Concept and classification of inventories. What are inventories, methods of their accounting and planning

The rules for the formation in accounting of information about the organization’s inventories are established by the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01 (hereinafter referred to as PBU 5/01).

PBU 5/01 establishes that the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories:

• - used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);
• - intended for sale, including finished products and goods;
• - used for the management needs of the organization.

Thus, the composition of inventories (hereinafter referred to as inventories) should take into account production inventories, finished products and goods.

Industrial inventories are various material elements used as initial items of labor consumed in the production of products (performance of work, provision of services) or for management needs.

Industrial inventories are used once during one production cycle and fully transfer their value to the products produced (work performed, services provided) (hereinafter referred to as products).

Industrial inventories, depending on the purpose and method of use in the production process, are divided into the following main groups:

• - raw materials and basic materials;
• - purchased semi-finished products and components;
• - auxiliary materials;
• - returnable production waste.
• - inventory and household supplies.

Raw materials and basic materials are objects of labor intended for use in the production process and representing the material (material) basis for the manufacture of products (performance of work, provision of services).

Raw materials are agricultural and mining products (grain, cotton, wood, ore, coal, oil, etc.).

The materials are products of the manufacturing industry (flour, fabric, paper, metal, gasoline, etc.).

Purchased semi-finished products are the same raw materials and basic materials that have gone through certain stages of processing, but are not yet finished products.

Components are products of the supplier organization purchased to complete products manufactured by the manufacturing organization.

Auxiliary materials are materials used to influence raw materials and basic materials, impart certain consumer properties to products, or for servicing and caring for tools and facilitating the production process (lubricants and cleaning materials, etc.).

In the group of auxiliary materials, due to the nature of their use, they include fuel, containers and packaging materials, as well as spare parts.

Fuel is carbon and hydrocarbon substances that release thermal energy during combustion.

• - technological fuel (used for technological purposes in the production process);
• - motor fuel (fuel - gasoline, diesel fuel, etc.);
• - household fuel (used for heating).

Containers and packaging materials are items used for packaging and transporting products, storing various materials and products. There are the following types of containers: containers made of wood, containers made of cardboard and paper, containers made of metal, containers made of plastic, containers made of glass, containers made of fabrics and non-woven materials.

Spare parts are items intended for repairs, replacement of worn parts of machines, equipment, vehicles, etc.

Returnable production waste is the remains of raw materials and materials formed during their processing into finished products, which have lost partially or completely the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials (stumps, trimmings, shavings, sawdust, etc.).

Remains of materials that, in accordance with the adopted technology, are transferred to other workshops and divisions as full-fledged material for the production of other types of products are not considered returnable waste.

Associated (associated) products, the list of which is established in industry guidelines (instructions) on planning, accounting and calculating product costs, also do not qualify as waste.

Inventory and household supplies are items with a useful life of up to 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months, used as means of labor (inventory, tools, etc.)

The normal operating cycle is a characteristic of a production process “as the average duration of production of a product from start to finish in a given organization. If the normal operating cycle of an organization is 15 months, then labor assets with a useful life of up to 15 months can be accounted for as materials, and those with a useful life of over 15 months must be accounted for as fixed assets.

For the purposes of analytical accounting, inventories are also classified into various groups depending on their technical properties.

Within groups, production inventories (including materials) are divided by type, grade, brand, standard size, etc.

Each type of material is assigned a nomenclature number, developed by the organization based on their names and/or homogeneous groups (types).

PBU 5/01, when accounting for inventories, allows you to use not only the item number, but also a batch of goods, a homogeneous group, etc. as an accounting unit for inventories.

The choice of accounting unit for inventories is carried out depending on the nature of inventories, the procedure for their acquisition and use.

The accounting unit for inventories is selected by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these inventories, as well as proper control over their availability and movement.

Finished products are a part of inventories intended for sale (the final result of the production cycle, assets completed: with processing (assembly), the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by “legislation”).

Goods are part of inventories acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale.

An enlarged classification of inventories according to their purpose and method of use in the production process is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Classification of inventories

To properly organize accounting, a clear classification of inventories according to certain criteria is necessary. All inventories are classified: by purpose and their role in the production process; according to technical properties.

Based on the purpose and role of materials in the production process, the following groups of inventories are distinguished:

1. Raw materials and supplies are objects of labor from which a product is made and which form the material (material) basis of the product. Raw materials include products of the mining industry and agriculture that are processed (for example, ore, cotton, milk). Materials are considered products that have undergone pre-industrial processing (for example, metal, plastics, fabrics).

In turn, in relation to the product being manufactured, materials are divided into basic and auxiliary.

Basic materials form the physical basis of manufactured products and are a processed product of the manufacturing industry. This group also includes semi-finished products, i.e. products of other organizations included in the technological process of processing of this organization (for example, metals, polymers, components).

Auxiliary materials are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, to give the product certain consumer properties, or to service and care for tools and facilitate the production process. Auxiliary materials, unlike basic materials, do not form the basis of a newly manufactured product, and have properties: they give the product special qualities (varnish, paints), are consumed by labor tools (lubricants and cleaning materials), and are used to keep premises clean (cleaning powders) , are spent on office supplies (paper, pencils, staples, binders).

The division of materials into basic and auxiliary does not depend on their physical or chemical properties, but on the role they play in the formation of the newly manufactured product. In this case, the same materials in one production process can act as main materials, and in another - as auxiliary materials.

2. Purchased semi-finished products, components, structures, parts. These inventories are acquired by the organization for manufactured products and require further processing or assembly. In this case, products purchased to complete manufactured products that are not included in the cost of the organization’s products are accounted for not as materials, but as goods. In terms of their functional role in the production process, they are the main materials (various fillings in confectionery production, malt in brewing, yarn in textile production, motors in mechanical engineering). The need to separate them into a separate accounting group is determined by an increase in their share in large organizations in connection with the development of specialization and cooperation in production.

Organizations may also have semi-finished products of their own production, which are recorded either in special account 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”, or as part of work in progress.

From the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials (containers), and spare parts are separately distinguished due to the specific nature of their use.

• 3. Fuel is materials intended for generating energy, heating buildings, operating vehicles, as well as for the technical needs of an organization. Fuel is divided into technological, used for the manufacture of products (for technological purposes), propulsion (energy, fuel), used, for example, to generate steam in the steam power plant and electricity at plant substations, and economic (for heating needs).
• 4. Containers are a type of inventory intended for packaging, transportation and storage of products, goods and other material assets.

Containers are classified: by type (wooden, cardboard (paper), metal, plastic, glass, woven and non-woven materials (fabric bags, packaging fabrics)); by method of use (single-use (paper, cardboard, polyethylene containers) and reusable (wooden (boxes, barrels)), metal and plastic (barrels, flasks, cans, baskets, etc.), cardboard containers (corrugated cardboard boxes) ); by functional use (outer packaging and packaging itself).

Direct packaging is inseparable from the product and can be used independently only after the product has been used up (paint cans, etc.). This container is released from the warehouse along with the goods.

• 5. Spare parts - parts manufactured or purchased by an organization for repairs, replacement of worn-out parts of equipment, machine parts, vehicles, etc.
• 6. Other materials are waste from production and disposal of irreparable defects, material assets in the form of secondary raw materials obtained from the disposal of fixed assets, etc.
• 7. Materials outsourced for processing are part of the organization’s inventories, the cost of which is subsequently included in the cost of products made from them.
• 8. Construction materials - materials that are used for construction and installation work by developer enterprises.
• 9. Inventory and household supplies - means of labor that are included in the funds in circulation (inventory, tools, household supplies, etc.).
• 10. Special equipment and special clothing in a warehouse are means of labor that are included in the assets in circulation and intended for use in specific activity processes (special tools, special devices, special equipment and special clothing), located in the organization’s warehouses or in other storage places.
• 11. Special equipment and special clothing in operation are special tools, special devices, special equipment and special clothing used in the production of products, performance of work, provision of services, for the management needs of the organization, i.e. in operation.

This classification is used to organize accounting of material resources. In accordance with the Chart of Accounts, a separate subaccount is assigned for each of these groups on account 10 “Materials”. At the same time, the allocation of special equipment and special clothing in the warehouse and in operation is separately explained by the specifics of repaying the cost of such assets. In addition, organizations can take into account materials that do not belong to them, which are recorded in off-balance sheet accounts 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping” and 003 “Materials accepted for processing.”

The above groupings are still insufficient for comprehensive control over the condition and movement of materials. Their accounting and control should be carried out not only by groups, subgroups, but also by each name, type, size, variety, etc. Therefore, the considered classification of industrial inventories for the purpose of operational management of the organization’s work is supplemented by the classification of materials according to technical properties (detailed in the nomenclature-price list).

This classification unites material assets into groups depending on their technical properties and characteristics. For example, ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, etc. In turn, within these groups, materials are divided by type, grade and standard size. For example, sheet steel, round steel, etc. Then, in each subgroup, a list of names of materials with their technical characteristics is provided.

Classification of materials by technical properties is used to construct a nomenclature-price tag - a systematic list of materials used in the organization. The nomenclature-price tag is used as a nomenclature reference book, in which each type of material is assigned a nomenclature number that uniquely identifies a specific type of material. The nomenclature number, as a rule, is seven-digit: the first two digits are the account number, the next two digits are the subaccount, the remaining three digits are at the discretion of the organization for the technical characteristics of the accounting object. Another encoding of the accounting object is possible. For example, material group, subgroup, type of material, characteristic.

Analytical accounting of material assets is built in strict accordance with the nomenclature directory, and the assigned nomenclature number is necessarily affixed to all documents related to the registration of receipt and issue of materials.

The accounting unit for inventories is selected by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these inventories, as well as proper control over their availability and movement. Depending on the nature of inventories, the order of their acquisition and use, a unit of inventories can be an item number, batch, homogeneous group, etc.

Inventory is inventories. No company can operate without them. She acquires them, uses them in her activities, and sells them. This means that the MP must be taken into account. In this article we will tell you how to properly maintain accounting records of inventories.

In this article you will learn:

What is MPZ

Inventory is inventories. Rarely, but still use the concept of goods and materials (inventory assets). This abbreviation has been used before. That is, inventory and materials are essentially synonyms.

Inventory in accounting is the assets that an enterprise uses in business activities as:

• materials and/or raw materials to produce products for sale (performance of work, provision of services).
• goods for resale
• assets that a company uses for management purposes.

How it will help: the provision regulates the accounting procedure for inventories acquired by the company. Take the document as a sample to confirm when and within what time frame employees submit to the primary accounting department who keeps the records.

Materials can be classified as follows (Figure 1).

Picture 1. Classification of MPZ

This way you can take materials into account. For example, open subaccounts for account 10 “Materials”. Similarly, goods for resale and finished goods can be taken into account.

These two concepts are often confused. Goods are assets that an organization has purchased in order to sell them at a premium. The company produces finished products independently. It is possible that some assets will be both finished products and goods. For example, if an organization does not have enough of its own production capacity and it purchases some from suppliers.

Read also:

How it will help: Improving the efficiency of inventory management can hardly be called one of the primary tasks of the CFO. Nevertheless, he should understand at least the basic principles, because inventories are an integral part of the company’s working capital. How to avoid unjustified costs for storing warehouse balances, how not to miss out on profits due to a lack of inventory - more details in this solution.

How it will help: when a company experiences a shortage of working capital and attracts loans, money immobilized in inventories is an unaffordable luxury. It’s even worse if these are illiquid stocks that have not been sold for a long time. The proposed solution will make it possible to dispose of stale residues in warehouses with maximum benefit, and not just dispose of them.

Accounting for materials and inventories in accounting accounts

The company keeps records of inventories in the following accounts:

Figure 2. Basic accounts for inventory accounting

Materials are sometimes recorded in off-balance sheet accounts (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Off-balance sheet accounts for accounting for inventories

Capitalization of goods and materials

The company takes into account materials according to actual cost (clause 5 of PBU 5/01). It includes all the costs the company incurred while it was delivering the material to its warehouse. For example:

• contractual value of assets;
• transportation costs (the organization has the right to immediately attribute costs for delivery to sales costs, if such a rule fixed in the accounting policies );
• cargo insurance;
• for goods – the cost of pre-sale preparation;
• customs payments;
• remuneration to intermediaries, etc.;

If the company operates on a common system, then VAT does not need to be included in the contract price of goods. The company will deduct the tax. But the company is in special mode VAT accounting in the cost of MPZ. Also, general business expenses are not included in the cost of inventories (clause 6 of PBU 5/01).

Organizations representing small businesses have the right to conduct simplified accounting. An exception is only for legal entities listed in Part 5 of Article 6 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”: microfinance firms, law firms, etc.

Organizations that maintain simplified accounting have the right to account for inventories only at the contractual value. They can immediately charge the remaining expenses to expenses for ordinary activities in the period in which they were incurred.

If a company received tangible assets free of charge, then they must be accounted for at market value. You focus on market value if you received assets after dismantling or repairing fixed assets, during inventory, etc.

If the materials appeared as capital contribution , then take them into account at the cost, the cost specified in the decision of the general meeting of participants or the sole participant.

When an organization receives inventory, it makes entries in accounting (table).

Table. Accounting for inventories: postings

Methods for assessing inventories in accounting

After the company accepted the inventory for accounting. She begins to use them in production or core activities. That is, he writes off. In this case, the cost of inventories in accounting can be assessed using one of three methods:

1. At the cost of each unit. In this case, the company should know. how much the specific material or product that she is writing off costs. That is, when an asset is disposed of, the cost of its acquisition is written off. Most often, such accounting is carried out for expensive assets.

2. Based on the average value of assets. In this case, assets are divided into groups. For example, if a company sells sweets, then the following groups are possible: chocolates, lollipops, cookies, etc. The average cost is determined by the formula:

Inventory cost is the cost of inventories or goods at the beginning and end of the period.

Quantity of inventories – quantity of inventories at the beginning and end of the period

To determine the value of disposed assets, you need to multiply the average value by the quantity.

Most companies conduct accounting automatically - in special programs. Therefore, such indicators are rarely calculated manually.

3. At the cost of the first acquisition of inventories. In Russia it is also called the FIFO method. This name comes from the English FIFO - First In First Out, which literally means “first in - first out”. This name fully reflects the essence of the method. That is, the value of disposed assets is the value of the earliest goods received. For example, the company bought the first batch of cement at a price of 560 rubles. per bag, and the second - at a price of 600 rubles. No matter what batch the company uses the material from. first it will be written off at a cost of 560 rubles.

The organization establishes the chosen method in its accounting policies. In this case, one type of inventory (for example, raw materials) can be assessed by one method, and another type of inventory (for example, goods) - by another (clause 16 of PBU 5/01).

Accounting for disposal of inventories

The disposal of materials must be documented. For example, when releasing materials into production, a requirement-invoice M-11 or a limit-intake card M-8 is drawn up.

The following entries are made in accounting:

Debit 20.23, 25.26 Credit 10

Resale goods, like finished goods, are disposed of when a company sells them to a customer. The following entries are made in accounting:

Debit 90 Credit 43

The Company took into account the cost/asset value upon sale.

Debit 62, 76 Credit 90

The company shipped the goods to the buyer.

In accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for inventories” (PBU 5/01 dated 06/09/01), the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories (MPI):

• used as raw materials in the production of products intended for sale, performance of work, provision of services;
• used for the management needs of the organization;
• intended for sale.

The inventories include the following groups of current assets:

• materials - part of the materials, which are objects of labor, provide, together with the means of labor and labor, the production process of the organization in which they are used once. They are entirely consumed in the production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of the products produced (work performed, services provided);
• inventory and household supplies - part of the inventories used as means of labor for no more than 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it does not exceed 12 months;
• finished products - part of the inventories intended for sale and being the end result of the production process;
• goods - part of inventories acquired from legal entities for the purpose of their sale or resale without additional processing.

• correct and timely documentation of all operations on the movement of material assets;
• control over the receipt and procurement of material assets;
• control over the safety of material assets in places of their storage and at all stages of processing;
• systematic control over the identification of excess and unused materials and their sale;
• timely settlements with suppliers of inventories.

Inventory valuation

To properly organize the accounting of inventories in organizations, a nomenclature-price tag is developed. Nomenclature is a systematic list of names of materials, spare parts, fuel and others used in a given organization. Each name of materials is assigned a numerical designation - a nomenclature number.

The nomenclature-price tag indicates the accounting price and unit of measurement of materials.

According to PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost, which includes the amount of actual costs associated with their acquisition and delivery.

The actual costs of purchasing inventories (MPI) include:

• amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);
• amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• customs duties ;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of inventories;
• fees paid to the intermediary organization through which the inventories were acquired;
• costs of procuring and delivering materials to the place of their use, including insurance costs;
• costs of maintaining the procurement and warehouse division of the organization, costs of transport services for the delivery of materials and materials to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of goods and materials established by the contract;
• costs of bringing materials and equipment to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories during their production by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories.

The actual cost of inventories contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital is determined based on their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization.

The actual cost of inventories received by an organization under a gift agreement or free of charge is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

The actual cost of materials can be calculated only at the end of the month, when the accounting department will have the components of this cost (payment documents from suppliers of materials, for transportation, loading and unloading and other expenses).

The movement of materials occurs in the organization on a daily basis, and documents for receipts and expenditures must be completed in a timely manner. Most organizations keep current records using fixed accounting prices. These could be average purchase prices.

If purchase (contractual) prices are used in current accounting, at the end of the month the amounts and percentage of transportation and procurement costs are calculated to bring them to the actual cost.

The following methods of inventory accounting exist:

• quantitative-sum;
• using reports from financially responsible persons;
• operational accounting (balance sheet). The most progressive and rational method of accounting for materials is operational accounting. It involves maintaining only quantity and grade records of the movement of materials in warehouses and is carried out in materials accounting cards (form M-17). The accounting department opens cards for each item number of the material and transfers them to the warehouse manager against receipt.

As materials arrive at the warehouse, the storekeeper issues a receipt order and registers it in the materials record card in the “Receipt” column.

Based on consumption documents (limit cards, requirements), the material consumption is recorded in the card.

The card displays the balance after each entry.

The storekeeper, within the time limits established by the schedule, submits primary documents to the accounting department and draws up registers for the delivery of documents for the receipt and consumption of materials (form M-13) indicating the number of documents, their numbers and groups of materials to which they belong.

As of the first day of each month, the financially responsible person transfers quantitative balances from the cards to the material balance accounting sheet (form M -14).

This statement is opened by the accounting department for the year for each warehouse. It is stored in the accounting department and issued to the storekeeper the day before the end of the month.

The accounting employee checks the accuracy of the entries made by the storekeeper in the materials accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards.

The basic principles of the operational accounting method are as follows:

• efficiency and accounting reliability of quantitative accounting in the warehouse using materials accounting cards maintained by financially responsible persons;
• systematic control by accounting employees directly at the warehouse over the correct and timely documentation of operations on the movement of materials and maintaining warehouse records of materials; providing accountants with the right to check the compliance of actual balances of materials with current warehouse accounting data;
• accounting by the accounting department of the movement of materials only in monetary terms at accounting prices and at actual cost in the context of groups of materials and places of their storage, and in the presence of a computing installation - also in the context of item numbers;
• systematic confirmation (mutual reconciliation) of warehouse and accounting data by comparing material balances according to warehouse (quantitative) accounting data, valued at accepted accounting prices, with material balances according to accounting data.

Synthetic accounting of materials

The receipt of materials into an organization can occur for various reasons and is reflected in accounting by the following entries:

• purchased from suppliers: D-t 10 K-t 60 - for the purchase price, D-t 19 K-t 60 - for the amount of VAT;
• from the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital: D-t 10 K-t 75/1 - at the agreed price;
• free of charge from other organizations: D-t 10 K-t 98/2, sub-account “Free receipt” - at the current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting

When using gratuitously received materials for production needs (D-t 20, 23, 25, 26 K-t 10), at the same time the cost of consumed materials is included in other income and is reflected in accounting by posting: D-t 98/2 K-t 91;

• scrap waste: D-t 10 K-28;
• waste from the liquidation of fixed assets (at current market value): D-t 10 K-t 91.

The release of materials from the warehouse is carried out for various purposes and is reflected in the following transactions:

• for the manufacture of products: D-t 20, 23 K-t 10;
• for the construction of fixed assets: D-t 08 K-t 10;
• for repair of fixed assets: D-t 25, 26 K-t 10;
• external sales

Accounting for the sale of materials is kept on account 91 “Other income and expenses.” The account is active-passive, has no balance, and in terms of economic content is operational and effective.

The debit of account 91 reflects:

• actual cost of materials sold: D-t 91 K-t 10;
• amount of VAT accrued on materials sold: D-t 91 K-t 68;
• expenses for the sale of materials: D-t 91 K-t 70, 69, 76. The loan reflects:
• proceeds from sales at selling prices, including VAT: D-t 62 K-t 91.

By comparing the turnover on account 91, the financial result from the sale is determined.

If the debit turnover is greater than the credit turnover (debit balance), we get a loss. It is written off to account 99 “Profit and Loss” by posting: D-t 99 K-t 91.

If the debit turnover is less than the credit turnover (credit balance), it is written off by posting: D-t 91 K-t 99.

The chart of accounts provides for account 10 “Materials” and subaccounts.

Organizations engaged in the production of agricultural products can open separate sub-accounts for account 10 to account for seeds, feed, pesticides, and mineral fertilizers.

When registering special equipment and special clothing received at the warehouse, the following entries are made in accounting: D-t 10/10 K-t 60 - for the purchase price, D-t 19 K-t 60 - for the amount of “input” VAT.

The transfer of the specified material assets into operation is formalized by posting: D-t 10/11 K-t 10/10.

The actual cost of materials consumed is recorded in order journals 10, 10/1 in correspondence: D-t 20, 23, 25, 26, 08, 91 K-t 10.

Methods for accounting for materials procurement

In accordance with PBU 5/01, materials are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The formation of the actual cost of materials can be carried out in the following ways:

• the actual cost is formed directly on account 10 “Materials”;
• using accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of materials”.

If an organization keeps records of the procurement of materials on account 10 “Materials”, then all data on actual expenses incurred during procurement is collected in the debit of account 10 “Materials”.

This method of forming the actual cost of materials is advisable to use only in organizations that:

• a small number of supplies of materials during the period;
• small range of materials used;
• All data for the formation of the cost of materials, as a rule, arrives at the accounting department at the same time.

If accounting for the procurement of materials in an organization is carried out in the second way, all costs associated with the purchase of materials, based on the suppliers’ settlement documents received by the organization, are recorded as the debit of account 15 and the credit of accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” etc.: D-t 15 K-t 60, 76, 71.

The posting of materials actually received at the warehouse is reflected by the entry:

D-t 10 K-t 15 - at discount prices.

The difference between the actual cost of acquisition and the cost of materials received at accounting prices is written off from account 15 to account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”:

D-t 16(15) K-t 15(16) - reflects the deviation of the accounting price from the actual cost of materials.

When using the second method of accounting for the procurement of an organization, current accounting of the movement of materials is carried out at accounting prices.

Whether to use account 15 to account for procurement operations or keep it directly on account 10 “Materials” is up to the organization itself to decide when choosing an accounting policy for the coming year.

Typical operations for accounting for the procurement of materials on account 10 “Materials”

No.	Contents of operations	Debit	Credit
1	The purchase price of materials is reflected based on the invoice and invoice of the supplier	10	60
2	VAT on capitalized materials (transport costs, remuneration of the intermediary organization) is taken into account.	19	60 (76)
3	Transport costs for the purchase of materials are reflected (based on the invoice of the transport organization)	10	76
4	The costs of paying for the services of an intermediary organization are reflected (based on the intermediary’s invoice)	10	76

Accounting for transportation and procurement costs

Transportation and procurement costs(TZR) are included in the actual cost of materials. These include the costs of purchasing materials, in addition to their purchase price.

Every month, accounting determines the amount of transportation and procurement costs, which is the difference between the actual cost of materials and their cost at the accounting price.

The amounts of transportation and procurement costs are distributed between the materials consumed and those remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of materials at accounting prices. For this purpose, the percentage of transportation and procurement costs is determined, and then multiplied by the cost of materials consumed and those remaining in the warehouse.

The percentage of transportation and procurement costs is determined by the formula:

(Amount of inventory at the beginning of the month + Amount of inventory for materials received for the month) / (cost of materials at the beginning of the month at the discount price + cost of materials received during the month at the discount price) x 100%.

Transport and procurement work is accounted for on the same account as materials (account 10), on a separate subaccount.

Amounts of transportation and procurement expenses for disposed, spent valuables are written off to the same accounts as the spent valuables, at accounting prices in correspondence:

D-t 20, 25, 26, 28 K-t 10 TZR

If an organization uses account 15 to record operations for the procurement of materials, then the amount of deviation of the actual cost from the accounting price is taken into account on account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets.”

The percentage of deviations of the actual cost from the book price of materials is calculated in the same manner as transportation and procurement costs.

The amounts of deviations accumulated on account 16 are written off in the prescribed manner to the debit of production accounts: D-t 20, 25, 26, 28 K-t 16,

D-t 20, 25, 26, 28 K-t 16 - if the accounting price exceeds the actual cost of the reversal entry.

Accounting for materials in accounting

There are several methods of analytical accounting of materials in accounting: grade, method of accounting by item numbers and operational accounting (balance) method.

Varietal method. For each type and grade of materials, the accounting department opens cards for quantitative and total accounting, in which, on the basis of primary documents, transactions of receipt and consumption of materials by quantity and amount are recorded. Analytical accounting in accounting duplicates warehouse accounting on materials accounting cards. At the end of the month and on the inventory date, the cards calculate the totals for receipts and expenses for the month and determine the remaining materials. Based on these data, turnover sheets of analytical accounting are compiled, opened for financially responsible persons. The final data for all turnover sheets of analytical accounting must coincide with the turnover and balances on the corresponding synthetic accounts.

Method of accounting by item numbers. Primary documents on the receipt and consumption of materials are received by the accounting department, here they are grouped by item numbers, and at the end of the month, the final data on the receipt and consumption of each type of material are calculated and recorded in the turnover sheets in physical and monetary terms for each warehouse in the context of the corresponding synthetic accounts and subaccounts.

More progressive is the operational accounting (balance) method of accounting for materials. With this method, at least once a week, an accounting employee checks the accuracy of the entries made by the storekeeper in the materials accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards themselves.

At the end of the month, the warehouse manager transfers quantitative data on balances on the first day for each item number of materials from the materials accounting cards to the balance sheets of materials (balance sheets).

In accounting, material balances are taxed at fixed accounting prices and their totals are displayed for individual accounting groups of materials and for the warehouse as a whole.

With the balance method of accounting, the primary documents received by the accounting department on the movement of materials, after they have been checked and taxed, are laid out in a control file separately by receipt and expense in the context of warehouses and item groups of materials. Based on the submitted document files, group turnover sheets are compiled in total terms for each warehouse.

The data from these statements is verified with the cost data of the statement of balances and with the totals of entries in the synthetic accounting registers.

When using computers, all the necessary registers for the balance method of accounting for materials (group turnover sheets, balance sheets, balance sheets) are compiled on machines.

The main register for analytical accounting of the movement of materials in accounting is statement No. 10 “Movement of material assets (in monetary terms).” The statement consists of three sections:

1. “Movement in general plant warehouses (at discount prices)”;
2. “Received at general plant warehouses and the balance of the enterprise at the beginning of the month (according to synthetic accounts and accounting groups) - at accounting prices and actual costs”;
3. “Expense and balance at the end of the month (at accounting prices and actual costs by accounting groups of materials).”

Statement No. 10 allows you to:

• control of the safety of materials at their storage locations;
• accounting for receipts and balances of materials in the context of synthetic accounts and groups of materials (according to accounting prices and actual costs);
• accounting for the actual cost of the final consumption of materials.

Statement No. 10 is filled out on the basis of document delivery registers, materials flow statements, workshop production reports, and invoice requirements.

Accounting for receipt of materials and settlements with suppliers

Production stocks of materials are replenished through their supply by supplier organizations or other organizations on the basis of contracts.

Suppliers, simultaneously with the shipment, issue settlement documents to the buyer (payment request, invoice), waybill, receipt for the railway waybill, etc. Settlement and other documents are received by the buyer's marketing department. There they check the correctness of their filling out, their compliance with the contracts, register them in the logbook of incoming goods (form No. M-1), accept them, i.e. give consent to payment.

After registration, payment documents receive an internal number and are transferred to the accounting department for payment, and receipts and invoices are transferred to the forwarder for receipt and delivery of materials.

From this moment on, the organization’s accounting department begins to settle payments with suppliers. As the cargo arrives at the warehouse, a receipt order is issued, then, when registered, it is submitted to the accounting department, where it is taxed and attached to the payment document. As the bank pays for this document, the accounting department receives an extract from the current account indicating that funds have been written off in favor of the supplier.

If signs are detected that raise doubts about the safety of the cargo, the forwarder, when accepting the cargo at the transport organization, may require an inspection of the cargo. In the event of a shortage of places or damage to the container, a commercial report is formed, which serves as the basis for filing a claim against the transport organization or supplier

Accounting for settlements with suppliers of inventory items is carried out on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. Passive, balance, settlement account.

The credit balance on account 60 indicates the amount of debt the enterprise owes to suppliers and contractors for unpaid invoices and uninvoiced deliveries:

• loan turnover - the amount of accepted supplier invoices for the reporting month;
• debit turnover - the amount of paid supplier invoices.

Accounting for settlements with suppliers of inventory items is kept in journal order No. 6. This is a combined register of analytical and synthetic accounting. Analytical accounting is organized in the context of each payment document, receipt order, and acceptance certificate. Journal order No. 6 is opened with the amounts of unfinished settlements with suppliers at the beginning of the month. It is filled out on the basis of accepted payment requests, invoices, receipt orders, acts of acceptance of materials, and bank statements.

Order journal No. 6 is maintained in a linear positional manner, which makes it possible to judge the status of settlements with suppliers for each document.

Amounts at accounting prices are recorded regardless of the type of values ​​received - as a total amount, and for payment requests - by type of materials (main, auxiliary, fuel, etc.). The amount of claims is recorded on the basis of materials acceptance certificates. Based on bank statements, a note is made regarding the payment of each payment document.

The amounts of shortages identified during the acceptance of material assets are debited to account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount 2 “Settlements for claims” and is reflected in journal order No. 6 in correspondence: D-t 76/2 K-t 60.

Organizations also use the services of water and gas suppliers, repair contractors, etc. For these payments for services, a separate journal-order No. 6 is maintained.

At the end of the month, the indicators of both order journals are summed up to obtain the turnover for account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” and transfer them to the General Ledger.

Procedure for accounting for uninvoiced deliveries

Deliveries for which material assets arrived at the organization without a payment document are considered uninvoiced. They arrive at the warehouse, writing out an act of acceptance of materials, which, when registered, goes to the accounting department. Here, the materials according to the act are valued at accounting prices, recorded in journal order No. 6 as values ​​received at the warehouse, and in the same amount are assigned to the group of materials and to the acceptance. Uninvoiced deliveries are recorded in journal order No. 6 at the end of the month (in column B “Account number” the letter N is placed), when the possibility of receiving a payment document in a given month has disappeared. They are not subject to payment in the reporting month, since the basis for payment by the bank is payment documents (which are missing). As payment documents for this delivery are received next month, they are accepted by the organization, paid by the bank and registered by the accounting department in journal order No. 6 in a free line for a group of materials and in the “acceptance” column in the amount of the payment request, and in the balance line (unfinished calculations) the previously recorded amount at accounting prices is also reversed by group and in the “acceptance” column. Payments with the supplier will therefore be completed for this delivery. Example.

In March there was an uninvoiced delivery in the amount of 12,000 rubles.

In April, an invoice was presented for payment in the amount of 14,160 rubles. (including VAT).

In March, an entry will be made: D-t 10 K-t 60 - 12,000 rubles.

In April: D-t 10 K-t 60 - 12,000 rub.
D-t 10 K-t 60 - 12,000 rub.
D-t 19 K-t 60 - 2160 rub.

The procedure for accounting for materials in transit

Materials in transit are those deliveries for which the organization has accepted payment documents, but the materials have not yet arrived at the warehouse. Accepted payment documents are accepted for accounting, regardless of whether they are paid by the bank or not paid.

In journal order No. 6, payment documents are registered within a month in the column “For unarrived cargo” and in the column “Acceptance”. At the end of the month, the organization is obliged to accept these values ​​on the balance sheet, that is, record them as belonging to a group of materials (conditionally capitalize them), but at the beginning of the next month, payments for these supplies will not be completed. When valuables are received, the accounting department will receive receipt orders from warehouses, post them to the warehouse and to the group (without acceptance, since it was already given at the time payment requests were received, and perhaps these invoices have already been paid) according to the registration line of this account in calculations completed at the beginning of the month. When journal order No. 6 is closed at the end of the month, this delivery for the group of materials will be reversed as double capitalized.

When making payments to suppliers for material assets, shortages or surpluses of the actual quantity received may be identified in comparison with the supplier's documents, which are drawn up in a deed (form No. M-7). The surplus is received according to the act and is priced at accounting prices or at contractual (selling prices), then taken into account in journal order No. 6 as a separate line as an uninvoiced supply - the marketing department informs the supplier about the surplus and asks to issue a payment request. If shortages are identified, the accounting department calculates their actual cost and makes a claim against the supplier. The amount of the railway tariff is distributed in proportion to the weight of the cargo, and the amount of markups and discounts is proportional to the cost of the cargo.

In March, there were 8,000 rubles worth of materials on the way. (excluding VAT). In April they arrived in quantities exceeding the amount indicated on the invoice by 1,500 rubles. (excluding VAT). Entries in March: D-t 10 K-t 60 - 8000 rub.

In April, reversal entry: 1) D-t 10 K-t 60 - 8000 rub. The actual receipt of materials is received by postings: 2) D-t 10 K-t 60 - 9500 rub. D-t 19 K-t 60 - 1710 rub.

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of inventory accounting 6

1.1 Concept, classification and tasks of inventory accounting 6

1.2 Regulatory regulation of accounting and tax accounting of inventories 13

1.3 Comparative characteristics of inventory accounting in Russia and abroad 23

Chapter 2. Organization of accounting for receipt of inventories 33

2.1 Documentation and accounting of receipts of inventories 33

2.2 Organization of synthetic accounting of receipts of inventories 45

Chapter 3. Organization of use and disposal in tax and accounting of inventories 56

3.1 Use of MPZ 56

3.2 Implementation of MPZ 64

Conclusion 69

References 78

Introduction

Materials form the basis of finished products and are also used in the performance of work and provision of services. They are classified as disposable working capital and are part of the organization's inventory. Materials, as a rule, are entirely consumed in each production cycle and transfer their entire cost to the cost of the products produced. In addition, as materials, labor tools with a service life of up to 1 year are taken into account.

According to the method of use and purpose in the production process, we distinguish between raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, spare parts, containers used for packaging and transporting products (goods), and other materials.

The main objectives of accounting for inventories are: monitoring the safety of material resources, compliance of warehouse stocks with standards, and the implementation of material supply plans; identification of actual costs associated with the procurement of materials; control over compliance with production consumption standards; correct distribution of the cost of materials used in production among costing objects; rational assessment of inventories.

In the cost structure, a significant share is made up of material costs. When performing work, material resources are used that form the basis of the product. The article “Materials” includes the costs of materials, structures, parts used in performing the work, as well as fuel, electricity, steam, water, etc.

In modern conditions, the role of accounting in the field of inventories is increasing. This explains the choice of the thesis topic. The purpose of this thesis is to study the organization of accounting of inventories at OJSC Baltika-Don. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

the essence, approaches to the assessment and classification of inventories are determined;

the regulatory framework for accounting for inventories is disclosed;

a comparative analysis of inventory accounting in Russia and abroad was carried out;

approaches to organizing accounting of inventories at OJSC Baltika-Don are characterized;

Based on the study, conclusions were formulated and proposals were developed to improve the accounting and tax accounting of inventories at OJSC Baltika-Don.

OJSC "Brewing Company "Baltika" (hereinafter referred to as the "Company") is an open joint-stock company created in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and registered on July 21, 1992. The Company has ten subsidiaries and four branches (hereinafter referred to as the “Group”) together with these companies and branches.

The Group's main activity is the production and sale of beer and mineral water.

As of December 31, 2006, the Baltic Beverages Holding AB group owned and controlled 90.63% of ordinary shares and 25.65% of preferred shares of the Company. The remaining ordinary and preferred shares are in free circulation.

The turning point in the history of Baltika was 2006. On March 7, the overwhelming majority of shareholders of OJSC Baltika Brewing Company spoke in favor of merging the company with the brewing companies Vena, Pikra and Yarpivo.

The merger of companies has become a unique project for Russia in terms of specificity, complexity and timing. The procedure was carried out in strict accordance with Russian legislation and in full respect for the interests of the shareholders of all four companies. Thanks to clear coordination of the actions of shareholders, management and all employees of the Baltika, VENA, Pikra, Yarpivo companies, as well as an open information policy, the project was implemented in strict accordance with international corporate law.

Since 2007, the companies “Baltika”, “VENA”, “Pikra”, “Yarpivo” exist as a single legal entity.

The concept of the “economic phenomenon of Baltika” is becoming stronger in the mass consciousness. There are few examples in world history when an individual company became an industry leader in such a short time. Today, Baltika can be called the national pride of Russia.

Thus, the object of this thesis research is JSC Baltika-Don, the subject is accounting and tax accounting of inventories.

The thesis is written on 90 pages and consists of an introduction, three chapters divided into paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of inventory accounting

1.1 Concept, classification and tasks of inventory accounting

In accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” (PBU 5/01 dated 06/09/2001), the regulatory system of accounting in the Russian Federation uses the concept of inventories (MPI) - this is part of the property used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services for sale; intended for sale; used for the management needs of the organization.

Thus, the inventories include the following groups of current assets:

a) materials - part of the materials and materials consumed entirely in the production process and completely transferring their value to the cost of the products produced (work performed, services provided);

b) IHP - part of the organization’s inventory, used as funds
labor for no more than 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

c) finished products - part of the organization’s inventory, intended for sale, which is the end result of the production process, completed by processing (assembly), the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by law;

d) goods - part of the organization’s inventory, acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing.

Classification of inventories (MPI)

1. By the nature of ownership of inventory items.

In accordance with the nature of ownership, inventories are divided into values ​​that belong to the organization by ownership (as well as the right of economic management or operational management) and those that do not belong to it by such right.

TO inventory items belonging to the organization, These include manufactured, purchased, or received in another form values ​​that are in warehouses and in production. Such values ​​also include:

Received valuables that are in transit, if the ownership of them has been transferred to the organization in accordance with the supply agreement;

Valuables belonging to an organization, given to other organizations for processing, as well as for sale, including on commission terms, before the transfer of ownership of them to the buyer; valuables belonging to the organization, taken into account in the pledge, both located in the organization’s warehouse and transferred for storage to the pledgee. Inventory assets that do not belong to the organization under the right of ownership and other similar rights, but under the terms of the contract held by it, are accounted for separately by their types - off the balance sheet. These include:

valuables accepted for safekeeping in the event of refusal to pay suppliers' bills in accordance with the established procedure; as well as those prohibited from spending until supplier bills are paid;

valuables accepted for processing without paying for their value;

valuables accepted from suppliers for sale on commission (consignment) terms.

2. According to the order of use of inventory items.
In accordance with this factor, values ​​are divided into:

valuables used in production: raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, fuel, building structures and parts, spare parts and assemblies, tires, seeds and feed, mineral fertilizers, pesticides, biological products and medicines; containers intended for the implementation of the technological process of product production; and other similar values. In the future, these types of inventory items will be called materials;

valuables intended for sale - finished products and goods;

valuables used as means of labor - equipment and household supplies;

valuables that, after their installation, will function as part of fixed assets.

3. Depending on the role in the processes of production of products, performance of work and provision of services, materials are divided
into the following groups:

raw materials and basic materials;

auxiliary materials;

• spare parts;

  containers and packaging materials;

  purchased semi-finished products;

  returnable production waste;

  Other materials.

Raw materials and basic materials constitute the material (material) base of the manufactured product or are necessary components for its manufacture. Raw materials are the products of agriculture and the mining industry (coal, ores, grain, etc.) and materials are the products of the manufacturing industry (fabric, sugar, flour, etc.).

Auxiliary materials consumed for economic needs, technological purposes, and to facilitate the production process. Auxiliary materials are used to influence raw materials and basic materials in order to impart certain consumer properties to the product.

Fuel intended for the operation of vehicles, technological needs of production, energy generation and heating of buildings. There are several types of fuel: petroleum products (oil, diesel fuel, gasoline), solid fuel (coal, firewood), gaseous fuel.

Spare parts serve for repair and replacement of worn-out parts of machines, equipment and vehicles.

Containers and packaging materials - items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, crates and boxes), as well as materials and parts intended for the manufacture of containers and their repair (parts for assembling boxes, barrel staves, hoop iron, etc.).

Purchased semi-finished products- these are products of third-party organizations that are consumed in the production cycle of this organization, require costs for further processing or assembly and are included in the material basis of the products produced. Examples of purchased semi-finished products include computer boards and building structures.

Returnable production waste- these are the remains of raw materials and materials (sawdust, shavings, etc.) formed during the production process and have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials.

Other materials- irreparable defects, as well as material assets received from the disposal of fixed assets and industrial property (scrap metal, scrap materials, worn tires), which cannot be used in this organization as part of materials, fuel or spare parts.

In addition, materials are classified according to technical properties and divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes, etc.

The specified classifications of industrial inventories are used to construct synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile a statistical report on balances, receipts and consumption of raw materials and supplies in production and operational activities (form No. 1-SN).

Within each of the listed groups, material assets are divided into types, varieties, brands, and standard sizes. Each name, grade, and size of materials is assigned a short numerical designation (item number) and recorded in a special register, which is called a nomenclature-price tag. The nomenclature-price tag also indicates a fixed accounting price and unit of measurement of materials 1.

When using computer accounting, the content of the price tag nomenclature can be significantly expanded by introducing into it indicators of stock norms, numbers of synthetic accounts and subaccounts, and some other constant characteristics.

Coding of the price tag nomenclature is usually carried out according to a mixed order-serial system, using seven-eight-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, one or two next characters indicate a group of materials, the rest - various characteristics of the material characteristics.

The information contained in price lists is conditionally constant; it is written to machine media and used repeatedly to produce the required output.

Inventories are part of the property: a) used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services intended for sale (raw materials and basic materials, purchased semi-finished products, etc.); b) intended for sale (finished products and goods); c) used for the management needs of the organization (auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts) 2.

The main part of inventories is used as objects of labor in the production process. They are entirely consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of the products produced.

Depending on the role played by various inventories in the production process, they are divided into the following groups: raw materials and basic materials. Auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, waste (returnable), fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts. Raw materials and basic materials - objects of labor from which a product is made and form the material (material) basis of the product, auxiliary materials - are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, give the product certain consumer properties, or for servicing and caring for tools and facilitating the process production 3.

Purchased semi-finished products are raw materials and materials that have undergone certain stages of processing, but are not yet finished products. In the manufacture of products they play the same role as the main materials, that is, they constitute its material basis.

Returnable production waste is the remains of raw materials and materials formed during their processing into finished products, which have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials.

From the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials, and spare parts are separately distinguished due to the specific nature of their use.

Fuel is divided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and economic (for heating).

Containers and packaging materials are items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes, boxes). Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn-out parts of machines and equipment.

In addition, materials are classified according to technical properties and divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes. These classifications of industrial inventories are used to construct synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile a statistical report on balances, receipts and consumption of materials.

The following synthetic accounts are used to account for inventories:

10 "Materials";

11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening”;

15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”;

16 “Deviations in the cost of materials” 4;

Off-balance sheet accounts 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping” and 003 “Materials accepted for processing.”

The following subaccounts can be opened for account 10 “Materials”:

"Raw materials";

“Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts”;

"Fuel";

“Container and packaging materials”;

"Spare parts";

"Other materials";

“Materials transferred for processing to third parties”;

"Construction Materials".

In small enterprises, all production inventories can be accounted for on one synthetic account 10 “Materials”.

Within each of the listed groups, material assets are divided into types, varieties, brands, and standard sizes. Each name, variety, size is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called a nomenclature-price tag. The nomenclature-price tag also indicates a fixed accounting price and unit of measurement of materials. When used in 1C accounting, the content of the price tag nomenclature can be significantly expanded by introducing into it indicators of stock norms, numbers of synthetic accounts and subaccounts, and some other constant characteristics. Coding of the price tag nomenclature is usually carried out according to a mixed order-serial system, using seven-eight-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, one or two of the following characters indicate a group of materials, the rest - various signs, characteristics of the material. Material assets are reflected on synthetic accounts at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) 5 .

1.2 Regulatory regulation of accounting and tax accounting of inventories

The rules for the formation of information on inventories (hereinafter referred to as IPR) in the accounting records of an organization are established by the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for inventories 6” PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 N 44n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 5 /01). For the purpose of accounting for inventories, organizations use another document - Guidelines for accounting of inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n 7 (hereinafter referred to as Guidelines N 119n).

PBU 5/01 refers to the organization’s MPZ:

Raw materials, materials and other assets used in the production of products for a period not exceeding 12 months;

Assets intended for sale (goods, finished products);

Assets used for the management needs of the organization for a period not exceeding 12 months.

Materials and materials can be supplied to a production organization in various ways: purchased for a fee from suppliers, manufactured in-house, made as a contribution to the authorized capital, received under contracts that provide for payment in kind, in addition, the organization can receive materials free of charge.

Inventories are taken into account at actual cost, the determination of which depends precisely on the method of their receipt by the organization.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases specified in the legislation of the Russian Federation) (clause 6 of PBU 5/01).

Actual acquisition costs are formed:

From the amounts paid under the contract to the supplier (seller);

Amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

Customs duties;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

Remuneration of the intermediary organization through which the inventories were acquired;

Costs for procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs: in particular, costs for procurement and delivery of inventories; costs of maintaining the organization's procurement and warehouse division; payment for transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); interest on borrowed funds accrued before the inventory was accepted for accounting, if they were raised for the acquisition of these inventories;

Costs of bringing materials and equipment to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. These costs include the organization’s expenses for additional processing, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of purchasing inventories, unless they are directly related to such acquisition.

When forming the actual cost of materials and materials, it is necessary to pay attention to the accounting of interest if materials are purchased using borrowed funds. It is necessary to determine where the amount of accrued interest should be attributed: to an increase in the cost of inventories or to other expenses.

It all depends on the type of loan or loan. If an organization takes out borrowed funds specifically for the acquisition of material reserves (targeted), then when calculating interest for the use of borrowed funds, it should be guided by clause 15 of PBU 15/01 8: the costs of servicing these loans and credits are attributed by the borrowing organization to the increase in accounts receivable, formed in connection with advance payment and (or) issuance of advances and deposits for the purposes listed above. When the borrower's organization receives inventories and other valuables, performs work and provides services, further accrual of interest and other expenses associated with servicing received loans and credits are reflected in accounting in the general manner - with the costs being allocated to other expenses of the organization - borrower.

To show the procedure for reflecting these transactions in the organization’s accounting, the working chart of accounts provides that the following sub-accounts are opened to balance sheet account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”:

1 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors for goods (work, services)";

2 "Advances issued";

3 "Loan interest".

The following entries are made in the organization's accounting:

Debit 51 “Current accounts” Credit 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” a loan was received for the purchase of inventories;

Debit 60, subaccount 2 Credit 51 advance payment for materials was made;

Debit 60, subaccount 3 Credit 66, the amount of interest accrued to the bank for the period before the materials were accepted for accounting.

After the inventory is accepted for accounting, interest is calculated in the usual manner:

Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 2 “Other expenses” Credit 66 accrued interest for using the loan.

Similar requirements for targeted borrowing funds are established in PBU 5/01.

In the event that the borrowed funds are not of a targeted nature, the amounts of accrued interest in accordance with clause 11 of the Accounting Regulations “Expenses of the organization 9” PBU 10/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 05/06/1999 N 33n, are reflected in the accounting records as part of other expenses.

When drawing up loan or credit agreements, you should not indicate the acquisition of inventories as a goal, that is, do not give loans and credits a targeted nature. If, when concluding an agreement, this cannot be avoided, the cost of purchasing inventories in the accounting and tax accounting of the organization will be different, since in tax accounting the amount of accrued interest is taken into account as part of non-operating expenses.

Consequently, in accounting, the purchase price of inventories includes all the actual costs of the organization directly related to their acquisition, with the exception of VAT and other refundable taxes.

Clause 10 of Art. 2 of the Federal Law of December 8, 2003 N 164-FZ "On the fundamentals of state regulation of foreign trade activities 10", which came into force on June 18, 2004, stipulates that import of goods is the import of goods into the customs territory of the Russian Federation without the obligation to re-export .

Goods that are the subject of foreign trade activities mean:

Movable property;

Aircraft, sea vessels, inland navigation and mixed navigation vessels and space objects classified as real estate;

Electrical energy and other types of energy.

The definition of movable and immovable things is contained in Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation 11 (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In addition to the goods themselves, movable property may include: equipment, raw materials, materials, components, etc.

State regulation of the import of goods includes:

Import licensing;

Establishing a procedure for determining the customs value of imported goods;

Customs control when importing goods into the customs territory of the Russian Federation;

Tax regulation.

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 06/09/2005 N 364 “On approval of regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of a federal bank of issued licenses 12” approved the Regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods. According to the Regulations, import licensing is carried out in the following cases:

Introduction of temporary quantitative restrictions on the export or import of certain types of goods;

Implementation of the permitting procedure for the export and (or) import of certain types of goods that may have an adverse impact on the security of the state, the life or health of citizens, the property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, the environment, the life or health of animals and plants;

Granting an exclusive right to export and (or) import certain types of goods;

Fulfillment by the Russian Federation of international obligations.

According to this Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the following types of licenses can be issued to the importer:

A one-time license issued on the basis of an agreement (contract), the subject of which is the import of a certain type of product in a certain quantity, the validity period of which cannot exceed 1 year from the date of its issue;

A general license, issued on the basis of a decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, allowing the import of a certain type of product in a certain quantity, the validity period of which also does not exceed 1 year from the date of its issue;

An exclusive license granting the applicant the exclusive right to import a certain type of product, as determined by the relevant federal law.

To obtain a license, the applicant must submit to the licensing authority an application for a license, a copy of the agreement (in the case of obtaining a one-time license), a copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authority, and other documents provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

International contracts for the sale of goods are governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which was signed in Vienna on April 11, 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention). The seller is obliged to deliver the goods, transfer the documents related to them and the ownership of the goods in accordance with the requirements of the contract and the Convention (Article 30 of the Convention).

The buyer is obliged to pay the price for the goods and accept delivery of the goods in accordance with the requirements of the contract and the Convention (Article 53 of the Convention).

A foreign trade operation is formalized by a contract. The main element of the contract is the contract value of the goods, which is the transaction price according to which the purchase price of imported goods is formed. The contract is the basis for issuing an import transaction passport.

Primary documents reflecting the import of goods include:

Concluded foreign economic contract;

Foreign seller account;

Transport, forwarding, insurance documents (international road, air, and railway invoices, luggage receipts, bills of lading, insurance policies and certificates and other documents);

A customs declaration confirming that the goods have crossed the customs border of the Russian Federation;

Certificates of payment of duties and fees;

Warehouse documentation (invoices, acceptance certificates confirming the actual receipt of goods at the importer’s warehouse);

Technical documentation.

By virtue of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” PBU 3/2006 13, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 N 154n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 3/2006), the date of the transaction in foreign currency The day on which the organization acquires the right under the legislation of the Russian Federation or an agreement to accept for accounting the assets and liabilities that are the result of this operation is recognized.

At the moment of transfer of ownership of a product purchased under a foreign trade contract, the importing organization has the obligation to reflect this product in its accounting records. Basically, the acquirer's ownership rights arise from the moment the goods are transferred. The transfer of a bill of lading is equivalent to the transfer, since receipt of this document gives the right to dispose of the goods.

The seller and buyer can stipulate in the contract any moment of transfer of ownership of the goods, for example, shipment of goods to the carrier, payment for imported goods, registration of a customs declaration, and the specified moment may not coincide with the moment of transfer of the risk of accidental loss of the goods. Such situations must be avoided, because if ownership of the goods passes to the importer on the date of registration of the customs declaration, and the risk of accidental loss - at the time of delivery of the goods to the carrier and the goods die in transit or are damaged, the buyer will be obliged to pay the cost of the goods to the supplier. This is stated in Art. 66 of the Convention: loss of or damage to goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not relieve him of his obligation to pay the price of the goods, unless the loss or damage was caused by acts or omissions of the seller.

In international practice, the moment of transfer of ownership is usually associated with the transfer of the risk of accidental loss or damage to goods from the seller to the buyer, but if the parties, when concluding a foreign trade contract, did not provide for the moment of transfer of ownership, it can be established using the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms " Incoterms", which are advisory in nature. These rules relate to the procedure for the delivery of goods, their insurance, payment of transportation costs, and other issues, but the main thing is that they regulate the transfer of risks of accidental loss of goods from the seller to the buyer.

Correctly determining the moment of transfer of ownership when importing goods will allow you to avoid errors when reflecting the contract value of the goods, exchange rate differences arising in connection with changes in exchange rates against the ruble, transportation costs, etc. in accounting accounts.

A production organization can also receive inventories from the owner of the organization as a contribution to the authorized capital. Let's consider how the actual cost of inventories is determined if they enter the organization in this way.

By virtue of clause 8 of PBU 5/01, the actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is calculated based on their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The receipt of inventories in the accounting records of the formed organization is reflected by the entries:

Debit 75 “Settlements with founders”, subaccount 1 “Settlements for contributions to the authorized (share) capital” Credit 80 “Authorized capital” reflects the debt of the founders for the formation of the authorized capital;

Debit 10, 41 “Goods” Credit 75, subaccount 1 “Calculations for contributions to the authorized (share) capital” - the receipt of materials (goods) is reflected in the assessment agreed upon by the founders of the organization.

Modern business entities in the Russian Federation are represented mainly by limited liability companies and closed or open joint-stock companies. Based on this, when making a contribution to the authorized capital with non-monetary funds, business entities must comply with the requirements imposed by law on organizations of the corresponding organizational and legal form.

The activities of joint stock companies are currently regulated by Federal Law dated December 26, 1995 N 208-FZ “On Joint Stock Companies 14” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law N 208-FZ), and limited liability companies by Federal Law dated February 8, 1998 N 14-FZ "On limited liability companies 15" (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 14-FZ).

So, for example, the monetary valuation of property contributed in payment for shares when establishing a company is made by agreement between the founders (clause 3 of Article 34 of Federal Law No. 208-FZ). To determine the market value that is contributed to the authorized capital in non-monetary means, a monetary appraiser must be involved. The value of the monetary valuation of property made by the founders and the board of directors (supervisory board) of the company cannot be higher than the value of the valuation made by an independent appraiser.

Federal Law No. 14-FZ puts forward a similar requirement. So, in paragraph 2 of Art. 15 of this Federal Law contains a provision that the monetary valuation of non-monetary contributions to the authorized capital of the company is approved by a decision of the general meeting of the company's participants, and the decision must be made unanimously.

In relation to limited liability companies, the legislation also imposes a requirement for an independent appraiser who evaluates the non-monetary contribution. True, unlike joint stock companies, an assessment by an independent appraiser is mandatory only if the nominal value of the share of the participant contributing the property is more than 200 times the minimum wage.

1.3 Comparative characteristics of inventory accounting in Russia and abroad

Issues of accounting for inventories are regulated by IFRS 2 “Inventories”, according to which inventories include:

goods for resale,

raw materials and supplies for production purposes,

finished products

unfinished production.

In the case of services, inventory represents costs for services that have not yet been invoiced to the customer. In Russia, the procedure for accounting for inventories is set out in PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”.

ISA No. 2, Inventories, is effective for financial statements beginning on or after 1 January 1995 and replaces ISA 2, Measurement and Presentation of Inventories, based on the “Context of Historical Costs.”

The purpose of this standard is to prescribe forms for accounting for inventory in a historical costing system. The key issue in inventory accounting is determining the cost that should be recognized as an asset and remain so until the corresponding sales revenue is recognized. This standard provides practical guidance in determining cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense, including any write-down to net realizable value. It also provides guidance on the application of cost formulas that are used to determine inventory costs.

In accordance with paragraphs 8 and 9 of IFRS 2, the cost of acquiring inventories includes “the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently reimbursed to the company by the tax authorities), transport, freight forwarding and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods , materials and services."

Inventory conversion costs include costs directly associated with units of production, such as direct labor.

They also include the systematic allocation of fixed and variable manufacturing overheads that occur when processing raw materials into finished products.

Fixed manufacturing overhead costs are those indirect manufacturing costs that remain relatively constant regardless of production volume, such as depreciation and maintenance of buildings and equipment and administrative and management expenses.

Variable manufacturing overhead costs are those indirect manufacturing costs that are directly or nearly directly related to changes in production volume, such as indirect raw materials and indirect labor. 16

PBU 5/01 should be followed by all organizations that are legal entities under the laws of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and budgetary institutions), including non-profit organizations.

Issues of accounting and valuation in financial statements of raw materials, materials, finished products, goods and work in progress are also considered in the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation and other regulatory acts on accounting.

The third section of PBU 5/01 discusses the procedure for assessing inventories entering the organization.

In accordance with clause 5 of the Regulations, “inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.” The cost of inventories depends on the method of their receipt.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The approaches of Russian legislation to the formation of the actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee (created by an organization) generally comply with the requirements of international standards: the cost of inventories includes costs directly related to their acquisition or production. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the following.

According to PBU 5/01, “actual costs for the acquisition of inventories include: interest on borrowed funds accrued before the inventory was accepted for accounting, if they were raised for the acquisition of these inventories” (clause 6).

According to IFRS, inventories must be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is "the estimated selling price in the normal course of business less costs to complete and selling expenses."

The cost of inventory includes all production, handling and other costs incurred to deliver, stock and bring the inventory into required condition. PBU 5/01 does not include processing costs that arise when processing materials into finished products as inventory costs.

The following costs are not included in the cost price, but are taken into account as an expense during the period of their occurrence: excess losses of raw materials, labor costs and other non-production costs; storage costs of finished products; general administrative expenses; selling expenses.

In Russian accounting, these costs are taken into account as part of the cost price, which leads to its increase, which in turn affects pricing.

Inventory valuation upon write-off is carried out using one of the following methods:

"FIFO" method ("first receipt - first release"),

weighted average cost method;

specific identification method.

The same valuation method is used for all inventories having the same purpose.

According to PBU 5/01, along with those mentioned, the “LIFO” method is also used, which is prohibited for use in world practice, because in conditions of rising prices, it allows for an underestimation of reserves and profits, which is contrary to the principle of prudence.

In some cases, inventory is sold at a price below cost. In this case, the cost of inventories must be reduced to net realizable value by creating a reserve for impairment of inventories.

A review of the net realizable value of all inventories should be made at each reporting period. In the event of an increase in the selling price of finished products, the cost of which was previously reduced and which continues to remain in stock, the cost of these products is restored using reserve funds. The new book value will be the lower of cost of production and net realizable value.

The write down of inventory to net realizable value is recognized as an expense. The cost of inventories is expensed in the accounting period in which the corresponding revenue from sales of inventories is recognized. Inventories, the cost of which is included in the cost of other assets, are recognized as an expense over the useful life of the assets.

Inventories constitute a significant portion of a firm's assets. In addition, the income from investing in inventories should be higher than the income from investing in more liquid assets (cash, securities). This is the basis for investing money in inventories.

Until recently, it was believed that the more reserves a company has, the better. This is true when an enterprise has problems with material and technical supplies, in conditions where it is necessary to create significant safety stocks. However, in modern conditions the problem of deficit is much less serious, enterprises can make a wide variety of investments.

In International Standards, the main issues of accounting for inventories are reflected in IFRS 2 “Inventories”.

IFRS 2 defines inventories as assets:

Intended for sale in the normal course of business;

In the process of production for such sale; or

In the form of raw materials or materials intended for use in a production process or in the provision of services.

According to the standard, reserves are classified as follows:

1. Goods, land and other property purchased and stored for resale;

2. Finished products released by the company;

3. Work in progress produced by the company and including raw materials and materials intended for further use in the production process.

In pursuance of the Accounting Reform Program, Order No. 44n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 9, 2001 approved a new Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Inventories” PBU 5/01, which comes into force starting with the 2002 financial statements. This Regulation will replace PBU 5/98 “Accounting for inventories”, which has been in force since 1999.

According to clause 2 of PBU 5/01, which comes into force starting with the financial statements of 2002, the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories:

Used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

Intended for sale;

Used for the management needs of the organization.

According to IFRS 2, the cost of inventories must include all acquisition costs, conversion costs and other costs incurred to bring the inventories to their present location and condition.

Financial reporting in the Russian Federation should gradually move closer to IFRS. However, it can be recognized as complying with international standards if it meets all the requirements of IFRS and interpretations. The procedure for accounting for inventories in international practice is regulated by IFRS 2 “Inventories”, and in domestic accounting PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”. PBU 5/01 prescribes the valuation of inventories at actual cost. Inventories that are obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality or their current market value, or their sales value has decreased, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year minus a reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets. According to the Russian accounting standard, inventories can be valued by:

1) average cost;

2) the cost of each unit;

3) the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO).

As for international practice, there are only two methods:

1) FIFO (basic accounting procedure);

2) Weighted average (basic accounting procedure).

In the conditions of a market economy and the promotion of the Russian Federation to the world market, the gradual approximation of the Russian accounting standard to IFRS is inevitable, but at the moment this is only a distant prospect, since the Russian economy, Russian accounting are not yet ready for the transition (since in Russia there is a subordination of the accounting information on specific rules and requirements of tax legislation).

Thus, the differences between Russian and international standards in accounting for inventories (IP) can be expressed as follows:

PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” requires that inventories be assessed at actual cost. And at the end of the reporting year, inventories that are obsolete or whose current market value has decreased should be reflected in the accounts minus a reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets. However, it is not clear how inventory should be valued, the current market value of which in one reporting period was lower than the actual cost, and in the next reporting period increased above the actual cost.

In accordance with IFRS 2 Inventories, inventories must be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value (that is, less costs to sell). This approach is not provided for in PBU 5/01.

As you know, when writing off inventories, several methods can be used. Moreover, in addition to writing off inventories using the FIFO method or at average cost, permitted in IFRS, RAS also has a method based on the cost of each unit.

In accordance with IFRS, the cost of inventories does not include deferred expenses, while RAS allows this;

Biological assets are accounted for in accordance with IFRS 41 Agriculture. Russian accounting standards suggest that some biological assets, such as young animals, may be included in inventories;

Unlike IFRS, in RAS “other items of work in progress” can be valued: at actual cost, which includes only costs directly related to the production of these items; according to actual or standard (planned) production cost; by direct cost items; at the cost of raw materials, supplies and semi-finished products, that is, excluding the cost of personnel and other expenses. In IFRS, work in progress is measured similarly to other inventories;

The procedure for determining actual cost in RAS differs from the procedure established by IFRS in that the methods for attributing production overhead costs to the cost of inventories are described in the relevant industry regulations or instructions. In many cases, overhead costs are included in the cost of inventory even if they cannot be directly attributed to the production process. For example, all costs of maintaining the organization’s procurement and storage units are included in the cost of inventories;

RAS does not provide guidance as to whether a reserve should be created for the reduction in value (impairment) of work in progress. According to IFRS, this reserve must be created.

Thus, when preparing financial statements for IFRS purposes based on Russian accounting data, a number of significant adjustments to the value of inventory balances at the end of the period and inventories written off to cost may be required.

Chapter 2. Organization of accounting for receipt of inventories

2.1 Documentation and accounting of receipts of inventories

Inventories (MPI) – part of the property:

used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;

intended for sale;

used for the management needs of the Company.

The main document regulating the procedure for accounting for materials is the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” (PBU 5/01). At the enterprise OJSC Baltika-Don, accounting of inventories is carried out in the 1C-Enterprise software package. Assets are taken as inventories: those used as raw materials in the production of products intended to perform work and provide services; used for management needs.

Inventories at JSC Baltika-Don are reflected in the financial statements under separate items in accordance with their classification (distribution by type), based on the method of use in the production of products, works, services and other activities of the Company.

At the end of the reporting year, inventories are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined on the basis of the methods used for valuing inventories established by the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Inventories for which the current market value has decreased, or which are obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality, may be reflected in the balance sheet of Baltika-Don OJSC at the end of the reporting year, minus a reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets. The reserve for reducing the cost of material assets is formed at the expense of the Company’s financial results by the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of inventories.

The nomenclature number developed by Baltika-Don JSC in the context of their names and (or) homogeneous groups (types) is accepted as a unit of accounting for inventories.

Operations for the procurement and acquisition of material resources, their movement in the temporary storage warehouse at JSC Baltika-Don are reflected using account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”. The balance of account 15 at the end of the month shows the cost of material assets paid but not posted to the central material warehouse (materials in transit), or the cost of material assets for which customs procedures have not been completed as of the reporting date (remaining materials in a temporary storage warehouse).

Transportation and procurement costs for the acquisition of material resources at JSC Baltika-Don are reflected in account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials.” The monthly distribution of these costs among production and distribution costs is carried out using the average percentage method.

Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual cost of materials purchased for a fee is the amount of actual costs of JSC Baltika-Don for the acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs of purchasing materials are determined (decreased or increased) taking into account the amount of differences between the ruble valuation of accounts payable for the acquisition of materials, expressed in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) on the date of acceptance for accounting and its ruble valuation on the date of repayment, which arose before acceptance Inventory for accounting. Amount differences that arose after the acceptance of inventories for accounting are attributed to account 91 “Other income and expenses.”

The actual cost of materials received by Baltika-Don OJSC free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting (in the amount that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets ).

The actual cost of materials purchased in exchange for other property (except for cash) is determined based on the cost of the property being exchanged, at the normal selling price of similar assets.

The release of inventories into production is carried out at the cost of each unit. The write-off rates for material assets are controlled by the planning department and endorsed by the chief engineer and the head of the planning department.

To account for inventories, the following synthetic accounts are used: 10 “Materials”, to which the following subaccounts are opened: 10/1 “Raw materials and materials”, 10/3 “Fuel”, 10/5 “Spare parts”, 10/9 “ Inventory and household supplies." Within each of the listed groups, material assets are divided into types. Each type is assigned a short numerical value (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register called the nomenclature price tag. It also indicates the firm price and unit of measurement. The coding of the nomenclature price tag is carried out according to a mixed order-serial system, using seven-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, the next one character means a group of materials, the rest - various signs and characteristics of the enterprise.

Primary documents on the receipt and consumption of inventories are the basis for organizing material accounting. Directly based on primary documents, preliminary, current and subsequent control over the movement, safety and rational use of material resources is carried out.

Primary documents on the movement of materials are carefully prepared and must contain the signatures of the persons who performed the transactions and the codes of the corresponding accounting objects. Control over compliance with the rules for registering the movement of material resources is entrusted to the chief accountant and heads of relevant departments (materials and technical supply engineer, heads of production areas, warehouse manager).

When materials are released into production and otherwise disposed of at JSC Baltika-Don, they are assessed using the average cost of materials method, in accordance with paragraph 3 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”.

Special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment are written off as expenses according to the standards approved by the President of JSC Baltika-Don.

Accounting for semi-finished products of own production is carried out separately on account 21. The cost of semi-finished products is estimated at the direct costs of their production. The transfer of semi-finished products for further processing is reflected by writing off their cost to account 30 “Costs of main production”, sales to third parties - to account 90 “Sales”.

Accounting for current production costs, both direct and indirect, is carried out by product types on the corresponding analytical accounts of account 30 “Costs of main production” at the place of their occurrence, while the distribution of indirect costs is carried out in proportion to the volume of production of product varieties.

At the end of the month, using the average cost method, the production costs of products released this month are calculated, reduced by the amount of returnable waste sold during the month (at the price of their possible sale), and written off to account 20 “Main production - WIP” to the subaccounts of work in progress and to subaccounts 2009 “Costs on finished products”. The cost of costs from subaccount 2009 is written off to account 43 “Finished products”, respectively, the final balance of account 20 reflects the value of work in progress balances.

Work in progress is assessed according to the following items:

material costs (raw materials and auxiliary materials);

piecework wages and contributions to the unified social tax of workers and employees of the main production departments;

energy costs - in the share attributable to production workshops where work in progress is formed;

depreciation - in the share attributable to production shops where work in progress is formed (according to a special calculation).

Accounting for containers is carried out on account 10 “Materials” on two subaccounts: on subaccount 101 “Raw materials and supplies” containers are taken into account: glass bottles, similar to the procedure for accounting for other types of materials; on subaccount 102 “Collateral containers”, deposited containers (polyethylene boxes, pallets) are taken into account according to the deposit (accounting) value established by the enterprise based on market conditions.

When forming deposit (accounting) prices for containers, the difference between the actual costs of its acquisition (excluding VAT) and deposit (accounting) prices is charged to account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials”. The monthly distribution of these deviations is made using the average percentage method for disposal, write-off of sales of containers.

Goods - part of the inventories of JSC Baltika-Don, acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing, are accounted for in account 41 “Goods”.

Goods purchased by Baltika-Don OJSC for sale are valued at their acquisition cost. The cost of goods also includes the amount of differences between the ruble valuation of accounts payable expressed in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) on the date of acceptance for accounting, and its ruble valuation on the date of payment. The costs of procuring and delivering goods to the central warehouse, incurred before they are transferred for sale, are included in distribution costs.

When sold at retail, goods are valued at the selling (retail) price. To summarize information about trade margins (discounts, markups) on goods in retail trade, account 42 “Trade margin” is used.

When selling in bulk, the average cost of goods sold is taken into account.

Finished products (GP) - part of the inventories of JSC Baltika-Don, intended for sale, which is the end result of the production process, completed by processing (assembly), the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established legislation;

The finished products produced by Baltika-Don OJSC are valued at the actual production cost without taking into account deposit packaging on account 43 “Finished Products”.

As part of finished products, the costs of all major production units that directly produce beer and other main products are capitalized.

Expenses of other production departments:

for departments whose expenses are not redistributed, they are considered expenses of the period;

for divisions whose expenses are redistributed, they are charged to the cost of finished products in the share that falls on the main production divisions.

The cost of manufactured finished products is calculated in the local databases of factories, then transferred to a centralized database, in which the cost calculation of the production of GPs, the write-off of GPs for sale, and the generation of transactions for the write-off of GPs are carried out.

Control over the implementation of the logistics plan under contracts, the timeliness of receipt and receipt of materials is carried out by the planning and economic department. For this purpose, the department maintains statements (machine diagrams) of operational records of the implementation of supply contracts. They note the fulfillment of the terms of the supply agreement regarding the range of materials, their quantity, price, and shipment time.

Accounting exercises control over the organization of this operational accounting.

Materials received by the organization are documented in accounting documents in the following order.

Along with the shipment of products, the supplier sends the organization settlement and other accompanying documents - a payment request (in two copies: one directly to the buyer, the other through the bank), invoices. Settlement and other documents related to the receipt of materials are received by the accounting department, where the correctness of their execution is checked, after which they are transferred to the logistics engineer3.

In the economic planning department, incoming documents are used to check the compliance of the volume, assortment, delivery times, prices, and quality of materials with the contractual conditions. As a result of such a check, a note indicating full or partial acceptance (consent to payment) is made on the payment or other document itself. In addition, the economic planning department monitors the receipt of goods and their search. For this purpose, the economic planning department maintains a Logbook for incoming cargo, which indicates: registration number, recording date, name of the supplier, date and number of the transport document, number, date and amount of the invoice, type of cargo, number and date of the receipt order or act on acceptance of a request to search for cargo. In the notes, a note is made about payment of the invoice or refusal to accept.

Verified payment requests from the economic planning department are transferred to the accounting department, and receipts from transport organizations are transferred to the logistics engineer for the receipt and delivery of materials.

The logistics engineer receives the arrived materials at the station according to the number of pieces and weight. If he discovers signs that cast doubt on the safety of the cargo, he may request that the transport organization check the cargo. If a shortage of items or weight is detected, containers are damaged, or materials are damaged, a commercial report is drawn up, which serves as the basis for filing claims against the transport organization or supplier.

To receive materials from the warehouse of out-of-town suppliers, the logistics engineer is given an order and a power of attorney, which indicates the list of materials to be received. When accepting materials, the logistics engineer performs not only quantitative, but also qualitative acceptance. The logistics engineer delivers the accepted goods to the enterprise warehouse and hands them over to the warehouse manager, who checks the compliance of the quantity and quality of the material with the supplier’s invoice data. The materials accepted by the storekeeper are formalized with receipt orders. The receipt order is signed by the warehouse manager and the logistics engineer. Material values ​​come in appropriate units of measurement (weight, volume, number).

If materials are received in one unit and consumed in another, then they are counted simultaneously in two units of measurement.

If there are no discrepancies between the supplier’s data and the actual data, it is allowed to post materials without issuing a receipt order. In this case, a stamp is affixed to document the receipt and expenditure of the supplier's inventory, the imprints of which contain the main details of the receipt order. At the same time, the number of primary documents is reduced.

In cases where the quantity and quality of materials arriving at the warehouse do not correspond to the supplier’s invoice data, the materials are accepted by a commission and a materials acceptance certificate is drawn up, which serves as the basis for filing a claim with the supplier. An act is also drawn up when accepting materials received by the enterprise without a supplier’s invoice (uninvoiced deliveries).

Transportation of materials is carried out by road, then the primary document is a consignment note, which is drawn up by the shipper in four copies: the first of them serves as the basis for writing off materials from the shipper; the second – for the receipt of materials by the recipient; the third – for settlements with the motor transport organization and is an attachment to the invoice for payment for the transportation of valuables; the fourth is the basis for accounting for transport work and is attached to the waybill. The consignment note is used as a receipt document for the buyer if there is no discrepancy between the quantity of goods received and the invoice data. If there is such a discrepancy, the acceptance of materials is documented in an act of acceptance of materials.

Receipt of self-made materials and production waste into the warehouse is documented with one- or multi-line invoice requirements, which are issued to production sites in two copies: the first is the basis for writing off materials from the production site, the second is sent to the warehouse and used as a receipt document. Materials received from the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures are accounted for on the basis of an act on the recording of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures.

The acquisition of materials by accountable persons is carried out in trade organizations and from other organizations for cash. The document confirming the cost of purchased materials is a commodity invoice or a certificate drawn up by an accountable person, in which he sets out the contents of the business transaction, indicating the date, place of purchase, name and quantity of materials and price, as well as passport details of the seller of the goods. The act (certificate) is attached to the advance report of the accountable person.

Materials are released from the organization's warehouse for production consumption, economic needs, externally, for processing and in order to sell excess and illiquid stocks. To ensure control over the consumption of materials and its correct documentation, organizations carry out appropriate organizational measures. An important condition for monitoring the rational use of materials is their rationing and release based on established limits. Limits are calculated by the economic planning department based on data on the volume of production and standards of material consumption per unit of production. All services of the enterprise have a list of officials who are given the right to sign documents for the receipt and release of materials from the warehouse, as well as to issue permission to remove them from the enterprise. Outgoing materials are accurately weighed, measured and counted. To record the movement of materials within an enterprise, single-line or multi-line invoice requirements are used. The invoices are compiled by the financially responsible persons of the area issuing the valuables, in two copies, one of which remains in place with the receipt of the recipient, and the second, with the receipt of the person issuing the valuables, is transferred to the recipient of the valuables. The release of materials to third-party organizations or farms of their organization located outside of it is documented with invoices for the release of materials to third parties, which are issued by the planning department in two copies on the basis of orders, contracts and other documents: the first copy remains in the warehouse and is the basis for analytical and synthetic accounting for materials, the second is transferred to the recipient of the materials. If materials are issued with subsequent payment, then the first copy is also used for the accounting department to issue settlement and payment documents. When transporting materials by road, a consignment note is used instead of a consignment note.

To record the movement of materials, primary accounting documentation is used that meets the requirements of the Basic Provisions for Material Accounting and is adapted for automated processing.

For documented registration of transactions, the following unified forms are used: power of attorney (form No. M-2) is used to formalize the right of a person to act as an authorized representative of the organization when receiving material assets released by the supplier under an agreement or invoice. The power of attorney is issued in one copy in accordance with the Instruction of the USSR Ministry of Finance dated January 14, 1967 No. 17 “On the procedure for issuing powers of attorney for the receipt of inventory items and their release by proxy.” The recipient of the valuables is issued a formalized power of attorney against receipt. The validity period of powers of attorney is 15 days. Sample standard power of attorney form; receipt order (form No. M-4) is used to record materials received from suppliers. The receipt order is drawn up in one copy by the accountant on the day the materials arrive at the warehouse. A receipt order is issued for the actual amount of valuables received. Sample of a standard form of a receipt order; the demand invoice (form No. M-11) is used to account for the movement of material assets within the organization between structural divisions. The invoice is drawn up by the financially responsible person of the structural unit handing over material assets in two copies: one serves as the basis for writing off the values ​​to the handing over warehouse, and the second serves as the basis for the receiving warehouse for the receipt of values. The invoice is signed by the financially responsible persons of the deliverer and the recipient, and then submitted to the accounting department to record the movement of materials. Sample of a standard form of demand-invoice; an invoice for the release of materials to third parties (form No. M-15) is used to account for the supply of material assets to the farms of one’s organization located outside its territory, or to third-party organizations on the basis of contracts and other documents. The invoice is issued by the employee of the structural unit in two copies on the basis of contracts and other relevant documents and upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney to receive valuables. The first copy is transferred to the warehouse as the basis for the release of materials, the second – to the recipient of the materials. Sample of a standard form of an invoice for the release of materials to the third party; a materials accounting card (form No. M-17) is used to record the movement of materials in the warehouse for each grade and size. The card is filled out for each item number. The warehouse manager keeps the card. Entries in the card are made on the basis of primary receipt and expenditure documents on the day of the transaction.

2.2 Organization of synthetic accounting of incoming goods

Synthetic accounting of inventories is carried out on synthetic account 10 “Materials”. On synthetic accounts, material assets are recorded at accounting prices. When materials are received, material accounts 10 “Materials” are debited:

account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - for the cost of received materials at suppliers’ prices with all markups of sales and supply organizations and transport and procurement costs included in suppliers’ accounts, including payment of interest for purchases on credit provided by the supplier;

account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - for the cost of services paid by checks to transport (railway and water) organizations;

account 23 “Auxiliary production” - for the costs of delivering materials by own transport and for the actual cost of materials of own production;

Incoming materials that are not accompanied by payment documents from suppliers (uninvoiced deliveries) are capitalized according to the materials acceptance report drawn up at the warehouse. The capitalization of uninvoiced deliveries is carried out at accounting prices or at the prices of the contract or previous deliveries. If the payment request is not received by the end of the month, the acceptance estimate for the specified supplies is retained. The following month, upon receipt of a payment request, the cost of uninvoiced supplies in the acceptance estimate is reversed and a new entry is made for the actual amounts indicated in the suppliers’ documents.

The cost of accepted and paid materials that were not received by the organization during the reporting period (materials in transit) at the end of the month is reflected in the debit of account 10 “Materials” and the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (without posting valuables to the warehouse). At the beginning of the next month, these amounts are reversed and, upon receipt of valuables, a regular accounting entry is made for them.

When accepting materials from suppliers, excesses or shortages of the actual amount of materials received may be identified in comparison with the documentary data drawn up in the act. The surplus comes in according to the act and is priced at the organization’s accounting prices or at selling prices. The purchasing department then reports the surplus to the supplier and asks for a payment request for the value of the surplus.

Materials released for production and other needs are written off from the credit of material accounts to the debit of the corresponding production cost accounts and to other accounts during the month at fixed accounting prices. The following accounting entries are made:

Debit account 20 “Main production” (materials released to main production);

Debit account 23 “Auxiliary production” (materials released to auxiliary production);

Debit other accounts depending on the direction of materials expenditure (25, 26, etc.);

Credit to account 10 “Materials” or other accounts for materials accounting.

The cost of materials at fixed accounting prices is distributed between various production cost accounts on the basis of a materials distribution sheet, which is compiled according to primary documents on materials consumption.

At the end of the month, the difference between the actual cost of the materials consumed and their cost at fixed accounting prices is determined. The difference is written off to the same cost accounts to which materials were written off at fixed accounting prices (accounts 20, 23, 25, 26). Moreover, if the actual cost is higher than the fixed accounting price, then the difference between them is written off with an additional accounting entry, while the opposite difference (which is possible when using the planned cost of materials as a firm accounting price) is written off using the “red reversal” method, that is, with negative numbers.

Deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices are distributed between materials consumed and those remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of materials at fixed accounting prices. For this purpose, the percentage ratio of deviations of the actual cost of materials from the fixed accounting price is determined and the found ratio is multiplied by the cost of the sold and remaining materials at fixed accounting prices.

The percentage of deviations of the actual cost of materials from the fixed accounting price (X) is determined by the following formula:

X = (O n + O p) × 100 / UC n + UC p (2.1)

Where O n is the deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;

O p – deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices for received materials for the month;

UC n – cost of materials in fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;

UC p – the cost of materials received during the month at fixed accounting prices.

It is allowed to determine the actual cost of material resources written off for production in addition to the average cost using the FIFO method. When using this method, it becomes necessary to evaluate each batch of consumable materials, which is quite difficult to accomplish, given the current level of mechanization and automation of accounting. It is more expedient to determine the cost of consumed materials when evaluating them using the FIFO method by calculation. In this case, within a month, materials are written off for production at accounting prices. At the end of the month, the cost of consumed materials is determined using the FIFO method, the deviation of the calculated cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices is found, and the identified deviation is written off to the appropriate accounts in proportion to the cost of previously written off materials at accounting prices.

When used in 1C accounting, incoming documents are grouped into bundles and, after monitoring and checking the codes, they are submitted to the VU, where, based on the documents, a machine diagram is developed - a statement of receipt of materials at the warehouse. The statement reflects the cost of purchased materials at accounting prices and actual cost with a breakdown of its components for each payment request from suppliers. Based on the receipt of materials statements, a consolidated statement of calculation of transportation and procurement costs or deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices is compiled and the coefficient of deviations of the actual cost from the cost at accounting prices is calculated.

Based on the data of the consumable documents and the previously specified summary statement, a machine diagram is compiled - a statement of the consumption of materials for the corresponding accounts. In it, for each type of consumed materials, various cost codes reflect their cost at accounting prices, the deviation coefficient and the amount of deviations attributable to the consumed materials.

To obtain generalized data on inventory accounts for each of them, machine diagrams are compiled - turnover sheets; their data is verified with the general turnover sheet for synthetic accounts and subaccounts and, after reconciliation, is transferred to the machine diagram - the General Ledger.

According to the accounting policy of the enterprise, synthetic accounting of production inventories is carried out on account 10 “Materials” using subaccounts 10/1 “Raw materials and materials”, the presence and movement of: raw materials and materials, auxiliary materials is taken into account; 10/3 “Fuel” takes into account the availability and movement of petroleum products (diesel fuel, kerosene, gasoline, fuels and lubricants) intended for the operation of vehicles, 10/5 “Spare parts” takes into account the availability and movement of spare parts purchased for the needs of the main activity, intended for production, repairs, replacement of worn parts of vehicles, 10/9 “Inventory and household supplies.” In enterprise accounting, special tools are accounted for in a separate subaccount 10/9. The initial cost of special tools is determined based on the amount that the company spent on its purchase (clause 2 of Article 254 and clause 1 of Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, as well as clause 6 of PBU 5/01 and clause 8 of PBU 6/01) . When transferring special tools into operation, the following wiring is done:

Debit 10/10 subaccount “Special tools in operation”

Credit 10/11 subaccount “Special tools in warehouse”

Then the cost of special tools is written off to account 20 “Main production”.

When materials are received, account 10 “Materials” is debited and credited:

account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - for the cost of received materials at accounting prices;

account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” for the cost of services;

account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” - for the cost of materials paid from accountable amounts;

account 23 “Auxiliary production”;

account 20 “Main production”.

Materials released into production are written off from the credit of account 10 (sub-accounts 10/1, 10/3, 10/5, 10/9) to the debit of the corresponding production cost accounts during the month at fixed accounting prices. In this case, the following accounting entry is prepared:

Debit account 20 “Main production”; Debit account 23 “Auxiliary production”; Debit account 26 “General business expenses”;

Credit to account 10 “Materials”.

The supplier's payment documents accepted for acceptance, and primarily the invoice, are registered in the Purchase Book. This accounting register is used in the future to prepare VAT calculations in order to determine it, which is presented for deduction in the prescribed manner. Each invoice is recorded in the purchase ledger as it is received in chronological order. If there is partial payment by the buyer, then in the specified register an entry is made for each payment amount indicating the details of the previously received invoice for this delivery. Against each repayment amount for the principal debt, a note “partial payment” is made. Invoices are stored in the appropriate accounting journal. Since the Baltika-Don OJSC enterprise uses the 1C: Accounting (7.7) program, all the information necessary for registering supplier invoices (number and date of preparation and their receipt, name of suppliers, date of receipt of inventories and their payments, including VAT, as well as the cost of purchases taxed at different VAT rates), are formed on the basis of the entered document “Receipt of inventory items”. All transactions involving the receipt and payment of these valuables are subsequently subject to registration in the Purchase Book in chronological order. For this purpose, in a standard configuration, a computer document “Purchase Book Entry” is used, which includes the main details of the invoice and prepared in the “entry based” mode. In case of partial payment for purchased inventory, registration of the supplier's invoice in the specified accounting register is carried out for each paid amount.

In journal order No. 6, opened for a month, synthetic accounting of transactions with suppliers is carried out, as well as analytical accounting in terms of settlements with them using the acceptance form. First, the balances of outstanding debt to suppliers carried over from the previous reporting period are recorded. In the reporting month, entries in this accounting register are made on the basis of invoices and documents presented by suppliers confirming the acceptance of goods into the warehouse. For each invoice, a separate line is allocated in the order journal No. 6, on which the registration number, basic details and amounts accepted for payment, offset amounts are recorded. Amounts accepted for payment are shown in detail for each invoice element that makes up the purchase price of purchased materials. Separately, the amounts of shortages identified during acceptance and the amount of claims by grade and completeness are shown.

In the process of procuring inventories, situations may arise when they arrive at the enterprise without accompanying documents (uninvoiced deliveries). Surpluses identified during the acceptance of cargo are also considered as uninvoiced deliveries and are shown on a separate line in journal order No. 6.

For uninvoiced deliveries, based on the data from the warehouse acceptance documents, a record is made separately for each delivery, indicating the letter “N” in the “Invoice number” column. Capitalization occurs at the agreed value with the given supplier, at the accounting price or the price of the previous delivery. Upon receipt of the invoice, the above entry is reversed and a normal entry is made. Amounts on invoices for which cargo was not received in the reporting period are transferred to journal order No. 6 of the next month in the column “Balance at the beginning of the month for unarrived cargo” for each delivery separately. The amount of acceptance, as already reflected in the previous reporting period, is not reflected in this journal order. Cargo received in the reporting month, which was listed as in transit at the beginning of the month, is reversed in the column “For unarrived cargo” according to the line where the balance was shown. The stated balance at the end of the month is adjusted by normal or reversal entries to reflect changes in the current month. Turnovers on the credit of account 60 for the reporting month include both amounts for received inventories and amounts for such inventories remaining in transit.

The purchase of materials through accountable persons is reflected in journal order No. 7 with the entry:

Debit accounts 10 “Materials”;

19 “Value added tax on acquired assets”

Subaccount 3 “VAT on purchased inventories.

Credit to account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons.”

When an organization makes an advance payment for the expected receipt of materials, an accounting entry is drawn up in order journal No. 2 based on a bank statement:

Debit account 60/2 Credit account 51

After receiving the specified values, the previously made advance is accepted for offset in reducing accounts payable to suppliers:

Debit of account 60/1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors on accepted invoices”

Loan 60/2 “Settlements on advances issued.”

The remaining amount must be repaid in the usual manner.

Claims made by suppliers when posting received materials, regardless of their nature (shortages in transit, non-compliance with the terms of the contract), do not relieve the buyer from obligations to suppliers until the date of resolution of the dispute and are reflected in the accounting records as follows:

Debit account 76/2 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors for claims”

Credit account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors.”

The sale of materials and other types of inventories to third parties is reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses”, which is intended to generate information on other income and expenses associated with the sale and other write-off of inventories.

The debit of this account reflects expenses associated with the sale and other write-off of materials, including sales expenses. The credit of the account reflects receipts for sold material assets.

The process of sales and other write-offs of inventories is reflected in the accounting accounts as follows: book value of materials sold or written off:

Credit 10 “Materials”.

In accounting, funds received from the sale of materials are included in operating income, in accordance with the requirement of paragraph 7 of the accounting regulations “Income of the organization” (PBU 9/99).

In this case the wiring is done:

Debit 62 Credit 91 subaccount “other income” (reflects income from the sale of materials).

Income tax is calculated by excluding value added tax and sales tax from revenue. The following wiring is done:

Debit 91 subaccount “VAT on materials sold” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT” (VAT accrued on materials sold)

Debit 91 subaccount “Sales tax on materials sold” Credit 68 subaccount “Sales tax calculations” (sales tax accrued).

When transferring various types of supplies to other organizations free of charge in the order of donation, entries in the accounts are made as follows:

For the amount of inventory transfer at book value –

Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”

Credit 10 “Materials”;

For the amount of VAT –

Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”

Credit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, subaccount “Calculations for VAT”;

The result of the free transfer of inventories on a monthly basis is

Debit 99 “Profits and losses”

Credit 91 “Other income and expenses.”

The financial result identified on account 91 “Other income and expenses” is written off to account 99 “Profits and losses” in the reporting period. A feature of maintaining account 91 is that entries in subaccounts 1 “Other income” and 2 “Other expenses” are made cumulatively during the reporting year. Every month, by comparing the debit turnover in subaccount 2 “Other expenses” and the credit turnover in subaccount 1 “Other income”, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined, which is reflected in subaccount 9 “Balance of other income and expenses. This balance is written off monthly to account 99 “Profits and losses”.

For the amount of profit, account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 9 “Balance of other income and expenses” is debited and account 99 “Profits and losses” is credited. The amount of the identified loss from the sale. Write-offs of inventories are recorded on the accounts in reverse correspondence.

Account 91 “Other income and expenses” does not have a balance as of the reporting date, and analytical accounting for this account is carried out for each financial transaction, identifying its financial result.

Chapter 3. Organization of use and disposal in tax and accounting of inventories

3.1 Use of MPZ

When materials are released into production or otherwise disposed of, they are assessed using the average cost of materials method, in accordance with clause 3 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”.

Special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment are written off as expenses according to the standards approved by the President of the Company.

As inventory and household supplies, tools and workwear are transferred into operation from the warehouse, their cost is written off as expenses at a time. In order to control the safety, off-balance sheet accounting is provided for the places of use of inventory items and household supplies, tools and work clothes. Write-off of tools, equipment, work clothes and household supplies from off-balance sheet accounting is carried out as they fail, break down and wear out.

The main direction of consumption of materials is their transfer to production. When organizing tax accounting of material expenses in general and material consumption in particular, it should be kept in mind that some of these expenses are direct, and some are indirect.

Direct costs include:

material costs: for the acquisition of raw materials and (or) materials used in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services) and (or) forming their basis or being a necessary component in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services); for the purchase of components undergoing installation and (or) semi-finished products undergoing additional processing from the taxpayer.

Indirect expenses include all other amounts of expenses, with the exception of non-operating expenses incurred by the taxpayer during the reporting (tax) period.

In this case, the amount of indirect costs for production and sales incurred in the reporting (tax) period is fully included in the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period, taking into account the requirements provided for by individual articles of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The amount of direct expenses incurred in the reporting (tax) period also applies to the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period, with the exception of the amounts of direct expenses distributed to the balances of work in progress, finished products in the warehouse and shipped but not sold in the reporting (tax) period. production period.

The cost of inventory items included in material expenses is determined based on their acquisition prices (without taking into account the amounts of taxes subject to deduction or included in expenses in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), including commissions paid to intermediary organizations, import customs duties and fees, transportation costs and other costs associated with the acquisition of inventory.

If the cost of returnable packaging accepted from a supplier with inventory items is included in the price of these assets, the cost of returnable packaging at the price of its possible use or sale is excluded from the total cost of their acquisition. The cost of non-returnable containers and packaging accepted from the supplier with inventory items is included in the amount of expenses for their acquisition. The classification of containers as returnable or non-returnable is determined by the terms of the agreement (contract) for the purchase of inventory items.

If the taxpayer uses products of its own production as raw materials, spare parts, components, semi-finished products and other material expenses, and also if the taxpayer includes the results of work or services of its own production as part of the material expenses, the assessment of these products, results of work or services own production is carried out based on the assessment of finished products (works, services) in accordance with Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (taking into account the distribution of direct costs).

The listed norms are important when recording inventories. If the assessment of materials when they were accepted for accounting was carried out correctly, then they are written off to reduce the tax base for income tax at accounting prices.

So, during the month of September the following materials were written off:

in the main production - in the amount of 200 thousand rubles;

to auxiliary production - in the amount of 20 thousand rubles;

materials for production needs (shop expenses) were written off - in the amount of 3 thousand rubles;

materials for administrative needs were written off - in the amount of 5 thousand rubles;

tools were transferred to the main production - in the amount of 10 thousand rubles;

components were transferred to production - in the amount of 12 thousand rubles.

The following entries were made in the accounting records:

debit of account 20 credit of account 10 - 40 thousand rubles;

debit of account 23 “Auxiliary production” credit of account 10 - 20 thousand rubles;

debit of account 25 “General production expenses” credit of account 10 - 3 thousand rubles;

debit of account 26 “General business expenses” credit of account 10 - 5 thousand rubles;

debit account 20 credit account 10 - 10 thousand rubles;

debit account 20 credit account 10 - 12 thousand rubles.

The amount of material expenses of the current month is reduced by the value of the balances of inventory items transferred to production, but not used in production at the end of the month. The valuation of such inventory items must correspond to their valuation upon write-off.

In the event that the presence of such balances is systematic, it is advisable to develop a form of auxiliary accounting certificate, which includes data on the amounts of the value of such balances. The quantity and value of balances can be determined both directly through recalculation and through the development and approval of standards for carryover balances. In the latter case, it is advisable to conduct periodic checks of the actual presence of residual materials in order to clarify the standards.

For example: the organization has approved standards for carry-over materials at workplaces:

workplace N 1 - 5 percent;

workplace N 2 - 7 percent.

During the month of September the following materials were transferred to production:

for workplace No. 1 - in the amount of 8 thousand rubles;

for workplace No. 2 - in the amount of 10 thousand rubles.

These expenses are entered into the analytical registers of tax accounting and into the tax base with a “-” sign - they increase the tax base.

In addition, the amount of material costs is reduced by the cost of returnable waste. Returnable waste refers to the remains of raw materials (materials), semi-finished products, coolants and other types of material resources generated during the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services), which have partially lost the consumer qualities of the original resources (chemical or physical properties) and are therefore used with increased costs (reduced product yield) or not used for their intended purpose.

Recyclable waste does not include the remains of inventory items that, in accordance with the technological process, are transferred to other departments as full-fledged raw materials (materials) for the production of other types of goods (works, services), as well as associated (related) products obtained as a result implementation of the technological process.

Returnable waste is assessed in the following order:

1) at a reduced price of the initial material resource (at the price of possible use), if this waste can be used for main or auxiliary production, but with increased costs (reduced yield of finished products);

2) at the selling price, if this waste is sold externally.

Of course, if the production technology involves the generation of returnable waste (but not technological losses), it is necessary to use the appropriate primary accounting document - an accounting certificate. In this case, the approach to determining the quantity and cost of returnable materials may be the same as to determining unused material balances. The difference is that returnable materials can be assessed in two ways - depending on the areas of further use.

For example, when carrying out an activity, returnable materials are generated in the following amounts (the data from the previous example is also used):

At workplace No. 1 - 0.5 percent of the cost of materials used - at a reduced price of the original resource and 1.5 percent - at market value.

Materials consumed during the month amounted to 7,600 rubles.

At workplace No. 2 - 1 percent of the cost of materials used at market value.

Materials consumed during the month amounted to 9,300 rubles.

Material costs also include some types of losses: losses from shortages and (or) damage during storage and transportation of inventory items within the limits of natural loss norms approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation; technological losses during production and (or) transportation.

To account for such expenses, a separate accounting certificate is required. Since write-off acts are drawn up, as a rule, at workplace No. 4, then the certificate, in our opinion, should be drawn up there.

During the inventory, a shortage of materials in the amount of 1 thousand rubles was revealed. The total cost of materials in this group is 100 thousand rubles, the rate of natural loss is 0.7 thousand rubles. The amount of the shortfall in an amount exceeding the rate of natural loss is attributed to the guilty persons.

The following entries were made in accounting:

debit account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” credit account 10 - 1000 rubles;

debit account 20 credit account 94 - 700 rubles;

debit of account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", subaccount "Settlements for compensation of material damage" credit of account 94 - 300 rubles.

Unlike shortages and damage to inventories, the amount of technological losses cannot be attributed to settlements with the guilty persons or organizations.

When organizing tax accounting of material expenses, it is taken into account that the Tax Code of the Russian Federation allows the use of the following methods for assessing raw materials:

valuation method based on the cost of a unit of inventory;

average cost valuation method;

valuation method based on the cost of first acquisitions (FIFO).

The chosen method is fixed in the accounting policy adopted by the organization for tax purposes.

5. Other expenses.

Materials can be used for almost all types of other expenses. The general principles of tax accounting are similar. Therefore, as examples, we will give options for reflecting the most common types of other expenses in tax accounting.

So, in September the following materials were released:

for fire safety - in the amount of 2 thousand rubles.

security - in the amount of 3 thousand rubles.

to ensure normal working conditions - 10 thousand rubles;

for safety equipment - in the amount of 12 thousand rubles;

Also a common type of other expenses is the write-off in established cases of shortages of inventories identified during inventories and inspections. We emphasize that in order for the amounts of shortfalls to be accepted for tax accounting, the fact that there are no guilty parties must be documented by an authorized government body.

Thus, when conducting an inventory, a shortage was identified in warehouse No. 1 of basic materials in the amount of 10 thousand rubles, auxiliary materials in the amount of 3 thousand rubles; in warehouse No. 2 - basic materials - in the amount of 5 thousand rubles; fuel - in the amount of 15 thousand rubles. In accordance with the certificate from the department of internal affairs regarding the shortage at warehouse No. 1, a criminal case was initiated against unauthorized persons who committed burglary. The certificate confirmed the absence of guilt of the organization's employees, and due to the absence of perpetrators, the criminal case was terminated.

Part of the cost of materials transferred to production is classified as direct and is subject to distribution in the manner established by Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This article establishes the procedure for assessing the balances of work in progress and the balances of finished products. Let us recall the main provisions of this order.

For tax purposes, work in progress (hereinafter referred to as WIP) means products (work, services) that are partially finished, that is, those that have not undergone all processing (manufacturing) operations provided for by the technological process. Work in progress includes completed but not accepted by the customer works and services. WIP also includes the balances of unfulfilled production orders and the balances of semi-finished products of own production. Materials and semi-finished products in production are classified as work in progress provided that they have already been processed.

The assessment of WIP balances at the end of the current month is carried out by the taxpayer on the basis of data from primary accounting documents on the movement and balances (in quantitative terms) of raw materials and materials, finished products by workshop (production and other production divisions of the taxpayer) and tax accounting data on the amount of goods carried out in the current month. month of direct expenses.

For taxpayers whose production is associated with the processing and processing of raw materials, the amount of direct costs is distributed to the balances of work in progress in a share corresponding to the share of such balances in the raw materials (in quantitative terms), minus technological losses. At the same time, for the purposes of this chapter, raw materials are understood as materials used in production as a material basis, which, as a result of sequential technological processing (processing), are transformed into finished products.

For taxpayers whose production is related to the performance of work (provision of services), the amount of direct costs is distributed to the balances of work in progress in proportion to the share of unfinished (or completed, but not accepted at the end of the current month) orders for the performance of work (provision of services) in the total volume of work performed during months of orders for work (provision of services).

For other taxpayers, the amount of direct costs is distributed to the balances of work in progress in proportion to the share of direct costs in the planned (normative, estimated) cost of products.

The amount of work in progress balances at the end of the current month is included in the material expenses of the next month. At the end of the tax period, the amount of work in progress balances at the end of the tax period is included in the expenses of the next tax period in the manner and under the conditions provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

To accurately distribute direct costs between volumes of work in progress, finished products and products shipped but not sold, on the one hand, and sales volumes, on the other, it is advisable to develop an auxiliary form of a certificate - calculation.

3.2 Implementation of the MPZ

The enterprise OJSC Baltika-Don calculates taxable profit using the accrual method. Taxable income from the sale of materials is equal to the difference between the turnover between the subaccounts “Operating income from sales of materials”, “VAT on materials sold” and “Sales tax on materials sold” of account 91. The amount of this income should be reflected on line 040 of Appendix 1 to Sheet 2 Income tax returns. And the calculation of this amount is documented in an accounting certificate.

The enterprise has formed a permanent inventory commission consisting of: chief engineer Ivantsov G.G., leading accountant Kosaeva O.G., logistics engineer Stets N.V., the commission carries out planned inventories (annually), during which the actual availability of material assets in the main warehouse. The commission reflects the results of the inventory in a special statement. It contains information about damaged property, as well as about valuables, the quantity of which does not correspond to the accounting prices.

Damaged property is written off from the balance sheet. Damage and scrap reports are drawn up for damaged inventory items. On the basis of which the write-off occurs.

Violation of storage conditions, natural disasters, and other emergency situations can lead to property damage. In case of damage to material assets as a result of violations of storage and operating conditions, the write-off is made to account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.” Damage to property may be within the limits of natural loss norms, or it may exceed such norms. Currently, only norms for natural loss have been established for food products. Losses within these standards are included in the cost. If the damage to property exceeds the norms of natural loss or a shortage of property is discovered, then the persons responsible must compensate for the shortage. This is established in paragraph 3 of Article 12 of the Law “On Accounting”. If the employee bears full financial responsibility, then he is obliged to cover all damage caused. If the employee denies his guilt, it is necessary to file a lawsuit, but you can do without it, if the amount of damage does not exceed the employee’s average monthly earnings, then the damage can be recovered by order of the manager.

Writing off damaged valuables from the balance sheet is considered a non-productive use of valuables. Therefore, the VAT amount must be restored and paid to the budget. In order to calculate this amount, you need to multiply the cost of damaged property by a rate of 20 or 10% (since property is reflected in accounting without VAT).

Debit 94 Credit 10 – reflects the cost of damaged materials

Debit 94 Credit 68 – the amount of value added tax on damaged materials, previously accepted for tax deduction, has been restored.

If property is stolen, the administration of the enterprise turns to the investigative and judicial authorities, which establish who is to blame and how much needs to be recovered from the guilty person. As a rule, the court decides to recover damages in the amount of the market value of the stolen property. But usually this value is greater than the value at which the stolen property is recorded in the accounting records. From here, the organization receives additional income, which is reflected in account 98 “Deferred income”. As the person at fault pays off the debt, the difference is included in non-operating income and taken into account when taxing the income. Since the stolen property will no longer participate in the production activities of the enterprise, it is necessary to restore the amount of VAT on these values.

Debit 94 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”.

The procedure for accounting for VAT on production inventories depends on the purpose of the production resources used (for production needs, non-production needs, for sale, gratuitous transfer), the industry of the organization and a number of other features.

In supplier settlement documents for incoming production supplies, the amount of VAT is separately allocated.

The VAT amount is accepted for offset against the budget under the combination of the following conditions:

material assets acquired for production activities;

the indicated values ​​have been capitalized;

settlements with suppliers have been made;

there is a supplier invoice;

the invoice is registered in the Purchase Book.

The VAT amount is reflected in the debit of account 19 “Value added tax”, in the subaccounts “Value added tax on purchased inventories”, from the credit of accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” .

Depending on the direction of consumption of inventory, the amount of VAT recorded in subaccounts 19/3 is subject to offset against VAT payments to the budget (when using material resources for production needs).

VAT amounts on material assets (work, services) purchased for production needs from retail organizations are not accepted for credit from the buyer and are not allocated by calculation.

In cases where the primary accounting documents confirming the cost of acquired material resources (works, services) do not indicate the amount of VAT, VAT is not calculated in the settlement documents. That is why the cost of such acquired material resources (works, services), including the VAT expected on them, is charged to the accounts of material resources (10, etc.) for the entire amount of the invoice, with subsequent write-off to production and distribution costs. In accordance with the established procedure for accounting for VAT, the amounts of VAT subject to reimbursement (deduction) after actual payment by the supplier for material resources are written off from the credit of account 19 (subaccounts 3 “VAT on purchased material resources”) to the debit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees.”

The amount of VAT on material resources used in the manufacture of products and operations exempt from VAT is written off as a debit to production cost accounts (accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”).

The amount of VAT on inventories acquired for non-production purposes is not accepted for reimbursement from the budget, but is closed with the following entry:

Debit 29 “Service of production and economy”

Credit 19/3 “VAT on purchased material resources.”

The amount exceeding the established maximum amount of cash settlement for purchased valuables is not subject to reimbursement from the budget:

Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”

Credit 19/3 “VAT on purchased material resources” - Income tax.

For industrial supplies received free of charge from other organizations, the recipient organization increases taxable profit by the cost of the assets received, but not lower than the book value held by the transferring organization. The book value of the valuables is indicated in the transfer documents.

Conclusion

A significant part of the working capital of an enterprise consists of inventories, the objective assessment of which affects the reliability of accounting information as a whole.

As is known, in Russian accounting, variation is practiced in the assessment of inventories, the choice of which is usually made depending on the types of inventories, the enterprise’s belonging to the industry of production, the specifics of their use in the industry, the interests of owners and administration as the main users of financial statements compiled on the basis of the use of one or another way to evaluate reserves.

Thus, a relatively rare way to evaluate inventories in Russian accounting is to estimate them at the cost of each unit. This valuation method is used mainly when it is impossible to replace metal parts with each other in the usual way or when using special types of materials, such as precious metals, precious stones, etc., each unit of which has its own specific price.

If the priority goal for an organization is to reduce the volume of accounting work, then the implementation of this goal is most consistent with the use of the method of assessing inventories at average cost.

To maximize dividend amounts, it is advisable to use the method of assessing inventories at first receipt prices (FIFO), which allows you to maximize the value of the financial results of an economic entity.

When choosing tax optimization or reducing the tax burden of a business entity as a priority goal, it is advisable to use the method of assessing inventories at the cost of the most recent receipts (LIFO). It is no coincidence that this assessment method, which allows, on the one hand, to minimize the amount of profit, and on the other, to create hidden reserves to a certain extent, has now been abolished in accounting under IFRS.

The LIFO method has also been abolished in Russian accounting since 01/01/2008 in accordance with the amendments made to PBU 5/01. However, the possibility of using this valuation method is currently retained for the purpose of profit taxation.

The considered methods for assessing inventories from the perspective of their impact on the organization’s profit are based on the assumption that the actual cost of a unit of inventories tends to increase. At the same time, in a market economy, it is possible to reduce prices in general and the cost of acquired inventories in particular or depreciate the value of assets, which is not sufficiently considered in modern scientific literature.

The main reasons for the impairment of inventories are:

1) obsolescence of certain types of MPZ;

2) loss of the original quality of material assets (complete or partial);

3) a decrease in the current market value or sale price of material assets.

Depreciation of inventories in the specified situations (one or more) actualizes the problem of adjusting the value of inventories and reflecting their objective assessment in accounting and reporting, the occurrence of which is due to the following features of domestic accounting.

The first feature is associated with the Russian accounting rule, according to which the actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change. Therefore, changes in the value of inventories in these conditions should not be reflected in the inventory accounts, which include accounts 10 “Materials”, 41 “Goods”, 43 “Finished Products”. As a result, adjustments to the value of inventories should not affect the valuation of inventories in the accounting accounts.

The second feature is due to the action in Russian accounting of the principle of valuation at the lowest of market and historical values, the basis of which is the principle of prudence or conservatism, recognized as one of the fundamental principles in Russian accounting and accounting under IFRS. The principle of least valuation in relation to inventory accounting requires that these groups of assets be reflected in the financial statements at market value if the market value at the end of the reporting period is lower than the historical cost valuation. The mention of historical valuation in this context is due to the fact that the possibility of using all of the above methods for valuing inventories (by batches of receipt, by average cost, by the cost of each unit) is implemented in domestic accounting within the framework of the concept of valuation by historical cost.

Adjustment of inventory valuation taking into account the specified requirements is possible by creating a reserve for reducing the value of material assets. This reserve, in accordance with PBU 5/01, is created at the expense of the organization’s financial results (other expenses) in the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of inventories, if the latter estimate is higher than the current market value.

In accordance with the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories, a reserve for depreciation of material assets is created for each unit of inventories for which impairment occurred due to the reasons indicated above. At the same time, Russian accounting allows for the creation of a reserve for certain types (groups) of similar and related material assets. However, as some authors emphasize, the division of raw materials into main and auxiliary ones, as well as by operational and geographical segments, etc. cannot be considered as groups of materials for the purpose of creating a reserve.

The level of the current market value of inventories is determined on the basis of information available to the organization before the date of signing the financial statements. When calculating the current market value of inventories, the following factors must be considered:

1) a change in price or actual cost directly related to events after the reporting date, confirming the economic conditions in which the organization operated as of January 1 of the year following the reporting year;

2) appointment of MPP;

3) the ratio of the level of actual cost and the current market value of finished products as of the reporting date, a comparative analysis of which is necessary in order to create a reserve for materials used in the production of finished products only if the actual cost of these types of finished products as of the reporting date is higher their market value.

The need to take into account the first two factors is noted in many educational and scientific literature. While taking into account the last factor when creating a reserve for reducing the value of material assets is noted only by some authors, in particular A.A. Efremova.

This aspect is an essential point in accounting for the impairment of tangible assets, since recognition of the impairment of inventories and the formation of a reserve for a decrease in the value of tangible assets without taking into account the latter circumstance may be economically unjustified.

According to the author, when adjusting the cost of material assets, it is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of accounting for unfinished products (partially finished products, semi-finished products of own production, completed but not accepted by the customer works and services), which are taken into account in most cases as part of work in progress (WIP), which in In accordance with the terms of IFRS, it is included in reserves. However, the rules for assessing and accounting for work in progress in Russian accounting have certain differences both from the general rules for accounting for inventories recommended by PBU 5/01, and in many positions of their accounting under IFRS.

As is known, for accounting purposes, an organization can evaluate work in progress using one of the following valuation methods:

According to standard (planned) production cost;

Based on the amount of actual direct costs;

At the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.

Since 01.01.2002, tax legislation requires all organizations to evaluate work in progress in tax accounting in accordance with Chapter. 25 “Income Tax” of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which recognizes only the assessment based on the amount of direct costs. In tax accounting, an organization can therefore evaluate work in progress only using the direct cost method, while in accounting this is only one of the possible evaluation methods.

At first glance, the method of assessing work in progress in tax accounting based on direct costs is beneficial to the taxpayer. This applies primarily to enterprises in manufacturing industries, which can write off a number of costs in tax accounting and reduce taxable profit. While these costs, using the full cost accounting method, would be included in the cost of work in progress (for example, production services of third-party organizations, payments for electricity, fuel, water, heat, costs of auxiliary production, etc.). However, the use of this method of assessing work in progress in tax accounting is associated with a number of problems.

The first problem is related to the fact that production organizations must evaluate direct costs for tax purposes not according to accounting data, but through a special calculation based on the balance of the movement of raw materials in physical units. This means that for small-scale production enterprises and firms with a wide range of raw materials and finished products, accounting techniques will become significantly more complicated. As a result, the income tax savings associated with the use of the method of estimating work in progress at partial (incomplete) cost may not be comparable with the additional costs of the organization for maintaining accounting work and installing software.

In accounting, it is possible for an organization to refuse the cost method of accounting, justified by the principle of rationality in accounting, the recognition of which in domestic accounting is reflected in PBU 1/98 “Accounting Policy of an Organization.” However, the assessment of work in progress at direct costs for profit tax purposes is mandatory, so an organization cannot use the assessment of work in progress at full cost for tax accounting purposes.

The second problem is due to the fact that in enterprises with a very long production cycle it is not always profitable to write off a large amount of costs at the initial stage of production. If the bulk of the costs were written off last year, resulting in a loss, and revenue was received in the current year, the current year’s profit for tax accounting purposes can be reduced by the losses of previous years, but not by more than 30%. The remaining amount of the loss can only be written off in subsequent years.

The third problem is related to the possibility of using various methods in assessing work in progress in accounting and tax accounting when applying methods for assessing raw materials by batches of receipt. For example, if, in accordance with the accounting policy, to estimate the cost of raw materials when they are written off for production, the organization uses the FIFO method in accounting, and LIFO in tax accounting, the use of which, unlike accounting, as emphasized earlier, is currently possible for the purpose income taxation.

At the same time, organizations have the right to combine accounting and tax accounting of work in progress by applying in accounting methods for assessing work in progress, provided for in Art. 319 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. However, the method of assessing work in progress at direct costs based on the use of the method of accounting for work in progress at reduced cost in accounting requires a significant restructuring of the accounting process. Therefore, many Russian enterprises maintain separate records of work in progress for accounting and tax purposes.

The stated problems of assessing work in progress in accounting and tax accounting of domestic enterprises allow us to conclude that adjusting its value by creating reserves for reducing the cost of material assets is impractical and difficult to implement in the practical activities of business entities.

Finished products that have passed all stages (phases, processing stages) provided for by the technological process are assessed in Russian accounting using one of the following assessment methods:

At actual production cost;

At standard (planned) cost;

At reduced actual cost.

Creating a reserve for the balances of finished products in warehouses is possible when the enterprise uses the specified valuation methods, with the exception of the last valuation, since the cost indicators for this valuation do not include the share of fixed production costs and are therefore incomparable with the indicators of their valuation at the current market value.

The first stage of accounting for the impairment of material assets when an organization makes a decision to account for reserves for impairment of the value of material assets is to conduct a comparative analysis of the market value of inventories for certain groups (types) of inventories with their accounting value.

A reserve is not formed for those groups (types) of inventories for which the level of market value exceeds the estimate at book value, and, therefore, accounting entries to create a reserve for a decrease in the value of these groups (types) of inventories are not recorded.

The second stage of the accounting process is the formation of reserves when it is revealed that the accounting value for groups (types) of reserves exceeds their market value.

The third stage of the accounting process is the determination of the total amount of reserves for reducing the value of material assets as the sum of created reserves for all groups (types) of reserves.

The fourth stage of the accounting process consists of writing off accrued amounts of reserves, carried out during the reporting period as inventories are released into production (sales).

Writing off the amount of the reserve with the simultaneous registration of an accounting entry on the debit of account 14 and the credit of account 91 is also possible if next year there is an increase in the market value of inventories, for the reduction of the value of which a reserve was created in the reporting year.

Thus, the stated accounting methodology provides for the reflection in account 91 of a potential or possible loss from a decrease in the valuation of inventories while simultaneously reflecting a decrease in the valuation of inventories by the amount of the created reserve for their impairment.

When drawing up a balance sheet, the assessment of inventory balances reflected in the accounts for accounting for materials and finished products is reduced by the corresponding amounts of the balance of account 14. However, this procedure is carried out without drawing up accounting entries.

Analytical accounting for account 14 “Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets” is carried out for each type of material assets, the decrease in value of which is subject to adjustment by reserving.

The specified aspects of accounting for the impairment of the value of material assets must be observed by all business entities when organizing the accounting of inventories for accounting purposes, however, the amounts of the created reserve in accordance with the requirements of tax legislation do not reduce taxable profit.

Therefore, accounting for reserves for a decrease in the value of material assets means for business entities a significant increase in the volume of accounting work, due, on the one hand, to the need for analytical accounting for account 14, and on the other, to the emergence of differences between accounting and tax accounting data and the need to account for them in accordance with requirements of PBU 18/02.

As a result, many Russian enterprises prefer to account for inventories without adjusting their value by the amount of impairment. As a result, the assessment of the assets of the balance sheet of such enterprises in terms of reflecting inventories may be unrealistic, i.e. inflated compared to the current market valuation of these values. This situation indicates that the financial statements were prepared without observing one of the fundamental principles of accounting - the principle of prudence (conservatism).

The increase in the volume of accounting work and the need to take into account differences arising in the accounting and tax accounting of inventories should not serve as an excuse for refusing to account for the impairment of inventories and, therefore, for not complying with the principle of prudence in accounting in general and the principle of least estimate in accounting for inventories in particular.

Thus, clarifying the methodology for accounting for inventory impairment in modern domestic accounting consists of highlighting the stages of accounting procedures in accounting for inventory impairment; factors influencing the specifics of this accounting; consequences of accounting for the impairment of inventories by forming and accounting for reserves for a decrease in the value of material assets.

List of used literature

Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended by Federal Law dated December 6, 2007 No. 333-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, December 5, 1994, No. 32, Art. 3301.

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Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) dated July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ (as amended by Federal Law dated May 17, 2007 No. 84-FZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 148 – 149, 06.08.1998.

Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part Two) dated 05.08.2000 No. 117-FZ (as amended by Federal Law dated 04.12.2007 No. 332-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 07.08.2000, No. 32, Art. 3340.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated December 8, 2003 No. 164-FZ “On the fundamentals of state regulation of foreign trade activities” (as amended by Federal Law dated February 2, 2006 No. 19-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, December 15, 2003, No. 50, Art. 4850.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ “On Joint-Stock Companies” (as amended by Federal Law dated December 1, 2007 No. 318-FZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 248, December 29, 1995.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated 02/08/1998 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies” (as amended by Federal Law dated 12/18/2006 No. 231-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 02/16/1998, No. 7, Art. 785.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting” (as amended by Federal Law dated November 3, 2006 No. 183-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, November 25, 1996, No. 48, Art. 5369.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 06/09/2005 No. 364 “On approval of the Regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of the Federal Bank of issued licenses” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 126, 06/15/2005.

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Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” PBU 5/01” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 03/26/2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 140, 07/25/2001.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n “On approval of methodological instructions for accounting of inventories” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 26, 2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 36, 02.27.2002.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 08/02/2001 No. 60n “On approval of the accounting regulations “Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them” (PBU 15/01)” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 155n) // Financial newspaper, No. 38, 2001.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 33n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, No. 26, 28.06.1999.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 154n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU 3/2006)” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2007 No. 147n) // Russian newspaper, No. 25, 02/07/2007.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities , No. 26, 06/28/1999.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 7, 2006 No. 136n “On approval of the form of the tax return for value added tax and the procedure for filling it out” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 21, 2007 No. 113n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities , No. 2, 01/08/2007.

Letter of the Federal Tax Service dated February 11, 2005 No. 03-1-02/194/8@ “On value added tax” // ATP “Consultant Plus” - the document was not officially published.

IFRS No. 2 “Inventories” clause 10

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Bezrukikh P.S. Accounting. M.: 2002

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1 Bogataya I.N. Accounting. – Rostov-n/D: Phoenix, 2007.

2 Astakhov V.P. Accounting Theory - Rostov-on-Don, 2001

3 Kondrakov N.P. Accounting. M.: Infra-M, 2002

4 Bakaev A.S. Chart of accounts and instructions for its use. M.: IPB-Binfa, 2001

5 Bezrukikh P.S. Accounting. M.: 2002

6 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n “On approval of the accounting regulations “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 03/26/2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 140, 07.25.2001.

7 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n “On approval of methodological instructions for accounting of inventories” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 26, 2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 36, 02.27.2002 .

8 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 02.08.2001 No. 60n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Loans and Credits and Costs of Servicing them” (PBU 15/01)” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 27.11.2006 No. 155n ) // Financial newspaper, No. 38, 2001.

9 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999 No. 33n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, No. 26, 06/28/1999.

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Every organization is faced with the concept of inventory. This is the name of the part of the property that is used in the form of raw materials and materials in the production of certain products, performance of work or provision of services. At the same time, only those assets that are used for less than one year are classified as inventories.

Groups of current assets:

• materials - a part of materials consumed in the production process and transferring their value to the price of finished products, works or services;
• goods – part of the inventory intended for sale, which is purchased from individuals and legal entities;
• finished products - part of the inventory, intended for sale and being the final result of the production process and having all the necessary characteristics.

Inventories can be owned by an organization or simply stored (used by it) on a contractual basis.

They can come to the organization by purchase, gratuitous receipt, production by the organization itself or by contribution to its authorized capital.

Classification of MPZ

Depending on the functions that the assets in question perform, they are divided into several main groups.

The groups are as follows:

• raw materials and base materials - form the material basis of products, include objects of labor from which products are made;
• auxiliary materials - used to influence raw materials and base materials to impart certain properties and characteristics to manufactured goods, or for the care and maintenance of tools;
• purchased semi-finished products - are raw materials and materials that have undergone certain processing, but are not finished products; together with basic materials form the material basis of the product;
• fuel - is divided into several types: technological is used for technological purposes, motor fuel is used for refueling, economic fuel is used for heating;
• containers and packaging materials – used for packaging, moving and storing materials and finished products;
• spare parts – used to repair and replace worn-out parts of equipment and machines.

In addition to the listed groups, a separate group includes returnable production waste - remnants of materials that were formed during the production process, and raw materials that have partially lost their properties. Within each group, materials are further divided by type, brand, grade and other characteristics.

It should be noted that the division of materials into main (basic) and auxiliary is conditional, and often depends on the amount of materials used in the production process.

Inventory accounting tasks

The classification of inventories we have considered is used for systematic and analytical accounting of values, for monitoring their balances, receipt and consumption of raw materials. Most often, nomenclature numbers are chosen as a unit of inventory accounting, which are developed by organizations in the context of the names of assets or their homogeneous groups.

Inventory accounting solves several important problems at once, which include:

• control of the safety of the organization’s assets in places of their storage and at all stages of processing;
• monitoring the compliance of the organization's warehouse stocks with standards;
• documentation of all operations performed on the movement of MPZ;
• implementation of approved materials supply plans;
• monitoring compliance with production consumption standards;
• calculation of actual costs incurred by the organization in connection with the procurement and acquisition of materials and materials;
• correct and correct distribution of the cost of material assets spent by the organization in the production process, according to the objects of calculation;
• identification of excess materials and unused raw materials for their sale;
• execution of timely settlements with suppliers of goods and materials;
• control of materials in transit and uninvoiced deliveries.

Valuation of inventories

Most often, inventories are accepted for accounting at their actual cost, which is calculated based on the organization’s actual costs for the production or acquisition of inventories, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes.

Actual costs may include:

• amounts paid to suppliers in accordance with contracts;
• amounts that are paid to third-party firms and organizations for the provision of information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• customs duties, non-refundable taxes;
• remunerations that are paid to third parties with the help of which the acquisition of inventories is carried out;
• fare;
• insurance costs and other expenses.

Actual expenses do not include general and other similar expenses, except for situations where they are related to the acquisition of inventories. Assets can be assessed at their average cost, at the cost of each unit of inventories, or at the cost of the first/last purchases.

Accounting for inventories in warehouses and accounting departments

In order to provide the production process with appropriate material assets, many organizations create special warehouses where basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts and other necessary resources are stored. In addition, inventories are usually arranged by purchase batches and sections, and within them - by groups, types and grades. All this ensures their quick acceptance, release and control of actual availability.

The movement and balance of material assets is kept in special cards for warehouse accounting of materials (or in grade accounting books).

A separate card is created for each item number, so accounting is carried out only in kind.

The cards are opened by accounting employees who indicate in them warehouse numbers, names of materials, their brands and grades, sizes, units of measurement, item numbers, accounting prices and limits. After this, the cards are transferred to warehouses, where responsible employees, based on primary documents, fill in the data on receipts, expenses and balance of inventories.

Inventory accounting can be performed in one of the following ways:

• with the first method, cards are opened for each type of materials at the time of their receipt and expenditure, while the materials are recorded both in kind and in monetary terms; at the end of the month, based on the data of all completed cards, quantitative and total turnover sheets are compiled;
• with the second method, all incoming and outgoing documentation is grouped by item numbers and at the end of the month is summarized in turnover sheets compiled in physical and monetary terms.

The second method is less labor-intensive, however, even when using it, the accounting process remains cumbersome: after all, hundreds and sometimes thousands of item numbers are often entered into the turnover sheet.

Inventory planning

The relevance of planning material and production assets of organizations is due to the fact that delays in procurement can lead to disruption of production processes, increased overhead costs and other unpleasant consequences. Purchases made ahead of schedule can also cause certain problems, for example, increase the load on working capital and warehouse space.

Determining the need for inventories allows you to avoid overproduction and unnecessary financial costs. In addition, planning makes it possible to create a cash flow budget (income and expenses of the organization).

When calculating the needs for materials, it is advisable to divide them into the following groups:

• group of stocks of current storage (includes the updated part of stocks that are regularly and evenly used during the production process);
• group of seasonal storage stocks (includes materials associated with seasonal fluctuations in the production process, for example, the supply of forest materials in the autumn and spring periods);
• group of special-purpose reserves (includes materials related to the specifics of the activity).

To determine the volume of required orders, you need to know how many similar materials were used in previous periods and how many materials are needed.

To do this, you need to know how much time is needed to fulfill orders and what the annual volume of demand (consumption) is.

Proper planning should ensure maximum utilization of warehouse space, minimum storage costs and optimal repeat order conditions.

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