Garden landscaping in a mixed style. Landscape design styles - photos and descriptions

The appearance of the local area or garden is determined by the chosen style of landscape design. There are both classic styles, which are not even a dozen years old, and modern ones. When choosing a style, you should focus on your financial situation, climate, and terrain, but personal preferences cannot be ignored. What are the features of different landscape styles?

Do you want a beautiful and unique design for your site?

Classic style (regular, French)

Classic style is symmetry, correctness and rigor in all its manifestations. This style contains elements of regular geometric shapes, smooth, clear lines, and perfectly trimmed vegetation. In this case, it will not be possible to call the appearance of the garden natural, because such impeccable beauty that meets all standards looks artificial.

Style Features:

• Straight alleys, strict forms of flower beds, trees and ponds. The latter (fountain, pond) can be the center of the entire site or some separate composition; gazebos are located at the intersection of garden paths.
• Used on large areas (from 15 acres).
• It is acceptable to use any colors of soft shades, as well as natural materials (stone, wood).
• The priority is topiary plants. Trees: maple, linden, lilac, jasmine, spherical thuja, pyramidal poplar and juniper, spirea, maiden grape. From plants: begonias, phlox, roses, salvias. Alleys are made from fruit trees.
• Round-shaped gazebos or canopies made of wood or metal (pergolas) are installed. Gazebos can imitate the port of Ancient Greece, which can be decorated with stone balls, arches, Greek flowerpots, sculptures, columns.

Classicism is also called landscape baroque, and this style originated in France, hence the other name - French.

English style (landscape)

The English style appeared in England in the 18th century. It, unlike the classic one, is distinguished by its naturalness, because the approach to it implies a careful attitude towards nature.
Main characteristics of landscape style:

• smooth lines and shapes, no sharp corners;
• consistency of the same style of the house and surrounding area;
• vertical gardening;
• paths of natural shape, reminiscent of paths lined with stones or tree cuts;
• neat lawns are provided for relaxation;
• plot area - from 12 acres;
• a pond or stream should look natural;
• plants are used (mostly perennials);
• flower beds are made in the form of flower “carpets” and mounds;
• A combination of any colors is allowed, including contrasting ones.

Rustic style (country)

A favorite simple style reminiscent of grandma's village. The style is characterized by absolute naturalness, a complete fusion of man with nature.
Rules for arranging a garden in country style:

• simplicity and slight chaos;
• gravel or stone paths with grass islands;
• beds are formed on the site and fruit trees are planted;
• flowers can grow outside flower beds;
• there are climbing plants on the fences;
• carts, old tires, wicker flowerpots and other elements, barrels, clay jugs and pots are used as decoration;
• fruit crops are planted for design purposes: pumpkins, grapes, rowan, physalis;
• garden and wild crops are planted mixed.

At first glance at a country garden, you should get the impression that the site is neglected, but upon closer examination it is clear that the landscape is well-groomed and the site is cozy.

Scandinavian style

The Scandinavian style originated in Europe in the middle of the 20th century and today is considered one of the most widespread. It is used not only in the landscape, but also in the interior, for example, in kitchens.
Features of this direction:

• characterized by restraint, simplicity, functionality, orderliness;
• bright accents in the form of unusual shrubs and flower beds are welcome;
• arrangement implies compactness and division into functional zones;
• sculptures in the form of fairy-tale characters (elves, gnomes, fairies) are installed;
• the main color direction is restrained colors of natural shades (brown, green, gray), any colors are chosen for accents;
• natural materials (stone and wood) of natural shapes are used for decoration;
• you can install an open gazebo with a decorative fireplace on the site;
• the pond resembles an irregularly shaped lake surrounded by perennial plants;
• Coniferous trees, semi-wild cereals, green hedges fit well;
• Pots with flowers, miniature flower beds in pots with bowls, cart wheels, spindles are suitable for decoration.

The Scandinavian style has no restrictions on site area, climate and topography.

Mediterranean style

Mediterranean, or Italian, style evokes the mood of the sea coast and southern resorts. The central place on the site is given to the patio.
Other features:

• body of water - swimming pool;
• plants are exclusively tropical;
• there is wicker furniture, decorative umbrellas and pergolas;
• the benches are wide, white;
• paths and recreation areas are paved with mosaics;
• accents are stone terraces and wide steps.

Along the perimeter, palm trees in tubs and cypresses are displayed in a chaotic manner; climbing plants above the alleys look good. Amphorae-shaped flowerpots, mini-porticos, and imitation ancient ruins are used as accessories.
The predominant colors are sand, brown, all shades of blue and cyan.

High-tech style

High-tech is a modern trend and relatively recently moved from a spacious home to a garden. Its distinctive features:

• expressive deep forms, chopped clear boundaries, right angles;
• Polished stone and wood are used for decoration;
• the alleys have either a perfectly straight shape or are made in a zigzag manner;
• the lawn is smooth, very well-groomed;
• supports are used for vertical gardening;
• the pond is formed in a concrete base and has an ideal geometric shape;
• fences in the shape of cubes, balls, rectangular;
• Modern lamps are placed for lighting or decoration.

High-tech is a relatively modest trend, so restrained shades, small flower beds and flower beds are welcome. Plants chosen include low trees, shrubs, barberry, cotoneaster, hawthorn, succulents, ferns, and hostas.
The paths are concrete, covered with wooden blocks or artificially painted gravel.
A pond or several ponds connected to each other are chosen as a reservoir. The main condition is the correct shape and the presence of concrete banks.

Art Nouveau style

As landscape designers say, modernity should delight and shock. This is one of the most sophisticated and elegant styles, characterized by streamlined shapes and luxurious decorative elements.
Modernism can be distinguished by the following characteristics:

• the structure of the garden, thought out to the smallest detail, can be seen in every detail;
• the predominance of small architectural forms;
• smooth lines without sharp transitions and sharp corners;
• variety of accents throughout the site;
• Contrasts, both color and texture, are welcome;
• well-lit areas alternate with darkened ones;
• flower beds and flower beds are asymmetrical.

Art Nouveau denies unnatural forms and lines, because according to the rules it must completely recreate the natural landscape. The main accents and contrasts are recreated with the help of unusual plants: oaks, willows, alternating giant and dwarf species, wild grapes, ivy, clematis, lilies, poppies, irises, lilies of the valley and other flowers and trees.

Minimalism style

Minimalism is a paradoxical style, because, on the one hand, it is necessary to achieve maximum simplicity and conciseness, on the other hand, it is a very costly and complex matter.
Features of minimalism:

• zoning is ensured by differences in relief;
• objects are located at a distance from each other and have a functional meaning;
• the area looks spacious and not cluttered;
• Stairs and steps must be equipped;
• paths are only straight;
• the reservoir has a regular geometric shape.

In appearance, the decor and accessories may resemble hi-tech, but there are not so many of them. The main task of the designer is to emphasize the laconicism of forms and use a minimum of details. For decoration, polished balls made of metal, concrete or stone, LED lamps, painted gravel, plastic or aluminum garden furniture, and mirrors are used.
For landscaping they use wild grapes, hops, actinidia, forsythia, spirea, snowberry, ferns and moss for paths. There should be a few bright flowers, and they are planted in wooden and plastic boxes. In the garden you can plant daisies, marigolds, irises, and primrose.
The color scheme is classic restrained colors: gray, white, beige, silver, light brown.

Eco-style in landscape design

Eco-style also refers to modern design trends. Its advantage and characteristic feature is minimal interference with nature and preservation of naturalness on the site. At the same time, the site resembles a natural landscape. Elements used within the same eco-style area closely resonate with each other and support each other.
Eco-style is applicable to any area, any terrain, climate and area.
The main features of the natural style in landscape design:

• natural materials characteristic of the area are used;
• the relief is not subject to artificial changes and is preserved in its original form;
• garden plants intersect with wild crops and are separated by stones;
• lawns and lawns are covered with field grass, and not with specially grown greenery;
• the paths are uneven, intermittent, reminiscent of forest paths, with several stones located in the gaps, without a border;
• forest trees and shrubs are planted.

For landscaping, plants that are characteristic of the area are chosen. The paths are covered with pebbles, stones or turf.
Wooden or rattan furniture, a stone hearth or fire pit, a hut or a canopy are suitable as decorative elements. Existing logs and stumps on the plots are used as seating areas.
In the garden you can install hand-made lanterns, crafts made from wicker, bird feeders, and create huts. A natural body of water (pond) can be populated with living inhabitants.

Japanese style

Japanese style is distinguished by thoughtfulness, naturalness and depth. There are no elements in the landscape that do not reflect the worldview of the Japanese and do not have any significance. Everything in the design symbolizes an element and reflects the concept of yin and yang.
In the Japanese style there are mountains and rivers, tall trees and shrubs, of course, on an appropriate scale.
Distinctive features of the direction:

• asymmetry in all elements;
• a huge number of stones of different sizes and shapes;
• crowns of trees formed in the form of hills;
• the presence of different bodies of water is allowed: streams, ponds, stone bowls of water;
• paved paths;
• abundance of ferns and moss;
• fences and gates are made of bamboo;
• The gazebo is designed in the form of a tea house.

The Japanese garden is secluded. The territory is thoroughly fenced, there are grottoes and caves along the perimeter - everything indicates privacy and secrecy. Unnatural bodies of water (swimming pool, fountain) are not allowed.
For decorating and landscaping the garden, plants and objects are used that will be appropriate at any time of the year. These are evergreen plants, Japanese lanterns, benches, ropes, fancy snags and winding trees, small bridges over ponds and “dry” streams. Characteristic flora: cherry, bamboo, pine and maple, juniper, thuja, cherry, plum, ornamental apple trees, Japanese quince, fern, peonies and irises.
Color range: white, red-pink, brown, gray-green colors with smooth transitions. It is allowed to use several shades of the same color.

Forest style

Forest style has several similarities with eco-style. The main point of contact is maximum naturalness and minimal intrusion into nature. The house must fit harmoniously into the natural landscape of the site, after which appropriate accents are placed.
Distinctive features of the forest style:

• best suited for areas surrounded by forests;
• applicable for areas of any size;
• all shapes, shades and materials must be natural or as close to natural as possible;
• zoning created by nature is preserved;
• main material - wood;
• paths are created using gravel, grass, and various wood elements;
• the predominance of forest tree species characteristic of the area;
• the best plants are cereals, buttercups, daisies, and bells;
• flower beds form in stumps and logs;
• gazebos, mini-terraces and houses are allowed only wooden ones, varnished.

As decoration you can use hammocks, swings, wooden figures, driftwood and stumps, as natural streams and ponds as possible.
When choosing a style for landscape design, you should focus on the area of ​​the site, climate and topography, personal preferences and advice from professionals. The purpose of the site or garden, seasonality or permanent residence and suitability for the house are also taken into account. Each of the styles is unique and can make the site unusual and luxurious.

Throughout the history of the development of gardening art, different countries of the world have formed their own unique types of gardens and their design styles. Despite the fact that some of them have managed to lose their original features by our time, their basic concept and principles of organization to this day are a source of inspiration for landscape designers designing modern garden areas.

Main types of gardens and their design styles

In landscape design, there are two main, basic principles, according to which the future image of the landscaped area is formed - these are the so-called formal (regular) and landscape (landscape) styles.

It is noteworthy that all of these elements in the overall composition are combined in such a way that the visitor would not be able to immediately take in the entire territory of the park, but could admire the views while walking, passing through its separate spaces - “green rooms”, pavilions, courtyards and halls .

Dutch gardens

They can be considered an example of the effective and most rational use of space. Most of them are characterized by features of a formal style: here you can observe the same strict symmetry, thoughtful arrangement of geometric elements and shapes. However, in some variations of the design of Dutch gardens there is a clearly defined landscape style, along with which there is an effective use of space and light.

This trend can be explained quite simply: the Netherlands is one of the most densely populated European countries, so the area of ​​the local territories is usually small and requires a professional approach to its organization and development.

A distinctive feature is the abundance of flowers - tulips, snowdrops, daffodils. A striking example here is the world famous Royal Flower Park in the Netherlands.

English landscape gardens

They belong to one of the oldest trends in landscape gardening art. Formed for the first time in England at the beginning of the 18th century, this landscape style began to actively spread throughout Europe, displacing the previously more popular formal direction “à la française”, which was used as the main style in European gardening at that time.

French landscape, formed under the influence of the English landscape style (Ermenonville Park);

The French Renaissance is the predecessor of the French formal style, which arose on the basis of the principles of the Italian Renaissance (Château Ambleville with parks in the spirit of the Italian Renaissance).

Italian gardens

Stylistically based on the use of symmetry and strict geometry. It was this direction that had a colossal influence on the formation of the concept of English and French gardens, and on the history of landscape gardening art in general. A significant role in this was played by the Renaissance, during which gardening areas in Italy began to expand, acquiring more pronounced geometricity and symmetry in their appearance.

Before the Renaissance, the medieval Italian garden was enclosed within solid insulated walls and served exclusively as a place for growing fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs or, in the example of monastery gardens, for spending time in prayer and meditation. Figuratively speaking, with the advent of the Renaissance, the wall between the garden and the landscape outside was destroyed, and fountains, antique sculptures, water features began to appear in the territories - everything that was designed to delight and surprise.

An example of such a landscape organization is the palace and park complex Palazzo e Giardino Giusti (Giusti Park) in the east of Verona, built in the 16th century, and to this day considered one of the best examples of Italian landscape art.

Japanese gardens

A group that includes such traditional types of gardens and private parks as:

Stone lanterns;

Tsukubai - small stone pools, mainly for ritual purposes;

Fences, enclosures, various devices and devices (shishi-odoshi, etc.);

Trees and flowers (azaleas, camellias, ginkgo, Japanese cedar, sakura, bamboo, willow, Japanese cypress, etc.);

Live fish - mainly multi-colored koi carp (so-called “brocade carp”) are common in Japan.

Examples that clearly demonstrate the canons of Japanese style in landscape design include such famous parks as:

Kenroku-en (Kanazawa);

Koraku-en (Okayama);

Kairaku-en (Mito).

Korean garden style

They are another example of using the principles of landscape design style. Initially (like Japanese ones) formed under the influence of Chinese trends in landscape design, over time they acquired their unique character, filled with elements of Korean culture and traditions.

The classic type of garden and park areas in Korea is characterized by such details as:

Evergreen trees and plants - mainly Korean cedar and bamboo;

Natural streams, waterfalls;

It is noteworthy that in organizing such landscapes, techniques of both formal and landscape styles can be used.

The most famous example of a traditional Persian garden is the park at the Taj Mahal mausoleum-mosque, located in Agra (India). Despite the fact that this historical and cultural object is located outside of Iran, its organization clearly demonstrates the main canons of a special style of planning characteristic of Persian gardens - the so-called. “charbagh” (“chaharbagh”). This style of landscape design involves dividing the space into four rectangular parts, separated by paths or channels with running water.

Spanish gardens

A separate, independent direction. Having largely adopted the features inherent in Persian, Islamic and Roman styles, this type of garden over time acquired its own unique character and gained popularity in different parts of the world - primarily in countries with hot and dry climates.

An interesting feature of the organization of most gardens in the Spanish style is the use of numerous techniques and heterogeneous elements aimed at activating the human senses (hearing, smell, touch, etc.). Thus, in the arrangement of territories subordinate to this direction, the following are used:

Small multi-level fountains with murmuring water;

Fragrant flowers and fragrant herbs;

Fruit trees;

Artificial ponds, etc. "reflecting" pools;

Objects that provide shade and coolness: arcades (a continuous row of equal arches), pergolas, trellises, garden pavilions;

Drip irrigation systems that provide freshness and humidity.

The use of symmetry in the improvement of territories subordinate to this direction is one of the main principles of the original Spanish style. Vivid examples of its implementation are well-known historical and cultural objects - such as the Generalife - the former residence of the emirs of the Nasrid dynasty who ruled Granada, Maria Luisa Park in Seville, the Seville Alcazar.

Landscape style is a set of artistic techniques, a system of stable and uniform interpretations of forms that determine the overall appearance of your garden, a certain combination and use of vegetation elements, and types of decor.

Landscape styles - complete list

≡ Navigation 16 styles:

Styles of gardening art, like those, can be divided into historically established and relatively new, modern. Let's start with the first ones.

English or landscape landscape design

As the name suggests, this method of designing a garden plot developed in England at the beginning of the 18th century.
The main idea of ​​the style is love and respect for natural flora, the commonality of man and nature.
English handwriting is a balance between slight carelessness, even neglect and homeliness, well-groomed garden.
Harmony is achieved through the following criteria:

• smoothness of contours and lines, absence of straight and sharp corners;
• unity of the garden plot and the house;
• vertical gardening;
• stone-paved, winding paths simulating trails;
• tidy lawns as a place for passive recreation;
• the use of plants of varying heights to create relief and picturesque corridors;
• abundance of perennial plants;
• natural-looking body of water or stream;
• flower beds in the form of flower “carpets” and mounds;
• riot of colors, color contrasts.

The landscape garden, stylized as a “wild” corner of nature, begins immediately outside the door of the house, on the facade and gates, entwined with ivy, grapes and ramblers - climbing, world-famous English roses.

The English Garden is a flower festival. Among the most popular are: roses, begonias, lobelias, poppies, scarlet sage, multi-colored delphinium.

Attributes of a truly English landscape are wooden or stone benches located at the end of paths, flowerpots with flowers, ceramic slabs built into alleys, a romantic gazebo, small bridges, wrought-iron lanterns.
A characteristic feature is the presence of one or two ancient objects: a statue, a bench.
The color is green interspersed with silver, white, crimson, and lilac shades.

Dutch style in landscape design

You can get an idea of ​​it by looking at paintings by masters of the Dutch school. It is characterized by pastoralism, bright colors, and an exemplary, sleek appearance. Dominants of the Dutch style:

• ground lawn, the center of the garden and the pride of the owner;
• hedge;
• a small number of trees (preference is given to flowers and shrubs);
• mixborders along garden paths;
• rustic decor, funny figurines;
• flower beds in carts.

In front of the facade of the house, hidden by vines, there is a very elegant lawn, surrounded by flower beds and ornamental shrubs - the heart of the garden. To create it, bushy cereals with narrow leaves are suitable, forming a thick, silky cover. The lawn is accented with a standard tree, topiary, a small fountain or a tiny flower bed with flowers - camassia, hyacinths, crocuses. The parterre lawn is surrounded by a trimmed hedge or mixed border, a mixed flower garden with carefully selected crops.
The most popular are bulbs: tulips, lilies, daffodils. Among the favorites are also delphinium, chinstrap, and foxglove.

An indispensable condition for a Dutch garden is openness so that passers-by can admire it. Therefore, they do not install solid fences, but are content with a fence made of juniper, boxwood, dogwood, or a fence made of rare forged rods.
The paths are covered with wood chips or pebbles, and areas are arranged on which pavilions and decorative elements are placed. But benches are often “cut” directly into the mixborder, into a living fence.

A Dutch garden is unthinkable without handmade decorations: firstly, these are carts “loaded” with flowers. Secondly, decorative mills and wells, as well as wheels, wooden buckets and barrels, even chests of drawers and suitcases, adapted for mini-flower beds. The sculptures are often funny and make you smile: stone frogs, gnomes, crows, mermaids.
The palette of the Dutch garden is lush greenery with bright flashes of scarlet, blue, and white.

Country in landscape design (rustic style)

Simple naturalness is the basis of a village garden. He does not declare the idea of ​​unity with nature, he is nature itself.
The free design of a rustic style does not mean, however, a complete absence of rules. There they are:

• simplicity and slight chaos;
• paths sprinkled with gravel or paved with stones with gaps covered with grass;
• the presence of fruit trees and vegetable beds;
• flowers growing not only in flower beds;
• creeping, climbing plants on fences;
• decor from “village” objects - fragments of wicker fabric, carts and wheels, clay pots and jugs, barrels;
• fruits in the role of flowers - pumpkins, physalis, bunches of grapes and rowan;
• combining garden and wild crops into one group.

The appearance of a village plot is the golden mean between natural neglect and economic care, beauty and benefits.
Fruit trees and bushes, beds are a must; this, one might say, is the originality of the style. It is better to place apple or plum trees not in a cluster and in a strict order, but in different corners of the site. It’s also not worth forming a full-fledged vegetable garden from the beds; you can limit yourself to spicy, healthy herbs.

Expensive, exotic flowers will not fit into a landscape full of rural spontaneity. But such a garden cannot do without sunflowers and hollyhocks, cosmos, chamomile, calendula and marigolds.
Where it is dark, you can plant shade-loving hostas, textured-looking ferns.
Flowers in such an area do not grow in flower beds, but simply on free lawns, near fruit trees and between vegetable beds.

The attributes of a rustic country garden are simple-looking wooden or wicker furniture, birdhouses, swings, rough, hand-made fences, and a funny garden scarecrow.
The variety of country decor is almost limitless: you can use rustic dishes and utensils, all kinds of tubs, drawbars and rockers, decorating them with flowers.

Chinese style in landscape design

The world's first park appeared in Suzhou County - Chinese landscape art is thousands of years old. It is based on the principles of Feng Shui. The movement of water and wind, the main elements in the Taoist worldview, gives rise to qi energy, which should permeate both the house and the garden. If the layout does not take these wisdom into account and does not regulate the flow of qi, the garden cannot be called Chinese, no matter how many pagodas you put in it.

The Chinese are sure: qi energy circulates freely only along natural, non-man-made lines and contours. Therefore, there cannot be symmetry, parallels, or right angles in the garden.
In addition, the Chinese garden is subject to the following rules:

• all items must form a single, complete composition;
• the garden is obliged to improve health, to be a “hall” for qigong and meditation;
• from any place a new landscape should be visible, creating the impression limitlessness landscape;
• water is present in the forms of rest and movement;
• the presence of a tea gazebo in a secluded nook is also mandatory;
• finally, plant diversity is another credo Taoist parka.

The garden in the Middle Kingdom is a model of the world, which means it looks as if the pine trees, bamboo, boulders and streams appeared on their own, many years ago.
Such a garden must create the impression of limitlessness, as well as fullness and richness. Wherever you turn, a new facet of beauty should open up.
A stream with running water and a pond with standing water are indispensable companions of the Chinese park. Carefully selected stones are placed in one area selected according to Feng Shui rules. Stones of unusual color and shape are especially valued.
The completeness of the composition suggests a garden fence, which, however, follows all the bends of the relief and tends to merge with the bushes and trees. A wooden gate topped with a wise aphorism leads to the Chinese garden.

A round-shaped tea house is placed on a hill from where the distance can be clearly seen.
Flora in a Chinese garden is full of symbolism. Each tree means something: pine - strength of spirit, peach - happiness, juniper - health, fir - longevity... People in China love jasmine, chrysanthemums and peonies, tea roses, dahlias, irises.

Colonial style in landscape design

Colonial garden art combined the traditions of the Old World with the practices of the natives, the inhabitants of the colonies. Signs of a colonial garden:

• simple, utilitarian materials;
• veranda or terrace as the starting point of the garden;
• plants and topiary in large tubs;
• white wooden fence;
• several sentimental sculptures;
• freedom, slight absent-mindedness, evident in the manner of design.

The colonial-style garden begins on a veranda covered with spittle and hops. Garden paths, in the Dutch style, are sprinkled with wood chips or covered with wooden flooring or flagstone.
They decorate the area with small sculptures made of stone, alabaster, ceramics or wood - these are rabbits and ducks, chubby-cheeked angels, cherubs and cupids.

IN set A colonial garden may also include a fountain - a small one, stylized as a washstand, located near the walls of the veranda.
Arches and pergolas, if there is room for them, are preferably forged; garden furniture is made of planed boards, rattan, wicker or bamboo.
Don't forget about the rocking chair and hammock.

The plants in the colonial garden are captivating with their variegated variety. In tubs, flowerpots, containers, urns, the following flowers bloom, replacing each other: hyacinths, daffodils, peonies, lilies, phlox, begonia, sweet tobacco and peas, carnations, hydrangeas. The containers in which they grow can be moved, brought into the veranda or into the house during cold weather.

A certain place is given to edible and medicinal plants - sage, echinacea, lemongrass, marjoram. Fruit trees predominate among the trees, because at first colonial gardens were not so much a place of relaxation as a source of fruits and vegetables.

Moorish landscape design

The Moorish Garden is a fairy tale come true, an oasis full of colors, sounds and aromas. Splendor and luxury are its main parameters.
The distinctive properties of such a landscape include:

• isolation, closedness;
• the chor-bak principle is the basis of the layout;
• classical norms, symmetry;
• flower beds in the shape of squares, sometimes circles;
• pools and fountains lined with Arabic mosaics;
• the obligatory presence of fruity, sweet-smelling trees;
  fragrant flowers and herbs;
• beds, benches in the shade.

The eastern garden is hidden from prying eyes behind a stone fence. This is a square divided into four equal parts (chor-bak rule). Paths, bushes, and less often canals serve as boundaries between squares.
Inside each “puzzle” there is a pond, a fountain or even a swimming pool. Peaches, quince, apricots and pears crowd next to jasmine and roses, hinting at heaven. What is missing?
- That's right, birds. Peacocks walk around the Moorish garden, and cages with canaries and parrots hang on the trees.

In addition to roses, oriental gardens are characterized by tulips, hyacinths, and lilies growing in oblong flower beds.

The murmur of water, bird trills, the fragrance of flowers and fruits should be palpable anywhere in the Mauritanian arboretum.

Details of the Moorish landscape - comfortable, wide beds with many pillows, gazebos in the form of tents, awnings made of thin, airy fabrics and glass beads, mosaics.
Palette – juicy greens, purple, yellow, violet colors.

Provence style in landscape design

In essence, this is the style of the French villages - sweet, soulful, rough and sophisticated at the same time.
Conceptual features French garden:

• fruit trees with palmette-shaped silhouettes;
• stone terraces, supports made of old, rough tuff, sandstone or shell rock;
• many colors of pastel shades;
• beds with Provençal herbs;
• “antique” gazebos with the same furniture;
• pergolas and trellises;
• stone well and (or) fountain;
• narrow paved paths built in addition to the wide main paths.

Basically, French vineyards are located on slopes, so the gardens are usually fortified with terraces and retaining structures made of stone. Actually, a couple of wide steps are enough to remind you of this tradition.

The gnarled stonework covered with creeping plants is a hallmark of the Provençal style, in which every item is shrouded in a light veil of archaism.

Plants are chosen with foliage of different but soft shades - apple trees, olives, lindens, apricots, plane trees, Dubrovnik, grapes.
The main paths are covered with ceramic tiles, rectangular or square, and additional paths are sprinkled with white sand.
Shade in the French garden is created by pergolas that serve as support for wisteria and clematis.
Water in the south is a true value, so a medium-sized fountain made of wild stone must “register” on the site.
The “highlight” of French gardens is springs built into the masonry of retaining walls. Previously, there was also a well, but today it is being replaced by a swimming pool, the sides of which are decorated with ceramic vases with flowers.

There are many flowers: hydrangeas, delphinium, lavatera, cosmos, lupine... Spicy herbs are no less respected: lavender, hyssop, rosemary, thyme, anise, oregano, mint, thyme.
For color, pumpkins and ornamental cabbage are added to the beds.

Creating a corner of a French village is a delicate matter, because many plants will have to look for an adequate replacement. The main difficulty is to arrange fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers and herbs in the correct tiers so that the garden remains a solid, colorful picture all year round.

Gazebos and garden furniture are most often wooden, with patina and cracks. For added comfort, pillows are laid out on chairs and benches, and the entrance to the gazebo is covered with muslin.
The shades of a Provençal garden are soft green, white, pink, sky blue and, of course, lavender.

Regular (classic, formal) style

Excellent standards of such a landscape are the ensembles of Peterhof, Versailles, Sans Souci, Tuileries, Hyde Park and other complexes.
Regular style, sometimes called landscape baroque, originated in France, the core of its concept is “man is the architect of nature.”

Classicism, in the bosom of which this garden design was formed, preached rationalism and advocated logic and clarity of proportions. It is no wonder that the regular style, in particular, is characterized by:

• mirror symmetry, straight alleys, impeccable geometry of flower beds and lawns;
• the main parterre is a rectangular lawn decorated with an antique statue, an exquisite flower bed, vases, colored sand and gravel;
• fountains, sculptures and flower beds as centers of compositions;
• bosquets - green “rooms” surrounded by walls of evenly trimmed trees and bushes;
• an abundance of ridges along the paths - elongated flower beds forming a complex pattern;
• artificial ponds of ideally regular, geometric shape;
• classic gazebos and belvederes at the intersection of alleys, serving as observation platforms from where you can admire the garden;
• strict silhouettes of topiary, flowerpots;
• antique statues or sculptural compositions.

All small architectural forms in the garden - from fountains and sculptures to garden benches - are placed at carefully selected points, at the intersections of paths, to emphasize the symmetry of the territory. In addition to the listed items, columns and stone balls, forged pergolas and arches, and clearly defined, living borders are widely used in classical gardens.

A special role in the regular landscape belongs to low trees and shrubs with dense crowns, which perfectly hold the shape given by gardeners, these are: cypresses, thujas, euonymuses, lindens, spirea, maples. Among the flowers, preference is given to tulips and lilies, cyclamens.
Shades of a classic garden, in addition to natural greenery, are white, blue, pale yellow.

Landscape in the style of “Russian estate”

You can get into the spirit of this style by reading Russian classics. It’s just a pity that the Russian scale characteristic of old gardens cannot be realized in a small area. In addition to scale, the estate style is distinguished by the following accents:

• streamlined shapes and smooth lines;
• old lindens, oaks with large trunks and spreading crowns;
• shady, secluded corners;
• antique sculptures;
• artificial pond;
• lawns with wild vegetation;
• pavilion or rotunda;
• hedges, raised flower beds;
• forged lanterns.

The atmosphere of a Russian garden is calm and thoughtful; it’s a good place to retire with a book and dream about love.

When arranging a garden-estate, you should avoid too regular forms and pedantry, which is unusual for the Russian mentality.

Benches, swings and gazebos are of a dull color, most often white.
You should not get carried away with exotic flowers, and it is better to prefer lawns covered with clover and dandelions. There must be several coniferous trees, among which, of course, spruce - the emblem of the Russian forest.

The accessories, in addition to those mentioned, also include flowerpots, old, mossy statues, and forged gratings.
The range of the Russian garden is watercolor, without loud components; white, sky, pink, lilac and cream shades prevail in it.

Mediterranean (Italian) garden design style

This is a southern version of the landscape, a resort near home.
Expressive touches:

• play of light and shadow;
• patio as the center of the composition;
• tropical plants in ceramic tubs;
  pool;
• pergolas and umbrellas;
• wide, white-painted benches;
• paths and platforms paved with mosaics;
• stone terraces or wide steps.

Mediterranean garden - a synthesis of stones, terracotta, plants surrounding the water in the pool. The layout is strict, because the birthplace of the classical canons is the Mediterranean, Hellas and Rome.
The patio is covered with ceramic tiles; For awnings, white, blue, and yellow canvas are used.
The area is landscaped with palm trees in tubs, cypresses, magnolias, acacias, silver olives, almonds and pistachios. They demonstrate topiary skills by trimming crowns in the form of balls and pyramids. Crocuses, hyacinths, climbing roses, snapdragons and gillyflowers, lilies, and primroses are cultivated. As well as dried flowers - immortelle, kermek, decorative onions and cereals.

Pergolas, covered with ivy and hanging over the alleys, and grottoes will fit into the concept of the Italian garden.

Accessories and decor - amphora-shaped flowerpots, flower pots against the background of white walls and shutters, Corinthian columns and porticoes, imitation of ancient ruins.
The colors of the garden are shades of sand and sea.

Japanese landscape design

The traditional garden in Japan is part of the worldview, an area not for fun, but for thought and contemplation. There are no accidents in it, no aesthetics for the sake of aesthetics: all components symbolize certain elements, expressing yin and yang.
Japanese gardens are alien to Western rationalism with its straightforwardness, unnatural symmetry and geometry.
Essentially, this is a cast, a toy copy of a large-scale landscape, in which there are rivers and mountains, tall trees and low bushes.

Signs of a Japanese garden:

• asymmetry as the basis of planning;
• a lot of stones from quite large boulders to small gravel, groups of them (rock gardens);
• crowns of trees formed in the form of hills;
• variety of reservoirs: stream, pond, stone bowl of water;
• paved, step-by-step trails;
• "dry" streams;
• moss, ferns;
• bamboo fences, gates;
• gazebo - tea house.

The Japanese garden is distinguished by its seclusion - most often it is hidden behind walls, thanks to which, as well as boulders and grottoes, it is associated with a refuge.

All water features in a Japanese garden have a natural appearance - that is, they are not fountains or pools.

One of the important characteristics of a Japanese garden is that it is non-seasonal; it is designed to encourage reflection and contemplation at any time of the year. The garden should please the eye in early spring, late autumn, and even winter. For this purpose, not only evergreen plants are used, but also Japanese lanterns in branches, trees with winding trunks, fancy roots and driftwood.

The attributes of a Japanese-style garden are benches made of rough-sawn wood or stone, graceful curved bridges over streams, ropes.
The paths in such a park are not easy; they symbolize the path of life and are covered with flat stones, every step of the way.
Typical flora are pine and maple, cherry, bamboo. You should definitely include plants whose leaves turn scarlet, crimson, or crimson.
The range of the Japanese garden is gray-green, white, brown, red-brown, carmine; transitions from color to color are unsharp and blurry.

Despite the fact that the direction implies conciseness and extreme simplicity, it is quite difficult to implement the idea of ​​minimalism in the garden. After all, it has to be implemented using a minimum number of tools.
The principles of such a garden:

• using relief differences to divide into zones;
• spaciousness, isolation of objects;
• steps, stairs;
• the paths are straight as arrows;
• geometric regular pond.

Garden accessories and decor of a minimalist garden have something in common with high-tech, but are less varied. These are, in particular, polished balls made of metal, stone or concrete, strict but effective LED lamps, painted gravel, uncluttered outdoor furniture made of plastic or aluminum.

Filling with gravel and crushed stone can completely replace lawns. Trees and shrubs are distinguished by their graphic forms - these are plane trees, spruce and thuja, and columnar juniper.

For vertical gardening, hops, actinidia, and wild grapes are used. Sedges and ferns, mosses and grasses are suitable to cover the soil.
Flowers?
“Even minimalism can’t do without them, but there should be a few bright plants, two or three crops. Zinnias, petunias, asters, and chrysanthemums are planted in wooden or plastic boxes, which emphasizes the urban spirit of the style.
Minimalist colors – gray, silver, white, beige, light brown.

• emphasis on the structure of the garden, on small architectural forms;
• smooth, arched, wavy lines;
• use of modern materials;
• abundance of accents;
• contrast of colors and textures, alternation of well-lit and darkened areas;
• asymmetrical flower beds and flower beds.

Art Nouveau is closer to the landscape style with its denial of regular, non-living nature outlines. But the freedom of style is not limitless, rather, it is even well dosed.

The central point of the Art Nouveau garden is. Vegetation is planted in groups, in the middle of which there is something unusual, an exotic shrub, for example, or a tree with original color leaves, bright berries, a fancy trunk.
To create contrasts, they combine tall oak and squat willow, ordinary species with dwarf ones. Climbing plants such as wild grapes, ivy and clematis are widely used.

The pretentiousness and mystery required by the style are added by irises, lilies, nasturtiums, poppies, lilies of the valley, daffodils, colorful succulents and spreading ferns.

Details of the modern garden - clear outlines of flower containers, large concrete or terracotta slabs, textured garden parquet, figurines of birds, beetles and butterflies. And also forged trellises with floral patterns, built into gazebos, benches, lanterns and fences.

The colors of the garden are beige, chocolate, silver, pink, burgundy, and blue.

High-tech in landscape design

Yes, this fashionable style has made its way into nature, subordinating it to the latest technologies. This landscape is distinguished by:

• expressive, chopped forms, clear boundaries, right angles;
• polished stone and wood;
• large parts made of glass, metal, finishing with composite materials;
• straight or zigzag alleys;
• very well-groomed, smooth lawn;
• supports for vertical gardening;
• a hammered pond with a concrete edging;
• straight, like step keys;
• modern lamps as a means of decoration and landscape lighting;
• fences in the form of cubes, rectangles, balls.

High-tech does not provide for bright flower beds, calling for the abandonment of lush flower beds and an abundance of colors.
For landscaping, choose not very tall trees and shrubs with hard, dense crowns - boxwood, spruce, juniper, plane trees.
The hedge is formed from barberry, hawthorn, and cotoneaster. Small, unique flower beds of ferns, hostas, and succulents are laid out on the lawns.

Straight paths are neatly and tightly covered with concrete tiles, wooden blocks, or sprinkled with white, painted gravel.

There can be several artificial ponds, autonomous or interconnected, always of regular shape, with concrete “shores”.

However, a high-tech garden is not at all devoid of decor. It is decorated with balls and spherical vases made of polished stone and mirror metal, abstract monuments, and LED lamps.
Even, “cosmic” lighting is used to equip containers for plants, the sides of the pool and steps to it, and futuristic sculptures.
And also among the accessories are spherical gazebos made of metal or wood, artificial stones, CDs on branches.

The general color is a mixture of gray, chocolate, silver, blue, and purple. They dilute the restrained palette with strokes of red, red, and black.

Ecostyle in landscape design (naturgarden)

Landscape design in eco style is a fashionable hobby today. The essence of the idea is minimal intrusion into the natural environment in order to preserve the maximum naturalness of the landscape.
Naturgarden is a local, self-sufficient ecosystem in which all elements are connected and support each other. Its signs:

• materials of natural origin, typical of the area;
• authenticity, miraculousness of the relief;
• a combination of garden flowers with wild flowers, plants and stones;
• natural lawns, covered not with lawn grass, but with wild, field grass;
• uneven, intermittent paths, carelessly laid out with stones with gaps;
• forest trees and shrubs.

The basis of the eco-garden is the flora characteristic of the area. And not only because it meets the criterion of maximum naturalness. But also because such plants are resistant to pests and do not require chemical protection.

The paths are covered with stone, turf or pebbles - they should not be straight, but not too winding so as not to stand out from the environment.

Attributes of ecological design are primitive-looking furniture made of wood, wicker or rattan, a stone hearth or fire pit, a hut or canopy. Stumps and snags, cut down trees in the eco-garden are replaced by benches and statues, and a small swamp bordered by reeds is replaced by a fountain.

The decor of the garden is discreet: lanterns, for example, made from bottles suspended from trees, bird feeders, crafts made from wicker or hemp. Decorate an eco-site and a house for beetles, a beehive.

Vegetation is selected in such a way that it benefits the fauna and gets along with insects and birds. These are, for example, honey flowers that attract bees, bushes where hedgehogs will live, and berries that birds will feed on.
The palette of the ecological garden is soft, natural tones.

A garden is an extension of the house, and you don’t choose its style when you buy flower seeds and tree seedlings. And much earlier, when you decide what its environment will be like. After all, you must admit that it is difficult to imagine a garden in a regular style adjacent to a high-tech house. Or an eastern, Islamic landscape with an English cottage...
However, it is absolutely not necessary to try to realize this or that landscape idea, using everything from A to Z of style resources. Sometimes a few or just a few style elements are enough for the garden to acquire a spectacular, memorable appearance.

The English garden style appeared in the 18th century as a counterbalance to the formal style. One of the ardent supporters of the new style and an opponent of French gardens was the English poet Alexander Pope (1688 - 1744), who in 1713 called for a return from geometric forms to “the sweet beauty of unadorned nature” in his essay on gardening. He formulated the basic rule of the English garden as follows: “Nature should not be forgotten in anything... Be guided by the spirit of the place.”

The English style received its further development thanks to the romantic movement in art and literature - a movement against classicism and its love of order, discipline and restraint. In garden design, the influence of Romanticism was evident in the use of plants for emotional inspiration. However, Romanticism did not only focus on emotions: at the time, the peasantry, previously despised, was placed on a pedestal. And initially it was the peasants who created English gardens.

A truly English garden initially had a practical rather than an aesthetic significance. That is why in English gardens almost all herbs were either medicinal or used for culinary purposes, and many trees were fruit trees. And only later, when the new style spread beyond peasant circles, did the aesthetic properties of the garden come to the fore. English gardens of that time had a mystical charm and were designed to create a romantic atmosphere.

Later, English gardens became very popular in the United States: an abundance of rose bushes, perennial flowers, arbors entwined with vines and arches of climbing plants - all this made it possible to create an atmosphere of carefree fun.

A romantically minded owner who has a large plot (8-10 acres) may be interested in an English garden. This decorative gardening will delight the eye with its naturalness and will not require reconstruction. The gardener of such a picturesque corner will be able to admire its beauty for many years.

English gardens - free, landscape gardening. It should reveal the beauty of the natural landscape and hide its shortcomings. This landscape garden creates the illusion of a natural garden. The garden consists of several green lawns or oval-shaped lawns, connected to each other. The perimeter lawns are lined with trees and shrubs. These plantings can be fruit or decorative.

In the center of the English garden there is a pond. It could be a pond, stream or free-form pool. Next to the pond there is a weeping willow, slender thuja or cypress. Trees with a weeping or pyramidal crown are an integral element of the English romantic garden. They create an atmosphere with a somewhat sad mood.

A gardener creating a romantic English garden does not welcome many flowers. They are planted in a parterre near the house and around the pond.

Paths covered with trimmed grass can be laid around the lawns. This is a purely English tradition. Sometimes they put tiles on the paths and sprinkle them with gravel.

Since the basis of an English garden is the greenery of plantings and lawns, it is better to lay it out in damp areas or constantly water it abundantly. Lawns need to be mowed regularly. As for the trees on the site, when they grow old, they are replaced with young ones.

A characteristic feature of this style is that plants are planted seemingly haphazardly, evoking thoughts of a “natural landscape.”














To create an English garden you can use the following tips:
. Plants typical for an English garden: mallow (stockrose, marshmallow), foxglove, columbine, roses, daisies, daisies, pansies, peonies, violets, primroses, delphinium, wisteria, etc. Tall and lush grass is good for lawns.
. Plant flowers and shrubs in flower beds as densely as possible. The garden should be all green and flowers (historically this is explained by the abundance of rain in England). Even in arid areas, you can achieve the desired effect by using drought-resistant plants.
. Use arches, pergolas and trellises covered with plants.
. An English garden should have benches: they are used both for convenience and as an additional garden decoration.
. The best materials for small architectural forms are brick, gray natural stone, wrought iron, and natural wood.

American garden

Perhaps the main difference between the American garden and many others is the empty and flat lawn in front of the house, like a billiard table. Every week, without fail, the owner walks along it with a lawn mower, rattling “all over Ivanovo.”

But the white fence enclosing the area from the street is a completely uncharacteristic detail. Much more often they do without it. Much more common is an “island” - a small raised flower bed located slightly to the side of the path to the house.

Among wild large stones, specially delivered from afar, rhododendrons and a small maple, whose leaves turn crimson in the fall, are planted.

So, the green “cloth” of the lawn and a small flowering island - that’s, in fact, all that can be seen from the street. But from the yard, on a plot of several tens of acres, the owners are creating forest “wilds”; in the thicket they are setting up a bird village of several houses. A swing is suspended from the high branch of the largest tree. The view from them is good, and even adults will remember their childhood, soaring up on them. Hidden in the depths of the plot is a traditional house for gardening equipment. Americans do not like to store equipment in a residential building.

A “wild” pond was dug not far from the old tree. Its banks are strewn with pebbles, lined with sedge and reeds, and the free wind brought “unplanned” fireweed from somewhere. Water lilies grow in the pond, they feel great here, and in the depths between their stems decorative fish flash. Sometimes flocks of migratory birds sit here to rest. In America they are not afraid of people at all.

The layout is done in such a way as to shield the garden and house from the northern winds with dense plantings. A “window” overlooking the sea bay is left on the south side of the lawn. This place is decorated with a border of bright flowers. The lateral boundaries of the site are decorated with trimmed hedges, lined at the base with variegated hosta.

Italian garden

The Italian garden style, which became widespread during the Renaissance (XV century AD), is also called Medicean. This term is derived from the name of one of the most famous Italian families - the Medici, whose representatives ruled Florence for a long time. The Medicean type of gardens had a regular layout, like the French garden, however, the main difference was that when designing the garden, great attention was also paid to architectural structures. Thus, the villa was a certain compositional component and had a clear relationship with the surrounding landscape.

If you have a small plot (about 5 acres) and you want to hide from the annoying glances of your neighbors, it is best to arrange an Italian courtyard. This is a small garden surrounded on all sides by a fence, wall or buildings.

Such a courtyard garden is an ideally equal area, divided by straight or diagonal paths into simple geometric shapes. Not only flowers are grown here, but also medicinal herbs. In the center is a rectangular or round small pond. If done according to all the rules, then the pond should have a fountain. In general, the Italian courtyard is arranged as if it were an extension of the house, another large room, only without a roof.

And wildlife is allowed here only in a “combed” form. Shrubs and trees are usually trimmed. Moreover, this tradition has come to us from ancient Rome, where bushes were shaped into ships, vessels, temples, figures of people, birds and animals. Nowadays it is customary to make do with simpler shapes of a ball and a cube. The courtyard itself is paved with tiles or sprinkled with sand, crushed brick or crushed stone. Fruit trees are arranged in orderly rows, most often along the boundaries of the plot. And even they are not left alone, they are cut into a ball shape.

An Italian-style plot may look like this. In the center there is a small tiled pool. Crocuses, tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, lilies, and gillyflowers are planted in rectangular flower beds. And, of course, roses. Flowers are complemented by aromatic herbs - sage, lavender. The garden is decorated with a very Italian pergola-pergola, entwined with girlish grapes. And you can throw morning glory on it, which will break up the green background with colored gramophones. The piquantly designed well looks funny, which, although it falls out of the general style, solves the problem of watering.














To create an Italian style garden:
■ Start planning your garden at home. The architecture of the facade of the house should have symmetrically located arches and projections facing the garden.
■ If possible, make your garden terraced. Retaining walls should have projections and colonnades. Often, hedges of trimmed bushes are grown near the walls. The terraces are connected by stairs.
■ If your garden is large, decorate it with lots of small garden features. These can be gazebos, pavilions, swimming pools, monuments, sculptures, poultry houses, fountains, marble benches and even small temples.
■ When planning your garden, develop walking routes.
■ In the warm season, you can place tubs of lemon trees near the benches.
■ In front of the building's façade, when creating an Italian-style garden, create a flat garden (parterre) with symmetrical flower beds and fountains.
■ If space allows, you can plant a small garden of fruit trees with lawns and streams.
■ In almost every Italian garden you can see alleys of cypress trees and growing trellises of roses and grapes, hazel, pomegranates or quinces.
■ Fountains can be made in the shape of a bowl with a small sculptural composition. You can also arrange several ponds on the periphery of the garden, it is important that they are rectangular in shape.

Chinese garden

In Chinese culture, landscape design has always been an art, and the creators of gardens were guided by the traditions and values ​​of society and religious principles. Gardens in China have been laid out since the 11th century BC, since the time of the Zhou state. Moreover, if Europeans claim that a garden needs to be planted, then the Chinese build gardens.

The Chinese garden does not have neat lawns, as in the English one, and clear lines, as in the regular French style. Chinese gardeners imitate nature and try to create in a small area a corner of nature as diverse as China itself. This landscape may contain mountains, lakes, rivers and trees. It is important that the garden helps a person find balance and harmony with the nature around him.

To create a Chinese-style garden, use three fundamental classical principles:

1. The garden should look as natural as possible. A Chinese garden should create the feeling that you have stepped out into nature, and everything around you has appeared without human help. Free-form images in such a garden are dominant, allow you to enjoy the touch of nature and invite you to think and meditate.

2. The garden should be built in such a way that it is a self-sufficient world in miniature. In order for the owner of the garden to be favored by the forces of the universe, symbols of the components of the universe should be placed in the garden - the signs of yin and yang, symbolizing the unity of opposites. Stones and water, garden flowers and natural landscape, as well as drawings and architectural forms should emphasize the harmony of your garden.

3. A Chinese garden should bring new impressions and emphasize the diversity of images even in a small space. To do this, use a multi-dimensional perspective, laying paths and bridges in such a way that you need to take more steps to get from one place in the garden to another. Often gardens in China consist of several small gardens, completely different in design, separated by shrubs, galleries, walls or even buildings.














In addition, to create Chinese-style gardens, you should adhere to the following recommendations:
■ Plant trees in your garden that have twisted branches, crooked trunks, and exposed roots. Chinese gardeners are very fond of mountain pines - a symbol of courage, strength and longevity, and bamboo - a symbol of life-giving emptiness. In China, peach and plum are the “tree of happiness”, and the weeping willow is a symbol of the masculine principle “yang”.

■ Lawns in the garden can be sown with medicinal plants or cereals. Often tree peonies are also grown in such a garden, which in China are called the “king of flowers” ​​for their height (from 1 to 1.5 meters) and longevity. Such peonies can grow up to 100-150 years in one place. Chrysanthemums and irises are also grown in the Chinese garden, which are planted near ponds, stones and on hillsides.

■ It is important to know that according to the Chinese beliefs, the garden is an extension of the house, and if it is devoid of vegetation, it is open to the winds, which will carry away the vital energy “qi”. Therefore, plant a variety of plants in the garden, frame the walls with ivy and wild grapes. Your plants will retain healing energy and bring health and longevity to your home.

Moorish garden

The first Moorish (Muslim) gardens are oases in the hot desert, ennobled by man. The famous Hanging Gardens of Queen Babylon - one of the seven wonders of the ancient world - were created in this style. Legend has it that Nebuchadnezzar II, the ruler of Babylon, married a Median princess to confirm the military alliance of the two powers against Assyria. However, Babylon, unlike the flourishing Media, stood on a bare plain, and the princess was very homesick. In order to please his wife, Nebuchadnezzar II ordered the construction of these magnificent structures.

The Moorish style in landscape design is often compared to heaven on earth. It comes from Africa, but today's interpretation is more likely of southern Spanish origin: Muslim culture left deep roots here during the period of Arab rule. Subsequently, the fabulous, sweet, alluring gardens of Scheherazade were adapted by Christians, but the basic principles of the Moorish style were preserved, which won the hearts of Europeans.

The most important, central element of the garden is a water source, fountain or pond. Water in eastern countries has magical powers, since it is the most valuable jewel. Alleys or canals radiate from the source in four directions. They symbolize 4 rivers flowing from the Garden of Eden to all directions of the world. The resulting 4 parts of the garden - 4 squares - are in turn divided into new 4 parts. And again, in the center of each part there is a sparkling source with diverging alleys.

Despite all the geometric correctness and structure, exotic plants, herbs, trees and shrubs are placed absolutely randomly, filling the garden with fragrance and sophistication. There are practically no lawns, and all the space between trees, bushes, and flowers is paved with tiles.

Of course, it is unlikely that it will be possible to repeat or accurately reproduce all the splendor of the Alhambra, Taj Mahal or Humayun gardens in modern central Russia. But a piece of paradise can be realized even in rather ascetic climatic conditions. An important advantage of the Moorish garden is its ease of maintenance. It is enough to initially build a composition, and subsequently maintain the natural growth of trees and shrubs. The Moorish style does not require large spaces, but the smaller the garden area, the more carefully the plants used are selected.

Furniture for the interior is also selected in oriental style and decorated with all kinds of pillows. Closed Moorish-style gazebos are equipped with large windows, so in summer it will not be stuffy.














To create a Moorish style of landscape design, adhere to the following rules:
. The heart of the Moorish garden is a pond. This could be a pond, fountain or canal. Traditionally, for Moorish gardens, water is of great value, so ponds are usually not very large in size, but they are located in such a way that water is always visible from any corner of the garden.

The classic arrangement of the garden is a fountain or pond in the center, from which water flows through channels to the edges of the garden in the four cardinal directions. If the garden is of the correct shape, then the canals divide it into four equal squares, and if the Moorish garden is large enough in size, each of the large squares can be divided into four smaller ones in the same way.

Moorish gardens, like French ones, are distinguished by geometric correctness and regularity in layout. However, the plans of Moorish gardens resemble oriental patterns; the vegetation in such a garden usually grows without any treatment with garden shears and quickly fills all the space between the paths and ponds.

Free spaces in the Moorish garden are filled with decorative paving with multi-colored tiles or stones. The patterns made may resemble an oriental carpet.

The Moorish style has several important features. For example, you cannot use statues and fountains depicting figures or faces of people, as this is prohibited by the Muslim faith.
Water is very valuable in hot Muslim countries, and fountains usually do not have the pressure that allows the water to shoot high into the air. Small babbling streams that flow from tall vases installed in the center of a pond decorated with Muslim stars are traditional for the Moorish garden.

Also characteristic of the large Moorish garden are pergolas, covered arches and galleries, entwined with flowers and wild grapes.

A rose garden is often set up next to the pool, but flowers should be selected not only by color, but in such a way that the combination of their aromas during flowering creates a pleasant composition.

German garden

1. Ordnung muss sein. “Order comes first” is a favorite German saying. When pronouncing this phrase, a typical German has a very spiritual expression on his face. The innate love of cleanliness, in the opinion of the Russian man in the street, sometimes takes the form of quiet insanity: Saturday and Sunday morning mowing the lawns, when all normal people should still be basking in bed, periodically plucking out the seed heads of pansies and the complete absence of weeds in flower beds and paving cracks - the easiest sacrifices that the Germans can make to maintain order.

It comes to the point that large distances between plantings of perennials are deliberately left so that one can freely walk and weed. And then wash the tool until it shines (or even disinfect it) and put it on a specially designated shelf in a garden shed with starchy white curtains on the windows.

2. The Germans have an amazing ability to combine incongruous things. Even in the most practical decisions (and the Germans are famous pragmatists!) they will always add a drop of romance. For example, when choosing garden lamps, a typical German will always ask the question: why spend money on stationary lighting if the Moon exists, and among less global luminaries - torches, solar-powered lanterns and candles, which will also create a more intimate mood in the evening garden? Stationary light, well, at the entrance to the house it is necessary, but only with motion sensors. Such savings will justify the costs.

3. The love for comfort and relaxation pushes the Germans not only to be neighbors with Russians at Turkish resorts, but also to carefully plan their site under the motto “Minimum worries - maximum pleasure.” This approach dictates a certain structure of the garden: usually it is a large lawn or paving areas larger than the planting area, sometimes with tapeworm, sometimes without. Indeed, fewer plants mean less work. The desire to have as much free time as possible also explains the attachment to coniferous and evergreen deciduous trees and shrubs, which are decorative all year round and do not require special care - plant once and you can safely relax all four seasons.

Few people grow summer plants from seeds - they cost pennies, are purchased when necessary and are thrown away immediately after they lose their decorative value. One of the main elements of the garden is a recreation area with the obligatory barbecue (meat in all its forms is traditional German food) - the American version of our kebab, around which the whole family gathers every weekend. You may ask, how does this fit in with mowing the lawn and plucking pansies? So order - first of all, and then barbecue. Plus, a little gardening is fun too.

4. The need to show a certain level of wealth and be at least no worse than your neighbors is another characteristic German trait. It is usually reflected in the design of the entrance area - deliberately for show, for a casual observer from the road. This pseudo-openness, beautifully flowering plants, usually hydrangeas, roses, clematis, architectural grasses, yuccas, are designed to create an impression of stability and prosperity and fulfill the same role as a photograph with a snow-white smile of thirty-two teeth on the resume of an ordinary German.

The seasonal change of container plantings and decorative decorations at the entrance and on the balcony often turns into a competition between neighbors - who has it brighter, more interesting, more beautiful. The reason for changing the scenery is not only holidays (Christmas, Easter), but also simply, for example, the beginning of autumn.






5. Despite all the friendliness and apparent openness in urban gardens (or in dense buildings), the boundaries of public and private are very clearly marked, which is manifested not only in the lowered blinds on the evening windows, but also in the presence of a strictly defined private area in the garden into which visitors are allowed access only to close people. If there is a plot behind the house, it is usually hidden from neighbors by high, dense hedges. In villages where houses are more sparsely spaced and there is plenty of beautiful scenery, owners can afford to incorporate beautiful landscape views into the garden structure without fear of being “surveilled.”

6. The Germans are more natural engineers and architects than gardeners. Germany is home to beautifully landscaped parks, stunning urban greenery and creative water features. In private gardens and public parks you can see many successful compositions from an architectural and coloristic point of view... but at the same time, the Germans, unlike the British and Russians, have a complete lack of botanical interest - what difference does it make what the variety is called, the main thing is that it looks just right.

Therefore, very often in garden stores you can see, for example, roses with the label “Hybrid tea rose” and a photograph of the flower, without indicating the variety. Here everyone is their own designer, so professionally designed small gardens are a rarity in Germany.

7. Love for the small homeland and its history is reflected in private gardens. In the former coal-mining regions of North Rhine-Westphalia, for example, you can often find an out-of-date mine trolley adapted for a flower garden. It looks touching, if not fabulous. Speaking of fairy tales, it was in Germany that garden gnomes were invented and their figures were generously placed in their gardens.

Sometimes they look appropriate, sometimes they are obvious kitsch, but it is clear that this is a typically German way of decorating a garden. The Germans usually don’t limit themselves to gnomes, and garden centers sell dozens of options for plastic ducks for the pond, cats and dogs for the garden, and garden sculptures made from various materials. I don’t presume to condemn such a love of decoration, but in my opinion, in German gardens there is a clear overabundance of small architectural forms.

8. Residents of Germany are hardworking people, and, like Russians, they are drawn to the earth, because such a pastime helps them relax and unwind in nature from home and office, solely for their own pleasure. Many city residents, who have green space only on their balconies, rent “dachas” - plots of land of one or two acres, unsuitable for construction, usually along railways, just to garden to their heart's content on the weekends.

It’s amazing how similar these German dachas are to ours, only a little smaller and more well-kept. A vegetable garden, a shed, sun, air and good beer are one of the German recipes for happiness, and this is confirmed by statistics. Societies of summer residents are growing year by year, and the average age of their participants has become ten years younger since the mid-nineties.

Russian Garden

The Russian garden is distinguished by its simplicity and practicality. Since ancient times, a regular garden has been used in Rus'. The main purpose of such a garden was to obtain a harvest of fruits and medicinal plants. Therefore, any kind of ornamental gardening is uncharacteristic for the Russian garden.

There must be a front garden near the house, surrounded by a low fence. The flowers grown in the front garden are completely different: roses, lilies, calendula, chamomile. On rich estates, round flower beds with daisies and dahlias are very popular.

Russian nature is unthinkable without birch trees. Therefore, not a single estate could do without a romantic corner lined with birch trees, rowan trees and fir trees, purple lilacs and white hydrangeas and a gazebo in a shady corner among mock orange, ferns, irises and sweet peas. This discreet, unpretentious landscape is so close to the Russian heart!

In autumn, the Russian garden was decorated with asters, chrysanthemums, and sunflowers - a favorite in every garden.

All outbuildings and the yard were located directly next to the house.
Behind the house and yard there was a vegetable garden. Apples, pears, cherries, and plums have always been grown in Russian gardens. I especially liked apples, of course.

The most popular shrubs at all times were currants, raspberries, and gooseberries.














Due to the geographical location, not all types of plants could grow in Rus'. Only with the development of selection did varieties of heat-loving plants begin to appear, adapted for life and fruiting in our difficult conditions.

Grapes, cherries, and apricots did not immediately come to Russian gardeners in the middle zone. But they were very popular in Rus' and took their rightful place among the long-livers of the Russian garden.

Garden in Thailand

Gardens in Thailand receive a lot of attention. The gardens here are of a philosophical nature; they serve as a place of meditation for Buddhists. The most famous garden in Thailand is the garden of the Royal Palace in Bangkok. Here you immediately find yourself in an atmosphere of incredible color diversity, sophistication of shapes, gilding, and shine.

It is difficult for a European to withstand this. But here is a modest tree, a piece of flat lawn, a trimmed bush. And everything is familiar and calming. In the gallery with sculptures of the emerald Buddha and terrible demons, you begin to involuntarily peer into the compositions of ornamental plants among gray stones and in concrete vases.

There are marigolds and petunias here, and there is even green lawn.
Flowers are planted not only in the ground. Potted plants are popular in decoration. In the middle of the alley, a palm tree suddenly appears, planted in a Chinese vase.

Stones play a big role in gardens. They are specially brought to the capital from the north of the country.
Bangkok is located on swampy soil, which creates certain difficulties in setting up and maintaining gardens.

Thailand was once dominated by jungles. It was in the jungle that the Thais felt at home. When they lived in a common tribal space, each had their own individual sanctuary, far in the forest. This tradition has still been preserved. In the capital of Thailand, you can see next to modern buildings small gardens, arranged with great taste, where a home for the spirit is hidden among the greenery. It is decorated with garlands and bouquets, standing out brightly against the background of skyscrapers.

Thais prefer gardens that are close to the natural landscape, but you can often see smooth transitions from natural to man-made landscapes.

The heart of every Thai home is a garden with an indispensable swimming pool and fountain. The dwelling seems to be permeated by the garden, or rather tied to it, as has been the custom since ancient times. Moreover, in the non-front area, behind the house, most of the owners’ lives pass.

This tradition is preserved even in the gigantic Ambassador hotel complex, in the center of which there is a garden. Through the glass of the first floor, it visually transforms into bamboo groves around the hotel, waves of bushes on the terraces, and echoes the beach and sea with its pools.

In this country there are no pronounced stereotypes or replicated techniques. There is only a successful combination of ancient tradition and everything that Thai culture has absorbed throughout its history.

French garden

The French garden style, also called the regular, geometric or formal landscape design style, developed actively from the 17th to the 18th centuries. Such gardens were very popular during the time of Louis XIV, but the historical name of the style is not accurate, since ideas for creating regular gardens appeared during the Renaissance in Italy.

The style reached its apogee in the 19th century in England, where gardeners learned to grow plants in exotic shapes (such as geometric shapes, animals, birds, etc.). The main idea of ​​forming a French garden in landscape design is clear order and symmetry in one.

Imagine a flat garden, maximally open to the surrounding nature. The basic principle of its layout is the clarity and perfect symmetry of its composition. A ground floor is set up in front of the house, usually completely covered with flowers. It is bordered by a low border of trimmed bushes or paths sprinkled with sand or gravel.

French style is a development of the idea of ​​a regular layout. Here the art of the gardener will prevail over nature, subordinating it to strict order and shackling it into clear geometric forms.

Plants are often given an artificial shape by pruning. A clear green wall of trimmed hedges is an essential element of a French garden. Another integral element is triangles and pergolas entwined with climbing plants. Bosquets are very popular - dense tracts of trees surrounded by trimmed bushes.

The shady alleys, which we perceive as something painfully Russian, actually came to us from France. True, the French trimmed the crowns of the trees. By the way, a small bosquet in an amateur garden is not such a crazy idea. Trees can also be fruit trees, and shrubs, for example, barberry.

Relatively new elements in the French garden were concrete tiles on the paths and paving the paths with special bricks. Pots and containers with flowers near houses are very popular among the French.

Of course, a French garden is a very impractical garden. This is not a garden that produces fruit, but a garden for relaxation.













In order to create a “French garden” landscape design style:
■ Form the basic idea for creating a garden. All elements on the plan must be geometrically correct, all bends must be constructed using a compass.
■ Design the French garden so that it has two key points - the lower one, where the main entrance is located, and the upper one, from which a view of the entire garden opens. The highest point is usually a house with a garden.
■ If the area where you want to create a French garden has a significant difference in height, the garden is formed by a cascade of flat terraces connected by stairs and surrounded by retaining walls.
■ Cascades of fountains, strictly shaped swimming pools, and small wall fountains are well suited for decorating a French garden.
■ Carefully select plants for landscaping in a French garden. It is very important that the plants are well trimmed, resistant to disease, quickly take on a geometrically correct shape and have a fairly monolithic appearance.
■ An integral part of a French park is carefully trimmed, smooth green lawns.
■ Be sure to use bosquets - evenly trimmed trees and shrubs that form green walls. With the help of bosquets, you can create secluded areas for relaxing and working in the fresh air.
■ The French garden is characterized by an abundance of sculptures in the antique style and a general atmosphere of solemnity and theatricality.
■ Maintaining a French garden requires the constant work of a gardener. It is necessary to trim bushes, trees and lawns daily and carefully, and care for paths and flower beds.

Japanese garden

The first records of the creation of gardens in Japan date back to the 6th century. In the then capital of Japan, the city of Nara, gardens were laid out on the territory of the emperor's palace using traditions inherent in the Chinese style. The main elements that were used to design the garden were stone and water.

Also, since the 8th century, when Chinese monks brought Buddhism to Japan, the Japanese began to create rock gardens. The stones were believed to contain statues of Buddha, which means they were sacred, whether the statue was carved from the stone or not. The gardens, consisting of stones and sand, were outstanding works of the time. From the 9th to the 12th centuries, a new capital was built - the city of Kyoto, in which Japanese masters embodied the features of their perception of the world in new gardens for wealthy citizens.

Gardens for tea ceremonies made it possible to enjoy the harmony of wildlife while having leisurely conversations in the gazebo.

The deep blue sky, the green of the lawn overgrown with moss, like delicate skin, the dazzling whiteness of the walls of the house, the cinnabar flowers on the balcony and the bridge over the artificial stream... There is nothing superfluous here, harmony is achieved by few means. In a small area near the house all the elements of nature are represented.

The earth is personified by huge boulders - “mountain ranges”, white stone chips of paths, contrasting with green moss. The water is represented by a “mountain” stream flowing in an arc into the pond. The fire is represented by the traditional stone lantern “tahi-gaga”, installed on a hill next to the source of the stream. Once upon a time in Japan it was customary to place such lanterns in the tombs of saints and in temples, but today they decorate many gardens with their expressive shape.

The plant world in the Japanese garden is represented by bamboo, pine, hosta and heather. The lone pine tree is usually given a sculptural form. To prevent the crown from growing, as in the wild, all branches are periodically pruned. Thanks to this, we got green “pillows”, comfortably laid out on pine branches.

Bamboo in a Japanese garden “exists” in several forms: gates and a water tray are made from it, and retaining walls made of thick trunks are placed on the slope near the pond.

Live bamboo was planted at the entrance gate and along the border of the site. Any, even a weak breeze, sways their thin stems, and he bends over, as if greeting guests.

The curved path very symbolically intersects with the stream in the very center of the site. Here there is a light curved bridge across the water.

The Japanese believe that when crossing a bridge over any obstacle, a person finds himself in another world and discovers completely new perspectives for himself.














To create a Japanese landscape design style, use the following rules:
. The main rule when creating a Japanese garden is to maintain a contrast between open and closed spaces. Do not strive to fill every piece of soil; harmony in everything is the basis of Japanese culture.
. For the Japanese style of garden design, a pond is a mandatory element. It is desirable that it seems natural - it could be a stream, pond or waterfall. Water will add dynamics to the landscape and will perfectly help you take your mind off the everyday affairs of the big city. You can cross the stream with a small bridge, which is often painted red.
. If it is not possible to use water for a Japanese garden, you can create a dry stream bed or a sand lake. Waves drawn on the sand will create the illusion of water and help you relax while contemplating them.

Choose the following shrubs and trees for planting: azalea, cherry, camellia, cotoneaster, dwarf spruce and pine, and other small conifers. Crocus, hosta, cyclamen, water lilies, Japanese iris and other similar herbaceous plants will help decorate your garden. Bonsai, bamboo, ferns, moss, curly coniferous bushes, various ornamental herbaceous plants, lawns with low-height grass will add harmony to the Japanese garden.

Paths made of stones are well suited for garden decoration. Take hard and rough irregular stones about 30cm wide and use them to line a path through the garden. The distance between the stones is 30-45 cm.
. Add small architectural forms in Japanese style to your garden. You can put a small gazebo in the garden for a tea ceremony; a beautiful lantern made of silk or rice paper with hieroglyphs will look good. You can also put up a small Buddha statue.

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