Nikolai Nekrasov is the progenitor of a new literary speech, which his contemporaries successfully recreated and improved at the beginning of the 20th century.
Nikolai Alekseevich’s revolution proceeded in two directions at once: content (the writer touched on topics in his works that were not customary to talk about even in prose) and metric (poetry, squeezed into iambic and trochee, thanks to him received a rich arsenal of trimeters).
Russian literature, like Russian social life, developed within the framework of a dichotomy until the end of the 60s. Nekrasov in his work pushed the boundaries of consciousness, explaining to people that there are at least three points of view on the same question.
Childhood and youth
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28, 1821 in the Podolsk province, where the 36th Jaeger Infantry Regiment, in which his father served as a captain, was stationed.
The head of the family, Alexei Sergeevich, was a despot who was proud of his noble origins. The avid gambler was not interested in either poetry or prose. The mentally unstable man was good at only two things - hunting and assault. Despite the fact that intellectual demands were alien to Alexei, it was in his father’s library that young Nekrasov read the ode “Liberty,” which was prohibited at that time.
Mother Elena Alekseevna was the complete opposite of her husband. A gentle young lady with a fine spiritual organization, she played music and read all the time. In the illusory world of books, she escaped from the harsh everyday realities. Subsequently, Nekrasov will dedicate the poem “Mother” and “Knight for an Hour” to this “holy” woman.
Nekrasov was not the only child. In the difficult atmosphere of his father’s brutal reprisals against peasants, Alexei Sergeevich’s stormy orgies with his serf mistresses and cruel treatment of his “recluse” wife, 13 more children grew up.
In 1832, Nekrasov entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he reached only the 5th grade. The father always wanted his son to follow in his footsteps and become a military man. In 1838, 17-year-old Nikolai went to St. Petersburg to be assigned to a noble regiment.
In the cultural capital, the young man met his fellow countryman, Andrei Glushitsky, who told the poet about the delights of studying at a higher educational institution. Inspired, Nekrasov, contrary to his father’s instructions, decides to enter the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University. However, the ambitious guy fails the entrance exam and earns the status of a volunteer (1831-1841).
As a student, Nikolai Nekrasov suffered terrible poverty. Left without material support, he spent the night in gateways and basements, and only saw a full meal in his dreams. Terrible hardships not only prepared the future writer for adult life, but also strengthened his character.
Literature
The first collection of poems by young Nekrasov was “Dreams and Sounds”. The book was prepared in 1839, but Nekrasov was in no hurry to publish his “brainchild.” The writer doubted the poetic maturity of his poems and was looking for a strict adviser.
Having the proofs in hand, the aspiring writer asked the founder of romanticism to familiarize himself with it. Vasily Andreevich advised not to publish the book under his own name, explaining that in the future Nekrasov would write great works, and Nikolai Alekseevich would be ashamed of this “unprofessionalism”.
As a result, the collection was published under the pseudonym N.N. This collection was not successful with the public, and after criticism by Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky in the literary magazine Otechestvennye zapiski it was destroyed personally by Nekrasov.
Together with the writer Ivan Ivanovich Panaev, using borrowed money, in the winter of 1846, the poet rented Sovremennik. The publication published leading writers and all those who hated serfdom. In January 1847, the first issue of the updated Sovremennik took place. In 1862, the government suspended the work of the magazine, which was objectionable to the highest ranks, and in 1866 closed it altogether.
In 1868, Nikolai Alekseevich bought the rights to “Notes of the Fatherland”. There the classic was published throughout the subsequent years of its short life.
Among the great variety of works by the writer, the poems “Russian Women” (1873), “Frost, Red Nose” (1863), “Peasant Children” (1861), “On the Volga” (1860) and the poem “Grandfather Mazai” especially stood out. and Hares" (1870), "A Little Man with a Marigold" (1861), "Green Noise" (1862-1863), "Hearing the Horrors of War" (1855).
Personal life
Despite his successful literary policy and the fantastic amount of information that the writer issued monthly (more than 40 printed sheets of proofs) and processed, Nekrasov was an extremely unhappy person.
Sudden attacks of apathy, when the poet did not contact anyone for weeks, and multi-night “card battles” made the arrangement of his personal life almost impossible.
In 1842, at a poetry evening, Nikolai Alekseevich met the wife of the writer Ivan Panaev, Avdotya. The woman was beautiful, had an extraordinary mind and excellent oratorical abilities. As the owner of a literary salon, she constantly “gathered” eminent literary figures (Chernyshevsky, Belinsky) around her.
Despite the fact that Ivan Panaev was an inveterate rake, and any woman would be glad to get rid of such a would-be husband, Nekrasov had to make considerable efforts in order to earn the favor of the charming young lady. It is reliably known that he was in love with the beauty and, however, he failed to achieve reciprocity.
At first, the wayward woman rejected the advances of 26-year-old Nekrasov, which is why he almost committed suicide. But during a joint trip to the Kazan province, the charming brunette and the budding writer nevertheless confessed their feelings to each other. Upon their return, they and Avdotya’s legal husband began to live in a civil marriage in the Panayevs’ apartment.
The Triple Alliance lasted 16 years. All this action caused censure from the public - they said about Nekrasov that he lives in someone else’s house, loves someone else’s wife and at the same time makes scenes of jealousy for his legal husband.
Despite the slander and misunderstanding, Nekrasov and Panaeva were happy. In tandem, the lovers write a cycle of poetry, calling it “Panaevsky”. Biographical elements and dialogue, sometimes with the heart, sometimes with the mind, contrary to popular belief, make the works in this collection absolutely different from the Denisyev Cycle.
In 1849, the famous poet’s muse gave birth to his son. However, the “heir to the talents” of the writer lived only a couple of hours. Six years later, the young lady again gives birth to a boy. The child was extremely weak and died after four months. Due to the impossibility of having children in the couple of Nekrasov and Panayeva, quarrels begin. The once harmonious couple can no longer find “common points of contact.”
In 1862, Avdotya’s legal husband, Ivan Panaev, dies. Soon the woman realizes that Nikolai Alekseevich is not the hero of her novel, and leaves the poet. It is reliably known that in the writer’s will there is a mention of “the love of his life.”
On a trip abroad in 1864, Nekrasov lived for 3 months in an apartment with his companions - his sister Anna Alekseevna and the Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, whom he met back in St. Petersburg in 1863.
Selina was an actress of a French troupe performing at the Mikhailovsky Theater, and because of her easy disposition, she did not take her relationship with the poet seriously. Lefren spent the summer of 1866 in Karabikha, and in the spring of 1867 she again went abroad with Nekrasov. However, this time the fatal beauty never returned to Russia. This did not interrupt their relationship - in 1869 the couple met in Paris and spent the whole of August by the sea in Dieppe. The writer also mentioned her in his dying will.
At the age of 48, Nekrasov met a simple-minded 19-year-old village girl, Fekla Anisimovna Viktorova. And although the young lady did not have outstanding external characteristics and was extremely modest, the master of the literary word immediately liked her. For Thekla, the poet became the man of her life. He not only revealed to a woman the vicissitudes of love, but also showed the world.
Nekrasov and his young girlfriend lived together for five happy years. Their love story was reminiscent of the plot of the play Pygmalion. Lessons in French, Russian grammar, vocals and playing the piano transformed the writer’s common-law wife so much that instead of an overly common name, the poet began to call her Zinaida Nikolaevna, giving her a patronymic in his own name.
The poet had the most tender feelings for Thekla, but throughout his life he yearned for both the carefree Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, with whom he had an affair abroad, and for the obstinate Avdotya Yakovlevna.
Death
The last years of the great writer’s life were filled with agony. The publicist purchased a “one-way ticket” at the beginning of 1875, when he became seriously ill.
The classic man, who did not particularly care about his health, consulted a doctor only in December 1876 after his affairs became very bad. The examination was carried out by Professor Nikolai Sklifosovsky, who then worked at the Medical-Surgical Academy. During a digital examination of the rectum, he clearly identified a tumor the size of an apple. The eminent surgeon immediately informed both Nekrasov and his assistants about the tumor in order to collectively decide what to do next.
Although Nikolai Alekseevich understood that he was seriously ill, he refused to increase the dose of opium until the very end. The already middle-aged writer was afraid of losing his ability to work and becoming a burden to his family. It is reliably known that during the days of remission, Nekrasov continued to write poems and completed the fourth part of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” On the Internet to this day you can find photographs where the classic “enslaved by disease” lies on the bed with a piece of paper and thoughtfully looks into the distance.
The treatment used was losing effectiveness, and in 1877 the desperate poet turned to surgeon E.I. for help. Bogdanovsky. The writer’s sister, having learned about the surgical intervention, wrote a letter to Vienna. In it, the woman tearfully asked the eminent professor Theodor Billroth to come to St. Petersburg and operate on his beloved brother. On April 5, agreement came. A close friend of Johannes Brahms asked for 15 thousand Prussian marks for the work. Preparing for the arrival of the surgeon, N.A. Nekrasov borrowed the required amount of money from his brother Fedor.
The attending doctors had to agree with the decision and wait for their colleague to arrive. Professor T. Billroth arrived in St. Petersburg on April 11, 1877. The medical luminary was immediately acquainted with the classic’s medical history. On April 12, Theodor examined Nekrasov and scheduled an operation for the evening of the same day. The hopes of family and friends were not justified: the painful operation led to nothing.
The news of the poet's fatal illness spread across the country in an instant. People from all over Russia sent letters and telegrams to Nikolai Alekseevich. Despite the terrible torment, the eminent literary figure continued to correspond with concerned citizens until he became completely paralyzed.
In the book “Last Songs” written during this time, the literary figure summed up the results, drawing an invisible line between life and creativity. The works included in the collection are a literary confession of a man who anticipates his imminent death.
In December, the publicist’s condition worsened sharply: along with increasing general weakness and emaciation, constantly increasing pain in the gluteal area, chills, swelling on the back of the thigh and swelling in the legs appeared. Among other things, foul-smelling pus began to come out of the rectum.
Before his death, Nekrasov decided to legitimize his relationship with Zinaida. The patient did not have the strength to go to church, and the wedding took place at home. On December 14, who observed the patient N.A. Belogolovy determined complete paralysis of the right half of the body and warned his relatives that the condition would progressively worsen every day.
On December 26, Nikolai Alekseevich one by one called his wife, sister and nurse to him. He said a barely audible “goodbye” to each of them. Soon consciousness left him, and on the evening of December 27 (January 8, 1878, new style), the eminent publicist died.
On December 30, despite the severe frost, a crowd of thousands accompanied the poet “on his last day” from his house on Liteiny Prospekt to his eternal resting place - the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.
In his farewell speech, Dostoevsky awarded Nekrasov third place in Russian poetry after Pushkin and. The crowd interrupted the writer with shouts of “Yes, higher, higher than Pushkin!”
Immediately after the funeral, Zinaida Nikolaevna turned to the abbess of the monastery with a request to sell her a place next to her husband’s grave for her future burial.
Bibliography
- "Actor" (play, 1841)
- "Rejected" (play, 1859)
- "The Official" (play, 1844)
- “Theoklist Onufrich Bob, or The Husband Is Out of Place” (play, 1841)
- “Lomonosov’s Youth” (dramatic fantasy in verse in one act with an epilogue, 1840)
- “Contemporaries” (poem, 1875)
- “Silence” (poem, 1857)
- “Grandfather” (poem, 1870)
- “Cabinet of Wax Figures” (poem, 1956)
- “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (poem, 1863-1876)
- “Peddlers” (poem, 1861)
- “Recent Time” (poem, 1871)
(February 1, 1879, St. Petersburg, – May 7, 1940). Born into a priest's family. Graduated from the Institute of Railway Engineers (1902). Professor at Tomsk Institute of Technology. I was abroad for two years. Delegate to the 1st Congress of the Cadet Party (1905) from the Tauride province, where he was the head of the Yalta branch of the party. Deputy of the 3rd State Duma from the Tomsk province; elected to the Transport and Financial Commissions. After 1910, he was a Freemason, one of the famous “Masonic Five” (together with A.I. Konovalov, M.I. Tereshchenko, A.F. Kerensky, I.N. Efremov). In 1912 he was elected to the 4th State Duma. In 1909 - 17th member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, leader of its left wing.
From the end of 1915 he spoke in favor of active cooperation with socialist parties of the defencist plan; his demands: “the unity of the democratic elements of the country, the close connection of the party with national groups of democracy and active methods of activity in the country and the State Duma” (Dumova N.G., The Kadet Party during the First World War and the February Revolution. M., 1988, p. 68). During the First World War, he was a member of the committee of the Siberian Society for Providing Assistance to Sick and Wounded Soldiers and War Victims, and a member of the Special Meeting on State Defense. On November 6, 1916 he was elected deputy chairman of the 4th State Duma. Together with A.I. Guchkov participated in the preparation of a conspiracy to remove Nicholas II and was a supporter of decisive action. More than others, he insisted that the Duma not obey the tsar’s decree on a break in its work until April 1917. At the same time, Nekrasov’s position, as noted by A. Obolensky, A.V. Tyrkova and others, his personal hostile relationship with P.N. had a significant influence. Miliukov, Nekrasov’s ambitious aspirations: “He is greedy for honor and unscrupulous in his means,” noted Tyrkova (ibid., p. 72).
During the February Revolution of 1917, at first he was a supporter of military dictatorship; member of the Temporary Committee of the State Duma. On the night of March 3, he drafted a decree declaring Russia a republic. Miliukov wrote: “I then had reason to consider N.V. Nekrasov simply a traitor” (Startsev V.N., Internal Policy of the Provisional Government, Leningrad, 1980, p. 119). From March 2 to July 2, Nekrasov was Minister of Railways. In his first speeches to railway workers, he stated that “the reorganization of state life must rest on the will of the people”, “let the railway world be organized the way it wants and understands”; sought to dispel rumors about existing disagreements between the Provisional Government and the Council of the RSD: “No one is imposing any decisions on anyone.” Speaking on March 24 in the department of railways of Zemgora, he announced the satisfaction of the demands of workers and employees for an increase in wages: “The organization of the masses is our first task, and when this is done, then no excesses will be scary for anyone” (“Bulletin of the Southern Railways ", 1919, No. 14/15, p. 20).
In March–April, at meetings of the Central Committee and the 7th Congress of the Cadet Party, he was the most active supporter of the creation of an inter-party government coalition. On April 24, he said this at a reception in the Tauride Palace of delegates from the military units of the Active Army: “Just as during the formation of the Provisional Government, I still consider it necessary to include in the Provisional Government representatives of democracy and its socialist movements...” (Startsev V. I., Revolution and power, M., 1978, p. 217). However, in an interview with newspaper correspondents, he also stated that as a result of the government crisis on the night of May 3, “we, wanting to maintain the continuity of power, settled on a possible outcome - creating a personal dictatorship. We decided to transfer all power into the hands of one person. We were even convened experts in state law to formalize the new order of government in the form of a decree of the Provisional Government to the Senate" ("Russian Word", 1917, May 16). At the 8th Congress of Cadets on May 9, he sharply criticized Miliukov for his negative attitude towards the government coalition with the socialists, for the foreign policy course, called on the party to abandon the principle of supporting the government “insofar as”, and considered the government’s first task to speed up the convening of the Constituent Assembly.
On May 27, he issued a government circular on the joint activities of the railway administration with the railway workers' union: the latter was given the right of public control and monitoring of the work of the railways and giving instructions to responsible persons. Participant of the 1st All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the RSD (June). At the end of June, as part of the government delegation (A.F. Kerensky, M.I. Tereshchenko, I.G. Tsereteli) he participated in negotiations with the Ukrainian Central Rada and the preparation of a draft declaration, which was one of the reasons for the government crisis. On July 7, he stated (together with Tereshchenko) to representatives of the press that the government was extremely dissatisfied with the publication of materials on the case of V.I. Lenin (charges of high treason). During the July crisis, he left the Cadet Party and on July 8 took the post of Deputy Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government. On July 21, following Kerensky, he resigned; in the new coalition government from July 24, he represented the Russian Radical Democratic Party in the posts of Deputy Minister-Chairman and Minister of Finance. On August 12, he made a report at the State Meeting on the financial situation of the country, in which he stated: “To save our homeland, we need all these three elements - order, sacrifice, and defense” (“State Meeting”, p. 43). In the first hours of General L.G.’s speech. Kornilov Nekrasov promised Kerensky his full support. With his participation, a telegram was drawn up to the railway workers, urging them not to carry out the general’s orders. To prevent an armed conflict, he supported the opinion of the ministers A.S. Zarudny and Tereshchenko about the resignation of Kerensky, for which he was immediately removed from the government.
In early September he was appointed Governor-General of Finland. In his activities he promised to be guided by two slogans: loyalty and legal order; to strictly observe the Finnish constitution: “... I hope to meet on the part of responsible Finnish circles an equally loyal attitude towards the legitimate rights and interests of Russian statehood” (Rech, 1917, September 13). On October 17, at a meeting of the Provisional Government, he made a report on the situation in Finland.
After the October Revolution, he took part in meetings of the underground Provisional Government, but did not sign his appeal “To all citizens of the Russian Republic”. Manager of the Moscow office of Syncreds Union, statistician at the People's Commissariat for Food. From 1919 he lived and worked in Kazan. In March 1921 he was arrested, taken to Moscow, and released in May after a meeting with V.I. Lenin. He later recalled: “When they took me to the Kremlin, despite my experience, I got cold feet... Vladimir Ilyich stood up from his chair, shook hands and invited me to sit down... asked... “Where would you like to work?” Without hesitation, I answered that I would like to work in cooperation. “So, we previously discussed it with our comrades and decided to recommend you to the Central Union”” (Dneprovsky S.P., Cooperators. 1898-1968, M., 1968, pp. 343-44). In 1921 - 30 member of the board of the Central Union of the RSFSR and the USSR. He taught at Moscow University and the Moscow Institute of Consumer Cooperation. On November 3, 1930, he was arrested and on April 25, 1931, the OGPU Collegium sentenced him to 10 years in prison in the case of the so-called “Central Committee of the RSDLP(M).” In March 1933 he was released early and worked as an employee on the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal. On June 13, 1939, he was arrested again and, according to the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, was executed on May 7, 1940. Rehabilitated in 1990.
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N.V. Nekrassov (1879-1940) son of an archpriest, graduated from high school (with honors), then from the St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers (1902). In 1903 - 1905, he was on an internship in Germany from the Ministry of Railways: he got acquainted with the largest construction enterprises, objects and structures, studied the system of teaching construction in higher educational institutions, and collected material for a dissertation.
Since August 1, 1902, he has been a full-time teacher of mathematics, mechanics and drawing in the civil engineering department of the Tomsk Institute of Technology. From July 1, 1906, acting extraordinary professor in the Department of Structural Mechanics (specialty “Bridges”). He gave courses of lectures “Statics of structures”, “Bridges”, supervised the design of construction art (bridge abutments), structural mechanics, statics of structures.
Tomsk Technological Institute, 1902
In 1906 - 1908 was secretary of the civil engineering department. Prepared two abstract courses: “Statics of structures”, “Static indeterminate systems”. Presented his dissertation “On the theory of trusses with rigid connections at nodes. Experience in comparative analysis of calculation methods" (1907). He was described by his colleagues as a “serious and intelligent teacher.” Since 1905, he was actively involved in the political life of Russia, took part in organizing a group of the academic union (union of professors) in Tomsk. He lived briefly in Yalta, where he joined the Constitutional Democratic Party (People's Freedom Party), headed its Yalta branch, and represented the Tauride province at the 1st founding congress of the Cadet Party. During these turbulent years of the First Revolution, he left teaching until better times. In 1909 - 1915. he is a member of the Central Committee (Central Committee) of the Cadet Party, the leader of its left wing, and a supporter of active cooperation with socialist parties. However, he soon resigned from the Central Committee, since the more moderate majority did not agree with his ideas. Since 1907, he was a member of the Third State Duma from the Tomsk province, and was a member of the Cadets faction. He was considered one of the most active deputies and spoke from the Duma rostrum more than 100 times. Mainly dealt with problems of construction, communications and finance. Nekrasov was a rapporteur for the financial commission on railway and waterway issues. He presented the rationale for the construction of the Tyumen-Omsk and Yekaterinburg-Kurgan railway lines. Initiator of developing a plan for Siberian railway construction with the participation of local public forces. He was a member of the Siberian Parliamentary Group, taking an active part in the development of bills relating to Siberia.
Nikolai Vissarionovich is one of the prominent figures of Russian political Freemasonry, a member of the Supreme Council of the Great East of the Peoples of Russia, before the convention of 1912, and then in 1915 and the first half of 1916. N. Nekrasov was secretary of the Supreme Council.
The leadership core of the Masonic organization of the Great East (in the center is N.V. Nekrasov)
In this capacity, he worked closely with A.F. Kerensky, and together with him was part of the informal “Masonic Five” of political figures. Its members were also A.I. Konovalov, M.I. Tereshchenko, I.N. Efremov, who later became ministers of the Provisional Government.
Since 1912 - member of the IV State Duma from the Tomsk province, in 1916–1917. - comrade of its chairman. After the outbreak of the First World War, he headed a sanitary detachment. He was a member of the Special Meeting on State Defense. Together with A.I. Guchkov, he participated in the preparation of a conspiracy to remove Nicholas II, where he was a supporter of decisive action.
During the February Revolution of 1917, Nekrasov was a member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. On the night of March 3, he drafted a bill declaring monarchical Russia a Russian Republic (this caused sharp dissatisfaction with the cadet leader P. N. Milyukov, who considered a constitutional monarchy possible for Russia). At the same time, he compiled a “sample text” of Mikhail Romanov’s abdication of the throne (it is unknown whether he used this “cheat sheet” or not, but he abdicated the throne on the same day - March 3).
March 2, 1917 N.V. Nekrasov is appointed Minister of Railways of the Provisional Government and fulfills these duties until July 2 of the same year. He was also a friend of the Chairman of the State Duma. He managed to quickly gain popularity among left-wing forces and issued a circular on the right of the railway workers' trade union to public control and monitoring of the activities of the railway department. Satisfied the demands of workers and employees for increased wages.
In July 1917, he became one of the leaders of the small Russian Radical Democratic Party. From 07/24/17 to 09/24/17 he was Minister of Finance and at the same time Comrade of the Chairman of the Second Provisional Government. During the speech of General L.G. Kornilov, Nekrasov spoke out against him, but at the same time was a supporter of Kerensky’s resignation in order to prevent an armed conflict. In this case, Nekrasov, as Deputy Minister-Chairman, would become acting head of government. However, Kerensky then retained his post as prime minister, and Nekrasov was removed from the government and removed from Petrograd in connection with his appointment as Governor-General of Finland (from September 5, 1917).
After the Bolsheviks came to power, Nekrasov was the manager of the Moscow office of Syncreds Union and a statistician at the People's Commissariat for Food. At the beginning of 1918, having changed his last name to Golgofsky, he left for Ufa and worked in the cooperative system. In 1919 he moved to Kazan. In March 1921, he was identified as a former minister of the Provisional Government, arrested, sent to Moscow and in May, after a meeting with V.I. Lenin in the Kremlin, released. In 1921–1930 he was appointed a member of the board of the Central Union of the RSFSR and the USSR, taught at Moscow University, at the Institute of Consumer Cooperation.
On November 30, 1930, he was arrested by the OGPU board and sentenced to 10 years in prison in the case of the so-called. “counter-revolutionary organization” of the Union Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP Mensheviks. While in prison, he led the Special Design Bureau (the so-called “sharashka”) for the design of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. This OKB was located behind the OGPU in Moscow. There was a large store there, and on the fifth floor there was a special design bureau... The design bureau brought together hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, irrigators, and land reclamation specialists from all over the country to design the canal. We worked all day long and only had a little time for walking.
From the memoirs of O.V. Vyazemsky railway engineer (also arrested at that time): “...we were taken to the very top, into a huge hall with a parquet floor, which easily accommodated 120 people. Half of the hall is a dormitory, beds with spring mattresses, and half with tables. They explain to us that we ended up in the Special Design Bureau - OKB. The headman - an old professor - called the new arrivals and gave them a speech in which he outlined the technical problem. On the wall hung a map with a marking of the future waterway. The headman turned out to be Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov, a former professor at the Tomsk Technological Institute. He was then about sixty years old. Subsequently, he built not only the White Sea-Baltic Canal, but also the Moscow Canal.”
In 1932, in a barracks for prisoners in the ITL at Bear Mountain N.V. Nekrasov was seen by D.S. Likhachev (himself a repressed person, later an academician). In March 1933, with the completion of the canal construction, Nekrasov was released early, after which he worked on the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal as a construction management employee and head of the Zavidovo construction area. The zones were located essentially on the outskirts of Moscow. In Dmitrov, on the northern and southern outskirts, there were also two zones; there was a camp serving the railway station. Some of the specialists lived in the private sector, and for the prominent scientist N.V. Nekrasova - already a civilian Dmitlag, they built a house, provided household servants and a car with a personal driver. In 1938, for the early launch of the canal named after. Moscow Nekrasov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In 1939, he held the position of head of work in the Kalyazinsky district in the Volzhsky ITL of the NKVD (Volgostroy), and was engaged in the construction of waterworks.
Moscow region, Dmitrov, st. Pushkin House No. 45, where engineer N.V. Nekrasov lived
On June 13, 1939 he was arrested for the second time. On April 14, 1940, he was convicted by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on charges of sabotage during the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal and organizing a counter-revolutionary terrorist group with the aim of killing the leaders of the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government. On May 7, 1940, he was shot. This talented figure of our country was buried in Moscow at the Donskoye Cemetery. Rehabilitated on March 12, 1991 by the USSR Prosecutor's Office.
The Russian Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government on September 1, 1917. This act was not required throughout the subsequent history of the Russian state and remained only on paper.
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NIKOLAI VISSARIONOVICH is a Russian politician and statesman.
From the family he is sacred. Graduated from the St. Petersburg Institute of Communications (1902). Then he worked at the engineering and construction department of the Tomsk Technological Institute, in 1903-1905 he worked in Germany and Switzerland for preparation for the professional title (specialization in the region -ti bridge-building). Since 1906, acting ex-t-ra-or-di-nar-no-go professor of the Tomsk Technological Institute, secretary of the civil engineer of the de-le Institute of the Institute (1906-1908).
In 1904, he became close to the activities of the Union for the Os-bo-zh-de-niya, according to the overseas agent of the Department in-li-tion, kept in touch with the Socialist-Revolutionaries. Upon returning to Russia, he was one of the or-ga-ni-za-to-rov group of the Aka-de-mi-che-soy in Tomsk. Later he joined the ka-de-there (Kon-sti-tu-tsi-on-no-de-mo-kra-tichesky party; KDP), de-le-gat of the 3rd congress party ka-de-tov (April/May 1906). In the fall of 1906, he headed the Tomsk Provincial Committee of the KDP, since 1909 a member of the Central Committee of the party, and joined its left wing. Deputy of the State Duma of the 3rd (1907-1912) and 4th (1912-1917) convocations, one of the ru-co-vo-di-te-leys, since 1912 - risch of the chairman of the KDP faction, called for cooperation with the left-wing factions of the Duma (in part-st-no-sti, with work-do-vi-ka-mi).
A supporter of the entire development of the place of self-government, supported the ideas of the Si-Bir- skogo region-la-st-ni-che-st-va, before the introduction of zemstvos in the region, demanded to protect the indigenous te-ley Si-bi-ri (foreign-tsev) from “predatory exploitation”, give them the right to establish their life in co-vet-st-vii with folk traditions. In 1908, he joined the Ma-so-us, entered the “Ro-zy” lodge (the so-called Duma, or “po-li-ti-che-skoe”, ma-son -st-vo), secretary of the Verkh-no-go so-ve-ta "Great Eastern Current of the Peoples of Russia" (1908-1912, 1915), chairman of the ma- sleepy “con-ven-ta” (congress) in the summer of 1912 in Moscow. At the beginning of 1914, in pro-ti-vo-vez, the wife of P.N. “Nekrasov did not seem to be able to put more pressure on him.
Since the beginning of the First World War, the Union of Cities, the Siberian Society for the power of the sick and wounded soldiers and those who suffered from the war, a special meeting for the defense of the state-gifted st-va, was a member of the Earth-mountain. In June 1915, he left the Central Committee of the KDP. A prominent figure in the “Pro-gress-siv-no-go bloc”, in 1915 he was considered an op-po-zi-tsi-ey in ka-che-st-ve kan-di-da-ta for the post of minister of put-tei so-society. In February 1916, he was again elected as a member of the Central Committee of the KDP. Since November 1916, he has been the Chairman of the State Duma. According to a number of researchers, together with A.I. Guch-kov, he studied in training for -ra with the aim of removing Emperor Nicholas II.
During the February Revolution of 1917, he became a member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, and drafted an act on the authority of Grand Duke Mi -hai-la Alek-san-d-ro-vi-cha to take power after the re-ce-tion from the throne of Nicholas II, and also pre-lo- the same about the introduction of a republican form of government in Russia. The minister of the put-tey association of the Temporary Government, tried to get the business together -what happened to the trade union-behind-the-lez-but-before-rozh-nikov, after the April-crisis of the Provisional Government- st-va from-sta-val is not-about-ho-di-most of the creation of a coalition government with the participation of moderate so-cials -stov and the soon-to-be-convened Uch-re-edificatory council.
Participated in the work of the 1st All-Russian Congress of the So-ve-tov of Workers and Sol-da-ts-kih de-pu-ta-tov, 2- th General congress (both - June 1917, Petrograd), in negotiations with the Ukrainian Central Council about the car nom-nom st-tu-se Uk-rai-ny and under-knowledge of the General-no-go sec-re-ta-ria-ta organ-government Time. government in the region. During the July crisis Time. pra-vi-tel-st-va de-mon-st-ra-tiv-but left the KDP and joined Ros. ra-di-kalno-de-mo-kra-tich. par-tiyu. Deputy min.-prev. Provisional Government, from July 25 (August 7) - Deputy Minister-Chairman and Minister of Finance, one of the closest collaborators A. F. Ke-ren-sko-go. During the Cor-ni-lo-va vy-stu-p-le-niya of 1917, you-said for the resignation of Ke-ren-sko-go-ra-di pre-dot-vra - after the armed conflict, 08.31 (09.13). Chen Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
After the October Revolution of 1917, she studied in the activities of the Polish Provisional Government. Since March 1918, the manager of the Moscow company of the Union of Siberian Credit Unions, then, under a false name, worked in koo-pe-ra-tiv uch-re-zh-de-ni-yah Ka-za-ni. In 1921, are-sto-van according to do-no-su, was delivered to Moscow, soon os-vo-bo-zh-den, worked in Tsentro- Union, pre-da-val at the 1st Moscow State University, the Institute of National Economy and the Moscow Institute of Requirement-Co-Operation.
One of the editors of the 3rd volume (“Fi-nan-sy and accounting”) “Tor-go-voy en-cyclo-pedia” (1924), av -tor of the mo-no-graphy “Koo-pe-ra-tiv-naya trade-gov-lya” (parts 1-3, 1926-1928). In 1930, are-sto-van according to the so-called. de-lu of the So-yuz-no-go bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (less-she-vi-kov), in 1931, assigned to the 10th year of la-ge-ray. Worked on the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Ka-na-la and Ka-na-la Mo-sk-va - Vol-ga, in 1933 but os-in-bo-zh-day, in 1934 on-gra-zh-den by the order of Tru-do-of the Red Sign. Since 1937, he worked at Vol-go-stroy. In 1939, are-sto-van again. Military College of the Supreme Court of the USSR Pri-go-vo-ren to the highest measure of na-ka-za-niya. Ras-str-lyan. Rea-bi-li-ti-ro-van in 1991.
| Date of Birth: | |
|---|---|
| Place of Birth: |
city of St. Petersburg |
| Date of death: | |
| A place of death: |
Moscow city |
| Academic title: |
Professor |
| Alma mater: |
Institute of Railway Engineers |
Nekrasov Nikolai Vissarionovich(October 20/November 1, 1879, St. Petersburg - May 7, 1940, Moscow) - Russian politician, acting. Doctor of Extraordinary Professor in the Department of Structural Mechanics (“Bridges”).
Biography
Born into a priest's family. Graduated from the Institute of Railway Engineers (1902). Since August 1, 1902 - full-time teacher of mathematics, mechanics and drawing in the civil engineering department.
The Institute Council sent him from May 15 to September 1903 for scientific purposes to Russian construction enterprises, and from September 1, 1903 - abroad to prepare for professorship.
Nekrasov used the provided foreign business trip successfully: he got acquainted with the teaching of construction in a number of European universities, inspected the largest construction enterprises, objects and structures, and prepared the work “On the theory of trusses with rigid connections at nodes. Experience in comparative analysis of calculation methods." The work received a positive review from Professor B. L. Kirpichev of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. The meeting of the civil engineering department and the Council of the Tomsk Technological Institute, considering Nekrasov’s candidacy for the position of acting. D. extraordinary professor, came to the conclusion that “during his teaching career, he proved himself to be a serious and intelligent teacher. The work and the report on the business trip abroad indicate that he used the time of the business trip rationally and completely mastered the subject for which he was sent to study. Nekrasov fully deserves to be given an independent department in the subject for which he was studying.”
From July 1, 1906 - acting. Doctor of Extraordinary Professor in the Department of Structural Mechanics (specialty “Bridges”). He gave courses of lectures “Statics of structures”, “Bridges”, supervised the design of construction art (bridge abutments), structural mechanics, statics of structures.
In 1906-1908 was secretary of the civil engineering department. Prepared two abstract courses: “Statics of structures”, “Static indeterminate systems”. Presented his dissertation “On the theory of trusses with rigid connections at nodes. Experience in comparative analysis of calculation methods" (1907). He was described by his colleagues as a “serious and intelligent teacher.”
Since 1907 - member of the Third State Duma from the Tomsk province, was a member of the Cadets faction.
Since 1912 - member of the IV State Duma from the Tomsk province, in 1916-1917. - comrade of its chairman.
During the February Revolution of 1917 - member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.
On November 30, 1930, he was arrested by the OGPU board and sentenced to 10 years in prison in the case of the so-called. Central Committee of the RSDLP (M.).
While in prison, he participated in the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, where he showed his knowledge and experience as a civil engineer, thereby providing great assistance to the construction management. In March 1933, with the completion of the canal construction, he was released early, after which he worked as an employee on the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal.
On June 13, 1939, he was arrested again and, according to the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, was shot.
He was buried in Moscow at the Donskoye Cemetery.
Political activity
Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov, deputy from the Tomsk province, speaking at a meeting of the Third State Duma. 1912
With the beginning of the First Russian Revolution, he became actively involved in the public life of the city and country. In 1905, he took part in organizing a group of the academic union (union of professors) in Tomsk, and then, arriving in Yalta, he joined the ranks of the local department of the constitutional democratic party and participated in both the organization and the daily work of this department. He was a delegate to the 1st founding congress of the Cadets Party from the Taurida province, held on October 12-18, 1905, where he was the head of the Yalta branch of the party.
On December 5, 1907, he was elected to the Third State Duma from the Tomsk province, resigned from the institute and moved to St. Petersburg. In the Duma he worked in the Transport and Finance Commission. In addition, N.V. Nekrasov was a member of the Siberian parliamentary group, taking an active part in the development of bills concerning Siberia, primarily the introduction of zemstvos.
In addition, he was a member of the Duma Masonic organization "Rose", which included representatives of various political parties - V. A. Vinogradov, F. F. Kokoshkin, A. I. Shingarev, N. S. Chkheidze, I. N. Efremov, A. I. Konovalov, A. F. Kerensky, etc. The leaders of the Duma Masonic Lodge set themselves the goal of “taking care of smoothing out various kinds of conflicts and contradictions between various factions in the State Duma and ensuring their joint performances.”
Since 1910, he was a member of the “Masonic Five” (together with A.I. Konovalov, M.I. Tereshchenko, A.F. Kerensky, I.N. Efremov).
From 1909 to 1917 was a member of the Central Committee (Central Committee) of the Cadet Party, the leader of its left wing.
On October 20, 1912, at the Tomsk provincial election meeting, he was elected as a deputy to the IV State Duma. In the Duma he spoke about the rationale for the construction of the Tyumen-Omsk and Yekaterinburg-Kurgan railway lines. From November to June 1914, he signed 16 parliamentary requests sent to various government authorities. Among them - about the illegal actions of the security department in relation to members of the Social Democratic faction of the Second Duma; about illegal actions of the police and enterprise administrations towards workers during strikes, etc.
From the end of 1915 he advocated active cooperation with socialist parties. His demands: “the unity of the democratic elements of the country, close ties between the party and national democratic groups and active methods of activity in the country and the State Duma.”
During the First World War, he was a member of the committee of the Siberian Society for Providing Assistance to Sick and Wounded Soldiers and War Victims, and a member of the Special Meeting on State Defense.
On November 6, 1916, he was elected comrade of the Chairman of the IV State Duma M.V. Rodzianko. Together with A.I. Guchkov, he participated in the preparation of a conspiracy to remove Nicholas II, and was a supporter of decisive action.
During the February Revolution of 1917, at first he was a supporter of the military dictatorship: a member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. On the night of March 3, he drafted a decree declaring Russia a republic. Miliukov wrote: “At that time I had reason to consider N.V. Nekrasov simply a traitor” (Startsev V.N., Internal Policy of the Provisional Government, Leningrad, 1980, p. 119). From March 2 to July 2, Nekrasov was Minister of Railways. In his first speeches to railway workers, he stated that “the reorganization of state life must rest on the will of the people”, “let the railway world be organized the way it wants and understands”; sought to dispel rumors about existing disagreements between the Provisional Government and the Council of the RSD: “No one is imposing any decisions on anyone.” Speaking on March 24 at the railway department of Zemgora, he announced the satisfaction of the demands of workers and employees for an increase in wages: “The organization of the masses is our first depot, and when this is done, then no excesses will be scary for anyone” (“Bulletin of the Southern Railways ", 1919, No. 14/15, p. 20).
From March 2 to July 2, 1917 - Minister of Railways of the Provisional Government. In March - April, at meetings of the Central Committee and the 7th Congress of the Cadet Party, he was the most active supporter of the creation of an inter-party government coalition.
At the 8th Congress of Cadets on May 9, he sharply criticized Miliukov for his negative attitude towards the government coalition with the socialists, for the foreign policy course, called on the party to abandon the principle of supporting the government “insofar as”, and considered the government’s first task to speed up the convening of the Constituent Assembly.
Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov among the professors of Tomsk Technological Institute
Siberian group of members of the IV State Duma (Photograph by N. N. Olshansky). Sitting (from left): A. S. Sukhanov, V. N. Pepelyaev, V. I. Dzyubinsky, N. K. Volkov, N. V. Nekrasov, S. V. Vostrotin, M. S. Rysev. Standing: V. M. Vershinin, A. I. Rusanov, I. N. Mankov, I. M. Gamov, A. A. Dubov, A. I. Ryslev, S. A. Taskin.
On May 27, he issued a government circular on the joint activities of the railway administration with the railway workers' union: the latter was given the right of public control and monitoring of the work of railway workers and giving instructions to responsible persons. At the end of June, as part of the government delegation (A.F. Kerensky, M.I. Tereshchenko, I.G. Tsereteli) he participated in negotiations with the Ukrainian Central Rada and the preparation of a draft declaration, which was one of the reasons for the government crisis.
In June 1917, he took part in the activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the RSD. He worked together with A. Kerensky and M. Tereshchenko in the commission to verify information about V.I. Lenin’s connections with Germany.
During the July crisis, he left the Cadet Party and joined the Russian Radical Democratic Party. On July 8, he took over the post of Deputy Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government. On July 21, following Kerensky, he resigned: in the new coalition government from July 24 he held the posts of Deputy Minister-Chairman and Minister of Finance.
On August 12, he made a report at the State Meeting on the financial situation of the country, at which he stated: “To save our homeland, we need all these three elements - order, sacrifices, and defense.” In the first hours of General L. G. Kornilov’s speech, N. V. Nekrasov promised Kerensky his full support. With his participation, a telegram was drawn up to the railway workers, urging them not to carry out the general’s orders.
To prevent an armed conflict, he supported the opinion of ministers A.S. Zarudny and Tereshchenko on the resignation of Kerensky, for which he was immediately removed from the government and on September 5, 1917 he was appointed Governor-General of Finland.
In his activities as Governor General, he promised to be guided by two slogans: loyalty and legal order. On October 17, at a meeting of the Provisional Government, he made a report on the situation in Finland. He served as Governor General of Finland until October 25, 1917 (July 18, 1917 Finland becomes an independent republic).
After the October Revolution, he took part in the work of the underground Provisional Government, was the manager of the Moscow office of the Syncreds Union, and a statistician at the People's Commissariat for Food. At the beginning of 1918, having changed his last name to Golgofsky, he left for Ufa and worked in the cooperative system.
In 1919 he moved to Kazan. In March 1921 he was arrested, sent to Moscow and in May, after a meeting with V.I. Lenin in the Kremlin, he was released.
In 1921 - 1930 he was a member of the board of the Central Union of the RSFSR and the USSR, taught at Moscow University, at the Institute of Consumer Cooperation.
Proceedings
On the issue of calculating bridges of the Rösel system // Izv. TTI. T.2, 1903
Towards the theory of trusses with rigid connections at nodes. Experience in comparative analysis of calculation methods//Izv.TTI. T.7, 1907
Statics of structures: Conservative course. Statically indeterminate systems (lithographic publishing house TTI) - Tomsk, 1908.
Sources
1. Gagarin A.V. “Professors of Tomsk Polytechnic University.” Biographical reference book. T. 1. Tomsk: Publishing house of scientific and technical literature, 2000 - 300 pp.