Society is developing towards the Device of Reasonable Order. There are no special “ Socio-Economic Formations ”, but there are Periods (Stages) of Society Development. The development of Society consists of several Stages in accordance with the Laws of the Development of Matter (Laws of Dialectics). Stage comes first Changes to Details Companies in accordance with " Law of Detail of Change ”, which says that Development consists of Changes (Changes), and each Change consists of a certain Many Details. Change always occurs as a Continuous Process associated with Changes in Details. Changes occur without Breaks in the Details, and the Details of Change form a Systemic Unity.
These Changes (Changes) in the Details of Society do not occur chaotically, but on the basis of the Property Certainties in accordance with " Law of Guided Determinism ”, which states that Certainty in the Universe is due to the Set of certain Causes leading to certain Events (Consequences). Occurring Events are the Influence of Many Causes that arise constantly. Causes can be controlled by the Main Cause.
At the same time, Causes give rise to Events ( Consequences ) in accordance with " Law of Connectedness of Events ”, which states that Events are interconnected as Cause and Effect. The Effect is the Cause for the next Effect. Cause causes Effect, and not necessarily one. Many Causes are associated with Many Effects.
After this, the next Stage of Society Development begins, at which Changes (Changes) in the Details of Society, occurring due to Causes causing Effects, lead to the Emergence Opposites , who begin to fight among themselves in accordance with “ The Law of Unity and Struggle of Opposites ”, which states that all the Process itself occurring in the Universe is characterized by the Presence of Opposites, forming a State of Struggle between them, which depends on the Source of Opposites. Opposites add up if they act in the Same Direction. The results of the Struggle of Opposites give New Opposites, determining New Causes that cause New Effects, which are New Changes in the Details of Society.
Then comes the next Stage of Development of Society, at which Quantitative Accumulation Changes in the Details of the Society, due to which these Details of the Society pass into a New Quality in accordance with “ The Law of the Transition of Quantity into Quality ”, which states that Quantitative Changes in Society provide an Opportunity for Society at a certain Point in Time to move into a New Quality.
And finally, the Final Stage of Society Development begins, at which this New Quality of Society rejects and replaces Old Quality according to " Law of Negation of Negation ”, which states that the New negates the Old and replaces the Old, which in turn is further negated by the New for it and is replaced by this New. As a result, the Society becomes Qualitatively differently, but the Process of Development of Society does not end there - the Process of Development of Society is cyclically resumed and again follows the above Scheme. At the same time, the Result of Changes in the Development of Society can be either spasmodic (“ Revolutionary "), or Smooth (" Evolutionary »).
6.3.2.1. Creating a Just Society
This is the First Stage on the Path to Creating a Society of Reason. It is characterized by the fact that in it all People receive Material Benefits according to Justice established by the Political Way, that is, according to the results of an Agreement between Members of Society, which is expressed in Laws of a Political Nature and is protected by the State. All Members of the Society receive Material Benefits according to the Laws of Justice. And they cannot take more than they deserve. In this Society, Property and Political Differentiation is still preserved, there are different Social Layers, and Social Exploitation is still preserved. The creation of a Just Society occurs in the Conditions of the Domination of Private Ownership of the Means of Production and Natural Resources. Even under Capitalism it is fundamentally possible to establish the Elements of a Just Society, but Total Justice can only be realized if the Rule of the People is established. As long as Political Power is in the hands of the Exploitative Social Classes, there will be no Justice. In a Just Society, the People must have the Right to independently establish Standards and Laws of Justice in relation to all Social Layers. Therefore, Real Justice will be possible after the Elimination of all Exploitation of Man by Man.
6.3.2.2. Creation of an Equal Society
This is the Second Stage on the Path to Creating a Society of Reason. It is characterized by the fact that all Members of the Society are equal in the Rights to Ownership and Distribution of Material Wealth, which is determined by Laws and protected by the State. The form of its Social and Political Structure is “ Communalism ", in which all Members of the Society must work. Private Property is no longer detailed in the Means of Production and Resources, but only in the Items of Consumption. Communal and Common Property reign completely. There is no Inequality in anything. Physically, this is the Society of Sustainable Equilibrium Development. From this Stage begins the Process of True Development of Human Society, which moves into the Last Stage - Spiritual Society.
6.3.2.3. Creation of the Spiritual Society
Society includes People who differ in their Qualities. Moreover, the relative Number of People with Altruistic Behavior Genotypes is continuously growing. Therefore, the Moment will definitely come when the Number of such People will prevail over People who have Genotypes of Selfish Behavior, and then the Vector of Spiritual Development of Humanity will completely coincide with the Vector of Spiritual Development of Society. At the same time, a Situation will be created when the Development of Society will follow a purely Spiritual Path. In this case, the Development of People and Society will be determined by the Cosmic Intelligent Forces, and Human Society will ultimately become Fully Intelligent and Spiritual. The remnant of People who will not be able to accept Spirituality and will remain on the Side of Chaos will be destroyed in the World Cataclysm of the Apocalypse, but by this Time the Main Mass of People will already become Spiritual People, who by this Moment will be completely “united” with the Cosmic Intelligent Beings (Spirits) and, therefore, will actually reside in Paradise (where these Spirits live), and the Essences of the Spiritual Manager will help them develop further.
SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT
There are many changes happening in the world around us. Some of them occur constantly and can be recorded at any time. To do this, you need to select a certain period of time and monitor which features of the object disappear and which appear. Changes may concern the position of the object in space, its configuration, temperature, volume, etc., i.e. those properties that do not remain constant. By summing up all the changes, we can identify the characteristic features that distinguish this object from others. Thus, the category “change” is understood as the process of movement and interaction of objects and phenomena, the transition from one state to another, the emergence of new properties, functions and relationships in them.
A special type of change is development. If change characterizes any phenomenon of reality and is universal, then development is associated with the renewal of an object, its transformation into something new. Moreover, development is not a reversible process. For example, the change “water-steam-water” is not considered development, just as it is not considered quantitative changes or the destruction of an object and the cessation of its existence. Development always involves qualitative changes occurring over relatively large time intervals. Examples include the evolution of life on Earth, the historical development of mankind, scientific and technological progress, etc.
1 Society development- this is a process of progressive changes that occur at every given moment at every point in human society. In sociology, the concepts of “social development” and “social change” are used to characterize the movement of society. The first of them characterizes a certain type of social change, aimed towards improvement, complexity and perfection. But there are many other changes. For example, emergence, formation, growth, decline, disappearance, transition period. These changes carry neither positive nor negative meaning. The concept of “social change” covers a wide range of social changes regardless of their
orientation. Thus, the concept of “social change” refers to various changes that occur over a period of time in social communities, groups, institutions, organizations, in their relationships with each other, as well as with individuals. Such changes can occur at the level of interpersonal relationships (for example, changes in the structure and functions of the family), at the level of organizations and institutions (education, science are constantly subject to changes both in terms of their content and in terms of their organization), at the level of small and large social groups.
There are four types of social change:
1) structural changes relating to the structures of various social entities (for example, the family, any other community, society as a whole);
2) changes affecting social processes (relations of solidarity, tension, conflict, equality and subordination, etc.);
3) functional social changes relating to the functions of various social systems (in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993, changes occurred in the functions of the legislative and executive powers);
4) motivational social changes (recently, among significant masses of the population, the motives of personal monetary earnings and profit have come to the fore, which has an impact on their behavior, thinking, and consciousness).
All these changes are closely interconnected. Changes of one type inevitably entail changes of other types. Dialectics deals with the study of development. This concept originated in Ancient Greece, where the ability to polemicize, argue, and convince, proving one’s rightness, was highly valued. Dialectics was understood as the art of argument, dialogue, discussion, during which participants put forward alternative points of view. In the process of dispute, one-sidedness is overcome, and a correct understanding of the phenomena under discussion is developed. The well-known expression “truth is born in dispute” is quite applicable to the discussions of ancient philosophers. Ancient dialectics imagined the world as constantly moving, changeable, and all phenomena as interconnected. But at the same time, they did not distinguish the category of development as the emergence of something new. Ancient Greek philosophy was dominated by the concept of the great cycle, according to which everything in the world is subject to cyclical return changes and, like the change of seasons, everything eventually returns “to normal.”
The concept of development as a process of qualitative change appeared in medieval Christian philosophy. Augustine the Blessed compared history with human life, passing through
the stages of childhood, adolescence, maturity and old age. The beginning of history was compared with the birth of a person, and its ending (the terrible JUDGMENT) with death. This concept overcame the idea of cyclical changes and introduced the concept of progressive movement and the uniqueness of events.
In the era of bourgeois revolutions, the idea of historical development arose, put forward by the famous French enlighteners Voltaire and Rousseau. It was developed by Kant, who raised the question of the development of morality and social development of man. Hegel developed a holistic concept of development. He found various changes in nature, but he saw true development in the history of society and, above all, in its spiritual culture. Hegel identified the basic principles of dialectics: the universal connection of phenomena, the unity of opposites, the development of human
res negation. Dialectical opposites are inextricably linked and are unthinkable without each other. Thus, content is impossible without form, a part is impossible without the whole, an effect is impossible without a cause, etc. In some cases, opposites come closer and even transform into each other, for example, illness and health, material and spiritual, quantity and quality. Thus, the law of unity and struggle of opposites establishes that the source of development is internal contradictions. Dialectics pays special attention to the relationship between quantitative and qualitative changes. Any object has a quality that distinguishes it from other objects, and quantitative characteristics of its volume, weight, etc. Quantitative changes may accumulate gradually and not affect the quality of the item. But at a certain stage, a change in quantitative characteristics leads to a change in quality. Thus, an increase in pressure in a steam boiler can lead to an explosion, the constant implementation of unpopular reforms among the people causes discontent, the accumulation of knowledge in any field of science leads to new discoveries, etc.
The development of society occurs progressively, passing through certain stages. Each subsequent stage, as it were, negates the previous one. As it develops, a new quality appears, a new negation occurs, which in science is called the negation of negation. However, denial cannot be considered the destruction of the old. Along with more complex phenomena, there are always simpler ones. On the other hand, the new, highly developed, emerging from the old, preserves everything valuable that was in it. Hegel’s concept is based on reality and generalizes vast historical material. However, Hegel put the spiritual processes of social life in first place, believing that the history of peoples is the embodiment of the development of ideas.
Using Hegel's concept, Marx created a materialist dialectic, which is based on the idea of development not from the spiritual, but from the material. Marx considered the basis of development
improvement of tools of labor (productive forces), entailing a change in social relations. Development was considered by Marx and then Lenin as a single law-
a dimensional process, the course of which is not linear, but in a spiral. At a new turn, the passed steps are repeated, but at a higher quality level. Movement forward occurs spasmodically, sometimes catastrophically. The transition from quantity to quality, internal contradictions, and the clash of various forces and tendencies provide impetus for development.
However, the process of development cannot be understood as a strict movement from lower to higher. Different peoples on Earth differ in their development from each other. Some peoples developed faster, some more slowly. In the development of some, gradual changes prevailed, while in the development of others they were of a spasmodic nature. Depending on this, they distinguish evolutionary and revolutionary development.
Evolution- these are gradual, slow quantitative changes that over time lead to a transition to a qualitatively different state. The evolution of life on Earth is the most striking example of such changes. In the development of society, evolutionary changes manifested themselves in the improvement of tools and the emergence of new, more complex forms of interaction between people in different spheres of their lives.
Revolution- these are extremely radical changes that involve a radical breakdown of pre-existing relationships, are of a universal nature and rely, in some cases, on violence. The revolution has a spasmodic character. Depending on the duration of the revolution, there are short-term and long-term. The first include social revolutions - fundamental qualitative changes in all social life, affecting the foundations of the social system. Such were the bourgeois revolutions in England (XVII century) and France (XVIII century), the socialist revolution in Russia (1917). Long-term revolutions have global significance and affect the development process of different nations. The first such revolution was the Neolithic Revolution. It lasted several thousand years and led to the transition of humanity from an appropriating economy to a producing one, i.e. from hunting and gathering to pastoralism and agriculture. The most important process that took place in many countries of the world in the 18th-19th centuries was the industrial revolution, as a result of which there was a transition from manual labor to machine labor, mechanization of production was carried out, which made it possible to significantly increase the volume of output with lower labor costs.
Reform- a set of measures aimed at transformation, change, reorganization of certain aspects of social life.
Basic forms of development of society
In characterizing the development process in relation to the economy, they often distinguish extensive and intensive development paths. The extensive path is associated with an increase in production by attracting new sources of raw materials, labor resources, increasing the exploitation of labor, and expanding the acreage in agriculture. The intensive path is associated with the use of new production methods based on scientific and technological progress. The extensive path of development is not endless. At a certain stage, the limit of its capabilities comes, and development comes to a dead end. The intensive path of development, on the contrary, involves the search for something new that is actively used in practice; society moves forward at a faster pace.
The development of society is a complex process that continues continuously throughout the history of humankind. It began from the moment man was separated from the animal world and is unlikely to end in the foreseeable future. The process of development of society can only be interrupted with the death of humanity.
If man himself does not create the conditions for self-destruction in the form of a nuclear war or an environmental disaster, the limits of human development can only be associated with the end of the existence of the solar system. But it is likely that by that time science will reach a new qualitative level and man will be able to move in outer space. The possibility of populating other planets, star systems, and galaxies can remove the question of the limit to the development of society.
Questions and tasks
1. What is meant by the category “change”? What types of infidelity
can you name it?
2. How does development differ from other types of change?
3. What types of social changes do you know?
4. What is dialectics? When and where did it originate?
5. How have ideas about development changed in the history of philosophy?
6. What are the laws of dialectics? Provide evidence confirming them
examples.
7. How do evolution and revolution differ? How did these processes manifest themselves?
were they present in the lives of individual peoples, of all humanity?
8. Give examples of extensive and intensive development paths.
Why can't they exist one without the other?
9. Read the statement by N.A. Berdyaev:
"History can't make sense if it never ends,
if there is no end; the meaning of history is the movement towards the end, towards completion
to the end. Religious consciousness sees a tragedy in history, which
which has a beginning and will have an end. In historical tragedy there is
a series of acts, and in them the final catastrophe is brewing, the catastrophe of all
allowing..."
What does he see as the meaning of history? How do his ideas relate to the problem?
development of society?
10. Conduct a discussion on the topic “Is there a limit to human development?”
stva?
CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
The concept of “culture” has many meanings. The term itself is of Latin origin. Its original meaning is the cultivation of land with the aim of improving it for further use. Thus, the term “culture” implied a change in a natural object under the influence of man, as opposed to those changes caused by natural causes.
In a figurative sense, culture is the improvement of a person’s physical and spiritual qualities, for example, body culture, spiritual culture. In a broad sense culture - is the totality of human achievements in the material and spiritual spheres. TO material assets include all objects of the material world created by man. These are clothing, means of transport, tools, etc. Spiritual realm includes literature, art, science, education, religion. Culture appears as a so-called “second nature” created by man, standing above natural nature.
The main feature of culture is its human origin, which means that culture does not exist outside of human society. Culture characterizes both the development of certain historical eras, nations and nationalitiesb (the culture of primitive society, ancient culture, the culture of the Russian people), and the degree of improvement of various spheres of human life and activity (work culture, everyday culture, moral culture, artistic culture, etc. ).
The level and state of culture can be determined based on the development of society. In this regard, primitive and high culture are distinguished. At certain stages, you may
the birth of culture, its stagnation and decline. The ups and downs of culture depend on the extent to which the members of society who are its carriers remain faithful to their cultural tradition.
At the primitive communal stage of development, man was an integral part of the clan and community. The development of this community was simultaneously the development of man himself. In such conditions, the social and cultural elements of the development of society were practically not separated: social life was at the same time the life of a given culture, and the achievements of society were the achievements of its culture.
Another feature of the life of primitive society was its “natural” character. Tribal relations “naturally” arose in the process of people’s life and activities together, in the harsh struggle to maintain their existence. The decomposition and disintegration of these relations simultaneously became a revolution in the mechanisms of functioning and development of society, which meant the formation of civilization.
The concept of civilization is very ambiguous. It often contains a variety of contents. Indeed, this concept is used both as a synonym for culture (a cultured and civilized person are equivalent characteristics), and as something opposed to it (for example, the physical comfort of society as opposed to culture as a spiritual principle).
Civilization- this is the next stage of culture after barbarism, which gradually accustoms a person to orderly joint actions with other people. The transition from barbarism to civilization is a process that lasted a long time and was marked by many innovations, such as the domestication of animals, the development of agriculture, the invention of writing, and the emergence of public authority and the state.
Currently, civilization is understood as that which provides comfort and convenience provided by technology. Another one of modern definitions this concept is the following: civilization is a set of spiritual, material and moral means with which a given community equips its members in their confrontation with the outside world.
Philosophers of the past sometimes interpreted the concept of “civilization” in a negative sense as a social state hostile to humane, human manifestations of social life.
O. Spengler considered civilization to be a stage of cultural decline and aging. In the 20th century The civilizational approach to history was developed by representatives of Western European and American political thought. The criterion for the species diversity of their peoples and states is
the concept of civilization with its characteristic features was adopted: culture, religion, development of technology, etc.
Depending on the approach to the concept of civilization, the following types of civilizations are distinguished:
| Selection criteria | Types of civilizations |
| Religious values | Christian Civilization of Europe; Arabic - Islamic; Civilization of the East:
|
| Types of worldviews | Traditional (eastern); rationalistic (Western). |
| Scope of distribution | Local; special; worldwide. |
| Predominant socio-economic sphere | Agrarian; industrial; post-industrial. |
| Development phase | “Young”, nascent; mature; tending towards decline. |
| Periods of development | Ancient; medieval; modern. |
| Level of organization of state political institutions | Primary (the state is a political-religious organization); secondary (the state is different from a religious organization). |
The English historian A. Toynbee proposed his classification of civilizations, by which he understood a relatively closed and local state of society, distinguished by a commonality of cultural, economic, geographical, religious, psychological and other factors. In accordance with these criteria, he identified more than 20 civilizations that existed throughout world history (Egyptian, Chinese, Arab, etc.). Having their own specifics, different civilizations could exist in parallel for decades and even centuries, interacting with each other.
The advantage of the civilizational approach is the appeal to spiritual, cultural factors of development, which undoubtedly had a significant impact on society. At the same time, this approach is subject to serious criticism for the following reasons. The concept of “civilization” does not have an unambiguous definition and is used in a variety of, sometimes inconsistent, senses. The civilizational approach underestimates the socio-economic aspects of the development of society, the role of production relations and the division of society into classes as factors influencing the specifics of its emergence and functioning. The insufficient development of civilizational typology is evidenced by the multiplicity of bases for the classification of civilizations.
Ideas about civilization remained outside the scope of the study of Marxism, which dominated our country in the 20th century. ideology. Nevertheless, some aspects of the issue of the development of civilization are found in the works of F. Engels. Analyzing the transition from the primitive communal system to civilization, he identifies its main characteristics: the social division of labor and, in particular, the separation of city from countryside, mental labor from physical labor, the emergence of commodity-money relations and commodity production, the split of society into exploiters and exploited and as a consequence of this - the emergence of the state, the right to inherit property, a profound revolution in family forms, the creation of writing and the development of various forms of spiritual production. Engels is primarily interested in those aspects of civilization that separate it from the primitive state of society. But his analysis also contains the prospect of a more versatile approach to civilization as a global, world-historical phenomenon.
From a modern point of view, the basis of world history is the idea of the uniqueness of social phenomena, the uniqueness of the path traveled by individual peoples. In accordance with this concept, the historical process is a change in a number of civilizations that existed at different times in different regions of the planet and simultaneously exist at the present time. Science knows many definitions of the concept “civilization”. As already mentioned, for a long time civilization was considered as a stage in the historical development of mankind, following savagery and barbarism. Today, researchers recognize this definition as insufficient and inaccurate. Civilization is understood as the qualitative specificity (originality of material, spiritual, social life) of a particular group of countries or peoples at a certain stage of development.
According to a number of researchers, civilizations are radically different from each other, since they are based on incompatible systems of social values. At the same time, it is given
This approach, taken to its extreme expression, can lead to a complete denial of common features in the development of peoples, elements of repetition in the historical process. Thus, the Russian historian N.Ya. Danilevsky wrote that there is no world history, but only the history of given civilizations that have an individual, closed character. This theory divides world history in time and space into isolated cultural communities opposed to each other.
Any civilization is characterized not only by a specific social production technology, but also, to no lesser extent, by its corresponding culture. It is characterized by a certain philosophy, socially significant values, a generalized image of the world, a specific way of life with its own special life principle, the basis of which is the spirit of the people, its morality, faith, which determine a certain attitude towards oneself. This main life principle unites people into the people of a given civilization and ensures its unity throughout its entire history. In this regard, in each civilization four subsystems can be distinguished - biosocial, economic, political and cultural, which have their own specifics in each specific case.
Historians distinguish the most ancient civilizations, such as Ancient India and China, the states of the Muslim East, Babylon and Ancient Egypt, as well as the civilizations of the Middle Ages. All of them belong to the so-called pre-industrial civilizations. Their distinctive cultures were aimed at maintaining the established way of life. Preference was given to traditional patterns and norms that incorporated the experience of their ancestors. Activities, their means and ends changed slowly.
The European civilization became a special type of civilization, which began its expansion during the Renaissance. It was based on other values. Among them is the importance of science, the constant desire for progress, for changes in existing forms of activity. The understanding of human nature and his role in social life was also different. It was based on Christian teaching about morality and the attitude towards the human mind as created in the image and likeness of the divine.
Modern times became a period of development of industrial civilization. It began with the industrial revolution, the symbol of which was the steam engine. The basis of industrial civilization is the economy, within which something is constantly changing and improving. Thus, industrial civilization is dynamic.
Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, a post-industrial civilization is emerging, based on the priority of information and knowledge. The symbol of post-industrial civilization has become the computer, and the goal is the comprehensive development of the individual. Civilization is a sociocultural formation. If the concept of “culture” characterizes a person, determines the extent of his development, methods of self-expression in activity, creativity, then the concept of “civilization” characterizes the social existence of culture itself.
The connection between culture and civilization has been noticed for a long time. Often these concepts were identified. The development of culture was seen as the development of civilization. The difference between them is that culture is the result of self-determination of a people and an individual (a cultured person), while civilization is a set of technological achievements and the comfort associated with them. Comfort requires certain moral and physical concessions from a civilized person, making which he no longer has the time or energy for culture, and sometimes even loses his inner self.
the early need to be not only civilized, but also cultural.
All these various characteristics of civilization are not accidental; they reflect some real aspects and features of the historical process. However, their assessment is often one-sided.
ronney, which gives grounds for a critical attitude towards numerous concepts of civilization. At the same time, life has shown the need to use the concept of civilization and identify its real scientific content. Civilization includes a human-transformed, cultivated, historical nature (in virgin nature the existence of civilization is impossible) and the means of this transformation - a person who has mastered culture and is able to live and act in the cultivated environment of his habitat, as well as the totality of social relations as a form of social organization culture, ensuring its existence and continuation. Civilization is not only a narrowly national concept, but also a global one.
no. This approach allows us to more clearly understand the nature of many global problems as contradictions of modern civilization as a whole. Pollution of the environment with production and consumption waste, predatory attitude towards natural resources, and irrational environmental management have given rise to a complex environmental situation, which has become one of the most pressing global problems of modern civilization, the solution of which requires the combined efforts of all members of the world community. Demographic and energy problems, and the task of providing food for the growing population of the Earth, go beyond state borders and acquire a global civilizational character. All humanity faces a common goal to preserve civilization and ensure its own survival.
In modern science, there has long been a debate: the world is moving towards a single civilization, the values of which will become the property of all humanity, or the trend towards cultural and historical diversity will continue or even intensify, and society will be a collection of independently developing civilizations.
Supporters of the second position emphasize the indisputable idea that the development of any viable organism (including a community of people) is based on diversity. The spread of common values, cultural traditions, and ways of life common to all peoples will put an end to the development of human society.
The other side also has weighty arguments: it is affirmed and supported by specific facts of socio-historical development that some of the most important forms and achievements developed by a certain civilization will receive universal recognition and dissemination. Thus, to the values that originated in European civilization, but are now acquiring universal
ical significance include the following.
In the sphere of production and economic relations, this is the achieved level of development of productive forces, modern technologies generated by the new stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the system of commodity-money relations, and the presence of a market. The experience accumulated by humanity shows that it has not yet developed any other mechanism that would make it possible to more rationally balance production with consumption.
In the political sphere, the general civilizational basis includes a legal state operating on the basis of democratic norms.
In the spiritual and moral sphere, the common heritage of all peoples consists of the great achievements of science, art, culture of many generations, as well as universal moral values. The main factor in the development of modern world civilization is the desire for uniformity. Thanks to the media, millions of people become witnesses to events taking place in different parts of the Earth, become familiar with various manifestations of culture, which unifies their tastes. The movement of people over long distances, to any point on the planet, has become commonplace. All this indicates the globalization of the world community. This term refers to the process of bringing peoples closer together, between whom cultural differences are being erased, and the movement of humanity towards a single social community.
Questions and tasks
1. Give a detailed definition of the concept of “culture”.
2. What is civilization? How was this concept explained by past philosophers?
3. What is the relationship between culture and civilization?
4. What is the essence of the civilizational approach to history?
5. What are the features of the Marxist understanding of civilization?
6. What are the features of modern civilization? What problems are facing modern civilization?
7. What civilizations have existed in human history? Name their distinctive features.
8. What factors allow us to talk about the formation of a single universal civilization in the modern world?
9. What is globalization? What are its main features?
10. Write an essay on the topic “Modern humanity: a single civilization or a collection of civilizations?”
Note:
This version of the test tasks is compiled in the Unified State Exam format. The test presents those tasks, which may contain questions on this topic.
Part 1
The answers to tasks 1-20 are a word (phrase) or a sequence of numbers. Write down the answers in the answer fields in the text of the work, and then transfer them to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the numbers of the corresponding tasks, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each character in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
1Write down the word missing in the table.
Characteristics of forms of spiritual culture
Answer:
Correct answer
2In the row below, find the concept that generalizes
for all other concepts presented. Write this word down.
Antiquity, Renaissance, Modern times, civilization, Modern times, Middle Ages, Modern times
Answer:
Correct answer
civilization
Explanation.
Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, Modern Time, Modern Time, Modern Time - these are all examples of types of linear-stage civilization.
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, indicate the paths of development of society:
1) evolution; 2) reform; 3) progress; 4) spheres of society; 5religion; 6) regression.
Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
Answer:
Correct answer
Explanation.
Spheres of public life are the structure of society.
Religion is a component of the spiritual brimstone of society.
Therefore the answer is 45.
4Select the correct judgments about the progress criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) inflation
2) moral improvement of society
3) development of civil society
4) economic crisis
5) modernization of the education system
Answer:
Correct answer
Explanation.
Inflation (1) and economic crisis (4) are negative economic phenomena.
Therefore the correct answer is: 235
5Establish a correspondence between the distinctive features and the types of society that they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
A)
B)
IN)
G)
D)
Correct answer
Eastern civilization is a type of civilization characterized by the following features:
- Traditionalism, that is, an orientation towards the reproduction of existing forms of lifestyle and social structures, the desire to preserve the traditional way of life.
- Low social mobility.
- The great role of religion in society and human consciousness.
- Harmony with nature, submission to its laws.
- Collectivism of social life.
- Absolute dominance of the state over society, despotic rule.
- The economic basis of life is corporate and state forms of ownership, the main method of management is coercion.
Western civilization. Signs.
- Dynamism, orientation towards novelty, openness to innovation and modernization.
- High social mobility.
- Affirmation of dignity and respect for the human person.
- Individualism, a focus on achieving individual goals
- Consumer attitude towards nature
- Ideals of freedom, equality, tolerance;
- Respect for private property;
- Preference for democracy over all other forms of government.
In the modern world, some features of Western civilization are changing, for example, the attitude towards nature has changed, its protection has become one of the most important tasks.
6Country Z is developing along a progressive path. What facts indicate this? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Closing of a number of television channels that allow criticism of the government
2) Deterioration of the environmental situation in the country
3)Rapid development of the latest technologies in production
4)Expansion of the network of educational institutions.
5) Conducting alternative elections to the highest authorities
6) High infant mortality rate
Answer:
Correct answer
20Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“Society is constantly evolving. The paths of its development can be very different. _______(A) leads to a fundamental change in society, in all its spheres. The main modern way of _____ (B), improving society is, of course, _____ (B), which is characterized by any changes carried out from above, by the ruling circles. There are factors influencing the course of development of society. So ____(G) people are not able to lead, but _______(D) can be under their direct control. In any society there are always several possible paths of development. Which ____(E) path to choose depends on the level of its development, on the nature of political power and the activity of the people.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once.
Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) reform
2) objective
3) progress
4) revolution
5) evolution
6) alternative
8) subjective
9) modernization
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.
A)
B)
IN)
G)
D)
E)
Correct answer
Part 2
To record answers to tasks in this part (21–29), use ANSWER FORM No. 2. First write down the task number (21, 22, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.
| "Civil society and modernization in Russia"
Modernization has today become the key term of the day, the main word of the era. The word “democracy” played approximately the same role 20 years ago. Modernization now, like democracy then, should, according to popular ideas, save the country and lead it to new historical frontiers and development horizons. At the same time, there is no common understanding of modernization among the elites. For a significant part of the economic and administrative elite, modernization is simply a set of programs that make it possible to obtain inexpensive financing from the state budget or from state-owned banks. Most of the high-status “expert community” views modernization as a reason to receive new budgets for writing analytical and pseudo-analytical documents. Finally, some experts believe that modernization is a system of measures and measures to overcome Russia’s economic and technological lag behind some developed Western countries. Modernization implies the rejection of any ideas about the “special path” of a country/civilization, although it presupposes the integration of some traditional values and ideas for a given society. Modernization can lead to a radical and qualitative reduction in the gap from the countries taken as a model, but it will never lead to either “catching up” or “overtaking”; modernization, in a certain sense, is a fixation of the inevitable, “fair” lag behind the countries taken as a model. Modernization is a short-term or medium-term (depending on the scale of the modernization object) project that has clear time parameters and boundaries. The above theses are partly true, but at the same time do not fully reflect the understanding of the essence and goals of modernization; do not reveal the specifics of Russian modernization today. (According to I. Ponomarev) |
What definition of “modernization” is given by the author? How does the text explain why this word has become a "key" word in the modern era?
Answer:
Correct answer
Modernization, according to the author, is a short-term or medium-term (depending on the scale of the modernization object) project that has clear time parameters and boundaries, that is, in this text the author defined the time boundaries of modernization.
This word has become key because, according to the author, modernization should “save the country, lead it to new historical frontiers and development horizons.”
22 Name three definitions of the concept of “modernization”, which, according to the author, are given by different circles of society. Drawing on social science knowledge and facts of social life, name another definition not indicated in the text.Answer:
Correct answer
Different circles of society give the following definitions to the concept of “modernization”:
- “this is simply a set of programs that make it possible to obtain inexpensive financing from the state budget or from state-owned banks”;
- “a reason to receive new budgets for writing analytical and pseudo-analytical documents.”
- “a system of measures and activities to overcome Russia’s economic and technological lag behind some developed Western countries.”
Another definition: modernization is the process of changing something in accordance with the requirements of modern times, the transition to more advanced conditions, through the introduction of various new updates
23 What three results of modernization are mentioned in the text? Using facts from social life and personal social experiences, give an example of what is needed to achieve each of these results.Answer:
Correct answer
The text names the following modernization results:
1.can lead to a radical and qualitative reduction in the gap with countries (for example, modernization of the healthcare system can significantly improve the health of the nation, which will increase the performance of the country’s working population
- import of technology as the basis for a breakthrough in certain areas (for example, modernization of production technologies in the food industry will significantly increase the economic potential of the country)
- integration of some traditional values and ideas for a given society (for example, dialogue of cultures, perception of the values of other countries will have a positive impact on the formation of a comprehensive personality)
Answer:
Correct answer
In the economic sphere, modernization inevitably implies the import of technology as the basis for a breakthrough in certain areas
Explanations:
— it is new technologies that can qualitatively improve the level of manufactured products
— it is new technologies that can significantly increase the number of products
— the use of the latest world technologies puts the country in an economically equal position with other countries.
25 What meaning do social scientists put into the concept "reform"? Drawing on the knowledge of a social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of reforms to influence the course of historical development and one sentence revealing the features of one of the reforms carried out in the modern Russian Federation.Answer:
Correct answer
Reform is a transformation carried out from above, that is, by the government, which does not lead to a change in the foundations of the existing system.
In terms of their influence on the course of historical development, reforms can be progressive or regressive.
In modern Russia, an educational reform is being carried out, which boils down to the following points: increasing the level of training and education, career guidance, the use of the latest technologies (Internet, electronic journals and textbooks, support for creative teachers), etc.
26 Name and illustrate with examples any three features civilization as a historical stage in the development of society.Answer:
Correct answer
Features of civilization:
- General fundamental features of spiritual life
- Common historical and political fate
Community and interdependence of economic development
27American entrepreneur, public figure, one of the founders of Microsoft, Bill Gates, noted that “it is very important to discuss both the good and bad sides of technological progress as widely as possible, so that its direction is determined by the whole society, and not just specialists”?
The interaction of which spheres of society is reflected in this statement?
What feature of technological progress did Bill Gates note?
Using social science knowledge, indicate any three criteria
technical progress.
Answer:
Correct answer
Interaction of economic and social spheres;
- The inconsistency of technological progress;
- Three signs of technical progress: the use of innovative technologies, the use of new types and sources of energy, new forms of organization of labor and production.
Answer:
Correct answer
Public relations.
- Concept of public relations
- Types of public relations by spheres of society:
- Distinctive features of social relations
Positive social relations are the key to successful development of society.
By completing task 29, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills on the content that is more attractive to you. To this end, choose only ONE of the statements below (29.1–29.5).
29.1Philosophy.
“The progress of science and machinery is a useful means, but the only goal of civilization is the development of man.”
(E.Flayano)
Answer:
Correct answer
The main idea of the quote.
The quote by E. Flaiano contains the idea of the main goal of technological progress - human development. Indeed, the author raises the current problem of time - the purpose of the progress of science, emphasizing that any technical discovery should not only improve technology, but serve humanity and be useful to it.
Terms.
Progress, technical progress, criteria for progress, inconsistency of progress, nanotechnology, post-industrial society.
Arguments.
1. M.A. Bulgakov's story “Fatal Eggs.” The discovery of Professor Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov in 1928 is his ray, the “ray of life”, which could significantly accelerate the development of organisms, and in the future increase the production of meat products, which is so important for the country. After all, for example, chickens could grow simply gigantic. But his invention only brought harm. This happened because it fell into the hands of ignorant people, which, by the way, can happen with any discovery. Therefore, a scientist must always foresee the possible consequences of his discoveries.
2.Technological progress literally changed people's lives in the 20-21st century. Women's work has been greatly facilitated, because housekeeping has become much easier. Washing machines and dishwashers, multicookers, blenders, microwave ovens and much more have reduced time for household chores, freeing it up for relaxation, activities, and hobbies. Thus, in the “Encyclopedia for Children” of the publishing house “Avanta +”, in the volume “Technology”, information is given about the South Korean group of companies Samsung Group. Having been on the world market since 1938, this company remains a leader in the production of household appliances today. Reliability, ease of use, beautiful design - all this attracts consumers of this company's products. This is an example of how technological progress serves people by improving their lives.
29.1Philosophy.
“Revolutions are a barbaric way of progress.”
Answer:
Correct answer
An example of an essay on this topic is given on my website.
29.1Philosophy.
“Modernization can only be carried out if the entire population of the country takes part in this process.”
(M.S. Gorbachev)
Answer:
Correct answer
The main idea of the quote.
In a quote from the first President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev contains an idea about the conditions for successful modernization of society. He raises an important problem: improvement in any area of society must be supported by the people and accepted by them. Then the result will be faster and more significant.
Terms.
Progress, modernization, innovation, spheres of society, post-industrial society.
Arguments.
1. The history of Russia gives us many examples when the decrees of rulers did not find support among landowners, and therefore did not produce tangible results, although they were intended to be positive. Thus, in A.N. Sakharov’s history textbook for high school students, in the paragraph on the internal policy of Alexander I, there is information that in 1803 the emperor issued the “Decree on Free Plowmen,” according to which landowners could free peasants as families or whole peasants at will. villages with land for ransom. However, during the 25 years of Alexander I’s reign, only 0.5% of the peasants were released. This indicates how the progressive initiative was not supported among landowners, and therefore did not produce significant results.
2.A number of reforms are being carried out in modern Russia. So, in the period from 2008 to 2020, a large-scale reform of the Armed Forces is planned. It includes improving the structure, composition and strength of the armed forces, modernizing their technical re-equipment, and creating rapid reaction forces. Much attention is paid to the life of military families and increasing the prestige of the profession. This reform is supported by the population of Russia, since the defense of the country is the most important area of activity of the state. The result is already noticeable: this is the creation of the latest military equipment, and the desire of young people to serve in the army and acquire a military profession. Once again, being a military man and defending the Motherland has become prestigious in our country.
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Contrary to all the statements of supporters of a substantial understanding of culture, it is still not a substance, but an accident. It is the creation of people who always live in society, it is a product of society. I have already said more than once that society is never a simple collection of people. Society and the totality of people that make up it never completely coincide. As already noted, the lifetime of a sociohistorical organism always exceeds the life span of any of its members. Therefore, the constant renewal of its human composition is inevitable. There is a generational change in society. One is replaced by another.
And each new generation, in order to exist, must learn the experience that the outgoing one had. Thus, in society there is a change of generations and the transfer of culture from one generation to another. These two processes are a necessary condition for the development of society, but they, taken by themselves, do not represent the development of society. They have a certain independence in relation to the process of development of society.
The emphasis on continuity in the development of culture gave grounds for interpreting this development as a completely independent process, and the identification of accumulation in the development of culture made it possible to interpret this process as progressive, ascending. As a result, evolutionist concepts arose in which the development of culture was considered independently of the evolution of society as a whole. The center of gravity in these concepts was transferred from society to culture. This is the concept of the largest English ethnographer Edward Burnett Tylor (Taylor) (1832 - 1917) - the author of the famous book “Primitive Culture” in his time. He was a staunch advocate of evolutionism. From his point of view, any cultural phenomenon arose as a result of previous development and appeared in society as a product of cultural evolution.
There is a lot going on in the world around us. changes. Some of them occur constantly and can be recorded at any time. To do this, you need to select a certain period of time and monitor which features of the object disappear and which appear. Changes may concern the position of the object in space, its configuration, temperature, volume, etc., i.e. those properties that do not remain constant. By summing up all the changes, we can identify the characteristic features that distinguish this object from others. Thus, the category “change” is understood as the process of movement and interaction of objects and phenomena, the transition from one state to another, the emergence of new properties, functions and relationships in them.
A special type of change is development. If change characterizes any phenomenon of reality and is universal, then development is associated with the renewal of an object, its transformation into something new. Moreover, development is not a reversible process. For example, the change “water - steam - water” is not considered development, just as it is not considered quantitative changes or the destruction of an object and the cessation of its existence.
Development always involves qualitative changes occurring over relatively large time intervals. Examples include the evolution of life on Earth, the historical development of mankind, scientific and technological progress, etc.
Society development- this is a process of progressive changes that occur at every given moment at every point in human society . In sociology, the concepts of “social development” and “social change” are used to characterize the movement of society. The first of them characterizes a certain type of social change, aimed towards improvement, complexity and perfection. But there are many other changes. For example, emergence, formation, growth, decline, disappearance, transition period. These changes carry neither positive nor negative meaning. The concept of “social change” covers a wide range of social changes, regardless of their direction.
Thus, the concept "social change" denotes various changes that occur over a period of time in social communities, groups, institutions, organizations, in their relationships with each other, as well as with individuals. Such changes can occur at the level of interpersonal relationships (for example, changes in the structure and functions of the family), at the level of organizations and institutions (education, science are constantly subject to changes both in terms of their content and in terms of their organization), at the level of small and large social groups.
There are four type of social change :
1) structural changes relating to the structures of various
social entities (for example, family, any other community, society as a whole);
2) changes affecting social processes (relations of solidarity, tension, conflict, equality and subordination, etc.);
3) functional social changes relating to the functions of various social systems (in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993, changes occurred in the functions of the legislative and executive powers);
4) motivational social changes (recently
For significant masses of the population, the motives of personal monetary earnings and profit come to the fore, which influences their behavior, thinking, and consciousness).
All these changes are closely interconnected. Changes in one type inevitably lead to changes in other types.
Researches development dialectics . This concept originated in Ancient Greece, where the ability to polemicize, argue, and convince, proving one’s rightness, was highly valued. Dialectics was understood as the art of argument, dialogue, discussion, during which participants put forward alternative points of view. In the process of dispute, one-sidedness is overcome, and a correct understanding of the phenomena under discussion is developed. The well-known expression “truth is born in dispute” is quite applicable to the discussions of ancient philosophers.
Ancient dialectics imagined the world as constantly moving, changeable, and all phenomena as interconnected. But at the same time, they did not distinguish the category of development as the emergence of something new. Ancient Greek philosophy was dominated by the concept of the great cycle, according to which everything in the world is subject to cyclical return changes and, like the change of seasons, everything eventually returns “to normal.”
The concept of development as a process of qualitative change appeared in medieval Christian philosophy. Augustine the Blessed compared history to human life, passing through the stages of childhood, youth, maturity and old age. The beginning of history was compared with the birth of a person, and its end (the Last Judgment) with death. This concept overcame the idea of cyclical changes and introduced the concept of progressive movement and the uniqueness of events.
During the era of bourgeois revolutions, the idea arose historical development , put forward by the famous French educators Voltaire and Rousseau. It was developed by Kant, who raised the question of the development of morality and social development of man.
Hegel developed a holistic concept of development. He found various changes in nature, but he saw true development in the history of society and, above all, in its spiritual culture. Hegel identified the main principles of dialectics : universal connection of phenomena, unity of opposites, development through negation.
Dialectical opposites are inextricably linked and unthinkable without each other. Thus, content is impossible without form, a part is impossible without the whole, an effect is impossible without a cause, etc. In some cases, opposites come closer and even transform into each other, for example, illness and health, material and spiritual, quantity and quality. Thus, the law of unity and struggle of opposites establishes that the source of development is internal contradictions.
Dialectics pays special attention to the relationship between quantitative and qualitative changes. Any object has a quality that distinguishes it from other objects, and quantitative characteristics of its volume, weight, etc. Quantitative changes may accumulate gradually and not affect the quality of the item. But at a certain stage, a change in quantitative characteristics leads to a change in quality. Thus, an increase in pressure in a steam boiler can lead to an explosion, the constant implementation of unpopular reforms among the people causes discontent, the accumulation of knowledge in any field of science leads to new discoveries, etc.
The development of society occurs progressively, passing through certain stages. Each subsequent stage, as it were, negates the previous one. As development progresses, a new quality appears, a new negation occurs, which in science is called denial of denial. However, denial cannot be considered the destruction of the old. Along with more complex phenomena, there are always simpler ones. On the other hand, the new, highly developed, emerging from the old, preserves everything valuable that was in it.
Hegel's concept is based on reality and generalizes vast historical material. However, Hegel put the spiritual processes of social life in first place, believing that the history of peoples is the embodiment of the development of ideas.
Using Hegel's concept, Marx created materialist dialectics, which is based on the idea of development not from the spiritual, but from the material. Marx considered the basis of development to be the improvement of the tools of labor (productive forces), entailing a change in social relations. Development was considered by Marx, and then by Lenin, as a single natural process, the course of which is not linear, but in a spiral. At a new turn, the passed steps are repeated, but at a higher quality level. Movement forward occurs spasmodically, sometimes catastrophically. The transition from quantity to quality, internal contradictions, and the clash of various forces and tendencies provide impetus for development.
However, the process of development cannot be understood as a strict movement from lower to higher. Different peoples on Earth differ in their development from each other. Some peoples developed faster, some more slowly. In the development of some, gradual changes prevailed, while in the development of others they were of a spasmodic nature. Depending on this, they distinguish evolutionary And revolutionary development.
Evolution- these are gradual, slow quantitative changes that over time lead to a transition to a qualitatively different state. The evolution of life on Earth is the most striking example of such changes. In the development of society, evolutionary changes manifested themselves in the improvement of tools and the emergence of new, more complex forms of interaction between people in different spheres of their lives.
Revolution- these are extremely radical changes that involve a radical breakdown of pre-existing relationships, are of a universal nature and rely, in some cases, on violence. The revolution is of a spasmodic nature.
Depending on the duration of the revolution there are short-term And long-term. The first include social revolutions - fundamental qualitative changes in all social life, affecting the foundations of the social system. Such were the bourgeois revolutions in England (XVII century) and France (XVIII century), the socialist revolution in Russia (1917). Long-term revolutions have global significance and affect the development process of different nations. The first such revolution was neolithic revolution . It lasted several thousand years and led to the transition of humanity from an appropriating economy to a producing one, i.e. from hunting and gathering to pastoralism and agriculture. The most important process that took place in many countries of the world in the 18th -19th centuries was industrial revolution , as a result of which there was a transition from manual labor to machine labor, mechanization of production was carried out, which made it possible to significantly increase the volume of output with lower labor costs.
In characterizing the development process in relation to the economy, extensive and intensive development paths are often distinguished. Extensive way associated with an increase in production by attracting new sources of raw materials, labor resources, increased exploitation of labor, and expansion of acreage in agriculture. Intensive way associated with the use of new production methods based on scientific and technological progress. The extensive path of development is not endless. At a certain stage, the limit of its capabilities comes, and development comes to a dead end. The intensive path of development, on the contrary, involves the search for something new that is actively used in practice; society moves forward at a faster pace.
The development of society is a complex process that continues continuously throughout the history of humankind. It began with the separation of man from the animal world and is unlikely to end in the foreseeable future. The process of development of society can only be interrupted with the death of humanity. If man himself does not create the conditions for self-destruction in the form of a nuclear war or an environmental disaster, the limits of human development can only be associated with the end of the existence of the solar system. But it is likely that by that time science will reach a new qualitative level and man will be able to move in outer space. The possibility of populating other planets, star systems, and galaxies can remove the question of the limit to the development of society.
Questions and tasks
1. What is meant by the category “change”? What types of changes can you name?
2. How does development differ from other types of change?
3. What types of social changes do you know?
4. What is dialectics? When and where did it originate?
5. How have ideas about the development of the history of philosophy changed?
6. What are the laws of dialectics? Give examples to support them.
7. How do evolution and revolution differ? How did these processes manifest themselves in the lives of individual peoples and of all humanity?
8. Give examples of extensive and intensive development paths. Why can't they exist one without the other?
9. Read the statement by N.A. Berdyaev:
“History cannot make sense if it never ends, if there is no end; the meaning of history is the movement towards the end, towards completion, towards the outcome. Religious consciousness sees history as a tragedy that has a beginning and will have an end. In a historical tragedy there are a number of acts, and in them the final catastrophe is brewing, an all-resolving catastrophe...”
What does he see as the meaning of history? How are his ideas related to the problem of social development?
10. Conduct a discussion on the topic “Is there a limit to the development of mankind?”