Subject “When a word is used figuratively.”

Target: achieve conscious assimilation of the figurative and expressive capabilities of the word.

Tasks :

organize student activities to continue studying the lexical meaning and visual and expressive capabilities of a word: show how metaphors, personifications, and epithets are created based on the figurative meaning of words;
promote the development of the ability to find words with a figurative meaning (tropes) in the text, give an interpretation of words used in a figurative meaning, establish the figurative and figurative function of words, thereby promoting enrichment vocabulary students;
create favorable conditions to cultivate a sense of respect for masters of words and the formation of cognitive interest in learning the Russian language.

Lesson type : combined.

Lesson Plan

I. Organizational moment.

Greetings

So the bell rang,

We are starting our lesson.

Don't yawn in class

And work and write.

Open your notebooks, write down the number and cool work.Slide 1

II. Checking homework.

Warm-up “Pick a daisy.”

(a chamomile is attached to the board; students, if desired, pluck the petals of the flower and answer the questions on the topic of the previous lesson).

What is vocabulary? (Vocabulary of the language)

In which branch of the science of language is it studied? vocabulary language? (Lexicology)

What's happened lexical meaning words? ( Main meaning words)

How many lexical meanings does a word have? (One or more)

What are words called depending on the number of lexical meanings? (Single-valued and multi-valued) For example:

What meaning is called figurative? (which transfers the name of an item to another item) For example:

What is one of the secrets of the amazing imagery and expressiveness of the Russian language? (There are a lot of words in it that are used not only in a literal but also figurative meaning)

III. Setting the topic and objectives of the lesson.

1. Teacher's word(Slide 2)

Notice the theme written on the screen: "When a word is used figuratively". Are you familiar with this topic? Why then do we return to it again? (We should probably learn something new on this topic)

That's right, we will continue to study the meaning and figurative and expressive capabilities of words. But first, I suggest you take a “short walk to the river” together with the poetess Irina Tokmakova to solve the riddle of one tree. The answer will be the key to the topic of our lesson.

2. Reading of Irina Tokmakova’s poem “Willow” by a student:

Near the river, at the cliff

The willow is crying, the willow is crying.

Maybe,she feels sorry for someone?

Maybeshe's hot in the sun?

Maybe,windplayful

He pulled the willow's pigtail?

Maybe,willow is thirsty?

Maybe we should go ask?

(Handout)

Did you like the poem?

What seemed unusual to you about this poem?

What words indicate that the willow is like a living tree? Name them.

Read these words carefully again. How do they draw the willow tree in the poem? (Crying like a girl)

3. Teacher's word

The poetess I. Tokmakova saw similarities between willow and crying girl. However, see the similarities between different objects- the task is not easy. In our lesson, we will learn to observe from poets and writers who have a special gift for noticing what is not seen a common person. Writers and poets constantly use words with figurative meanings in their works.

This is how special things appear in language means of expression - trails (Slide 3) - a word or figure of speech in figuratively, which can “come to life, grow stronger, and be filled with expressive power.”

Write it down in your dictionary.

IV. Mastering new material.

You will find out what trails there are by completing

Exercise 1

Open the textbooks on page 92, read the linguistic text expressively in ex. 259.

What words are you unfamiliar with?

Task 2

(Slide 4)

The Russian language has many means of figurativeness and expressiveness. Meaning of the wordwarm (look)isportable . Types of figurative use are: metaphor, personification, epithet.(Dictionary)

Explain their meaning using a dictionary entry.

(Slide 5 personification

Slide 6 metaphor

Slide 7 epithet)

V. Physical education minute.

Are you probably tired?

Well, then everyone stood up together,

They stomped their feet,

Hands patted.

Twirled, twirled

And everyone sat down at their desks.

We close our eyes tightly,

We count to 5 together.

Open - blink

And we continue to work. (Perform movements following the teacher)

VI. Primary consolidation of new material.

Exercise 1(Slide 8)

Write down the sentences and underline the means of expression in the proposed passages -trails - metaphors, epithets, personifications.

What pictures do you “see” behind these words?

1) You could hear howwas leavingfrom the forest at nightfreezing. Heknockedstickthe trees are getting quieter, getting further away.

2) For a long timethere was a thunderstorm, but on birch trees from leaf to leafjumpingnaughtyraindrops. Hanging on the tipshaking with fear, and, sparkling desperately,jumpinginto a puddle.

Task 2(Slide 9)

Guess the riddles

Riddle 1. Red maidenRiddle 2. For a curly tuft

Sitting in prisonI dragged the fox out of the hole.

And the braid is on the street. To the touch - very smooth,

Tastes like sugar, sweet.

(Folk riddle) (E. Blaginina)

What words indicate that you guessed the riddle correctly?

Find words used figuratively.

Based on what signs did the value transfer occur in the first (humanization) and in the second (comparison)riddles?

What is the name of the technique of “humanizing” the plant in the first riddle? (Personification).

Why is the carrot compared to a fox in the second riddle?

What common characteristics do foxes and carrots have?

What is this comparison technique called? (Metaphor).

In which riddle do you find the most poetic description of the carrot?

Task 3

Metaphors, epithets, personifications are found not only in riddles. They also meet in works of art. Listen to D. Zuev’s miniature “Melody of Spring”.

Each season has its own music. The snow has faded. In an explosive stream, silver balls hastily roll down from the roofs. Sings melodiously, the drops tick loudly. The beating icicles quietly chime and shatter into pieces, like dropped crystal. And in the bushes it’s as if a silver bell is ringing. This is filled with icicles. The violins of frost fell silent, and just yesterday they spoke in full voice.A ray of sunshine starts the music of spring, and the birds and water sing along with it.( Handout ).

What sounds of spring did you hear?

How do you understand the meaning of the word melody?

Is it used in the title of the miniature in a literal or figurative sense?

Find metaphors, personifications, epithets in the text.

Epithets:“its own music” (intonation expressiveness), “explosive”, “silver”, “beating”, “dropped”, “full”, “quiet”.

Metaphors: “music... of the season”, “silver balls breaking into pieces”, “violins of frost”, “speaking in a full voice”.

Personifications: "the snow has faded”, “the drops are singing”, “the violins were talking”, “the icicles are pouring”, “ Sunbeam starts the music."

VII. Self-test of knowledge.

1. Solve the test

I. Determine which row it is inmetaphor . Slide 10

1. The bow of a ship, the wing of an airplane.

2. Sweet memories, sunny mood.

3. The wind howls, the frost heals.

II. Choose which row you are inpersonification. Slide 11

1. Emerald eyes, golden hands.

2. A mountain of gifts, a lot of wishes.

3 . Angry winter, the forest is dormant.

III. Think about what row they are inepithets . Slide 12

1. Crescent moon, river of time.

2 . Heated argument, heavy feeling, fiery hair.

3. Angry wind, cheerful sun.

(1,3,2) ( Handout).

2. Evaluate your work: 3b. - “5”, 2b. -“4”, 1b. - “3”.

VIII. Summarizing.

1. Determining the degree of implementation of the assigned tasks.

Let's see how well the lesson's objectives have been achieved.

2 Reflection.

1. Task cards

Complete the sentence:

1. Today in class I learned...

2. The best person in the lesson was ...

3. I can praise my classmates for...

4. I can say thank you (to whom?) for (what) ...

5. Today’s lesson was...

2. Find the balls on the desks.

(Slide 13)

If you haveeverything worked outin class, take a pink one,

something didn't work out- blue,

nothing succeeded- yellow.

IX. Homework paragraph 34, ex. 261. (Slide 14)

(Slide 15) Thanks for your work!

The section is very easy to use. Just enter the desired word in the field provided, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our website provides data from different sources– encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

What does "figurative meaning of a word" mean?

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

figurative meaning of the word

secondary (derived) meaning of a word that arose on the basis different types associative connections through metonymy, metaphor and other semantic changes. For example, the figurative meaning of the word “wake up” (“the forest woke up”), “falsify” (“falsify the facts”).

Figurative meaning words

secondary (derived) meaning of a word, associated with the main, main meaning through relations of metonymic, metaphorical dependence or any associative features. P. z. With. can arise on the basis of spatial, temporal, logical, etc. correlation of concepts (adjacency of material and product, process and result, etc.), average metonymic meanings of the words “edition”, “finishing”, “wintering”, “image” ”, based on associations by similarity (in shape, color, nature of movements, etc.), for example, the metaphorical meanings of the words “dull”, “fresh”, “stamp”. As a result of the transfer of names on the basis of a common function, many P. z. arose. pp., for example, in the words “wing”, “shield”, “satellite”. P. z. With. have greater syntagmatic coherence (see Syntagmatic relations), while direct meanings are most conditioned paradigmatically (see Paradigmatic relations). Patterns of occurrence of P. z. With. (regularity and irregularity of formation of semantically homogeneous groups of words, etc.), the nature of their relationship with the main meaning (for example, the direction of development from more concrete meanings to more abstract ones, etc.) can be described both in synchronic (see Synchrony) and and in diachronic (see Diachrony) plans. In the history of the development of the language of P. z. With. can become the main ones and vice versa (average development of meanings for the words “hearth”, “slum”, “red”). This shift in the semantic structure of words is influenced by various factors(emotional and evaluative elements, associative connections accompanying the word when used, etc.).

Lit.: Vinogradov V.V., Basic types of lexical meanings of a word, “Questions of Linguistics”, 1953, ╧5; Kurilovich E., Notes on the meaning of words, in his book: Essays on Linguistics, M., 1962; Shmelev D. N., Problems semantic analysis Lexics, M., 1973.

When polysemous, one of the meanings of a word is direct, and everyone else - portable.

Direct meaning of the word- this is its main lexical meaning. It is directly aimed at the subject (immediately evokes an idea of the subject, phenomenon) and is least dependent on the context. Words denoting objects, actions, signs, quantity, most often appear in

direct meaning.

Portable meaning of the word- this is its secondary meaning that arose on the basis of the direct one. For example:

Toy, -and, and. 1. A thing used for playing. Kids toys.

2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

The essence of polysemy lies in the fact that some name of an object or phenomenon is transferred, transferred also to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects or phenomena simultaneously. Depending on the basis on which the name is transferred,” there are three main types of figurative meaning: 1) metaphor; 2) metonymy; 3) synecdoche.

Metaphor(from the Greek metaphora - transfer) - this is the transfer of a name by similarity, for example: ripe apple - eyeball(by form); human nose- bow of the ship(by location); chocolate bar- chocolate tan(by color); bird wing- airplane wing(by function); the dog howled- the wind howled(according to the nature of the sound), etc. yes

Metonymy(then Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity *, for example: water is boiling- behindthe kettle is boiling; porcelain dish- tasty dish; native gold- Scythian gold etc. A type of metonymy is synecdoche.

Synecdoche(from the Greek “synekdoche” - co-implying) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa, for example: thick currant- ripe currants; beautiful mouth- extra mouth(O superfluous person in family); bighead- clever mind etc.

In the process of developing figurative names, a word can be enriched with new meanings as a result of narrowing or expanding its basic meaning. Over time figurative meanings may become straight.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context. Compare, for example, the sentences: 1) Wesat on the corner bastion, so it could go both wayssee everything (M. Lermontov). 2) In Tarakanovka, as in the deepest bearish corner, there was no place for secrets (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)

* Adjacent - located directly next to, having about border.

In the first sentence the word corner used in its literal meaning: “the place where two sides of something meet or intersect.” And in stable combinations “in a blind corner”, “bearish corner” the meaning of the word will be figurative: in a remote corner- in remote areas, bearliving corner - desolate place.

IN explanatory dictionaries direct meaning words is given first, and figurative values are numbered 2, 3, 4, 5. The value recorded as figurative recently comes with the mark "peren" For example:

Wood,-oh, -oh. 1. Made from wood, 2. trans. Motionless, unexpressive. Wooden facial expression. ABOUT Wood oil- cheap grade of olive oil.

The main means of giving a word imagery is the use of it figuratively. The play of direct and figurative meaning gives rise to both aesthetic and expressive effects of a literary text, making this text figurative and expressive.

Based on the nominative (nominal) function of a word and its connection with the subject in the process of cognition of reality, a distinction is made between direct (basic, main, primary, initial) and figurative (derived, secondary, indirect) meanings.

In the derivative meaning, the main, direct meaning and the new, indirect meaning, which appeared as a result of the transfer of the name from one object to another, are combined and coexist. If the word is in direct meaning directly (directly) indicates this or that object, action, property, etc., naming them, then the words in portable meaning, an object is no longer named directly, but through certain comparisons and associations that arise in the minds of native speakers.

AIR– 1) ‘adj. To air (air jet)’;

2) ‘light, weightless ( airy dress)’.

The appearance of figurative meanings in a word allows you to save lexical means language, without endlessly expanding the vocabulary to denote new phenomena and concepts. If there are some common features between two objects, the name from one, already known, is transferred to another object, newly created, invented or known, which did not have a name before:

DIM– 1) ‘opaque, cloudy ( dim glass)’;

2) ‘matte, not shiny ( dull hairspray, dull hair)’;

3) ‘weak, not bright ( dim light, dull colors)’;

4) ‘lifeless, expressionless ( dull look, dull style)’.

D.N. Shmelev believes that the direct, basic meaning is the one that is not determined by the context (most determined paradigmatically and least syntagmatically):

ROAD– 1) ‘a route of communication, a strip of land intended for movement’;

2) ‘travel, trip’;

3) ‘route’;

4) ‘means of achieving something. goals'.

All secondary, figurative meanings depend on the context, on compatibility with other words: to pack('trip'), direct road to success, road to Moscow.

Historically, the relationship between direct, primary and figurative, secondary meaning may change. Thus, in modern Russian the primary meanings for words have not been preserved consume(‘eat, eat’), dense('dormant'), vale('valley'). Word thirst in our time, it has the main direct meaning of ‘need to drink’ and figurative ‘strong, passionate desire’, but ancient Russian texts indicate the primacy of the second, more abstract meaning, since the adjective is often used next to it water.

Paths for transferring values

The transfer of meaning can be carried out in two main ways: metaphorical and metonymic.

Metaphor- this is the transfer of names based on the similarity of features and concepts (metaphor - unexpressed comparison): pin stars; what comb won't you comb your head?

Signs of metaphorical transfer:

by color similarity ( gold leaves);
by similarity of shape ( ring boulevards);
by similarity of object location ( nose boats, sleeve rivers);
by similarity of actions ( rain drums, wrinkles plow face);
by similarity of sensations, emotional associations ( gold character, velvet voice);
by similarity of functions ( electric candle in the lamp extinguish/ignite light, wipers in car).

This classification is quite arbitrary. The proof is a transfer based on several criteria: leg chair(form, place); ladle excavator(function, form).

There are other classifications. For example, prof. Galina Al-dr. Cherkasova considers metaphorical transfer in connection with the category of animateness/inanimateness:

the action of an inanimate object is transferred to another inanimate object ( fireplace– ‘room stove’ and ‘electric heating device’; wing– ‘birds’, ‘airplane blade, mill’, ‘side extension’);
animate - also on an animate object, but of a different group ( bear, snake);
inanimate - to animate ( she blossomed );
animate - to inanimate ( guard– ‘guard ship’).

The main trends in metaphorical transfer: figurative meanings appear in words that are socially significant at a given time. During the Great Patriotic War everyday words were used as metaphors to define military concepts: comb forest, get into boiler . Subsequently, on the contrary, military terms were transferred to other concepts: front work, take on weapons . Sports vocabulary gives many figurative meanings: finish, start, knight's move. With the development of astronautics, metaphors appeared finest hour, escape velocity, dock. Currently big number metaphors associated with the computer sphere: mouse, archive, maternal pay etc.

There are models of metaphorical transfer in language: certain groups of words form certain metaphors.

professional characteristics of a person ( artist, craftsman, philosopher, shoemaker, clown, chemist);
names associated with the disease ( ulcer, plague, cholera, delirium);
names of natural phenomena when they are transferred to human life ( spring life, hail tears);
names of household items ( rag, mattress etc.);
transfer of names of animal actions to humans ( bark, moo).

Metonymy(Greek ‘renaming’) is a transfer of name that is based on the contiguity of the characteristics of two or more concepts: paper– ‘document’.

Types of metonymic transfer:

transfer along spatial contiguity ( audience- 'People', Class– ‘children’): (a) transfer of the name containing to the content ( all village came out city I was all worried embankment, ate plate, read Pushkin ); (b) the name of the material from which the item is made is transferred to the item ( To go to silks, V gold; V scarlet And gold clad woods; dancing gold );
transfer by adjacency O th – transferring the name of the action to the result ( dictation, essay, cookies, jam, embroidery);
synecdoche(a) transferring the name of a part of a whole to a whole ( one hundred goals livestock; behind him eye Yes eye needed; he's seven mouths feeds; he is mine right hand ; heart heart gives the news) – often found in proverbs; (b) whole to part ( jasmine– ‘bush’ and ‘flowers’; plum– ‘tree’ and ‘fruit’.

This classification does not cover the entire variety of metonymic transfers that exist in the language.

Sometimes when transferring, the grammatical features of a word are used, for example, plural. number: workers hands, relax on yugas, To go to silks . It is believed that the basis of metonymic transfer is nouns.

In addition to common language figurative values, in language fiction portable ones are also observed use words that are characteristic of the work of a particular writer and are one of the means of artistic representation. For example, from L. Tolstoy: fair And Kind sky("War and Peace"); at A.P. Chekhov: crumbly ("The Last Mohican") cozy lady(“From the Memoirs of an Idealist”), faded aunties("Hopeless"); in the works of K.G. Paustovsky: shy sky(“Mikhailovskaya Grove”), sleepy dawn("Third Date") molten noon("Romantics") sleepy day("Sea Habit") white-blooded bulb(“Book of Wanderings”); from V. Nabokov: cloudy tense day(“Luzhin’s Defense”), etc.

Like metaphor, metonymy can be individually authored - contextual, i.e. conditioned by the contextual use of the word, it does not exist outside of this context: – You’re so stupid, brother! - she said reproachfully handset (E. Meek); Redheads trousers sigh and think(A.P. Chekhov); Short fur coats, sheepskin coats crowded...(M. Sholokhov).

Such figurative meanings, as a rule, are not reflected in dictionary interpretations. Dictionaries reflect only regular, productive, generally accepted hyphens fixed by language practice, which continue to arise, playing a large role in enriching the lexical reserves of the language.

AIR– 1) ‘adj. To air (air jet)’;

2) ‘light, weightless ( airy dress)’.

The appearance of figurative meanings in a word makes it possible to save the lexical means of the language without endlessly expanding the vocabulary to denote new phenomena and concepts. If there are some common features between two objects, the name from one, already known, is transferred to another object, newly created, invented or known, which did not have a name before:

DIM– 1) ‘opaque, cloudy ( dim glass)’;

2) ‘matte, not shiny ( dull hairspray, dull hair)’;

3) ‘weak, not bright ( dim light, dull colors)’;

4) ‘lifeless, expressionless ( dull look, dull style)’.

D.N. Shmelev believes that the direct, basic meaning is the one that is not determined by the context (most determined paradigmatically and least syntagmatically):

ROAD– 1) ‘a route of communication, a strip of land intended for movement’;

2) ‘travel, trip’;

3) ‘route’;

4) ‘means of achieving something. goals'.

All secondary, figurative meanings depend on the context, on compatibility with other words: to pack('trip'), direct road to success, road to Moscow.

Paths for transferring values

The transfer of meaning can be carried out in two main ways: metaphorical and metonymic.

Metaphor- this is the transfer of names based on the similarity of features and concepts (metaphor - unexpressed comparison): pin stars; what comb won't you comb your head?

Signs of metaphorical transfer:

by color similarity ( gold leaves);
by similarity of shape ( ring boulevards);
by similarity of object location ( nose boats, sleeve rivers);
by similarity of actions ( rain drums, wrinkles plow face);
by similarity of sensations, emotional associations ( gold character, velvet voice);
by similarity of functions ( electric candle in the lamp extinguish/ignite light, wipers in car).

This classification is quite arbitrary. The proof is a transfer based on several criteria: leg chair(form, place); ladle excavator(function, form).

There are other classifications. For example, prof. Galina Al-dr. Cherkasova considers metaphorical transfer in connection with the category of animateness/inanimateness:

the action of an inanimate object is transferred to another inanimate object ( fireplace– ‘room stove’ and ‘electric heating device’; wing– ‘birds’, ‘airplane blade, mill’, ‘side extension’);
animate - also on an animate object, but of a different group ( bear, snake);
inanimate - to animate ( she blossomed );
animate - to inanimate ( guard– ‘guard ship’).

The main trends in metaphorical transfer: figurative meanings appear in words that are socially significant at a given time. During the Great Patriotic War, everyday words were used as metaphors to define military concepts: comb forest, get into boiler . Subsequently, on the contrary, military terms were transferred to other concepts: front work, take on weapons . Sports vocabulary gives many figurative meanings: finish, start, knight's move. With the development of astronautics, metaphors appeared finest hour, escape velocity, dock. Currently, a large number of metaphors are associated with the computer sphere: mouse, archive, maternal pay etc.

There are models of metaphorical transfer in language: certain groups of words form certain metaphors.

professional characteristics of a person ( artist, craftsman, philosopher, shoemaker, clown, chemist);
names associated with the disease ( ulcer, plague, cholera, delirium);
names of natural phenomena when they are transferred to human life ( spring life, hail tears);
names of household items ( rag, mattress etc.);
transfer of names of animal actions to humans ( bark, moo).

Metonymy(Greek ‘renaming’) is a transfer of name that is based on the contiguity of the characteristics of two or more concepts: paper– ‘document’.

Types of metonymic transfer:

transfer along spatial contiguity ( audience- 'People', Class– ‘children’): (a) transfer of the name containing to the content ( all village came out city I was all worried embankment, ate plate, read Pushkin ); (b) the name of the material from which the item is made is transferred to the item ( To go to silks, V gold; V scarlet And gold clad woods; dancing gold );
transfer by adjacency O th – transferring the name of the action to the result ( dictation, essay, cookies, jam, embroidery);
synecdoche(a) transferring the name of a part of a whole to a whole ( one hundred goals livestock; behind him eye Yes eye needed; he's seven mouths feeds; he is mine right hand; heart heart gives the news) – often found in proverbs; (b) whole to part ( jasmine– ‘bush’ and ‘flowers’; plum– ‘tree’ and ‘fruit’.

This classification does not cover the entire variety of metonymic transfers that exist in the language.

In addition to common language figurative values, in the language of fiction there are also figurative use words that are characteristic of the work of a particular writer and are one of the means of artistic representation. For example, from L. Tolstoy: fair And Kind sky("War and Peace"); at A.P. Chekhov: crumbly ("The Last Mohican") cozy lady(“From the Memoirs of an Idealist”), faded aunties("Hopeless"); in the works of K.G. Paustovsky: shy sky(“Mikhailovskaya Grove”), sleepy dawn("Third Date") molten noon("Romantics") sleepy day("Sea Habit") white-blooded bulb(“Book of Wanderings”); from V. Nabokov: cloudy tense day(“Luzhin’s Defense”), etc.

Sentences in literal and figurative meaning. Defining figurative values

What does "figurative meaning of a word" mean?

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998