According to various sources, including the Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia (EEBE), the kingdom of Israel was founded in the ninth century BC by the prophet Samuel. The name of this man (transc. Hebrew Shmuel) means “heard by the Almighty.” He was considered the last and famous judge of Israel. Samuel lived during a difficult time when the Jewish people experienced a period of tribal violence and conflicts with other ethnic groups. During the era of the Judges of Israel, the descendants of Joakov split into a dozen tribes based on blood kinship, which was accompanied by acts of mutual attacks and destruction of representatives of one or another “tribe.” For example, the massacre of the tribe of Ephim and the tribe of Benjamin resulted in the death of more than 90,000 Israelites. The tribes led a nomadic and partially sedentary lifestyle and had judges as their leaders, who could be prophets (the first ruler of the Kingdom of Israel, Samuel) and even ladies (Deborah).
The Age of the Judges of Israel
The power of the judges was primarily based on moral authority and had no executive branch, no regular army, and no general taxation. The founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Israel, Samuel, who became a reformer for his people, tried to correct these “shortcomings.” Attacked by the Philistines and defeated by them (the Philistines took the Israelite tribes as a trophy, they were united by Samuel and called to repentance in Mizp. Here the prophet managed to raise the spirit of his people so much that the people were able to throw off the yoke of the Philistines and get back their shrine (according to legend, the taken Ark brought so much misfortune to the new owners that they chose to return it back).
The people asked the prophet for a king
The formation of the Israeli kingdom under the leadership of Samuel was accompanied by the creation of prophetic schools, through which patriotism and public education spread. The prophet was a ruler until his old age and significantly improved the situation of his subjects, but his sons Abij and Joel turned out to be bribe-takers, so the Israelites asked to install a king “from among the people” over them. Samuel, having warned those asking about the possibility of despotism, chose for them the son of Kish, Saul, as king.
The first king of Israel was head and shoulders above the rest of the people
Saul, officially the first ruler of the kingdom of Israel after the prophet himself, according to the Bible, was very tall, handsome, courageous and brave in battle. Even after his anointing to the kingdom, he remained easy to handle, although he came from a wealthy family that lived in modern Tol-el-fur. According to legend, the Lord himself announced to Samuel that at a certain time he would meet a young man from the tribe of Benjamin (by the way, the smallest), who would become the king of Israel. After the appointment, the prophet warned the Israelites that if they did not resist the will of the Almighty, then the Almighty would not be against them and against their king, wrote the royal duties and placed them in the camp temple, the tabernacle.
How the king quarreled with the prophet
The first ruler of the kingdom of Israel, Saul, remained in office for about 20 years. He created a regular army of 3,000 people, successfully fought the Philistines (one of the battles of this period is famous for the confrontation between Goliath and David), and was initially a very religious person (he wanted to execute his own son for breaking his fast once). However, before the battle in Gilgal, he personally made sacrifices, without waiting for Samuel (such actions were the duties of the prophet himself), and then refused to carry out Samuel’s order to completely destroy the Amalekites. The angry prophet announced the deprivation of Saul's royal title and the possible death of all his descendants. The king, deprived of the support of the prophet, lost heart, an evil spirit possessed him, and he lost interest in autocratic activities.
The prophet's choice fell on a blond young man
Samuel, heeding the voice of the Most High, went to Bethlehem, where he chose and anointed David from the tribe of Judah as king. It is interesting that, according to historical data, David did not have a Middle Eastern appearance. He had a pleasant face, handsome eyes and had blond hair, which was not usually typical for the inhabitants of this region. In addition, he was distinguished by physical strength (he defeated a bear and a lion) and meekness. And he sang and played the harp so well that the official King Saul lost his depressive mood to the sounds of his music.
Before the wedding of David and Saul's daughter, many Philistines were killed
After David's victory and his musical successes at the royal court, Saul made him his son-in-law, marrying his youngest daughter to him. At the same time, David exceeded the royal condition for the wedding - he took the lives of not one hundred, but two hundred Philistines with the help of troops in the next battle. David's popularity irritated the suspicious king, and he tried to kill him, after which the young man went to the prophet, who then lived in Rama. Saul pursued his son-in-law everywhere, killed almost all the priests who helped him escape, and gave his wife to another man as his wife. In this process, David did not reciprocate his feelings and many times spared Saul at moments when he could have killed him. King Saul committed suicide when, in another battle with the Philistines, he was surrounded and lost three sons. Before this, he turned to the famous sorceress of Endor to find out his fate. And, as expected, for this conversion he was left by the mercy of the Almighty.
David and his son Solomon brought prosperity to Israel
David, fleeing the persecution of Saul, went over to the Philistines, who later defeated Saul. In the resulting power vacuum, David came with his followers to the city of Hebron, where the Jews proclaimed him king. This is how two kingdoms were formed - Israel and Judah. The first was headed by Jephostheus (son of Saul), the second by David. These two states fought among themselves for about two years (Jephostheus ruled for so long), after which the victorious David was elected ruler of all Israel at the request of the Israeli elders. Subsequently, he conquered Jerusalem, Moab, some territories of Syria and the shores of the Euphrates, etc., subordinated spiritual power to secular power, placed the Ark of the Covenant on the surface and composed psalms. In old age, he transferred power to his son Solomon, born from a relationship with Bathsheba, who was the wife of another man.
Historians believe that the rulers of Judah, David and his son Solomon, brought a “golden age” to the people of Israel. The son of David managed to develop the domestic and foreign policy achievements of his father. According to religious sources, he received a prosperous reign, great wisdom and patience for not deviating from serving the Almighty. Under Solomon, united Israel and Judah were built; they were not in poverty due to the trade route from Damascus to Egypt, wars with the Egyptians stopped, since the daughter of Pharaoh became the first royal wife. The annual income of the kingdom under Solomon was estimated at more than 600 talents of gold (a talent is about 26 liters). But by the end of the reign, the state treasury was empty due to large expenses for the temple and palace, which led to the need to increase taxes, against which the subordinate tribes rebelled. The single state again split into Judea and Israel.
Why did the Kingdom of Judah last longer than the Kingdom of Israel?
Who was the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel? This territory was larger than the separated Judean south; up to two-thirds of the entire population of the former unified state lived here, and the most fertile lands were located here. But in the south, among the Jews, Jerusalem remained with the main temple and national shrines. Therefore, the Jewish formation lasted longer, despite the worse economic situation. While the Northern Kingdom of Israel, led in the early years of its existence by Jeroboam, was on the political map of that time for about 250 years, where the Age of Kings was established for this period. The kings of Israel from Jeroboam to Hosea retreated, as a rule, from serving the One God of Israel, erected a number of temples with or worshiped the deities of the Phoenician cult. The country suffered greatly from many coups d'etat and was conquered in 722 by Sargon the Second, king of Assyria.
After Josiah, his twenty-three-year-old son Jehoahaz sat on the throne. He reigned for three months and was dethroned by Pharaoh Necho. This king did not inherit the piety of his father, he was wicked. He was succeeded by twenty-five-year-old Joachim, who reigned for eleven years. He also committed iniquities.
In 598, eighteen-year-old Jehoiachin reigned. Like his predecessors, he was wicked. His reign was short-lived. That same year, three months later, King Nebuchadnezzar came to Jerusalem and took him into captivity.
That same year, the throne passed to Zedekiah. He was the last (twentieth) king of the Jews. The name Zedekiah was given to him by Nebuchadnezzar, who placed him in power. His real name is Matthania. Zedekiah was the uncle of Jehoiachin, who was taken captive. In 588, in the eleventh year of Zedekiah's reign, God's wrath broke out against Jerusalem, because this king also did what was displeasing to God.
At this time, the Edomites, Moabites and other peoples rebelled against the rule of the Babylonians. They encouraged Zedekiah to join in the union. The prophet Jeremiah warned against this crazy step. The Lord, through the prophet, exhorted us to submit to the Chaldean king: And now I have given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon my servant, and even the beasts of the field I have given to serve him.(Jer 27:6).
But Zedekiah broke away from the Babylonian king and rebelled. Nebuchadnezzar was in difficulty. It was necessary to decide on whom to direct the attack, so the rebellion arose in several places. Nebuchadnezzar cast lots, and the lot fell on Jerusalem. A protracted siege of the city began. Josephus Flavius says that it was conducted according to all the rules of the art of war. The Chaldeans built many embankments around the city, reaching the same height as the walls. They erected huge towers on the ramparts and with the help of these towers they prevented the defenders of Jerusalem from taking positions on the walls. The defenders of the doomed city stubbornly and steadfastly withstood the siege. For a long time, neither the military skill of the besiegers, nor hunger, nor pestilence could break their courage. They boldly went out into battle, not embarrassed by the cunning devices and siege weapons of the enemy. The resistance lasted eighteen months until the defenders “fell prey to hunger and the missiles with which the enemies showered them from the tops of their siege towers” (Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 10. 8, 1).
On the 9th day of the fourth month of Tammuz (July) 587, the Chaldeans made the first breach of the city wall at the northern gate. Having learned about this, King Zedekiah fled at night through the gate between two walls, which researchers identify with the gate of the Source. The fugitives headed towards Jericho, but were captured by the Chaldeans on the way. The former king Zedekiah was taken to Nebuchadnezzar, who was in Riblah (in the land of Hamath). His sons were executed in front of Zedekiah. Then he was blinded. The highest representatives of the church and civil authorities were also taken to Nebuchadnezzar at Rivla and executed. The blinded Zedekiah was taken to Babylon, where two years later he was also put to a violent death.
The warnings of the Lord also came true in the kingdom of Judah, but only later, one hundred and thirty-four years later. The sacred writer says: And Judah also did not keep the commandments of the Lord his God, but acted according to the customs of the Israelites, as they did. And the Lord turned away from all the descendants of Israel, and humbled them, and gave them into the hands of robbers, and finally cast them out from before Him.(2 Kings 17, 19-20).
The misfortunes of the once populous flourishing city were mourned in the book prophet Jeremiah. He weeps bitterly at night, and his tears are on his cheeks. He has no comforter among all those who loved him; all his friends betrayed him and became his enemies(Lamentations 1, 2). In memory of this tragedy, the Jews established a one-day fast on the 17th of Tammuz.
The fall and destruction of Jerusalem was only the beginning of national disasters. The next month, on the 9th, another difficult and painful event for the memory of the Jews occurred - The Jerusalem Temple was burned military commander Nebuzaradan. This day is also marked by a one-day fast. Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple by the Romans in 70 AD. falls on the same day.
For most of the residents of Jerusalem and other Jews, the seventy-year captivity. The country did not remain completely deserted. The small part of the surviving poor population could not brighten up the overall picture of the terrible desolation of Judea. By order of the Babylonian king, the prophet Jeremiah was given the freedom to go to Babylon or remain in his homeland. The Prophet chose the latter.
Over the remaining part of the Jewish population, Nebuchadnezzar appointed ruler Gedaliah. As a noble and wise man, he called on his compatriots: do not be afraid to be subject to the Chaldeans, settle on the earth and serve the king of Babylon, and it will be good for you(2 Kings 25, 24). In these words there was submission to the will of God.
Gedaliah chose Mizpah, a city northwest of Jerusalem, as his residence. Here he formed a guard of Jews and Chaldeans and, with the support of the prophets Jeremiah and Baruch, tried to organize the poor population of Judea into a community. These plans did not come true. Gedaliah was villainously killed two months later by Ishmael, sent by the Ammonite king Baalis. In memory of the violent death of Gedaliah, according to Jewish tradition, fasting was established in the seventh month. Josephus Flavius calls Gedaliah an honest and philanthropic person.
Key words of the summary: Israel, Judea, patriarchs, prophets, kings of Judah, kingdom of Israel, Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Moses, David, Solomon.
Abraham, Sarah and Isaac
Abraham- in the Pentateuch, the ancestor of the Jewish people, the first of the three patriarchs. He is also considered the ancestor of the Arabs and Arameans. Abraham is considered in the Jewish tradition not only as the ancestor of the Jewish people, but also as the founder of Jewish monotheism. Post-biblical tradition credits him with the discovery of the existence of one God, creator of earth and heaven and ruler of the world.
Descendant of Eber (Ever), great-grandson of Shem, first son of Noah. His original name was Avram, he was born in the Chaldean city of Ur in southern Mesopotamia. There he married Saraya, whom God later gave the name Sarah. Living among the pagan world, Abraham began to preach faith in One God.
Abram, in the 75th year of his life, left his homeland and, accompanied by his wife and nephew Lot, crossed the Euphrates into the territory. This is where his nickname came from Avram-ha-ivri - “arrived from the other side of the river.” Not far from Shechem, God again appeared to Abram and promised to give all of Canaan to his descendants. Then he promised him to make his descendants countless, “like the sand of the earth.” The promise was sealed by an alliance ( covenant). But, nevertheless, Abraham did not have children for a long time. The biblical stories about Abraham contain many plots that have become the basis of many works of art. These include the kidnapping of Sarah’s wife and the expulsion of Hagar, the concubine who gave birth to Abraham’s first-born Ismail, after his wife Sarah gave birth to a son. Isaac; but was especially popular story of the sacrifice of Isaac , which the father had to do by order of God; but at the last moment an angel withdrew his hand, ordering the firstborn to be circumcised instead of the sacrifice as a sign that the descendants of Abraham remembered the covenant.
The biblical narrative clearly expresses Abraham's unparalleled loyalty and devotion to God alone. Despite all the trials, he unquestioningly carries out the orders of Jehovah. Death befell Abraham at the age of 175 years, and he was buried by Isaac and Ishmael in the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron next to Sarah's grave.
Moses
Moses(Heb. Moshe) - one of the greatest prophets of the Bible who led the Israelites out of Egyptian slavery; on Mount Sinai, Jehovah told him his Covenant: conditions under which he will patronize the people of Israel. Moses is considered the founder of the religious system.
The only source of information about Moses is the biblical text. Some researchers believe that his name is of Egyptian origin and means “child.” Translated from Hebrew it means “taken out of the water.” There is a story in the Old Testament about how an Egyptian princess found him in a basket floating on the Nile and raised him. Having stood up for a fellow tribesman, he killed the overseer and fled the country into the desert, but had to return to fulfill God's command to lead the Israelites out of captivity in Egypt . After the suffering that befell the inhabitants of Egypt, and the miracles performed by God to pave the way for his people to freedom, Moses carried out his will. After receiving the Tablets of the Covenant Fourty years The Israelites wandered through the desert. But the people of Moses had difficulty accepting the new faith for them, they grumbled and returned to the old familiar cults. Moses failed to live to enter the Promised Land, the new leader did it Joshua.
David (c. 1043 - c. 973 BC)
David- second king of all the tribes of Israel. He was the youngest son of Jesse from the village of Bethlehem in Judea. David became famous as a young man by defeating a Philistine Goliath. Moreover, the development of the biblical plot of this battle is very reminiscent of folklore motifs. No one wanted to fight the giant, so the king promised the brave man a daughter and half a kingdom in addition. David, who brought bread for his brothers, volunteered to participate in the duel. His older brothers made fun of him. But the king allowed him to accept the challenge. Since David won, he married King Saul’s daughter Michal. His victories in the wars with the Philistines led to great popularity among the people. But Saul hated David, and he fled to the Philistines. After the death of Saul in battle, David proclaimed himself king of his native tribe (tribe) of Judah. After an internecine struggle that destroyed all of David's rivals, he became king of all the tribes of Israel. After this he defeated the Philistines, made Jerusalem, recaptured from the Jebusites, capital of Israel .
David died at the age of 70 after thirty-three years as king in Jerusalem over all Israel. He founded a dynasty that reigned for almost 500 years, before the times Zerubbabel, which is around 538 BC. led the return of Israelis to Palestine.
Solomon (reigned c. 973 - c. 933 BC)
Solomon- son of David from Bathsheba and the last king of the united kingdom of Israel. During David's lifetime, two of his sons, Absalom and Adonijah, attempted to claim the throne, but were unsuccessful. Bathsheba, supported by the prophet Nathana, convinced David to declare Solomon heir to the throne and publicly anoint him as the kingdom of Israel. His throne name Solomon translates as "peace", and his reign was indeed peaceful, although it began with the execution of his brother Adonijah and other potential rivals.
Solomon began to reign in 20 year old age. Having fortified Jerusalem and a number of other cities, he especially strengthened the political power of his kingdom; concluding trade agreements with neighboring states, as well as building a merchant fleet at Ezion-geber and sending ships to distant countries. He strengthened it economically, but by dividing the country into regions ruled by his governors; and also streamlined its administrative system. David erected Jerusalem Temple, storage . He also maintained a close alliance with Egypt and Phenicia. Solomon's main wife was an Egyptian princess. Moreover, the pharaoh gave the Philistine city of Gazer, which he had conquered, as a dowry. supplied Solomon not only with skilled artisans, but also with timber, ships and sailors for the fleet. To pay for this help, Solomon had to cede most of Galilee to Tire.
By the end of Solomon's reign, the majority of the Israelites, dissatisfied with the overwhelming burden placed on them to carry out these projects, as well as the responsibility for maintaining the Temple and the priests, were opposed to the Davidic dynasty. Immediately after Solomon's death, the ten northern tribes rebelled under the leadership of Jeroboam.
As a result, they founded new kingdom of Israel . Bequeathed to the son of Solomon Rehoboam small Kingdom of Judah was conquered by Egypt and the temple was plundered.
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The history of the kingdom of Israel and all the kings of Israel begins with the reign of the first king - Saul; this demand of the people was not according to the heart of God, since they rejected the rule of the Lord over themselves. As the book of Kings says, the first king did not remain God's faithful servant and servant of the people of Israel for long. He did not follow the orders of the Lord, and therefore was deprived of the Lord’s protection and his affection. The reign of the first king Saul ended with the fact that in the next war with the Philistines, Saul’s son died, and the first king of Israel himself also died.
The Lord God commanded Samuel to anoint the young shepherd David, who was tending his father’s flocks at that time, to the royal dignity. After David defeated the giant Goliath in battle, which determined the outcome of the battle between the Israeli army and the Philistines, the popularity of young David increases sharply among the people of Israel. Saul is afraid 
that David, taking advantage of the right of the winner, would remove him from the royal throne, and raised persecution against David, but the God of Israel was with him and his kingdom lasted 40 years. David made the city of Jerusalem the capital of the state. He expands the city, builds new neighborhoods and streets. David plans to build the Temple. David's plans for the construction of the Temple were later implemented by one of the kings of Israel - Solomon, David's son and successor. Solomon went down in the history of Israel as the wisest and richest king; he became the creator of the Jerusalem Temple. The reign of Solomon - 40 years - became the best time of Israel.
There were many kings of Israel in the subsequent history of the country. But, the heyday of Israel and its golden age occurred at the time when the kings of Israel David and Solomon ruled the kingdom. After the death of Solomon, the united state of Israel ceased to exist. Since then, the kings of Israel ruled over two states, each of which had its own King. The ruling dynasties began to change one after another during coups d'etat. Two tribes remained loyal to the throne of David and his son, and 10 tribes formed another state in the north of Israel. In 722 BC. ten tribes were captured by Assyria and taken into slavery, after which their fate is unknown. The southern kingdom of Judah existed for more than 300 years, and in 606 it was conquered by Nebuchadnezzar. All its inhabitants were resettled to Babylon, and according to prophecy, in 536, the Persian king Cyrus issued a decree on the return of Israel and the restoration of the temple, which was accomplished 70 years after the destruction - in 516 BC.
The kings of Judah represented one dynasty of David
Rehoboam (932-915) - 17 years old, bad. He had Maacah, the daughter of Absalom, as his wife. The Egyptian Susakim captured Jerusalem and plundered the wealth of its father Solomon.
Avia (915-913) - 3 years, bad. He had Ana as his wife, his mother’s sister, the daughter of Absalom.
Asa (913-872) - 41 years old, good. He led a pious life, eradicated idolatry, for which he also deprived his mother Anu of the title of queen.
Jehoshaphat (872-850) - 25 years good. He taught the people the law of God and had a large army.
Joram (850-843) - 8 years old, bad. He had Athaliah as his wife, and probably, following her teaching, killed all his brothers. Died from a cruel illness.
Ahaziah (843) - 1 year, bad. Named probably after his mother's half-brother Athaliah, the son of Ahab. He was killed while visiting Joram in Jezreel.
Athaliah (843-837) - 6 years old, bad, daughter or granddaughter of Omri, also called the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel. After the death of her son, Ahaziah killed all her descendants. She was killed in the conspiracy of the priest Jehoiada.
Joash (843-803) - 40 years old, good, was hidden for 6 years from Athaliah by his aunt Joshabetha. At the age of 7 he reigned and, under the leadership of Jehoiada, cleansed Judea of idols. After the death of Jehoiada, he turned to idolatry and killed his son Zechariah. Died from a conspiracy.
Amaziah (803-775) - 29 years old, started out not bad, until after the victory over the Edomites in the salt valley he brought their idols to Jerusalem and began to worship them. Joash of Israel destroyed and plundered Jerusalem and maimed Amaziah. Amaziah died from a conspiracy.
Uzziah (775-735) - 52 years old, good. The name Uzziah was a common name and his throne name was Azariah. (Brackhaus encyclopedia). The first years he reigned with his father Amaziah, the last years of his life he became proud and was a leper, and his son Jotham was on the throne.
Jotham (749-734) - 16 years old, good. He was practically a co-ruler with his father Uzziah.
Ahaz (741-726) - 16 years old, bad. At the beginning he was co-ruler with Jotham, and changed the altar according to the model of Damascus. 
Hezekiah (726-697) - 29 years old, good. In the fourth year of his reign in 722, the northern kingdom of Israel fell. In the 14th year, Sennacherib went to the whole land of Judea, God granted a miraculous deliverance from the king of Asyria and a miraculous recovery from illness with a sign.
Manasseh (697-642) - 50 years old, bad. Because of his wickedness, God did not want to forgive Judas. According to legend, he sawed down the prophet Isaiah.
Ammon (642-640) - 2 years, bad. Killed in a conspiracy.
Josiah (639-608) - 31 years old, good. At the age of 8 he became king and carried out pious reforms among the people. Killed by Pharaoh Necho.
Joahaz (608) - 3 months, bad. Captured by Pharaoh.
Joachim (608-597) - 11 years old, bad.
Eliakim was appointed Pharaoh in place of his brother Jehoahaz. At first, he paid tribute to the pharaoh and 3 years later, after the conquest by Nebuchadnezzar, to Babylon.
Jehoiachin (597) - 3 months, bad. He went out to Nebuchadnezzar and was taken to Babylon, where he lived for 37 years. He was taken out of prison and received support from the king until the day of his death.
Zedekiah (Matthania) 597-586) - 11 years old, bad. (Matthanah), Jeconiah's uncle, was taken to Babylon where he was put on trial. Jerusalem and the temple were destroyed and remained in ruins for 70 years.
Gedaliah, the last ruler of Judah, installed as king of Babylon, ruled for 2 months and was killed, he was not from the royal family of David
After the death of Solomon, the kingdom was divided, ten tribes made up the northern kingdom called “Israel”; Judah and Benjamin formed the southern kingdom, called "Judah."
Israel's 19 kings comprised 9 different dynasties
Jeroboam (932-911) - 22 years old, bad. Founder of the Northern Independent of Judah. Jeroboam, like the Jews on the way from Egypt, introduced Egyptian idolatry of the calf into the country. Probably in memory of work in copper mines, where often after a dying candle the exit depended on the instinct for a fresh stream of oxen that pulled heavy loads. All 19 kings worshiped the calf.
Navat (911-910) - 2 years, bad. He walked in the ways of his father and was killed by Baasha and all the house of Jeroboam.
Vaasa (910-887) - 24 years old, bad. Conspired against Navat and fought with the Kingdom of Judah.
Ila (887-886) - 2 years, bad. He was a libertine, killed in a drunken state by Zamri, who destroyed the entire house of Ila.
Zimri (Jehu) (886) - 7 days, bad. Burned in the fire.
Omri (886-875) - 12 years old, bad. Under him, Israel began to act worse than the surrounding nations.
Ahab (875-854) - 22 years old, bad. He married the daughter of the Sidonian priest Ethbaal, who destroyed the prophets of the Lord and introduced in Israel the worship of Baal and Ashtoreth, which was eradicated by the prophets Elijah, Elisha and Ju.
Ahaziah (855-854) - 2 years, bad. He followed the path of his mother, and under mysterious circumstances fell through the bars of a house and died.
Joram (854-843) - 12 years old, bad. Killed by the military commander Jehu.
Jehu (843-816) - 28 years old, bad. The commander of Ahab's bodyguard, he destroyed his entire house and the worship of Baal.
Joahaz (820-804) - 17 years old, bad. He walked in the ways of his father Jehu. 
Joash (806-790) - 16 years old, bad. He fought and destroyed the walls of Jerusalem.
Jeroboam 2 (790-749) - 41 years old, bad.
Zechariah (748) - 6 months, bad. Publicly killed by Sellum.
Sellum (748) - 1 month, bad. Killed by Menaim from Tirzah.
Menaim (748-738) - 10 years old, bad. He paid off Phul, the king of Assyria.
Fakiya (738-736) - 2 years, bad.
Fakei (736-730) ~ 20 years old, bad. In 734 BC. Tiglathpileser took northern and eastern Israel into captivity.
Hosea (730-721) - 9 years old, bad. The Assyrian king Shalmaneser imposed tribute on him after his death in 721 BC. Samaria and the rest of Israel were taken and carried into captivity by Sargon in 722.
Captivity and return from Babylon of Israel
The Babylonian captivity of Judah occurred in three stages:
1) In 606 BC.
2) In 597 BC.
3) In 586 BC.
The Babylonian captivity lasted 70 years, from 606-536 BC.
In 516 70 years later from the destruction and burning of the temple in 586, it was restored.
The return of Israel took place in three stages:
1) from the decree of Cyrus in 538-536;
2) under Artharxerxes the First and the priest Ezra in 458;
3) in the 20th year of the reign of Artharxerxes I, with cupbearer Nehemiah in 445.
What was the beginning of the time of allotment determined for Israel in 69 weeks until the death of Christ: “Know therefore and understand: from the time the commandment goes out to restore Jerusalem, until Christ the Lord, there are seven weeks and sixty-two weeks; and [the people] will return and streets and walls will be built, but in difficult times. And at the end of sixty-two weeks Christ will be put to death” (Dan.9:26)
In the IV century. conquest of the Greek Empire by A. Macedonian
IN III-II century Maccabean Wars with the Kings of Syria
In Iv. BC Formation of the Roman Empire, conquest of Pompey (63 BC)
37-4 to R/X. the kingdom of Herod Idumea, who destroyed the royal family of the Hasmoneans. To give his dynasty the royal connections of the Hasmonean family, Herod married the granddaughter of the high priest Hyrcanus IIMariamne, who was subsequently ordered to be executed with her two sons and her mother.
With the establishment of the Law of Moses, Israel had no kingship for nearly five centuries. The Lord Himself was the King. Prophets, judges and elders were only executors of His will. This type of government is called theocracy(literally, the power of God). Being God and the Heavenly King of all nations, the Lord was in relation to His chosen people at the same time Tsar earthly. From Him came laws and regulations not only of a religious nature, but also of a family, social, and state nature.
When Samuel grew old, the elders of Israel gathered together and began to ask: set a king over us so that he judges us like other nations(1 Kings 8:5). Samuel did not like these words. The great prophet saw in them a threat to theocracy.
However, the Lord allowed Samuel to satisfy the people's desire, finding that the fulfillment of this may not contradict the form of government established among the Jews, since the earthly king of the theocratic state of the Jews could and should have been nothing more than a zealous executor and guide in the people entrusted to him with the laws of the King of Heaven .
The first king anointed to the kingdom by the prophet Samuel was Saul, son of Kis. It happened like this. Kish's best donkeys were missing, and he sent his son Saul and a servant to find them. After a three-day search, they came to the land of Zuph - the fatherland of the great prophet Samuel. The donkeys were not found, the servant advised Saul to ask the famous seer about them. So the Lord brought the future king to the prophet Samuel. God revealed this to Samuel the day before Saul came. The prophet Samuel took a vessel of oil and poured it on Saul’s head, kissed him and said: Behold, the Lord anoints you to be the ruler of His inheritance(1 Kings 10:1). Until now, the Old Testament spoke of anointing only the high priest with holy oil (see: Exodus 30:30).
Royal power places great responsibility on a person. Through myrrh (or holy oil) Divine spiritual gifts were given for the successful completion of this ministry.
As Saul was returning, he met a company of prophets, and the Spirit of God came upon him, and he prophesied among them. To prophesy in biblical language does not always mean to foretell. In this case the word prophesied can be understood in the sense that he glorified God and His miracles in enthusiastic hymns of praise, which implies a special rise in the spiritual powers of man. For everyone who knew Saul before, this was extremely unexpected, so the Jews had a proverb: Is Saul also a prophet?(1 Kings 10, 11).
In the early years, Saul was quite at the height of his rank. He won several victories over the Philistines and Amalekites, who were hostile to the chosen people. But gradually power intoxicated him. He began to act autocratically, disregarding the will of God which the prophet Samuel revealed to him.
Saul's self-will displeased Samuel. Samuel's final break with Saul occurred after the victory over the Amalekites. The Lord demanded that everything gained in battle be cursed, that is, completely destroyed. But Saul and the people spared the best of the sheep, the oxen, the fattened lambs, and everything of value that came to them. When Samuel rebuked him on behalf of the Lord, Saul said that he had kept the spoils to sacrifice to the Lord. Samuel replied that obedience to God is better than any sacrifice, and disobedience is as sinful as magic.