Spelling of prefixes before and under: a rule from the new Russian language textbook. Is Elena the Wise? Or how to write prefixes pre- and pre-

• when - approaching, when - touching, when - arriving, when - running, when - saying, when - sitting down, when - sewing.
  

  pre - interrupt, pre - block, pre - unpleasant, pre - transformation, pre - transgress

  cheerful

• Examples of words with a prefix at-:

  • In meaning " accession": sew, nail, glue, stick, pin.
  • In meaning " approximation": to fly, to sail, to gallop, to arrive, to run, to come.
  • In meaning " closeness to something": coastal, school, station (square), seaside (shore).
  • In meaning " incomplete action": sit down, open slightly, close slightly, get sick, bite.

  Examples of words with a prefix pre-:

  • In meaning Very: beautiful, charming, wise, generous-generous, elderly.
  • When pri is equal to prefix re-: stop, turn, argue, overcome, bend (knee).
• Pre- and pre- are semantic. The choice in their spelling depends on the meaning they bring to the semantics of the word.

  The attachment is has the following meanings:

  1) approaching - running, mooring, leaning, landing;

  2) the proximity of something nearby, for example:

  Dnieper region, suburb, coastal, Baikal, border, station;

  3) attachment - nail, screw, tie, glue;

  4) incomplete action - burn, open, powder, smack, powder;

  5) bringing the action to the end - invent, squint;

  6) accompanying action - dancing, whistling, humming, stamping, dancing.

  The prefix pre- has the meaning of re- in words:

  barrier, transgress (law), interrupt;

  In the meaning “very” the prefix appears in the words:

  very funny, very curious, very curious, very dirty, wise, satiated, excessive (weight), very unpleasant, very nasty, extol, very fat (magazine).

• On pre-:(with the meaning of the word very, very, differently)

  attach

  bend down

  open slightly

  come up with

  chorus

  seaside

  On pri-: (with the meaning of the words joining, approaching, bringing the action to completion)

  very large

  exaggerate

  transgress

  transform

  transform

• Prefix PRI-

  Attachment: nail, sew, tie, attach, glue, attach, screw, baste, attach, fasten.

  Approaching: to run, to come, to drag, to bring, to bring, to roll up, to drive, to sail, to gallop up, to land, to land on the moon, to arrive, to arrive, to arrive.

  Proximity: seaside, school, Amur, station, homestead.

  Incomplete action: lie down, stand up, sit down, open slightly, press down.

  Prefix PRE-

  Close in meaning to the word “very”: charming, beautiful, wise, enormous, lovely, exaggerate, extol, most unpleasant.

  Close in meaning to the prefix re-: transgress, argue, overcome, block, interrupt, break.

  There are many words in this rule, the spelling of prefixes for which depends on the meaning: receiver - successor, implement - pretend. There are also words whose spelling must be remembered: invent, try on, be present; obstacle, despise.

• Words with the prefix at - sit down, approach, touch, join, sew on, belittle

  Words with the prefix pre - interrupt, block, transformation, superiority, exaggeration

  When writing words with the prefixes -pre- and -remember the rules of the Russian Language

  You really can't go wrong.

• Examples of words with the prefix "pri-":

  • accession
  • approximation
  • touch
  • arrive
  • come running
  • proverb
  • sit down
  • sew on
  • nail

  Examples of words with the prefix "pre-":

  • transform
  • interrupt
  • block
  • most unpleasant
  • transformation
  • transgress
  • cheerful

  The rule for using the prefixes “pri-” and “pre”.

  The prefix "at-" is used to mean:

  • approach (to arrive, to come running)
  • attachment (sew, nail, pin)
  • located near something (school, local, suburban)
  • incomplete action (short-term) (quiet, lie down, sit down)

  The prefix "pre-" is used to mean:

  • very (very cheerful (very cheerful), very unpleasant (very unpleasant))
  • cross (transgress (step over), block (block))
• There are many such words that can be chosen.

  Prefix pri-: recognition, accession, chorus, approach, hide, accept, open, attract, hillock, seaside, coastal.

  Prefix pre-: venerable, excellent, transfiguration, crime, refraction, teach, overcome, exalt.

• Words with prefix pre

  very beautiful - wonderful

  very good - kind

  very cool - excellent.

  Words with the prefix at

  sit down next to me, sit next to me, lie down next to me.

  Not all sub-clauses of the same rule. You need to learn a little.

• Prefixes PRE and PRI and examples of words with them:

  most cheerful, wise, beautiful, most holy, most pure, despise, transform, most amusing, block, interrupt, surpass, present, stop;

  sew, gallop, run, attach, approach, look after, tie, attach, weld, glue, roadside, seaside, station, seaside, household, lie down, press, pin down, sail, fly.

  For the spelling rules for these prefixes with examples, see:

  

  In some words, both the prefix pre- and the prefix pre- can be used, but the words differ in their meaning. See the picture.

To decide how to correctly write the prefixes pre- and pri-, you need to learn to distinguish which lexical meaning they give to this or that word. This is in most cases.

Because there are also words that you just need to remember or check in a dictionary.

Pre- and pre-. Their semantics

1. The prefix pre- means:

a) The highest degree of quality (action) with the meaning “very” or “very”. For example: very much, exaggerate, elderly.

b) The meaning of the prefix pre- is almost the same as that of the morpheme re-. For example: overcome (overpower), block (block), transform (rebuild).

2. The prefix pri- means:

a) Adding to something. For example: additional payment, addition.

b) Approaching or being close to something. For example: suburb, coastal.

c) An action that occurs at the same time as another action. For example: sing and dance.

d) Incompleteness of action. For example: open slightly, sit down.

e) The perfect form of a verb formed from the imperfect, if its meaning does not change. For example: beat-nail, think-invent.

More examples

The examples given below eloquently demonstrate the need (for the correct spelling of words) to distinguish what the prefixes pre- and pri- mean. Despise (shelter) and despise (consider insignificant, unworthy), arrive (arrive) and abide (be somewhere), give (add) and betray (change), receiver (apparatus that receives electric current, etc.) and successor ( heir), proceed (begin) and transgress (violate), pretend (cover) and implement (carry out in reality).

However, there are words in which the prefixes pre- and pre- have unclear meaning. For example: freedom, neglect, habit, welcome, sentence, adventure, picky, apply, decent, swear. This also applies to words of foreign origin: privilege, drug, president, priority. Their spelling should be checked in a dictionary or memorized. In addition, there is a group of words in which the prefixes pre- and pre- were previously identified as a separate morpheme, but now they are not. These include: subject, advantage, limit, contradict, preclude, deceive, obstacle, punctuation (signs), bicker, obstacle, satiate, notorious, stumbling, abhor, fastidious, device, order, comely, primitive, decent, take communion, claim , affection, reason.

Spelling: prefixes pre- and pr-

The rule again depends on the semantics of these morphemes.

Spelling prefixes is one of the most difficult topics in Russian spelling. This especially applies to the spelling of the prefixes pre- and pri-, which are sometimes very difficult to distinguish.

Prefix PRE-

The spelling of prefixes depends on the meaning that this morpheme gives to the word.

The prefix is ​​used if the meaning of the morpheme is close to the meaning of the prefix re-.

In addition, the meaning of the prefix pre- may be synonymous with the word “very”.

Let's give examples : to be fed up - to be very satiated, very bad - very bad, to block - to block, to transform - to remake, to change the image.

Prefix PRI-

The prefix pri-, according to this rule, is written in several cases:

• approximation (to arrive, to arrive);
• accession (stick, attach);
• territorial proximity (school, seaside);
• incomplete action (sit down, embellish).

Special cases of writing pre and at

In some cases, using this rule is not easy, but it is absolutely necessary, because the vowel in the prefix helps to distinguish the meaning.

Here are some examples:

• bend the knee - bend a branch;
• break the law - get down to business;
• to be perplexed - to arrive at the station;
• passing difficulties - visiting servants;
• to betray friends - to attach importance.

There are a number of words in which the prefix has largely lost its meaning or has become part of the root. These words need to be remembered or looked up in the dictionary: nature, reason, device, obstacle, contradict, etc.

Prefixes in words of foreign language origin

Morphemes that sound like pre- and pre- are also found in other languages, including Latin, from which we borrow many terms. Such words cannot be verified using this rule. You need to either remember them or clarify the spelling using a dictionary.

Here are some examples: president, privilege, preamble, primitive, priority, private, prestige, premiere.

How to distinguish pre- from pre-

To write a prefix correctly, you must first try to determine its meaning:

• if the meaning is close to “re” or “very”, write pre-;
• if it has the meaning of approach, annexation, territorial proximity and incomplete action, write at-;
• If you cannot confidently determine the spelling of a prefix or a foreign word, turn to a dictionary for help.

Here are some examples:

• turn- the prefix is ​​close in meaning to the prefix pere-, because this word means “to remake”, so we write pre-;
• bizarre- slightly strange, close in meaning to the incompleteness of the action, therefore with-;
• reptile- it is difficult to determine the meaning of the prefix, so it is wiser to look in the dictionary.

Words with the prefixes pre- and pri- are very often found in our speech, so difficult cases are worth remembering. To do this, you can use mnemonic formulas. For example, like this: "The aged reptile pursued the criminal."

What have we learned?

The spelling of prefixes depends on their meaning. The prefix pre is used if it is close in meaning to the prefix re- or the word “very”. The prefix at - is appropriate in the case where the word has the meaning of approaching (to arrive), joining (to screw), territorial proximity (school), incompleteness of action (to open slightly). The spelling of a number of words (foreign words and those whose meaning is unclear) must be memorized or clarified in the dictionary.

Lesson topic:

Technologies: personality-oriented, work in groups, games.

Goals: - repetition spelling rule regulating the choice of letters e And And V

prefixes pre – and at -;

Develop the ability to distinguish the meaning and spelling of words with prefixes

pre – and at - ; development of students' speech;

Foster the need to master competent writing

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Lesson summary

Lesson topic: Spelling of prefixes pre - at - .

Technologies: personality-oriented, work in groups, games.

Goals: - repetition of the spelling rule governing the choice of letters e and and in

Prefixes pre – and at -;

Develop the ability to distinguish the meaning and spelling of words with prefixes

Pre – and at -; development of students' speech;

Foster the need to master competent writing.

During the classes:

1. Org. moment.

II. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson. Write the topic in your notebook.

1. Teacher’s word on the topic of the lesson:

Today we have a lesson - a generalization on the topic “Vowels in the prefixes pre- and pr-”. Today in the lesson we will remember what the choice of letters depends on e and i in the prefixes pre - and at - , and we will also continue to work on developing the ability to distinguish the meaning and spelling of words with the prefixes pre - and at - .

2. New topic explained:

Spelling words with prefixes PRE- and PRI-

In order to write words starting with PRE- or PRI without errors, you need to learn the following rule.

In most words, the choice of vowel I or E depends on the meaning of the prefix.

The prefix PRI- can mean:
1. Spatial contiguity, proximity: COASTAL, SCHOOL.
2. Approaching, joining: ARRIVE, LEAN, STICK.
3. Incomplete action: CLOSE THE DOOR, BEND, DECORATE.
4. Bringing the action to an end: SHOOT, IMAGINE.

The prefix PRE- can express:
1. A high degree of quality or action and have a meaning close to the meaning of the word “very”: WORST, PRECIOUS, PREVAIL.
2. A meaning close to the meaning of the prefix PERE-: TRANSFORM, TRANSFORM, BARRIER.

This rule has two notes:
1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spellings of words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning:
DESPITE (hate) – DESPITE (give shelter), BEND (kneel) – BEND (branch), SUFFER (difficulties, misfortunes) – BEAR (to circumstances), TRANSIENT (moment) – COMING (postman),
STAY (be) – ARRIVE (approach).
2. There are words in which the spelling of the vowel cannot be explained by the rule stated above. These are Russian words in which the prefix is ​​no longer singled out (for example, NATURE, REASON, CLAIM, DEVICE, PRELESTCHAT, PREPONA, PREPOSVOVITI), as well as borrowings (PRESIDIUM, PREAMBLE, PREPARATION, PRIVILEGE, PRIMITIVE, PRIVATE, PRIORITY). In such cases, to avoid mistakes, you need to use a dictionary.

3. Explanatory dictation. (One student does it on the board, all the rest in a notebook).

Primorsky region, very unpleasant conversation, limp slightly, interrupt the story, bring the dog, dim the lights, very bad temper, think about a problem, sew on a button.

III. Updating knowledge.

1.Task in groups: fill in the missing column of the table. (The tables are shown on different halves of the board).

Assignment for group 1:

Assignment for group 2:

IV. An exercise to consolidate a skill.
1. Differentiated – creative tasks: (work in groups)

Task for organizing group work:

1. First, everyone independently solves the problem.

2. Then shares his thoughts with the whole group.

3. Everyone listens carefully to each participant, then composes common decision, taking into account the opinion of each participant.

4. One of the participants is having a conversation with classmates.

1 group. A.

Guys! Sos! We need help! We missed class. We don’t know how to correctly write the prefixes pre and at! Complete the task and explain to us which prefix to write in these words and why. Do you have a table to help you?

Wisdom passes over the years.

What you gain in childhood, you will rely on in old age.

The swallow flew by - soon thunder will roar.

The crane brings the sun.

I was leaving for lunch, but arrived on Wednesday.

There is wisdom in cabbage soup, and strength in cabbage.

Neither this nor that was boiling, otherwise it was burning.

If on New Year There are a lot of stars - there will be a lot of berries.

Native side. That a kind mother - pr...warms, pr...caresses. will feed.

Organization of reflection:

Tell us how you completed the task, how the result was obtained, what you learned while completing this task?

Key for checking the task:

Wisdom comes with age.

What you acquire in childhood is what you will rely on in old age.

The swallow has flown in - soon thunder will roar.

The crane brings the sun.

I went for lunch and arrived on Wednesday.

Wisdom is in cabbage soup, and strength is in cabbage.

Neither this nor that was boiling, otherwise it was burnt.

If there are a lot of stars on New Year's Day, there will be plenty of berries.

Native side. That a kind mother will warm you up, caress you, feed you.

2nd group. B.

Exercise:

Word combinations are given, explain to your classmates their spellings

A kind person, a very unpleasant conversation, a very long story, a very bad character, a school station, a roadside patrol, a station square. dear child, block the road.

Organization of reflection:

1. group. IN.

Have a conversation with your classmates about the spelling of the prefixes pre and pre.

Organization of reflection:

How did you complete the task, how was the result obtained, what did you learn while completing the task?

2. Exercise.
1. Korotkov didn’t hear, although he kept his ear to the keyhole.

(M. Bulgakov, "Diaboliada")
2. Dasha climbed onto the stove with difficulty, covered herself with her coat, and pulled up her legs. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
3. So, I got down and went to my unit. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
4. Pro_dolevaya headache, he was all ready for the last fight.

(A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
5. This Kuzma Kuzmich was still in the carriage looking at Dasha - somehow he liked her. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
6. The siskin chirped and jumped incessantly, and the cage incessantly swayed and trembled. (According to I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
7. He pushed his hat to the back of his head, holding the rifle. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
8. Instead of sunflowers luring the sun into the small windows of the huts, only rotten stems stick out. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
9. At that moment the boat sailed. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
10. Let grief give you strength. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
11. Isn’t this advantage that there are fewer traces of lordship in them than in us? (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
12. But I cannot feel humiliated, the last of all. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
13. Why assume in advance that I am an enemy? (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
14. You will have to give up all your habits; there, alone, you will have to work... (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
15. I, despite numerous vicissitudes, have never known misfortune. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
16. Further service record is enclosed with the passport. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
17. At that moment A.V. entered the room, and the conversation stopped. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
18. Insarov read Elena’s note and immediately began to put his room in order. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
19. Agrippina walked as if tied, step by step - behind her husband. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
20. I know a nasty tavern where they will give us a nasty little lunch. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
21. Kuzma Kuzmich lined up on the bench under the stove and also couldn’t fall asleep right away - he muttered, smacking his lips. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
22. And you talk to him and look at him at the same time. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
23. Ivan Ilyich, without moving, opened his eyelids slightly. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
24. The expression in her eyes was charming. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
25. Even if you have seven spans in your forehead, you have not mastered science, and you will always make a mistake. (According to A. Tolstoy, “Walking through torment”)
26. And the girl is written badly. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
27. I advise you, my friend, to botanize: this is the best thing you can think of. (According to I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
28. You seem to be a smart person: why should we pretend? (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
29. And good men will definitely cheat your father. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
30. The singer surrendered to the wave that lifted her, her face was transformed. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
31. Bring him to me, I’ll interrogate him myself. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
32. Elena could no longer carelessly indulge in the feeling of her happiness. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
33. She put the lamp on the table, turned off the light, and sat down. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
34. And N.P. took out the notorious brochure from the back pocket of his coat.

(I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
35. There he saw her for the first time, she seemed to him as red as spring.

(A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)

Checking the completed task.

VII. Lesson summary.

1. Conclusion: - Let’s summarize the lesson. What determines the spelling of vowels in prefixes? (from the meaning of prefixes) But before we draw final conclusions, listen to a short poem and think: what meanings of prefixes does it talk about?

Has the train arrived, has the ship arrived,

An astronaut flew from the universe,

In words it will come, it will fly, it will sail

It is written with no doubt.

What is the meaning of the prefix in the poem? (approximation)

Write on the board: 1st value – approximation.

Screwed the screw, screwed the wheel,

I glued it, sewed it skillfully, -

We write here, talking about everything,

What good hands did.

2nd meaning – accession.

What meanings of the prefix at - were not mentioned?

3rd and 4th meanings – closeness, incomplete action.

In a beautiful castle on the mountain,

Once upon a time there was a prefix pre -

A very brave, important, very important person,

Proud, very proud, kind, very kind

She was considered very wise

And everyone called her wise.

She had a lovely poodle

A very brave dog named Doodle.

He slept peacefully at the door,

When the prefix came in -

She said: "At dawn

I'm leaving, my friend, pre -

I'll be gone for two or three days

You work for me.

Replace me, please

Good night, I'm in a hurry."

What is the meaning of the prefix pre - mentioned in this poem?

Writing on the board: pre = very

Pre= re

But what about words in which at - and pre - have become part of the root or words in which it is difficult to determine the meaning of the prefix? (you need to remember them).

2. Homework:essay - miniature on the topic school life, using words with prefixes pre - and at -.

3. Reflection.

Almost every person wants to write correctly. But the Russian language is very complex, and it is not always possible to understand which spelling of a given word will be correct. In this article we will once again recall the rule on pre- and pre-.

Pre- and pre-

1. First, let's look at how the prefix pri- is written.

   This prefix gives words the following meaning:

   • Spatial proximity, contiguity. Examples would be the following words: coastal, homestead, frontline, seaside, Dnieper region.
   • Addition, approximation, accession. Examples of words are: tie, fasten, drive, freeze, bring.
   • Incomplete action. Examples of words: lie down, sit down, calm down, open slightly, attach.
   • Bringing an action to completion, to some specific result. Examples would be the words: muffle (to completely muffle), finish off, invent, find, kill.
   • Performing an action in one’s own interests, enhanced manifestation of action. Examples of words: lure, take a closer look, dress up, listen, hide.
   • Related action. Examples: dance, whisper.
2. We continue to study the pre- and pre- prefixes. The rule about the prefix pre-.

   This prefix will be written in the following cases:

   • The words mean the ultimate degree of action, exceeding any boundary or highest degree of quality. Examples of words include the following: exceed, lovely, exaggerate, pretty, extol.
   • When the prefix pre- has the meaning of the prefix re-. Examples of words: transgress, block.

Additional Information

This rule has an addition. Spelling in, pre- in special cases:

1. The origin of the prefix is ​​Old Slavonic. In Russian, it will correspond to a prefix that has the full vowel combination re-. Compare: barrier - partition, transgress - step over, perverted - inverted.
2. Words with the prefixes pre- and come are similar in sound and different in meaning. It is necessary to distinguish in which case which prefix to write. For example, for comparison, the following words: bow a branch and bow your head, close the door and make it a reality, a coming neighbor and a passing moment.
3. There are words in which the former prefixes are no longer distinguished. Examples would be the words: object, abhor, limit, device, order, primitive.
4. It is often difficult to distinguish between the meanings of words: multiply (add a small amount) and multiply (multiply very much). It is necessary to distinguish this.
5. In borrowed words, it is possible to write both pri- and pre-. As a rule, these elements are not considered prefixes. Examples: preamble, presidium, privilege, priority, president, prima donna.

You and I learned a very important rule in the Russian language - the spelling of the prefixes pre-, pri-.

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