Describe the artistic style. Artistic style of speech

Art style speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. To understand the features artistic way knowledge of reality, thinking that determines the specifics artistic speech, we must compare it with the scientific way of cognition, which determines character traits scientific speech.

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. For work of art characterized by perception through the senses and re-creation of reality, the author strives to convey, first of all, his personal experience, your understanding and comprehension of a particular phenomenon.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general. Remember the well-known “ Dead Souls» N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personifies certain specific human qualities, expresses a certain type, and all together they were the “face” of the author’s contemporary Russia.

World fiction- this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the most important role is played by the subjective moment. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnation, admiration, rejection, etc. Associated with this is the emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech. Let’s analyze a short excerpt from L. N. Tolstoy’s story “A Foreigner Without Food”:

“Lera went to the exhibition only for the sake of her student, out of a sense of duty. "Alina Kruger. Personal exhibition. Life is like loss. Free admission". A bearded man and a lady were wandering in an empty hall. He looked at some of the work through a hole in his fist; he felt like a professional. Lera also looked through her fist, but did not notice the difference: all the same naked men on chicken legs, and in the background there were pagodas on fire. The booklet about Alina said: “The artist projects a parable world onto the space of the infinite.” I wonder where and how they teach how to write art criticism texts? They're probably born with it. When visiting, Lera loved to leaf through art albums and, after looking at a reproduction, read what a specialist wrote about it. You see: a boy covered an insect with a net, on the sides there are angels blowing pioneer horns, in the sky there is a plane with the signs of the Zodiac on board. You read: “The artist views the canvas as a cult of the moment, where the stubbornness of details interacts with an attempt to comprehend everyday life.” You think: the author of the text spends little time outdoors, relies on coffee and cigarettes, his intimate life is somehow complicated.”

What we have before us is not an objective presentation of the exhibition, but a subjective description of the heroine of the story, behind whom the author is clearly visible. The story is based on the combination of three artistic plans. The first plan is what Lera sees in the paintings, the second is an art history text interpreting the content of the paintings. These plans are expressed stylistically in different ways; the bookishness and abstruseness of the descriptions are deliberately emphasized. And the third plan is the author’s irony, which manifests itself through showing the discrepancy between the content of the paintings and the verbal expression of this content, in the assessment of the bearded man, the author of the book text, and the ability to write such art criticism texts.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech along with non-artistic speech constitute two levels national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. Here is the beginning of V. Larin’s novel “Neuronal Shock”:

“Marat’s father Stepan Porfiryevich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from a family of Astrakhan binders. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Mikhelson plant in Moscow, machine gun courses in Petrograd and threw him into Novgorod-Seversky, a town of deceptive silence and bliss.”

In these two sentences, the author showed not only a segment of individual human life, but also the atmosphere of the era of enormous changes associated with the revolution of 1917. The first sentence gives knowledge social environment, material conditions, human relationships in the childhood years of the life of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. The simple, rude people who surrounded the boy (a bindyuzhnik is the colloquial name for a port loader), the hard work that he saw from childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - this is what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes privacy into the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases the revolutionary whirlwind blew..., dragged..., threw... liken human life a certain grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those “who were nobody.” In a scientific or official business text, such imagery, such a layer of in-depth information is impossible.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style primarily includes figurative means of Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in the description certain parties life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in War and Peace used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes; significant amount We will find words from the hunting vocabulary in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev, in the stories of M.M. Prishvina, V.A. Astafiev, and in “The Queen of Spades” A.S. Pushkin has many words from his vocabulary card game etc. In the artistic style of speech, the verbal ambiguity of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy in all language levels, making it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of visual arts from colloquial speech and vernacular. Let us give an example of the use of such a technique by B. Okudzhava in “The Adventures of Shipov”:

“In Evdokimov’s tavern they were about to turn off the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this. At first, everything in the hall looked fine, and even the tavern floorman, Potap, told the owner that today God had mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzz like a swarm of bees.

“Fathers of light,” the owner lazily marveled, “here, Potapka, is your evil eye, damn it!” Well, you should have croaked, damn it!”

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words, which in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory ideas. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, adjective lead in scientific speech he realizes his direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and the artistic one forms an expressive metaphor ( lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech important role play phrases that create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the famous line from A. Akhmatova’s poem “I still see Pavlovsk as hilly...”. The author's word order options are varied and subordinate to the general concept.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author submits language means fulfillment of their ideological and aesthetic tasks. So, L. Petrushevskaya, to show disorder, “troubles” family life heroine of the story “Poetry in Life”, includes in one sentence several simple and complex sentences:

“In Mila’s story, then everything went downhill, Mila’s husband in a new two-room apartment now he no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either here or here - Mila’s husband became his own Iago and Othello and, with mockery, watched from around the corner as men accosted Mila on the street his type, builders, miners, poets, who do not know how heavy this burden is, how unbearable life is if you fight alone, since beauty is not an assistant in life, this is how one could approximately translate those obscene, desperate monologues that a former agronomist, and now Researcher, Mila’s husband, shouted both on the streets at night, and in his apartment, and got drunk, so Mila hid with her young daughter somewhere, found shelter for herself, and the unfortunate husband beat furniture and threw iron pans.”

This sentence is perceived as an endless complaint from countless unhappy women, as a continuation of the theme of a woman’s sad lot.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image. Let's consider an example from the work of B. Okudzhava “The Adventures of Shipov”:

“Oh, dear,” Shipov shook his head, “why do you do this? No need. I see right through you, mon cher... Hey, Potapka, why did you forget the man on the street? Lead here, waking up. Well, Mr. Student, how do you rent out this tavern? It's dirty. Do you think I like it?... I’ve been to real restaurants, sir, I know... Pure empire... But you can’t talk to people there, but here I can learn something.”

The speech of the main character characterizes him very clearly: not very educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, gentleman, Shipov uses elementary French words(mon cher) along with vernacular waking up, waking up, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial form. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Literary and artistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, a word not only carries certain information, but also serves to have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger its impact on the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialect and colloquial words.

The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. The artistic style suggests preliminary selection linguistic means; All language means are used to create images. Distinctive feature artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech that add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality.

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Video lesson on the Russian language "Speech styles"

How to develop your own literary style. Mini-lecture by Elvira Baryakina

Style Issues

Subtitles

Expressive and figurative means of language

Facilities artistic expression varied and numerous. This:

Tropes (similes, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litotes, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from ancient Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of language and artistic expressiveness of speech.

Main types of trails:

Metaphor(from ancient Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common attribute. (“Nature here destined us to open a window to Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative meaning.
Metonymy(ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα/ὄνυμα - “name”) - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or other (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the object, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, container instead of contents or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor - “by similarity.” A special case of metonymy is synecdoche. (“All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries.)
Epithet(from ancient Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose (“ timid breathing"; "magnificent omen").

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - trope, a type of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is sleeping - man, beast, and bird”; “We are all looking at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, luminary”; “Most of all, save a penny.”)
Hyperbola(from ancient Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said thought. (“I’ve said this a thousand times”; “We have enough food for six months.”)
Litota- a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, or significance of what is being described. Litotes is called an inverse hyperbola. (“Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no bigger than a thimble”).
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as the devil”; “My home is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture.”)
In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, periphrase; from ancient Greek περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by description rather than naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, Peter’s creation!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

Allegory (allegory)- a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

The nightingale is sad near the fallen rose, and sings hysterically over the flower.
But the garden scarecrow also sheds tears,
loved a rose secretly.

Personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - trope, the assignment of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used when depicting nature, which is endowed with certain human traits.

For example:

And woe, woe, woe! And grief was girded with a bast,
My legs are tangled with washcloths.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you cannot escape, because it is impossible to take with you
Motherland - a suffering mother.

Aydin Khanmagomedov, Visa response

Irony(from ancient Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems. (“Where can we fools drink tea?”)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “tear [the meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic ridicule, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the immediate deliberate exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can be opened with a positive judgment, but in general always contains a negative connotation and indicates a deficiency in a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to which it is happening. Examples.

Art style

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. In this style, it influences the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialect and colloquial words.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litotes, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope(from ancient Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the imagery of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

Main types of trails:

Metaphor(from ancient Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common attribute. (Nature here destined us to open a window to Europe).

Metonymy-ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα/ὄνυμα - “name”) - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal and etc.) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, container instead of content or vice versa, etc.), and metaphor - “by similarity.” A special case of metonymy is synecdoche. (All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries)
Epithet(from ancient Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (second life).

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - trope, a type of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. (Everything is sleeping - man, beast, and bird; We all look at Napoleons; In the roof for my family;

Well, sit down, luminary; Most of all, save a penny.)

Hyperbola(from ancient Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said thought. (I've said this a thousand times; We have enough food for six months.)
Litota is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. Litotes is called an inverse hyperbole. (Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no larger than a thimble).
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement. (A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as the devil; My home is my fortress; He walks like a gogol; Trying is not torture.)

In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, periphrase; from ancient Greek περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by description rather than naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, Peter’s creation!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

Allegory (allegory)- a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example: “The nightingale is sad near the fallen rose, and sings hysterically over the flower. But the garden scarecrow, who secretly loved the rose, also sheds tears.”

Personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - trope, the assignment of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used when depicting nature, which is endowed with certain human traits.

For example:

And woe, woe, woe! And grief is girded with a bast, and the legs are entangled with washcloths.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you cannot escape, because it is impossible to take with you the Motherland - the suffering mother.

Aydin Khanmagomedov, Visa response

Irony(from ancient Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems. (Where can we fools drink tea?)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “tear [the meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic ridicule, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the immediate deliberate exposure of the implied.

The capitalists are ready to sell us the rope with which we will hang them. If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless. Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite, and I have doubts about the first of them.

Genres of artistic speech: epic (ancient literature); narrative (novels, tales, short stories); lyrical (verses, poems); dramatic (comedy, tragedy)

Fiction

Fiction style has an aesthetic impact function. It most clearly reflects the literary and, more broadly, popular language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery. In this style, all structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: vocabulary with all direct and figurative meanings of words, a grammatical structure with a complex and branched system of forms and syntactic types.

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See what “Artistic style” is in other dictionaries:

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art style- a type of literary language: one of the book styles of speech, which is an instrument artistic creativity and combining the linguistic means of all other speech styles (see functional speech styles). However, in H. s. these pictorial... Dictionary of literary terms

artistic style of speech- (artistically figurative, artistically fictional) One of functional styles, characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. Design principle artistic style -... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

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Artistic style of speech, or artistic-visual, artistic-fictional- – one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific style feature - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

speech style- ▲ style of presentation; style of speech; character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. officially business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocolism...... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

- (from the Greek stylos writing stick) English. style; German Stil. 1. A set of ideological ethical norms and characteristic features of activity, behavior, method of work, lifestyle. 2. The set of signs, traits, features inherent in h.l. (in particular … Encyclopedia of Sociology

Functional speech styles historically developed system speech means, used in one or another area of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles... Wikipedia

Adj., used. compare often Morphology: artistic and artistic, artistic, artistic, artistic; more artistic; adv. artistically 1. Artistic refers to everything that relates to art and works of art.… … Dictionary Dmitrieva

Artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Art style is a way of self-expression for writers, therefore, as a rule, it is used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays) texts written in advance are read. Historically, artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

The purpose of artistic style is not to directly convey certain information, but to affect the emotional side of the person reading the work. However, this is not the only task of such a speech. Achieving established goals occurs when the functions of a literary text are fulfilled. These include:

Figurative-cognitive, which consists of telling a person about the world and society using the emotional component of speech.
Ideological and aesthetic, used to describe images that convey to the reader the meaning of the work.
Communicative, in which the reader connects information from the text with reality.

Such functions of a work of art help the author to give meaning to the text so that it can fulfill all the tasks for which it was created for the reader.

To easily identify this style of literature, let’s pay attention to its features:

Original syllable. Due to the special presentation of the text, the word becomes interesting without contextual meaning, breaking the canonical patterns of text construction.
High level of text organization. Dividing prose into chapters and parts; in a play - division into scenes, acts, phenomena. In poems, metric is the size of the verse; stanza - the study of the combination of poems, rhyme.
High level of polysemy. The presence of several interrelated meanings for one word.
Dialogues. The artistic style is dominated by the speech of characters as a way of describing phenomena and events in the work.

The literary text contains all the richness of the vocabulary of the Russian language. The presentation of the emotionality and imagery inherent in this style is carried out using special means called tropes - linguistic means of expressive speech, words in a figurative meaning. Examples of some tropes:

Comparison is part of the work, with the help of which the character’s image is complemented.
Metaphor - the meaning of a word in figuratively, based on an analogy with another object or phenomenon.
An epithet is a definition that makes a word expressive.
Metonymy is a combination of words in which one object is replaced by another on the basis of spatiotemporal similarity.
Hyperbole is a stylistic exaggeration of a phenomenon.
Litota is a stylistic understatement of a phenomenon.

Substyles and genres of artistic style

epic(prose): fairy tale, short story, story, novel, essay, short story, sketch, feuilleton;
lyrical(poetic): poem, ode, fable, sonnet, madrigal, epigram, epitaph, elegy;
dramatic: drama, comedy, tragedy, mystery, vaudeville, farce, extravaganza, musical.

Epic genres:

Epic- a genre of work in which historical events predominate.
Novel– a large manuscript with a complex storyline. All attention is paid to the life and fate of the characters.
Story- a work of smaller volume, which describes the life story of the hero.
Tale- a medium-sized manuscript that has the plot features of a novel and short story.

Lyric genres:

Oh yeah- a solemn song.
Epigram- a satirical poem. Example: A. S. Pushkin “Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov.”
Elegy- a lyrical poem.
Sonnet- a poetic form of 14 lines, the rhyme of which has a strict construction system. Examples of this genre are common in Shakespeare.

Genres of dramatic works:

Comedy– the genre is based on a plot that ridicules social vices.
Tragedy- a work that describes tragic fate heroes, struggle of characters, relationships.
Drama– has a dialogue structure with a serious storyline showing the characters and their dramatic relationships with each other or with society.

Topic 10. Linguistic features of artistic style

Topic 10.LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ART STYLE

A beautiful thought loses its value,

if it is poorly expressed.

Voltaire

Lesson plan:

Theoretical block

Paths. Types of trails.

Stylistic figures. Types of stylistic figures.

Functional characteristics of linguistic means of expression in artistic style.

Practical block

Identification of visual and expressive means in artistic style texts and their analysis

Functional characteristics of tropes and figures

Composing texts using reference expressions

Tasks for SRO

Bibliography:

1.Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. – M., 1997. – 448 p.

2. Kozhin A.N., Krylova ABOUT.A., Odintsov IN.IN. Functional types of Russian speech. – M.: graduate School, 1982. – 392 p.

3.Lapteva, M. A. Russian language and culture of speech. – Krasnoyarsk: IPC KSTU, 2006. – 216 p.

4.Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of the Russian language. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. – M., 2001. – 381 p.

5.Khamidova L.V.,Shakhova L.A. Practical stylistics and speech culture. – Tambov: Publishing house of TSTU, 2001. – 34 p.

THEORETICAL BLOCK

Linguistic features of artistic style

Lexical	Widespread use of words in a figurative meaning; Intentional clash of different styles of vocabulary; Use of vocabulary with two-dimensional stylistic coloring; The presence of emotionally charged words; Great preference for using specific vocabulary; Widespread use of folk poetic words.
Derivational	Using a variety of means and models of word formation;
Morphological	The use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested; Verb frequency; Passivity of vaguely personal verb forms, 3rd person forms; Minor use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns; Plural forms of abstract and real nouns; Wide use of adjectives and adverbs.
Syntactic	Using the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language; Wide use of stylistic figures; Wide usage of dialogue, sentences with direct speech, improperly direct and indirect; Active use of parcellation; Inadmissibility of syntactically monotonous speech; Using poetic syntax.

The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, expressiveness, and extensive use of figurative and expressive means of language. Means of artistic expression add brightness to speech, enhance its emotional impact, and attract the attention of the reader and listener to the statement.

The means of expression in artistic style are varied and numerous. Typically, researchers distinguish two groups of visual and expressive means: tropes and stylistic figures.

MOST COMMON TYPES OF TRAILS

	Characteristic	Examples
Epithet		yours thoughtful nights transparent dusk. (A.Pushkin)
Metaphor		The grove dissuadedgolden Birch cheerful language. (WITH. Yesenin)
Personification	A type of metaphor transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts.	Sleeping green alley (TO.Balmont)
Metonymy		Well, eat some more plate, my dear (AND.A. Krylov)
Synecdoche	A type of metonymy, the transfer of the name of a whole to a part of this whole or the name of a part to the whole whole	Friends, Romans, compatriots, lend me yours ears. (Yu Caesar)
Comparison		The moon is shining How huge cold ball. Starfall leaves were flying . (D. WITH amoilov)
Periphrase	A turnover consisting of replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features or an indication of their character traits	King of beasts (lion), snow beauty (winter), black gold (petroleum)
Hyperbola		IN one hundred thousand suns the sunset was glowing ( IN.IN. Mayakovsky)
Litotes		Little guy from marigold (N.A. Nekrasov)
Allegory		In the fables of I. Krylov: donkey- stupidity, fox- cunning wolf– greed

STYLISTIC FIGURES

	Characteristic	Examples
Anaphora	Repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of passages that make up a statement	It was not in vain that the winds blew, It was not in vain that the storm came. ... (WITH.Yesenin)
Epiphora	Repeating words or expressions at the end of adjacent passages, lines, phrases	Here the guests came ashore, Tsar Saltan invites them to visit ( A.Pushkin)
Antithesis	This is a turn in which opposite concepts are contrasted to enhance the expressiveness of speech.	I'm stupid and you're smart Alive, but I’m dumbfounded... (M.Tsvetaeva)
Asyndeton	Intentional omission of connecting conjunctions between members of a sentence or between clauses	(AND.Reznik)
Multi-Union	Intentional use of repeated conjunctions for logical and intonation emphasis of sentence parts connected by conjunctions	And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn, And the azure and the midday heat... (AND.Bunin)
Gradation	This arrangement of words in which each subsequent one contains an increasing meaning	I do not regret, do not call, do not cry ( WITH.Yesenin)
Inversion	Violation of the usual word order in a sentence, reverse word order	A dazzlingly bright flame burst out of the oven (N. Gladkov)
Parallelism	Identical syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech	What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land? (M. Lermontov)
A rhetorical question	A question that doesn't require an answer	Who can live well in Rus'? ( N.A. Nekrasov)
Rhetorical exclamation	Expressing a statement in exclamatory form.	What magic, kindness, light in the word teacher! And how great is his role in the life of each of us! ( IN. Sukhomlinsky)
Ellipsis	A construction with a specially omitted, but implied, member of the sentence (usually a predicate)	I am for a candle, the candle is in the stove! I go for a book, she runs and jumps under the bed! (TO. Chukovsky)
Oxymoron	Connecting words that contradict each other, logically exclusive of each other	Dead souls, living corpse, hot snow

PRACTICAL BLOCK

Questions for discussion and reinforcement :

What are the main features of an artistic style of speech?

What area does the artistic style of speech serve?

What means of artistic expression do you know?

What groups are the figurative and expressive means of language divided into?

What are paths called? Describe them.

What function do tropes serve in a text?

What stylistic figures do you know?

For what purpose are stylistic figures used in the text?

Describe the types of stylistic figures.

Exercise 1 . Establish a correspondence: find the corresponding definitions for the concepts presented below - paths (left column) (right column)

	Concepts	Definitions
	Personification	Artistic, figurative definition
	Metaphor	A turnover consisting of replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features
	Periphrase	Using a word or expression in a figurative meaning based on similarity, comparison, analogy
	Synecdoche	An expression containing an exorbitant understatement of some phenomenon
	Hyperbola	Using the name of one object instead of the name of another on the basis of an external or internal connection between them, contiguity
	Comparison	Allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a specific life image
		Transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them
	Allegory	Comparison of two phenomena in order to explain one of them using the other
		Attributing signs and properties of living beings to inanimate objects
	Metonymy	A figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration

Exercise 2 . Find epithets in the sentences. Determine the form of their expression. What role do they play in the text? Make up your own sentences using epithets.

1. On the heavenly blue dish of yellow clouds there is honey smoke….(S.E.). 2. In the wild north it stands alone....(Lerm); 3. Around the whitening ponds there are bushes in fluffy sheepskin coats... (Marsh.). 4. B the waves rush, thundering and sparkling.

Exercise 3 .

1. Sleeping the earth in a blue radiance... (Lerm.). 2. I had an early, still drowsy morning left and deaf night. (Green). 3. Appeared in the distance train head. 4. wing of the building clearly needed renovation. 4. Ship flies by will rough waters... (Lerm.). 5. Liquid, the early breeze is already went wandering And flutter above the ground... (Turg.). 6. Silver the smoke rose to the clear and precious sky... (Paust.)

Exercise 4 . Find examples of metonymy in the sentences. What is the metonymic transfer of names based on? Compose your sentences using metonymy.

1. Preparing for the exam, Murat re-read Tolstoy. 2. The class enjoyed visiting the porcelain exhibition. 3. The whole city came out to meet the astronaut. 4. It was quiet on the street, the house was sleeping. 5. The audience listened to the speaker attentively. 6. The athletes brought gold and silver from the competition.

Exercise 5 . Determine the meaning of the highlighted words. What type of trail can they be classified as? Make up your own sentences using the same type of trope.

1. Sundress behind the caftan doesn't run. (last). 2. All flags will come to visit us (P.). 3. Blue berets hastily landed on the shore. 4. The best beards countries gathered for the performance. (I. Ilf). 5. A woman in a hat stood in front of me. Hat was indignant. 6. After some thought, we decided to catch motor.

Exercise 6. Find comparisons in the sentences. Determine the form of their expression. Make up your own sentences using comparisons of different forms of expression.

1. Everywhere large drops of dew began to glow like radiant diamonds. (Turg.) 2. The dress she was wearing was the color of green. 3. The dawn burst into flames…. (Turg.). 4. The light fell from under the hood in a wide cone... (Bitov). 5. Words fall from hot lips like night hawks. (B. Ok.). 6. Day the newspaper rustles outside the doors, a late schoolboy runs. (Slutsk). 7. Ice, like melting sugar, lies on a frozen river.

Exercise 7 . Read the sentences. Write them off. Provide examples of impersonation

(1 option); hyperbolas ( Option 2); c) litotes ( Option 3). Give reasons for your answer.

Silent sadness will be consoled, And playful joy will reflect...( P.).

Bloomers as wide as the Black Sea... ( Gogol).

The autumn night burst into tears of icy tears... ( Fet).

And we haven’t seen each other for probably a hundred years...( Ruby).

The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in big boots, a short sheepskin coat, and large mittens... and he himself from marigold! (Nekr.).

Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon; baobabs to the sky

(Lighthouse.).

Your Pomeranian is a lovely Pomeranian, no bigger than a thimble! ( Griboyedov).

Exercise 8. Read the text.

It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that only happen when the weather has settled for a long time. From early morning the sky is clear; The morning dawn does not burn with fire: it spreads with a gentle blush. The sun - not fiery, not hot, as during a sultry drought, not dull crimson, as before a storm, but bright and welcomingly radiant - floats up peacefully under a narrow and long cloud, shines freshly and plunges into a purple fog. The upper, thin edge of the stretched cloud will sparkle with snakes; their shine is like the shine of forged silver...

But then the playing rays poured out again, and the mighty luminary rose cheerfully and majestically, as if taking off. Around noon there usually appear many round high clouds, golden-gray, with delicate white edges.

Like islands scattered along an endlessly overflowing river, flowing around them with deeply transparent branches of even blue, they hardly move from their place; further, towards the horizon, they move, crowd together, the blue between them is no longer visible; but they themselves are as azure as the sky: they are all thoroughly imbued with light and warmth. The color of the sky, light, pale lilac, does not change throughout the day and is the same all around; It doesn’t get dark anywhere, the thunderstorm doesn’t thicken; unless here and there bluish stripes stretch from top to bottom: then barely noticeable rain is falling. By evening these clouds disappear; the last of them, blackish and vague, like smoke, lie in pink clouds opposite the setting sun; at the place where it set as calmly as it calmly rose into the sky, a scarlet glow stands for a short time over the darkened earth, and, quietly blinking, like a carefully carried candle, the evening star glows on it. On days like these, the colors are all softened; light, but not bright; everything bears the stamp of some touching meekness. On such days, the heat is sometimes very strong, sometimes even “soaring” along the slopes of the fields; but the wind disperses, pushes apart the accumulated heat, and the vortex-gyres - an undoubted sign of constant weather - walk in tall white columns along the roads through the arable land. The dry and clean air smells of wormwood, compressed rye, and buckwheat; even an hour before night you do not feel damp. The farmer wishes for similar weather for harvesting grain... (I. Turgenev. Bezhin meadow.)

Write out unfamiliar words from the text and determine their meaning.

Determine the style and type of text.

Divide the text into meaningful parts. Formulate the main idea of the text, its theme. Title the text.

What words carry a special meaning in the text?

Indicate words from one thematic group.

Find definitions in the text. Are they all epithets?

What means of artistic expression did the author use in the text?

Write out examples of tropes from the text: epithets ( 1 option); comparisons( Option 2); metaphors. ( Option 3). Give reasons for your choice.

Exercise 9. Read the texts about winter.

1.Winter is the coldest time of the year. ( WITH. Ozhegov).

2. Winter on the coast is not as bad as in the depths of the peninsula, and the mercury in the thermometer does not fall below forty-two, and the further you are from the ocean, the stronger the frost - so old-timers believe that forty-two below zero is something like September frosts on the grass. But near the water, the weather is more changeable: sometimes a blizzard drenches your eyes, people walk like a wall against the wind, sometimes the frost will grab you by the quick and, like leprosy, make you white, then you have to rub it with a cloth until it bleeds, which is why they say: “Three to the nose, everything will pass.” ( B. Kryachko)

Hello, in a white sundress

From silver brocade!

Diamonds burn on you like bright rays.

Hello, Russian young lady,

A beautiful soul.

Snow-white winch,

Hello, winter-winter! ( P. Vyazemsky)

4. The Russian forest is beautiful and wonderful in winter. Deep, clean snowdrifts lie under the trees. Above the forest paths, the trunks of young birch trees bent in lacy white arches under the weight of frost. The dark green branches of tall and small spruce trees are covered with heavy caps of white snow. You stand and admire their tops, studded with necklaces of purple cones. You watch with delight how, whistling merrily, flocks of red-breasted crossbills fly from spruce to spruce and swing on their cones. ( I. Sokolov - Mikitov)

Determine the style, genre and purpose of each text.

Indicate the main stylistic features of each text.

What linguistic means are used in the texts about winter?

Exercise 10. Create your own free-form winter landscape sketch using at least ten (10) definitions selected from the words below. What function do they perform in the text? Whose text is most successful and why?

White, first, fresh, withered, cool, frosty, unkind, snow-white, angry, harsh, bright, chilly, wonderful, clear, invigorating, prickly, hot, angry, creaky, crunchy, blue, silver, thoughtful, silent, gloomy, gloomy, huge, huge, predatory, hungry, fast, icy, frozen, warm, sparkling, clean.

Exercise 11. Compose a syncwine for the micro-topic “Trails as figurative and expressive means of the Russian language”:

1 option– keyword “Impersonation”;

Option 2– key word “Hyperbole”;

Option 3– key word “Litota”;

Option 4– the key word is “Allegory”.

Exercise 12. Read the text. Divide the text into meaningful parts. Give it a title.

The steppe, bound by moonlight, waited for the morning. There was that pre-dawn silence that has no name. And only a very sensitive ear, accustomed to this silence, would have heard the continuous rustling coming from the steppe all night. One time something rang...

The first whitish ray of dawn broke through from behind a distant cloud, the moon immediately faded, and the earth darkened. And then a caravan suddenly appeared. Camels walked chest-deep in the lush meadow grass mixed with young reeds, one after another. To the right and left, herds of horses moved in a heavy mass, crushing the meadow, dived into the grass and riders appeared from it again. From time to time the chain of camels was broken, and, connected to each other by a long woolen rope, tall two-wheeled carts rolled in the grass. Then the camels walked again...

A distant cloud melted, and the sun suddenly poured into the steppe all at once. Like scatterings of precious stones, it sparkled in all directions to the very horizon. It was the second half of summer, and the time had already passed when the steppe looked like a bride in a wedding dress. All that remained were the emerald green of the reeds, the yellow-red islands of overripe prickly flowers, and among the overgrowth of belated sorrel the scarlet eyes of the drupes glowed. The steppe glittered with the steep sides of well-fed horses, fattened over the summer.

And as soon as the sun flared up, the dull and powerful stomping, snoring, neighing, melancholy roar of camels, the creaking of high wooden wheels, and human voices immediately became clearly audible. Quails and blind owls, caught by surprise by the approaching avalanche, fluttered noisily from under the bushes. It was as if the light instantly dissolved the silence and brought it all to life...

At first glance, it was clear that this was not just a seasonal migration of one of the countless villages scattered in the endless Kazakh steppe. The young horsemen did not rush around on both sides of the caravan, as usual, and did not laugh with the girls. They rode in silence, staying close to the camels. And the women on camels, wrapped in white scarves - kimesheks, were also silent. Even small children did not cry and only stared at their round black eyes from the saddlebags - baskets on both sides of the camels' humps.

(I. Yesenberlin. Nomads.)

Write out unfamiliar words from the text and determine their meaning in a dictionary.

What substyle of artistic style does the text belong to? Give reasons for your answer.

Determine the type of speech. Give reasons for your answer.

What time of year is presented in the text?

Highlight key words and phrases in the text that are necessary to convey the main content.

Write out the paths from the text, determine their type. For what purpose does the author use these figurative and expressive means in the text?

Reproduce the text in your own words. Determine the style of your text. Has the functional and stylistic affiliation of the text been preserved?