In the school Russian language course, close attention is paid to studying native language is given in the 8th and 9th grades of the basic school. Moreover, in the 8th grade the syntax of a simple sentence is studied, and in the 9th grade the features and varieties of complex ones are examined in detail.
In the 8th grade, after studying phrases and types of connections in them, the authors of textbooks devote a lot of material to one-part sentences. Among other one-part constructions, generalized personal sentences are studied, examples of which can be found below.
In the school course of the Russian language for the 8th grade, it is said that all simple sentences of the Russian language can be conditionally divided into groups of one-part and two-part ones. Among single-component sentences, two large varieties are distinguished: a group of subject sentences and a group of predicate sentences.
The second group implies that simple sentence the only one main member– this is a predicate. There are four varieties in it: impersonal, vaguely personal and generalized personal.
Generalized-personal constructions differ from other one-component constructions in that such a sentence does not inform about the activities of a specific person, but reports general concepts, which are applicable to different individuals and situations.
If we talk about specific grammatical indicators of this group, it is important to note the following important fact that the subject of the action is not named and is thought of in general terms. In such a one-part syntactic construction, one can substitute subjects expressed by lexemes: “any”, “every”, “everyone”.
The structural features of such one-part sentences coincide with the features of definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. Namely: the predicate in them is a verb. 2 l. units tsp or 3 l. pl. h.
Important! Based on the name of the variety of one-component syntactic constructions, it becomes clear that the meaning of these sentences is generalized. In other words, proverbs, aphorisms, sayings, and truisms can act as such syntactic units.
Examples of generalized personal sentences
Let's look at examples from fiction:
Proverbs with this type of construction are known to everyone:
- They don't hit someone who is lying down.
- Live and learn.
- Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
- Don’t open your mouth to someone else’s loaf.
- Don't spit in the well - you'll need to drink the water.
- Don't dig a hole for someone else, you will fall into it yourself.
- The quieter you go, the further you'll get.
- You can't fill a leaky barrel.
- Money can't buy intelligence.
- When they take off their heads, they don’t cry over their hair.
- Whoever you hang out with, that's how you'll gain.
- Nightingales are not fed fables.
- Tears of sorrow will not help.
- Don’t feel sorry for your guest, but pour it thicker.
- What goes around comes around.
Generalized personal sentences represented by sayings:
- He steps on the same rake.
- If you sow a habit, you will reap a character.
- You are not buying a house, but a neighbor.
- You can't remove the words from the song.
- Business before pleasure.
- Don't say "gop" until you jump.
- Don't be born beautiful, but be born happy.
A natural question arises: why are there so many generalized personal sentences among the wise sayings belonging to the people? The answer is quite simple: over the centuries, people have observed and aptly noted in speech the generalized experience of generations.
Modern linguists say that generalized personal sentences, or rather proverbs in their quality, are mandatory and do not cause controversy. They become a consequence of the cause-and-effect relationships of the analyzed situations. For this reason, over time, all these expressions acquired the meaning of inevitable, necessary and objectively determined.
Important! Generalized personal sentences are described in detail in special linguistic manuals. Information about this type of one-piece structures can also be found in electronic library– Wikipedia.
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Let's sum it up
It is necessary to learn, as a rule, that a generalized personal sentence is a one-part sentence with the main member - the predicate. It is important that the predicate verb in them has the meaning of an action that can be performed by any person. In speech, generalized personal sentences are most often used when the speaker needs to emphasize the importance of the action being performed. Moreover, this action is not tied to a specific time period and can be performed by anyone. It is for this reason that so many similar designs included in the texts of artistic proposals. Many sentences have become aphorisms, proverbs and sayings.
In the theory of the Russian language, sentences belonging to the category of one-part sentences are called generalized-personal. Their difference from other types is that the main member in in this case denoted as a verb in the second person singular. Sometimes - in the first or second form of the person and in the plural. An action may concern not someone specifically, but anyone, therefore the subject in relation to which it occurs is in this case called generalized.
How to determine that a sentence belongs to this type
Above we explained what one-part generalized personal sentences are; examples of them are present in almost all literary works. They are also found in folk art, in particular, proverbs and sayings. Since offers of this type do not have their own form, the key criterion for their identification is semantic load. Thus, generalized-personal constructions represent a figurative picture of abstract judgments and generalizations; they are addressed to everyone at once at the same time and have the character of some kind of teaching or instruction. That is why this form is so often found in sayings, in particular:
What we have, we don’t store.
Observations that are expressed in these types of sentences have a generalized meaning that reflects certain phenomena, situations or objects.
Often similar speech constructions are used in colloquial speech when a person, at the moment of expression, wants to express his attitude to what is happening, but does not address anyone specifically. For example:
What you can't do to successfully pass the exam.
If you tell anyone about this beauty, they won’t believe it.
Generalized personal sentences: examples
Proverbs are the most common form for using generalized personal constructions, and this is understandable. The fact is that stable speech phrases carry folk wisdom, which was passed on from one generation to the next, and their key feature is that life principles and behavior patterns are described in the form household features. For example, in a proverb such as “What goes around comes around,” it says not only that if you plant bad seeds, then, accordingly, they will grow bad harvest, but also that one bad habit can ruin a person’s whole life in the future. All this was said by parents to children in the form of personal parting words. In linguistic form, they are dressed in generalized personal sentences, examples of which are also found in:
- artistic prose works;
- poetry;
- folklore;
- folk songs.
Often famous authors stylized some of their opinions in works of art under folk art, in particular, under the same sayings. Pushkin, Tolstoy, Yesenin, and others loved this famous writers and poets.
Classical literature and generalized personal sentences
Examples from fiction on the use of constructions of this type are mainly stylistic meaning. That is, the author wants the reader to be as involved as possible in the experiences of the main character or to be emotionally closer to the action taking place. The best way to bring the reader closer to action - these are generalized personal sentences. You can see examples below:
You will jump out of the forest and see a motley pack of dogs stretched out on the ground in the greenery...
This is part of an excerpt from a story by Ivan Bunin. In the process of reading it, the illusion of being in the forest and contemplating what is happening is created. All this is created through the use of a generalized personal construction and the words “you will jump out” and “you will see,” which are addressed directly to the reader.
Features of the use of generalized personal constructions in literature: mixing styles
Often, to stylize their works as folk art and give them the author’s “simplicity,” writers and playwrights use generalized personal sentences. There are different examples from fiction here, ranging from the use of such constructions in the titles of works and ending with the use of expressions from folk wisdom in the context of the work.
For example, the famous Russian playwright A. Ostrovsky used common proverbs to name his legendary works, for example:
- Our people - we will be numbered.
- What you go for is what you will find.
- Don't sit in your own sleigh.
At the same time, he used for the table of contents not only sayings in the form of generalized personal constructions, but also others, for example, “It’s not all Maslenitsa for the cat.”
Stable phrases are successfully woven into the outline of the novel “War and Peace” by Tolstoy; they are replete with the works of Pushkin, Gogol and other authors.
Generalized personal sentences, and not only in the form of set phrases, are also often found in famous authors twentieth century, for example, in famous works Bulgakov, Ilf and Petrov, Yesenin and other writers and poets.
The use of one-part constructions in poetry - examples
One-part speech constructions are quite common in poetic lyrics - in particular, generalized personal sentences. Examples from poetry can be found in the works of Sergei Yesenin, for example:
Curse their failures
They remember Moscow Rus'.
This passage does not indicate who exactly curses and remembers, so this statement can be confidently applied to all the contemporaries of the great poet.
Also, this form in poetic types of works can be found in fables; let’s give an example from Krylov’s fable:
And the arcs bend with patience and not suddenly.
Features of the construction of a generalized personal sentence
As mentioned earlier, a generalized personal sentence has predominantly a one-part construction, but sometimes it can also be two-part. In such cases, the subject is expressed as a personal pronoun and has the meaning of a generalized person. In such cases, the word “we” or “I” is most often used for this purpose.
Two-part generalized personal sentences, examples of use:
For example, you came home, you want to relax.
What do you want me to do?
However, if we are talking about a standard one-component construction, then the subject is absent, and the predicate is expressed by the second or third form of the verb in the singular or plural. For example:
No one is waiting there.
You won't escape punishment.
Generalized personal sentences as a subtype of one-part sentences
In some textbooks on the Russian language, generalized-personal sentences are not considered as a separate subtype and are classified as one of the indefinite-personal forms. However, in Lately Almost everywhere they are considered as an independent subtype of one-part sentences.
In russian language separate place are occupied by one-part sentences. Generalized-personal also belong to this category. At their core, they have a verb with the help of which an action is performed that concerns everyone, and not just an individual.
One-part sentences
In the Russian language, one-part sentences are those in which there is only 1 main member, while the entire meaning is preserved and conveyed without loss. Unlike incomplete ones, these sentences can be understood outside the text.
One-part sentences can contain a subject or predicate at their core. In this case, the following are distinguished:
- definite-, indefinite-, generalized-personal and impersonal sentences, if the main member of the sentence is the predicate;
- nominatives, based on the main subject.
Predicate
The main members of a sentence include the predicate, which denotes the action or attribute of the subject. Most often it is represented by a verb in some mood and can have a simple or compound form.
In generalized personal constructions, the verb-predicate of the second person singular or plural in the present or future tense, as well as in the third person plural. For example, “When you take off your head, you don’t cry over your hair.”
These can also be verbs in the imperative mood of the second person plural (“don’t look for happiness”) and singular (“call and get a prize”).
Generalized-personal proposals
The generalized personal sentence occupies a completely separate place in Russian grammar. Its main function is to convey meaning without reference to a specific person. Most often, this type of sentence is used in proverbs and sayings, for example, “if you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled.” IN this proposal they do not mean anyone in particular, but they say this to some person who loves pleasure but does not want to pay for it.
At the same time, there are options in which a generalized-personal sentence takes the form of a definitely-personal one, for example, “You can’t order your heart.” IN in this example a second person verb refers to a specific noun, but does not indicate a specific person to whom the heart belongs.
Characteristics of generalized personal proposals
A generalized-personal sentence is a sentence that can also be definitely or indefinitely personal, that is, denote the action or state of a certain person. This category includes the following.
In literature, a technique is used when a specific person speaks, generalizing the meaning. A so-called generalized personal sentence is formed with action on behalf of the speaker. For example, the hero does not say something in the first person, but uses a verb in the second person - “you go out into the street at night, lights are burning everywhere.”
Imperative verbs
Considering that the generalized-personal sentence stands apart in Russian grammar, the rule has its own category of examples that stand out among their own kind. These are phrases that use verbs in the imperative mood.
The imperative mood is a call that has its own direction, but does not point to someone specific. At the same time, the semantics of a sentence (examples confirm this) can carry different semantic shades.
The semantic shades of impersonal sentences are diverse and applicable in different areas life.
Generalized-personal are called one-part sentences, the main member of which is expressed by a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers of the present and future tenses (less often - in other personal forms), and the action denoted by the verb in such sentences equally applies to any person, i.e. actor thought in general terms. Do you love ride– love to carry sleighs too(last); I'm burning with tearswon't you help (last).
A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “In these cases, the generalized form of the combination acquires deep life and literary meaning. It is the bridge that connects the personal with the general, the subjective with the objective. And the more intimate any experience is, the more difficult it is for the speaker to show it off in front of everyone, the more willingly he puts it in the form of a generalization, transferring this experience to everyone, including the listener, who is therefore more captivated by the narrative than in a personal situation. form." In Russian studies there is no unambiguous attitude towards the status of generalized personal sentences. In the 30s of the twentieth century, generalized personal sentences, along with indefinite personal ones, were recognized by A.M. Peshkovsky as special type, occupying an intermediate position between personal and impersonal sentences. A.A. Shakhmatov considered this type of sentence as part of indefinite-personal sentences and did not distinguish it into a special type of one-component sentences.
In modern Russian syntax, the status of generalized-personal sentences, as a rule, is not in doubt, although it is also not recognized by everyone. Research does not have a common view on the grammatical nature and specificity of one-part verbal-personal sentences, hence the differences in their classification, since the basis is predominantly the semantic principle. The nature of a syntactic unit can first of all be explained from a grammatical point of view, without absolutizing the semantic criterion.
Some linguists distinguish three among single-component verbal-personal sentences: independent type: definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal (A.A. Yudin, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, V.V. Babaytseva, S.I. Syatkovsky, A.N. Gvozdev, A.G. Rudnev etc.), others – two: definitely and indefinitely personal (A.A. Shakhmatov, V.I. Borkovsky, L.V. Shcherba,
E.S. Istrina, etc.) or vaguely and generally personal (A.M. Peshkovsky, S.I. Abakumov, V.M. Berezin, etc.).
Using the same principle, one-part verbal-personal sentences are classified in educational literature, but the authors (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, A.N. Gvozdev, A.G. Rudnev, N.S. Valgina, V.V. Babaytseva, A.F. Kulagin) define the range of grammatical structures for each of the three types of verbal-personal sentences. As for educational and methodological manuals for schools and teacher training colleges, they present two types of verbal-personal sentences. All this creates great difficulties in teaching practice: firstly, in distinguishing between indefinitely personal and generalized personal sentences when the forms of the predicate are homonymous; secondly, determining the varieties of definitely-personal sentences. Yes, a proposal They love our pilots.... (Tvardovsky). A.G. Rudnev gives as an example of vaguely personal constructions, and A.K. Fedorov considers this proposal to be generalized and personal.
No less discrepancy exists in the qualification of sentences with a predicate-verb in the 1st person plural form. number and imperative mood. Yes, a proposal I'm sorry the fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium(A. Pushkin). Some scientists (A.N. Gvozdev, A.M. Finkel, N.M. Bazhenov) refer to definite personal sentences, and proverb expressions Let's wait and see, but no, we'll hear; Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter some refer to generalized personal proposals (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, A.G. Rudnev), A.M. Zemsky, N.S. Valgina, some of these constructions qualify as generalized personal sentences, while others ( Let's save the world) – as definitely personal proposals.
By the personal forms of the verbal predicate, you can determine the producer of the action - this is the second person. However, this second person in such sentences is perceived as generalized: Memories of childhood are irresistible in quiet hours, when stay alone with myself(Prim.).
Generalized personal sentences with a predicate in the form of other persons are much less common, since not all persons are equally capable of generalization.
The generalizing nature of people’s activities, the obligation and indisputability of the state of affairs determines the functioning of such sentences in proverbs and sayings thanks to their figurative meaning and aphoristic character. V.V. Babaytseva suggests the term for such sentences vaguely generalized, “since in form they coincide with indefinitely personal ones and in semantics they are indefinitely generalized.”
Basically, generalizations in these persons are found in proverbs and sayings. For example:
a) in the form of 1st person unit. h.: Someone else's hand of misfortune
I’ll deceive you, but I won’t put my mind to it(last);
b) in the form of 1st person plural. h.: We don’t keep what we have, we cry when we lose it.
c) in the form of 3rd person plural. h.: Taking off the head, going through the hair don't cry (last);
– also, the 3rd person form receives a generalized meaning at the level of uncertainty: the action relates to any undefined person, the action belongs to others, many, any persons: - What are you doing? – Klava asked... – Or did she lose something? “I lost it,” said Dasha. “I lost my ring, I lost my love.” “They lose what they don’t keep,” Klava responded instructively.(Vl. Lidin). The speaker reports a fact of reality relating to unspecified persons, but includes himself (1st person) and the interlocutor (2nd person) among those to whom this generalized remark applies.
– If the main member is expressed by the form of the future tense of the verb, the semantic structure of the sentence, as a rule, is superimposed with a modal connotation of the possibility or impossibility of action: You don't like it, but at all you won't please (A. Chekhov).
– in generalized personal sentences, the modal meaning of necessity, inevitability, the form of the verb in the position of the main member easily arises; they do not have an actual meaning of time: verbal forms are characterized by timelessness, they mark an action not related to the moment of speech;
According to A.M. Peshkovsky, sentences, the main member of which is expressed in the form of the 2nd person, “represent the favorite form of personal generalization in the Russian language, and this constitutes its important syntactic feature»: Words from a song you won't throw it away (last); From myself you won't run out, Push you won't leave, you won't hide (Yu. Nagibin);
– The seme of generality of the acting subject contributes to the expression of intimate thoughts, moods, deep personal experiences that form special group sentences in which the verb is in the 2nd person singular form. h. the action of a specific person, most often the speaker himself, is presented: experiencing something like shame when you feel feeling unhappy due to other misfortunes(A. Green).
– However, the verb can denote a generalized action in the 3rd person plural form. indicative numbers. For example: Firewood into the forestthey don't carry (last).
– Sometimes found in a generalized personal sentence is the 1st person singular form. and many more indicative numbers. For example: Whatwe have–don't store it, we'll lose it– we're crying (last).
– Can be expressed by a verb in the form imperative mood: Live and learn(last); Don't rush with your tongue - hurry with your deeds(last). – A special position is occupied by sentences in which the form of the imperative mood is used in a figurative, non-imperative meaning, naming an intended action that will certainly cause another action: It seems that if you move your hand you will scare away the singers(V. Peskov). The seme of incentive in the content structure of generalized personal sentences imposes various semantic shades on the semantics of the sentence:
1) advice, admonitions, requests, wishes that relate not to one interlocutor, but to all people: Bread and salt eat, but the truth cut (last).
2) assumptions of the possibility or impossibility of action: I'm crazy! Why was I scared? To this ghost blow- and he’s gone(A. Pushkin).
3) actions assessed ironically: Tea is all wrong. As I ordered... Rely on me on you!(I. Turgenev);
4) actions that are inevitable, committed against the will: Now he’ll come out among people and turn his nose up, that’s what’s offensive. And you grovel all your life(A. Ostrovsky).
When reporting events in the past, the speaker pushes his personality into the background, emphasizing pictures of the past. The belonging of the action to the speaker, the 1st person, is undoubted, since in such sentences the 2nd person can be freely replaced by the 1st. But such a replacement, although possible, is not adequate, since it deprives the verb, and with it the entire sentence, of its generalized character: There is no sweeter fun for our girls than collecting lilies of the valley. You walk along continuous lily of the valley leaves, large, light green and cool. And there are few flowers: as if someone had just walked here and torn everything off. But you will kneel down, bend your head lower, look from below and from the side, and you will see here, and there, and there - ah, at your very knees, at your very hand! – everywhere, everywhere, hidden under the leaves, pearl balls of lily of the valley glow! (Pan.). Here the speaker relates the action to himself, but he does not oppose himself to others, but unites with them, his action is presented as typical under similar circumstances for many or all; This reflects the generalizing nature of this construction.
– Generalized personal sentences with a verb in the 2nd person singular form. parts of the imperative mood can be subordinate clauses in the composition complex sentence, where they sometimes acquire the character of stable combinations with a generalized meaning of the person of the figure. For example: You are a poet, just like me; And what don't say anything, poets are nice guys! (P.).
– The difference from other one-part sentences with the 2nd person form is that the generalization of the subject is created precisely by the form of the verb, denoting undirected action. Wed. different meanings this form in this context: ... Here in a day you're rocking out, You'll come home - there you are sitting (V. Vysotsky). In the first two sentences, the 2nd person form expresses an unaddressed action, it is attributed primarily to the speaker, but is abstracted from a specific subject and acquires the meaning of generality. And in the third sentence, this form denotes the action of the addressee and is used in its direct meaning.
Generalized personal sentences exist in special contexts:
1) Convey the meaning of timelessness - in conditional constructions: If you visit these places at least once, you will always remember them.
2) In sentences with negation, a general judgment is conveyed with the meaning of the impossibility of action: Tears of sorrow will not help(can't help). Your question won't be answered right away.(cannot answer).
3) Used to convey events that were repeated in the past (with the verb particle “happened”): Sometimes you get up early and run to the river to swim.
4) Denote the actions of the speaker - in a distance from him: I read your “Foma Gordeev” in pieces: you open it and read the page ( A. Chekhov). In lyric poetry: If you look inside yourself, there is no trace of the past...(M. Lermontov).
The main purpose of generalized personal sentences is the figurative expression of general judgments, broad generalizations, which is why they are so widely represented:
– in the descriptions, when they help to paint a picture of the typical, natural course of an action or manifestation of a state: You walk along the edge of the forest, you look after the dog, and meanwhile your favorite images, your favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind(T.);
– in critical articles, in journalism Suggestions help give judgment greater objectivity: Reading “Notes of a Writer,” you realize with particular clarity the significance of such works as “Sputniks” and “Kruzhilika” in the development of our post-war prose(gas.);
– sometimes used and V scientific style to indicate the usuality of an action: Based on the angle of inclination, equatorial, polar and inclined orbits are distinguished;
– V fiction Such sentences serve as a device for reflecting the world of thoughts and feelings of the writer: In the smell of bird cherry alone you connect with the whole past(Priv.);
– in essay literature: You won’t notice either a hill, a depression, a hill, or any other noticeable landmark.
The ability to imagine an action that applies to all persons of a given linguistic community determines a fairly wide scope of use of generalized personal sentences. They are widely used in oral speech, their stylistic properties create conditions for widespread use in texts works of art and in journalistic speech. They help to give the statement the character of objectivity of judgment. The following statements are especially common in essay literature: No hill, no depression, no hill, or any other noticeable landmark. You drive and drive and gradually lose the feeling of movement. It seems that both the bus and you are in it - everything stands still, because nothing changes around(L. Yudasin).
Generalized personal sentences are used for stylistic purposes. This is a convenient form of conveying personal experiences, moods, memories, addressing the reader, expressing general opinions, wishes, advice
1. Generalized-personal are traditionally understood as such one-component, subjectless sentences in which the represented action or state can be correlated with any person. The correlation of the verbal action with any person that has not found verbalization in the structure of the sentence ( zero subjective), the generalizing nature of the action presented in the sentence, forms the grammatical meaning of sentences of this type. For example: If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds(last) ; If you don't know the ford, don't go into the water(last); The quieter you go, the further you'll get(last) . The semantic component “generalization” in generalized personal sentences was formed as a result of the historical experience of thinking and analyzing beings, a community of people. They present classified observations related to the general characteristics of objects, life phenomena and situations. The most important feature of sentences of this type, according to scientists, is that “they are used to express only such observations that seem obligatory and indisputable to the speaker, since they naturally follow from the objective features of the observed phenomena or situations. Therefore, the modal meaning of necessity, inevitability, and objective conditionality of the expressed observations easily arises in them.” .
The conditions for the formation of generalized personal sentences, which determine their grammatical semantics, are also manifested in the fact that the forms of the verb that find themselves in the position of the main member do not have an actual meaning of time: verbal forms are characterized by timelessness, they mark an action not related to the moment of speech, which is the result the previous experience of the speaker himself or a certain group of people.
The generalizing nature of the classifying activity of people, the bindingness and indisputability of the state of affairs presented in sentences determines the functioning of such sentences in proverbs and sayings.
2. Generalized personal sentences are distinguished from a set of one-component sentences due to their semantic core - the seme “generalization” of action. Sentences of this type do not have “their own” structural features; as a structure-forming component, they use word forms inherent in other types of one-part sentences in their figurative meaning. The absence of specific structural features casts doubt on the identification of a special structural-semantic variety of one-part sentences. More precisely, this type of sentence can be characterized as a specific semantic type of subjectless sentence, formed by the figurative meaning of a number of verbal finite forms.
3. The most typical and basic way of expressing the main member of generalized personal sentences - the predicate - is the verb form of the 2nd person singular of the present and future tense. Unlike 1st person singular and plural verbs, “in which the relationship to a specific subject of speech is clearly preserved,” the meaning of 2nd person verbs is “more vague and flexible” . In a figurative meaning, these forms lose their relation to the specific producer of the action and acquire a generalized meaning. According to A. M. Peshkovsky, sentences whose main member is represented by the 2nd person form, “represent a favorite form of personal generalization in the Russian language, and this constitutes an important syntactic feature of it” . For example: Words from a songyou won't throw it away (last); Finally a dark lead strip appeared; the other side of ityou won't consider (N. Leskov); From myselfyou won't run out , Pushyou will not leave , you can't hide(Yu. Nagibin); The quieter you go, the further you'll get(last); Girls' morning sleep is so thin; Just a door awayyou'll creak , a littlewhisper : Everyone can hear(A. Griboyedov); The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather, when its full waters freely and smoothly rush through forests and mountains. It neither stirs nor rattles.Look Anddo not you know , goes or does not go its majestic width(N. Gogol). The action marked in these sentences can be correlated with any and every person: no one can throw out words from a song without breaking it, run out of control, anyone can creak the door. It is difficult for anyone who finds himself on the banks of the Dnieper in calm weather to determine whether the river is moving.
If the main member is expressed by the form of the future tense of the verb, the semantic structure of the sentence, as a rule, is superimposed with a modal connotation of the possibility or impossibility of action. For example: Umayou can't hide it , he would have spoken out about something(A. Ostrovsky); You don't like it, but at allyou won't please (A. Chekhov); On someone else's mouthyou won't throw it handkerchief(last).
The seme of generality of the acting, but not verbalized subject, characteristic of generalized-personal sentences, and the correlation of the represented action, state with many persons, contribute to the expression of intimate thoughts, moods, deep personal experiences, forming a special group of sentences in which the verb is in the form of the 2nd person singular the action of a specific person, most often the speaker himself, is presented. For example: [Katerina] – How did you dry? Tell me about it.[Sergey] - Yes, how about that?tell me ? Is it possible to explain this, how?you're drying out ? I was homesick(N. Leskov); How about youwon't you look , and your waters keep flowing! (I. Krylov).
The actions and states experienced by the speaker are often ordinary but repetitive, and are conveyed using present or, less commonly, future tense forms. The commonality and repeatability of an action is conveyed by a special lexeme, a verb it happened in the form of the past tense, in the content structure of which there is the theme of iteration, repetition. The correlation of the action with the speaker is established based on the context, situation or any additional information. For example: Will you get up it happened in the morning and as if from a mountain on a sledyou'll go for a ride … look , already rushed to the end; It’s already evening, now the sleepy servant is pulling a frock coat on you -get dressed Andyou'll trudge along to a friend(I. Turgenev); You'll climb , it happened , into an apple orchard in the very middle of a tall overgrown thick raspberry(L. Tolstoy); You know, sometimes I feel like I'm a bird. Whenyou're standing on the mountain, so you are drawn to fly, That’s how you would run, raise your hands and fly(A. Ostrovsky); Having inhaled the rye aroma of new straw and chaff on the threshing floor,you're coming home for dinner.(I. Bunin). Despite the fact that the speaker in these sentences speaks primarily about himself, replacing the 1st person form with the 2nd person form, these sentences are usually classified as generalized personal sentences, since the replacement of verb forms “was made precisely in order to emphasize that the named fact took place not only in the life of the speaker, but of any person in this situation" . A. M. Peshkovsky, noting the inherent ability of Russian sentences to generalize “personal facts of a deeply intimate nature,” wrote: “In these cases, the generalized form of the combination acquires deep life and literary significance. It is the bridge that connects the personal with the general, the subjective with the objective. And the more intimate any experience is, the more difficult it is for the speaker to show it off in front of everyone, the more willingly he puts it into the form of a generalization, transferring this experience to everyone, including the listener, who, because of this, is more captured by the narrative than when personal form" .
4. The main member of generalized personal sentences can be represented by the singular imperative. The seme of incentive in the content structure of generalized personal sentences imposes the following semantic shades on the semantics of the sentence:
1) advice, admonitions, requests, wishes that relate not to one interlocutor, but to all people. For example: Don't spit into the well: it will be useful to drink water(last); Bread and salteat , but the truthcut (last); Speak Yesdon't talk too much (last);
2) assumptions of the possibility or impossibility of action. For example: I'm crazy! Why was I scared? To this ghostblow - and he’s gone(A. Pushkin); Fingers in her mouthdon't put it - she doesn’t like it(I. Turgenev); Well, I admit itruby forest out of need, but why destroy them? (A. Chekhov);
3) actions assessed ironically. For example: Tea is all wrong. As I ordered...Rely on me on you! (I. Turgenev);
4) actions that are inevitable, performed against the will. – No, raising daughters is a thankless task! You will grow up, take care of yourself, and thengive it back to a stranger...stay orphan... terrible! (A. Ostrovsky); Now he’ll come out among people and turn his nose up, that’s what’s offensive. And youcreep all life(A. Ostrovsky).
5) a special position is occupied by sentences in which the imperative form is used in a figurative, non-imperative meaning, naming an intended action that will certainly cause another action. For example: At first, every new thought seems vague. Butget ready for work, andwill happen crystallization of an idea(A. Fedin); It seems like a handmove and scare away the singers(V. Peskov); Bushes and grass are swollen with water: bushper day - it’s like pouring out of a bucket... (Sladkov).
5. The question of the morphological nature of the main member of generalized personal sentences cannot be considered resolved.
6. In special scientific and educational literature, generalized-personal sentences often include one-part sentences, the main member of which is expressed by a verb in the form of the 3rd person plural like Do not count your chickens before they are hatched; Nightingales are not fed fables and under. However, not all linguists agree with this state of affairs, explaining their position by the fact that the specific component of generalized personal sentences – sign personal involvement any person to the observations constituting the content of these proposals, – is not typical for sentences whose main member is represented by an “independent” verb in the 3rd person plural form. “Thanks to the use of the 3rd person plural form. numbers, typified life situations are characterized in them “detached” from the speaker and his interlocutor - as a generalization of someone else’s, and not one’s, experience.<…> Abstract generalization semantics sentences like Do not count your chickens before they are hatched is in no way connected with the grammatical meaning of the underlying model” (our italics - V.K.). E. S. Skoblikova believes that “the grammatical expression of this semantics is achieved by using the verbal predicate in the forms of the present or (less often) future tense, with the help of which messages about stable regular connections between phenomena can be formed in the Russian language - for any structural-semantic type of sentence” . The use of these sentences in proverbs and sayings is possible “thanks to their figurative meaning and aphoristic nature,” which stylistically enhances the generalization. V. V. Babaytseva for sentences in which the generality of the doer is represented by the 3rd person plural form, along with the term “generalized-personal” , suggests the term vaguely generalized, “since in form they coincide with indefinitely personal ones, and in semantics they are indefinitely generalized” .
7. Sometimes, generalized-personal sentences are also called sentences, the main member of which is represented by the 1st person plural form, which have the meaning of generality, the personal involvement of the speaker in what is being communicated. These are proverbial type sentences: Whatwe have , we don't store , having lost weeping; For one sunlet's see , yes not onewe eat : Someone else's misfortune with your handsI'll scout , and to your mindI won't attach it and under. However, researchers note that the meaning of personal involvement in such sentences is not associated with the general meaning of the action of the structure-forming verb. First of all, in sentences with verbs in the plural form, both the general meaning and the meaning of the personal involvement of the “speaker” are associated with the broad grammatical semantics of the pronoun We and the corresponding personal endings of the verb (-em, -im)" .
8. A general meaning can also be inherent in 1st person singular verbs. In sentences such as Whose I eat, I listen to, I think - therefore I exist. Academician V. V. Vinogradov notes the weakening of the individual personal meaning of 1st person pronouns in sentences of this type, but indicates that the direct relation to the speaking subject, to I still remains, therefore both types of sentences should be classified as definitely personal.
9. One-part generalized personal sentences should not be confused with two-part sentences, in the structure of which the position of the subject is represented by a personal pronoun You with a “darkened” meaning of a clear indication of a specific person, highlighted in grammars, starting with “Russian syntax in scientific coverage” A. M. Peshkovsky. His example: We won’t get there, and we’ll just go home! Whatyou order do?(N. Gogol); If you get bored of walking, you take a cab and sit like a gentleman, but if you don’t want to pay him, so be it: every house has a through gate, andYou so andyou'll sneak around that no devil will find you(N. Gogol). The seme of “generalization” of action in these sentences is quite striking, but the presence of a subject here does not allow such sentences to be classified as one-part sentences. The predicate in such sentences can be represented by any verbal forms. Wed: I got tired of walking - I took a cab and sat down like a gentleman, but I didn’t want to pay him - if you please: every house has a through gate, and you sneaked around so much that no devil will find you. When replacing verb forms from the present to the past, the generalization of the meaning of the action is preserved.
E. S. Skoblikova he classifies sentences of this type as generalized-personal, because he believes that such sentences may not necessarily be one-part sentences on the grounds that the pronoun You can function with a generalized meaning . Here are her examples: You a lot ofheard Andread about the simplicity of this man's life[L. N. Tolstoy], but this simplicity is still amazing(Peskov); And suddenly b something forested ahead. One more step, another - andYou you're going out to the forest lake(Postupalskaya); From the riverYou first timeyou see Tobolsk(Peskov) . The same approach to two-part sentences with generalizing semantics and personal involvement of the speaker in what is being communicated is presented in the works A. N. Gvozdev, A. M. Peshkovsky, A. G. Rudneva .
Of course, the element of generality, the personal involvement of the speaker in what is being communicated is quite clear, especially in the first two examples, but the presence of a subject does not allow these sentences to be classified as single-part sentences.
M. V. Panov, determining the type of one-component sentence by the meaning of the verb form (definitely personal, generalized personal, indefinitely personal), warns against classifying sentences with a subject represented by a pronoun in the 2nd person plural, such as A quarter of an hour before sunset, in the spring, you enter the grove, with a gun, without a dog. You find a place somewhere near the edge of the forest, look around, inspect the piston; winking with a friend(I. S. Turgenev) on the grounds that the predicative differs from the meaning of generalized personal forms, due to the fact that in them “the verbs do not denote an action that is attributed to any person (cf.: What you grind is what you grind). In phrases you go out, you look for... – the address to the interlocutor remains (“imagine that you are going hunting”, etc.” .
10. The component composition of generalized personal sentences is determined by the following: the main form of expression of the predicative is the 2nd person of the irrelevant present tense, the timelessness of the predicative feature and its generalizing nature are constitutive, the carrier of the predicative feature is not verbalized, that is, represented by zero. The structural diagram of generalized personal sentences is two-component. It is represented by a zero subject and a conjugated verb in a timeless meaning: “everyone does what (acts as).” Symbolically, it can be represented as follows: N 1ø – Vf 2 out of time.
11. In Russian studies there is no unambiguous attitude towards the status of generalized personal sentences. In the 30s of the twentieth century, generalized personal sentences, along with indefinite personal ones, were recognized A. M. Peshkovsky as a special type occupying an intermediate position between personal and impersonal sentences . A. A. Shakhmatov considered the sentences that interested us as part of indefinite-personal ones and did not distinguish them into a special type of one-component sentences. In modern Russian syntax, the status of a specific structural-semantic type of generalized personal sentences, as a rule, is not in doubt, although it is also not recognized by everyone. Thus, the lack of specific block diagrams for proposals of this type, served as the basis for Igor Pavlovich Raspopov deny generalized-personal proposals the status of a special constructive type of proposals .
12. The ability to imagine an action that applies to all persons of a given linguistic community determines a fairly wide scope of use of generalized personal sentences. Generalized personal sentences are widely used in oral speech; their stylistic properties create the opportunity for widespread use in the texts of works of art and in journalistic speech. They help to give the statement the character of objectivity of judgment. Such statements are especially common in essay literature. For example: No hill, no depression, no hill, or any other noticeable landmark. You drive and drive and gradually lose the feeling of movement. It seems that both the bus and you are in it - everything stands still, because nothing changes around(L. Yudasin) .