Each commercial organization created for profit. To achieve this, the organization implements finished products, goods, provides services, performs work, and buyers, customers pay for the products. Accountant at the site implementation, it is important to control accounts receivable, carry out reconciliations with counterparties, track accrued VAT, and correctly formulate a sales book. Main accounts: 62, 90, 68 “VAT calculations”.
The work of selling products in an organization begins with concluding an agreement with the buyer, which can sometimes be an agreement. Once the intent to purchase has been secured by contract, the buyer is usually issued an invoice. The invoice indicates the seller’s details, including bank details, the amount of payment, taxes (VAT, excise taxes) included in the cost of goods (work, services).
The invoice is issued by an authorized person, usually a manager or accountant, in 2 copies: one for the buyer, the second for the accounting department. Signed by the manager and chief accountant. Own copies are filed in chronological order, copies of the buyer are sent to him.
Settlements with buyers and customers are carried out on account 62 " Settlements with buyers and customers." Revenue is reflected in subaccount 90.1 “Revenue”.
Goods, finished products
For the shipment of goods and products, a consignment note is issued in two copies. TORG-12 and transferred to the warehouse to the storekeeper. Storekeeper on the ground powers of attorney releases goods.
If the organization has shipped products or goods and ownership has passed to the buyer, then the fact of sale is reflected in the accounting records with the following entry:
Debit 62 Credit 90.1— revenue from the sale of products (goods) is reflected. Revenue is reflected together with VAT.
At the same time, it is necessary to reflect the write-off of the cost of goods (products) in the debit of subaccount 90-2 “Cost of sales”, income from the sale of which is recorded in subaccount 90.1.
— the cost of goods sold is written off.
The organization must charge VAT simultaneously with the sale. She is required to issue an invoice within five calendar days from the date of shipment of goods.
Debit 90.3 Credit 68 “VAT calculations”- VAT has been charged.
Agreement with a special transfer of ownership
If the contract specifies that ownership of the goods will be transferred not after shipment, as is considered by default, but, for example, after payment, such an agreement is considered an agreement with a special transfer of ownership. Shipped goods must be accounted for on account 45 “Goods shipped”.
Debit 45 Credit 41— goods (GP) were shipped under a contract with a special transfer of ownership.
Even though title has not passed to the buyer, VAT must be charged on the day of shipment.
— VAT is charged on shipped goods.
Debit 51 Credit 62— the buyer's payment is reflected.
Debit 62 Credit 90.1— revenue is reflected.
Debit 60.2 Credit 45— the cost of shipped goods is written off.
Debit 90.3 Credit 68— VAT charged
— VAT accrued on shipment has been restored.
Services, works
If the organization provided services or performed work, then this fact is documented act in any form, standard form there is no provision, for example, for a certificate of provision of services or a certificate of work performed. You also need to set invoice.
Postings for the provision of services and performance of work are the same as for the sale of goods and finished products:
Debit 62 Credit 90.1— accrued revenue for services rendered.
Debit 90.2 Credit 20, 26— the cost of services provided and work performed is written off.
Debit 90.3 Credit 68- VAT has been charged.
Buyer Payment
Buyer payment for goods. work and services are reflected in accounting based on:
- bank statement, if the money was received in the current (currency) account - Debit 51 (52) Credit 62.
- income cash order, if payment is in cash - Debit 50 Credit 62.
Advance from the buyer
If the organization works on an advance payment basis and before shipment, the buyer must pay an advance payment.
Debit 50, 51.52…Credit 62 subaccount “Calculations for advances received”— the buyer made an advance payment.
VAT must be charged on the advance received at a rate of 18%/118 or 10%/110.
Debit 76 “Calculations for VAT on advances received” Credit 68— VAT is charged on the advance payment.
After the goods (work, services) have been transferred to the buyer and ownership has passed to him, the following entries are made in accounting:
Debit 62 Credit 90.1— revenue is reflected.
Debit 62 subaccount “Settlements on advances received” Credit 62— the buyer's advance is credited.
Debit 90.2 Credit 41 (43,45,20...)— the cost of goods, works, services is written off.
Debit 90.3 Credit 68- VAT has been charged.
Debit 68 Credit 76 “Calculations for VAT on advances received”— VAT accrued on the advance received has been restored.
Russian accountant, N 10, 2014
Karina Lieberman,
chief editor of the magazine
What is implementation? How to record sales transactions in accounting? We will consider these and other important issues in this article.
For the first time, the concept of implementation was legally defined in part one of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. According to Article 39 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the sale of goods (work, services) is recognized as the transfer of ownership of goods on a reimbursable basis. Sales also include the transfer of the results of work performed by one person to another person, and the paid provision of services by one person to another person. In this case, the following are not recognized as sales of goods, works or services:
1) carrying out operations related to the circulation of Russian or foreign currency (except for numismatic purposes);
2) transfer of fixed assets, intangible assets and (or) other property of the organization to its legal successor(s) during the reorganization of this organization;
3) transfer of fixed assets, intangible assets and (or) other property to non-profit organizations for the implementation of the main statutory activities not related to business activities;
4) transfer of property, if such transfer is of an investment nature (in particular, contributions to the authorized (share) capital of business companies and partnerships, contributions under a simple partnership agreement (agreement on joint activities), share contributions to cooperative mutual funds);
5) transfer of property within the limits of the initial contribution to a participant in a business company or partnership (his legal successor or heir) upon exit (disposal) from the business company or partnership, as well as when distributing the property of a liquidated business company or partnership between its participants;
6) transfer of property within the limits of the initial contribution to a participant in a simple partnership agreement (joint activity agreement) or his legal successor in the event of the separation of his share from the property located in common property parties to an agreement or division of such property;
7) transfer of residential premises individuals in houses of state or municipal housing stock during privatization;
8) seizure of property through confiscation, inheritance of property, as well as the conversion into the ownership of other persons of ownerless and abandoned things, ownerless animals, finds, treasure in accordance with the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
So, the transfer of ownership, except for the cases described above, is recognized as a fact of sale.
It should be noted that sales recognizes not only the transfer of ownership of goods, but also the fact of provision of services.
How to determine the moment of sale of services? The fact of completion of the provision of services is an act signed by both parties. The date of signing the act is the date of implementation. Thus, it may happen that the service itself was provided, but until the bilateral signing of the act, the fact of implementation was absent.
It must be kept in mind that there are “main” and “other” implementations.
The main sales include transactions related to the main activity of the enterprise, other transactions relate to other sales.
The main sales include transactions related to the main activity of the enterprise, other transactions relate to other sales.
How can one determine whether the type of activity for which the transaction is concluded is the main or non-principal one? The organization's charter contains a section "Types of activities". If this section, among others, names the type of activity to which the transaction relates, then it is a “main” sale, but if it is not listed, it is “other”. At the same time, if this species activities, the enterprise constantly (i.e. at least once a quarter) receives income, then such operations also belong to the main sales.
An example is the sale by a construction organization of materials not used during construction and installation work (CEM). This implementation is usually construction organizations refers to "other". At the same time, for an organization engaged in the sale of reinforced concrete products - to the “main”.
It is also important to track the frequency of these “other” transactions. Even if this type of activity is not directly stated in the organization’s Charter (however, there is a link like “Other types of activities not prohibited by law”), but transactions are carried out in each reporting period (usually a quarter), these transactions are also classified as “main” sales.
Why is it so important to separate "main" and "other" implementation? The fact is that there are a number of taxes, in the calculation of which only the “main” sales are taken into account, therefore, in order to correctly determine the tax base, it is important to correctly establish the type of sales.
Questions also arise about the definition of wholesale and retail sales. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation defines retail trade as the sale to the population of goods (works, services) of a consumer nature, not intended for business activities. The concepts of retail and wholesale trade as types of economic activity are contained in the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities, Products and Services OK 004-93, approved by Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation dated August 6, 1993 N 17. According to Divisions 51 and 52, Section G of the Classifier, retail trade is the sale of goods for personal or home use, and wholesale trade is the sale of goods to retailers, industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users or other wholesalers. In other words, wholesale trade Any sale to organizations and individual entrepreneurs, including for cash, is recognized.
Sales to individuals, even when paying through a bank account, are classified as retail trade.
A representative of an organization can purchase the necessary goods in a store in cash, but in order to offset VAT, it is necessary to draw up documents accompanying any non-cash transaction. Instead of a payment order in this case, the stub of a cash receipt order and a cash register receipt are used. In order for the trading organization to draw up the required set of documents, a representative of the purchasing organization must submit a power of attorney. However, when purchasing goods, it is not necessary to complete the entire set of documents; a cash register receipt and a sales receipt are sufficient. At the same time, for a trading organization to work in cash, it is important to either have a cash register (CCM) or make payments only through a current account.
Sales for non-cash and cash payments
Let's consider the design requirements primary documents necessary for processing transactions for non-cash payments. The basis for calculations is the invoice issued by the supplier.
To receive the goods, a representative of the purchasing company must submit a power of attorney to receive the goods, which remains in the accounting department of the supplier company. Upon receipt of the goods, the representative signs in the “Received” column. It is permissible to put the buyer’s seal on the supplier’s copy and sign for receipt of the goods, then a power of attorney is not required.
The delivery of goods must be accompanied. In addition, upon shipment of goods, the supplier is required to issue an invoice within 5 days. All documents are issued by the supplier in two copies, one of which is transferred to the buyer, the other remains in the accounting department of the supplier company.
Settlements between organizations can be made not only by bank transfer, but also by paying in cash to the cash desk of the enterprise. As with non-cash payments, a representative of the purchasing company must provide a power of attorney to receive the goods or put the seal of the purchasing organization on the supplier’s copy. The supplier issues a complete set of documents, that is, the delivery of goods must be accompanied by a bill of lading, the supplier is obliged to issue an invoice within 5 days. All documents are issued by the supplier in two copies, one of which is transferred to the buyer, the other remains in the accounting department of the supplier company. When paying for goods at the cash desk of the supplier company, the buyer is given a counterfoil of the cash receipt order confirming the fact of payment. The basis for calculations is the invoice issued by the supplier.
Remember that the cash payment limit between legal entities is currently limited to the amount of 100,000 rubles per transaction, that is, under one agreement (directive of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation N 1843-U). In this case, the paying party is responsible for exceeding the settlement limit. Please note that since 2006 this limit also applies to settlements with individual entrepreneurs.
Accounting for sales operations
One of the difficult aspects in accounting is the reflection of operations for the sale of products (works, services).
To summarize information about income and expenses associated with common species activities of the organization, as well as to determine the financial result for them, account 90 “Sales” is intended. This account reflects, in particular, revenue and cost of: finished products and semi-finished products of own production; works and services; purchased products; construction, installation, etc. similar works; goods; transportation services; communication services; provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of their assets under a lease agreement (when this is the subject of the organization’s activities), etc.
Sub-accounts can be opened for account 90 “Sales”:
- -1 "Revenue";
- -2 "Cost of sales";
- -3 "Value added tax";
- -4 "Excise taxes";
- -9 "Profit/loss from sales."
Subaccount 90 -1 "Revenue" takes into account sales revenue, while subaccount 90 -2 "Cost of sales" takes into account the cost of products sold.
Subaccount 90 -3 “Value added tax” takes into account the amount of value added tax due to be received from the buyer (customer).
Subaccount 90 -4 "Excise taxes" takes into account the amount of excise taxes included in the price of products (goods) sold.
Organizations that pay export duties can open a subaccount 90 -5 “Export duties” to account 90 “Sales” to record the amounts of export duties.
Subaccount 90 -9 “Profit/loss from sales” is intended to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month.
The amount of revenue from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services is reflected in the credit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount "Revenue", and the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers":
DEBIT 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
CREDIT -1 "Revenue"
Revenue from the sale of products is reflected.
At the same time, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services is written off from the credit of accounts 41 “Goods”, 43 “Finished products”, 45 “Goods shipped”, 20 “Main production”, etc. to the debit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount “Cost” sales":
DEBIT -2 "Cost of sales" CREDIT ,
,
,
,
...
The cost of goods sold is written off.
Entries by sub
Sales of goods or services are the main sources of income for a company. The sale is reflected in accounting either at the time of shipment or at the time of payment. Each shipment involves its own postings.
Sales of goods are reflected in the debit of the “Cost” subaccount () and Credit 41 of the account, the subaccounts for which are determined by the type of trade (wholesale/retail, etc.):
- Revenue from the sale of goods is reflected in the Credit of account 90 subaccount “Revenue” in correspondence with the account.
Sales of goods can be carried out through an intermediary. Then it is necessary to make entries Debit 45 Credit 41 “Goods in warehouses”. As inventory items are sold, business entries are made to debit account 90 “Cost” and credit. When exporting goods, the same transactions are made.
In the main taxation system, it is necessary to pay VAT on sales. The tax is reflected by posting Debit VAT Credit.
IN retail trade goods are sold at selling price. The markup is made according to . When selling at the end of the month, you need to make reversing entries:
- Debit 90 “Cost” Credit 42.
Postings for the sale of goods in wholesale trade
Usually it can be made by prepayment or upon shipment of the goods.
By prepayment
The organization then shipped goods worth 99,500 rubles. (VAT RUB 15,178).
Postings:
| Account Dt | Kt account | Wiring Description | Transaction amount | A document base |
| 99 500 | Bank statement | |||
| Issuing an invoice for advance payment | 15 178 | Ref. invoice | ||
| Revenue from or goods is taken into account | 99 500 | Packing list | ||
| VAT is charged on sales | 15 178 | Packing list | ||
| Sold goods written off | 64 000 | Packing list | ||
| Advance credited | 99 500 | Packing list | ||
| 99 500 | Invoice | |||
| Deduction of advance VAT | 15178 | Invoice |
By shipment
The organization shipped goods worth RUB 32,000 to the buyer. (VAT 4881 rub.). Payment was received after delivery.
Postings:
| Account Dt | Kt account | Wiring Description | Transaction amount | A document base |
| Revenue from sales of goods is reflected | 32 000 | Packing list | ||
| VAT is charged on sales | 4881 | Packing list | ||
| Sold goods written off | 385 | Packing list | ||
| An invoice for sales has been issued | 32 000 | Invoice | ||
| Payment received from buyer | 32 000 | Bank statement |
Retail sales of goods
For the day, trading revenue in the store amounted to 12,335 rubles. Accounting is kept at sales prices, the organization is on the UTII taxation system, and the outlet is automated. The money was deposited at the company's cash desk on the same day.
Postings:
| Account Dt | Kt account | Wiring Description | Transaction amount | A document base |
| Receipt of proceeds from the sale of goods | 9000 | Cashier's report | ||
| Write-off of goods sold at sales price | 9000 | Cashier's report | ||
| Proceeds deposited at the cash register | 9000 | Receipt cash order | ||
| Calculation of markup on goods sold | -3700 | Help - calculation of markup write-off |
Postings for sales or provision of services
When selling services, the same accounts are involved, only instead of 41 accounts there are 20 accounts, which collect all the costs that make up the cost.
The organization performed services in the amount of 217,325 rubles. The cost of the service was 50,000 rubles.
Postings for the provision of services.
Postings for the sale of goods have their own distinctive features. IN in this case The stages of sales of inventory items should be reflected in accounting according to established rules. We will tell you in our article what accounting entries to reflect retail sales of goods.
Features of accounting for sales of inventory items
Retail and wholesale trade are the most common types of sales in modern market. These types have quite a lot of differences, including the rules for recording transactions in accounting.
Wholesale
In wholesale trade, a contract or agreement for the supply of products is drawn up between the buyer and seller. Reflection of the wholesale sale of goods in accounting entries depends on the method of transfer of ownership of the material assets sold. That is, the moment of revenue recognition:
- At the time of actual shipment of products, regardless of the fact of payment.
- At the time of payment, without any connection to the dates of shipment of valuables.
Retail
In retail trade, an agreement between buyer and seller is not drawn up or signed. Payments are made at the time of purchase, not only in cash, but also using bank cards and special payment terminals.
The documents used to document the fact of sale of goods and materials are fiscal receipts, sales receipts, receipts and receipts from online cash registers or payment terminals.
The seller can sell shopping centers at purchase prices or set a special trade markup for each unit of assets sold.
Retail sale of goods: accounting entries
Let's look at the procedure for compiling accounting records using specific examples.
Example No. 1. We sell a shopping center with a trade margin.
Vesna LLC purchased goods and materials for retail sale in a total quantity of 100 pieces for the amount of 118,000 rubles, including VAT of 18,000 rubles. Inventory and materials were transferred to the store with a markup of 100 rubles, therefore, the selling price was 1,100 rubles per unit of inventory. The accounting policy of Vesna LLC stipulates that sales prices are recorded in account 42 “Trade margin”.
|
Operation |
Amount, rub. |
||
|
Capitalized shopping centers from the seller |
|||
|
Input VAT reflected |
|||
|
Input VAT is accepted for deduction |
|||
|
Accrued trade margin on inventory items received at the store |
(100 rubles × 100 units) |
||
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Inventory items are transferred from the warehouse to the store for retail sale |
(1100 × 100 units) |
||
|
Revenue from the sale of goods is reflected, posting |
(110,000 + 18% VAT) |
||
|
VAT charged on sales |
(110,000 × 18%) |
||
|
Shopping centers written off at retail prices (at cost) |
|||
|
The trade margin on the shopping centers transferred to the store was written off |
(operation with a minus sign - REVERSE) |
Example No. 2. Sales without trade margins.
Vesna LLC purchased 50 units of inventory and materials for retail sale in the amount of 50,000 rubles. In March, 20 units were transferred to the store for trade. Price per unit - 1000 rubles.