative
- Possessives
Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?
- For quality
- For relative
- For possessives
Are relative adjectives derivatives?
Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?
- In quality
- In relative
- In possessive
Do adjectives change by case in their full form?
What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?
- For full
- For short
Do all adjectives change by case?
- Not all
Do all adjectives change according to gender?
- Not all
Do superlative adjectives change according to case?
Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?
Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?
Right answers:
- Quality
- For quality
- In possessive
- For full
- Not all
- Not all
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