Zaitseva Lyudmila Vladimirovna
Job title: technology teacher
Educational institution: MBOU "Verkhne-Idinskaya Secondary School"
Locality: Tikhonovka village
Name of material: Methodological development. Creative project.
Subject: Making a bench
Publication date: 20.03.2016
Chapter: secondary education
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Verkhne-Idinskaya secondary comprehensive school»
Creative
project
technologies
Bench
»
Completed by 7th grade student Ramzan Temirkhazhiev Technology teacher of the 1st qualification category Lyudmila Vladimirovna Zaitseva. Tikhonovka. 2014
Explanatory
a note
:
1.Relevance of the topic. 2.Collection of information. 3.Tools and materials. 4. Graphic documentation. 5.Technological documentation: Route map.
6. Economic justification project. 7. Conclusions. 8. List of sources used. 9. Applications: Presentation: “Bench”
1.Relevance of the topic.
2.Collection of information.
The apartment in which we live, work and relax should be comfortable, cozy and, of course, beautiful. To achieve this, there is no need to spend a lot of money. To do this, you need to do a lot with your own hands. The main thing in this project is that the product can be made independently. The history of chairs dates back to ancient times. Even ancient people realized the usefulness and necessity of such a thing that they could sit on and
relax. The chairs of primitive man were flat stones with uneven edges. Subsequently, people began to improve the chair and added some details to it. Gradually he began to accept, albeit distantly, modern look. In later times, chairs decorated precious stones and made from expensive materials have become a luxury item. The royal chairs (thrones) were hollowed out from a huge block of marble, inlaid with diamonds and other precious stones, and trimmed with gold. Hunters and fishermen also use chairs, and their role can be played by a wide variety of objects: boxes, even stones, logs, etc. Every home also has chairs. Their designs in different times were different and corresponded to different people's ideas about beauty and convenience. These were chairs from different varieties wood, ranging from cheap pine to extremely expensive mahogany. There are also several more popular modifications of the chair - armchairs, rocking chairs, sofas, ottomans. And although they look different, their purpose is absolutely the same. In an ordinary wooden chair, the most commonly used designs are those with four legs, but you can find examples that have only three legs or even two. The product that I decided to make must be neat, beautiful and durable. I decided to make a small bench from wood, in this case It is best made from waste pine wood materials. Pine is a coniferous wood. Pine wood is soft, has beautiful texture and color. Used in carpentry and furniture production. Having studied the theoretical material, the history of the emergence and development of the issue, I decided to make a product using wood processing techniques, with which I could make a bench made of wood for my mother, so that she could sit down comfortably and do work in the kitchen, for example, peeling potatoes, or just relax.
3.Tools and materials:
Electric planer, electric jigsaw, electric grinding, electric screwdriver Ruler, square, template, pencil, Needle file, sandpaper, sandpaper - grit 180 and 100, wood putty, self-tapping screws 35mm long Wood waste blanks (pine) 200mm wide, 150mm long, 15mm thick
LacNC, brush
4.Graphic documentation.
Bench seat 1 piece 300mm Bench leg 2 pieces 150mm 150mm
Bench cross section 1 piece
5. Technological documentation:
Production route map
benches
Small bench Materials: wood (pine)
No. Execution sequence
technological operations
Tools and accessories
1
Select a workpiece with an allowance for processing, process it to size Ruler, template, electric plane
2
Mark and cut the workpiece Pencil, ruler, square, electric jigsaw
3
Cut parts according to template Templates, pencil, electric jigsaw
4
Sand the parts Electro-grinding, sandpaper - 180 and 100 grit
5
Connecting the parts of the bench: crossbars with legs, then bench seats with crossbar, 2 screws each Electric screwdriver, 35mm screws
6
Finishing: sanding, putty, varnish Sandpaper, putty, lacquer, brush 180mm 600mm 190mm
6. Economic justification for the project
This bench is easy to make and is made from waste materials. There is always a use for it, at home and in the garden. It is made of materials that will serve for a long time and reliably. All connections are made with self-tapping screws without preliminary drilling, since pine is a soft tree. The product was painted with a brush, without the use of airbrushes, work with electric tools was carried out for only 1 hour, at a tariff of 0.504 rubles per kWh, so the cost of paying for electricity is approximately 19 rubles.
Costs for manufacturing the bench Name of materials Price per unit of measurement of materials Cost of materials Wood 0.012 m 3 66.6 rub. 865 rub. Varnish NTs 20 ml 20 rub. 40 rub. Sandpaper 1 pc. 40 rub. 40 rub. Self-tapping screws 8 pcs. 50kop. 40 rub. Total 984 I spent 6 lessons on making the bench, and spent 984 rubles on the material, so I value my work at 1200 rubles. If I sell this bench, I will make a profit of 216 rubles. This means: making the product yourself is much cheaper than buying it in a store.
7. Conclusions.
While making this bench I received great aesthetic pleasure. When making this kind of product, a person develops artistic and aesthetic taste, creative thinking, and develops accuracy and precision in the execution of details. I have improved my woodworking skills. I learned a lot historical facts, for example, how gradually chairs changed and turned into very interesting things, the houses of rich people were decorated. Now very beautiful chairs have become available to anyone, you just need to have desire and hard work. 8.
Route map:
making a bench
1. Select a blank from a board 15-20 mm thick, ruler, pencil 2. Mark and cut out the outline of the product Pencil, ruler, jigsaw, template
3. Clean the product, round sharp edges and corners: electric grinding, sandpaper 4. Fastening and assembling the product: drill, self-tapping screws
5. Finishing the product: sandpaper 6. Painting the product: varnish, brush
9. List of sources used.
1. Myznikov V.A. "Carpentry 1 and 2 hours." 2. Derkachev A.A., Karabanov I.A., Shchur N.K., Gulak K.G. “Technical work grades 5-7”
3. Fedotov G.N. “Give people beauty” 4. “Arts and crafts.” O.N. Markelova. (additional education) 5. Technology “Creative projects”. A.V. Zhadayeva, A.V. Pyatkova. 6. 3oo answers to amateurs artwork on wood.V.D.Tusarchuk. 7. Handbook of carpenters and carpenters V.P. Zhukov, Leontyev P.A. 8.Technical creativity of students Yu.S.Stolyarov, D.M.Komskaya. 9.Wood processing technology. 5-9 I.A. Karabanov
Introduction
Chapter 1. Product design.
1.1. Characteristics of the design of furniture for various purposes
1.2. Requirements for joinery designs.
1.3. The procedure for manufacturing carpentry products
1.4. Technical features project.
Chapter 2. Economic feasibility study of the project
2.1. Marketing plan
2.2. Organizational plan and risks
2.3. Financial plan
Chapter 3. Routing manufacturing of the product (Appendix No. 1).
INTRODUCTION
Objects and ensembles of the material environment created by man are one of the oldest spheres of artistic creativity. Already at the dawn of civilization, simultaneously with the improvement of the first tools, household items, and collective symbolic actions, early forms of artistic understanding of the surrounding, transformable world were formed. Throughout the history of mankind, a variety of artistic processing techniques have been developing, new materials have been mastered, the sphere of activity of the applied artist has expanded, and his tasks have become more complex.
From the first steps applied arts revealed its characteristic close connection with the material and technical culture of society, on the one hand, and the phenomena of specifically artistic activity, primarily fine art, on the other hand. Subsequently, in the epochs of greatest prosperity, the tendency for an organic fusion of utilitarian usefulness and beauty of products, spiritual and stylistic commonality with works of architecture, painting, sculpture, music, and poetry is preserved and strengthened. Development in close unity with all other types of art is one of the laws of applied art.
There are wood carpentry processed manually, partially mechanized, and fully mechanized, carried out in factories with serial or mass production.
Tools for manual and mechanized processing are different different shapes and the different nature of its movement.
In the production of furniture using a mechanized method, there are such phases as cutting, drying, preparing the material, machining parts, assembling half-assemblies, units and finished products, as well as finishing. When making furniture manually, all these operations are often performed by one worker. It spends much more energy and time on execution than mechanized or semi-mechanized production.
Behind last years Large-scale production of lumber packaging and aggregate processing of large timber products are organized in sawmills. In the wood-based panel industry, production capacity has increased significantly due to the intensification of production and its technical re-equipment. There is a gradual transition of plywood enterprises to the production of efficient large-format plywood. For many years, the furniture industry has ensured a stable increase in the volume of furniture production, mainly due to the technical re-equipment of enterprises, the intensification of production, and the improvement of its organization.
Currently, tens of thousands of woodworking machines of over 800 models are produced annually, continuous mechanized and automated lines for woodworking, specialized equipment for the production of particle boards, machine tool and transport equipment, as well as auxiliary equipment for sharpening and preparing wood-cutting tools have been created.
Continuous improvement of woodworking production and the use of continuous processing methods place increased demands not only on equipment and machines, but also on the organization of its maintenance.
I. PRODUCT DESIGN
1.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF FURNITURE FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSE
Any furniture must be comfortable to use, durable, and in appearance and size correspond to its purpose; it must also meet sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic requirements at a price affordable to the general consumer.
Ease of use depends on the correct choice of design and shape of furniture. Furniture should be light and adapted to the room in which it is used. Based on scientific research and practical data, the most appropriate sizes of furniture and its components, therefore all enterprises produce furniture of standard sizes.
The shape of the furniture should provide ease of use. For example, the back of a chair should have an inclination of 10° - 14°, the back of a chair 10° - 15°. The seats of chairs and benches should be tilted downwards by 1.5° - 2° towards the backrest. The height and depth of the seat of a chair and stool, the height of a table, etc. must exactly match the size and shape of the human body. Desk and bureau drawers should be placed so that the person sitting behind them can pull them out comfortably. For convenience, in two-pedestal desks there is often no middle drawer between the pedestals; For single-stand tables, the stand should be placed on the left side of the person sitting at the table.
In written and kitchen tables The kings are made in such a way as not to disturb the person sitting behind them.
Bedroom furniture and furniture intended for cultural centers and clubs should create conditions for relaxation.
The strength of furniture depends on the design, size of parts, methods of connecting parts and assemblies. It also depends on the quality of the materials and their processing.
The components are not subject to compression and bending forces, less often to tension and chipping.
Wood is more resistant to compression and tension along the grain, and is more resistant to shearing forces across the grain. When designing furniture, you need to connect the parts in such a way that they are in the most favorable conditions.
To obtain durable furniture, you need to design it so that the direction of the fibers and layers in individual parts coincides with the direction of compressive and tensile forces and is perpendicular to the bending force. If you do not adhere to this rule, the product will quickly collapse, even if the cross-section of the component parts is increased.
The drawer of a chair, stool, bench and table is subject to bending, so it is also necessary that the direction of the drawbars in the component parts of the drawer be perpendicular to the forces acting on it.
The cross-section of individual structural parts of furniture is determined depending on the quality of the material from which they are to be made. Therefore, when designing furniture, you need to preserve established dimensions, which will ensure the required strength of the product and at the same time economical consumption of wood.
During use, individual structural parts of furniture, if the wood dries out and cracks, change shape and size. Therefore, furniture must be designed in such a way that the dimensions of the components can be changed freely. Failure to comply with this rule may result in a reduction in the useful life of the furniture, a decrease in its artistic value, or damage to individual parts or even the entire item. For example, the seat of a stool with the base must be connected in such a way that the deformation of the seat due to changes in temperature and humidity of the surrounding air occurs freely, without changing the shape and strength of the entire product. If we connect such a seat tightly, it will become deformed and quickly wear out.
1.2. REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES
JOINERY
The design of joinery products depends on the conditions of their use and on the material from which they are to be made. During the design, advanced carpentry technology should be provided, the possibility of mechanization of work, and economical consumption of materials. This can be achieved by unifying the component parts and bringing their sizes closer to the normalized dimensions of lumber. The shape and dimensions of the designed product must comply with the technical specifications.
Basically, all carpentry products are made from wood, which, as is known, changes shape and size under the influence of moisture and temperature. Depending on the conditions in which this product will be used, these changes may be significant. Therefore, they must be taken into account when designing.
Changes in the shape and size of wood under the influence of moisture and temperature depend on many factors, for example, on the structure of the wood, the direction of the fibers, etc. For example, let's say that a glued table top with dimensions of 700x750 mm can change the width to 15 mm. If the free change of wood is prevented, the stress arising in it can reach up to 100 kg/cm and will cause complete or partial damage to the product. Therefore, it is necessary to design products in such a way that deformation occurs freely without damaging the structure. In order for the entire product to have the required strength, its component parts should have as much strength as possible, and the change in their shape and size should not be significant. The strength of the product is insufficient if, during design and execution, the direction of the wood fibers in individual components is not taken into account.
The legs of the bench are subject to longitudinal compression and bending. If the fibers are directed along the axis of the leg, then it will be strong. On the contrary, if the fibers are directed at a certain angle to the axis of the leg, then the larger this angle, the weaker it will be. Such a leg easily breaks when the bench falls, as well as when moving the loaded bench across the floor.
The shape and dimensions of the designed product must comply with the technical specifications.
The cost of joinery products largely depends on production technology. To make products as cheap as possible, you need to mechanize production processes. With the modern level of technology and production technology, all component parts of various joinery products can be made with great precision on machines.
Furniture must also meet special requirements: technical, economic, aesthetic, hygienic.
Technical requirements. It is necessary to strive for the smallest number of component parts of the product and mechanized method their production; extensive unification of component parts and the possibility of their replacement.
Economic requirements. We must strive to reduce the labor intensity of manufacturing joinery and reduce material costs.
Aesthetic requirements. Joinery products must differ in the proportionality of individual parts, pleasant view and beautiful finishing. Furniture should be in harmony with everything else in the room.
Hygienic requirements. Furniture, when used, should not negatively affect the normal functioning of the human body; it should be comfortable and of appropriate size. Furniture should not have areas where dust could get clogged and settle.
1.3. PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING JOINERY PRODUCTS
Carpentry products, despite their external differences, are made according to one generally accepted plan. Usually the work is performed in the following sequence:
1) calculation and preparation for work;
2) procurement of parts;
3) planing of blanks;
4) marking of parts;
5) processing of parts;
6) pre-assembly, fitting and checking the frame of the product;
7) stripping;
8) final assembly;
9) finishing.
Calculation and preparation for work. Regardless of whether one or many identical products will be manufactured, whether they will be carried out by one or many workers, before starting to carry them out, it is necessary to think carefully next questions: what material should the product be made of, how many parts are there, what size and shape they are, how they are connected to each other, what equipment and tools are needed and how to set them up; how to do a thing; how to process parts; in what order to collect them one from another; how to finish the product, how and how to decorate it.
Only by carefully thinking through each of these issues can you ensure productive and successful work.
The simplest furniture includes benches and stools. Benches are made mainly from coniferous wood, the width of one board (200–300 mm). The more common species is Scots pine. It grows from the western borders of the country to the Amur and Ussuri rivers in the east, in the north it reaches the Far North; in the south it borders on the black soil strip, grows in the Crimea and the Caucasus.
Pine from the northern regions of the European part has higher performance: fine-grained, dense wood with a high content of late zone, narrow sapwood.
On the territory of Siberia best wood in the pine tree, which grows in the western part (Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk region). Pine wood is used in shipbuilding, railcars, bridges, buildings, agricultural engineering, etc.
Pine wood occupies the main place in timber exports (exported in the form of lumber).
Any softwood, it is advisable to paint the product oil paint or varnish. Oil varnishes are solutions of natural or synthetic resins in drying oils with the addition of synthetics and thinners. Resins in oil varnishes increase the hardness and shine of the resulting varnish films and improve their adhesion to the surface being finished (adizium).
Drying of oil varnishes differs from that of alcohol varnishes; it takes longer: to dry from dust it takes from 3 to 12 hours, to dry completely from 1 to 3 days.
Films of oil varnishes are distinguished by gloss, strength, water and weather resistance, and these properties largely depend on the ratio of oil and resin in the varnish.
Fatty varnishes contain 2–5 times more oil than resin. They form elastic films with high water and weather resistance, therefore they are used mainly for finishing products located in the open air.
Skinny varnishes contain 5 to 1.25 parts oil to 1 part resin. They dry faster, form films compared to fatty oils, are no less weather-resistant and elastic, but have a good shine and great hardness. Skinny varnishes are used for finishing indoor products.
The industry produces oil-based varnishes in a ready-to-use form. They can only be diluted to a small extent with turpentine or gasoline solvent. To prepare oil varnishes, compacted oil (polymerized or oxidized) and natural or synthetic resins are used. To make the varnish film matte, 2–3% wax, paraffin or ceresin is added to the oil varnish.
The spilling of oil varnishes, compared to the spilling of alcohol varnishes, occurs more slowly, but should end within 10 minutes; varnishes that take longer to pour are considered to be of poor quality.
Oil varnishes are packaged at paint factories and transported in the same way as alcohol varnishes. When storing oil-based varnishes, one should take into account their flammability, in particular the spontaneous combustion of rags soaked in it.
The bench consists of a seat board, legs and slats connecting the legs. Depending on the length of the bench, it is equipped with two or three pairs of legs with a cross-section of 50–60 mm. The legs are connected to the seat board by hidden tires with glue or through tires with wedging. The legs are connected to each other by strips with a cross-section of 40x60 mm and through busbars with glue. Often there are benches whose legs are made of boards rather than bars. In this case, the benches have a more durable structure, and the longitudinal bar is replaced by supports.
Making a bench. One version of the bench is shown in Fig. 1. Knitting methods are visible in the drawing.
It should not be veneered, since the bench may be needed both in the bathroom and in the front garden under the window; children will certainly use it for their games.
The most difficult will be knitting in one spike. Carpenters and model makers draw out the entire future product, its components and details on large sheets of plywood, trying to fit all the details on one sheet, including cuts in different directions. The drawing, made on an arbitrary scale, does not include dimensions; the drawing in life size they will be redundant. This makes it easier to imagine the sequence of manufacturing blanks, parts, methods of connections, and assembly. The blanks are also marked according to the drawings. If there is no suitable sheet of graph paper, use a sheet of newspaper, the colored pencil will be clearly visible. It is also convenient that the rulers and lines on newspaper pages, transverse and longitudinal, are always located with great precision at right angles.
Let us note right away that in this method of working drawings the canons of geometric construction of three-dimensional figures and the standards of drawing art are deliberately violated. But it is known that in recent years, architects and design engineers have widely used volumetric modeling methods when a residential building or a factory building on a certain scale is first constructed, made up of wooden squares, cubes, triangles and parts of other configurations, and then, when the rational grain is found , the layout is transferred to paper, drawn, and detailed.
When making a life-size drawing, first draw the contours of the largest size, in this case it will be a top view of the seat, because the height of the bench and the length do not exceed the dimensions of the lid. Then the outline is drawn with a pencil of a different color, as it is visible from the wide side, and, finally, the outline of the end. All that remains is to make cuts and show how to connect the parts into units. For complex products, it would not be superfluous to detail the components, especially those that have not yet been encountered in practice.
The design of a bench consisting of 13 parts is widely known: four legs, four legs, four drawers (upper, more massive legs) and a seat. In the proposed version of the benches There are 11 parts, two less, but the stability and strength are compensated by the “lobed” fit of the legs. But here is the payment for savings, for the deviation from the centuries-tested scheme of a stool and chair: in eight nodes, not simple straight lines are used, but connections of parts beveled at a slight angle. More complex markings, not straight, but beveled sockets, specific features of pressing “wrong” corner joints in clamps and pipes designed for compression at right angles - all this is justified by the final result of the work. No one will say that a bench is a shortened stool, a low chair. No, this is exactly a bench, a comfortable footrest when working while sitting.
Sawing and planing workpieces is no different from usual. All blanks have a rectangular cross-section, only the ends of the transverse frames are sawn at an angle of 30–40°. And the sequence of operations for filing tenons, marking, and hollowing out eyes is somewhat different than when making, for example, a square or a clamp. In two longitudinal parts (leg and drawer), the tenons are made straight, marked using a square according to marks made by laying blanks on a full-size drawing. Through tenons on the legs are marked according to the marks on the edges of the workpieces, the marks are connected by lines using a ruler in a square.
Three prongs are marked differently (one longitudinal and two transverse). The first one has straight through spikes rectangular shape, during assembly and gluing, they are wedged for strength, all others are also wedged to form tenons of square cross-section, they are marked along the edges by superimposing them on the drawing, the marks are transferred to the faces at right angles. Marking of studs in the longitudinal direction along the thickness is done only with a surface planer.
In the transverse direction the tenons are sawed off, in the longitudinal direction they are cut off with a chisel on four sides. At the same time, in order not to cut off excess, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the wood fibers. It is better to saw tenons on twisted wood in the longitudinal direction, for which the workpieces are clamped in a vice in a vertical position.
Eyelets are formed only after all the tenons have been made, aligned according to the drawing, and cleaned with a chisel. Nests are marked by placing blanks with ready-made tires on blanks that should have eyelets. First, pencil marks are placed on one side, then, using a square and a thicknesser, they are transferred to both edges of the legs and sides, drawers and legs. It is recommended to hollow out nests located at an angle on both sides of the workpieces.
When all the tires and lugs are made, it is necessary to test assemble the parts into units, first in pairs of legs with legs and drawers, then with longitudinal drawers and drawers. Possible distortions can be easily eliminated during pressing in clamps. If the connections are made more or less cleanly, there are no significant distortions, then you can do without pressing: it will be replaced by wedging of through tenons, the only exception being the longitudinal frame. The corners are oval, cut with a jigsaw according to preliminary markings using a template cut out of cardboard. Marking ovals can also be done with a compass, but the easiest way is to follow the contour of a suitable round object placed on the plywood.
It is necessary to prepare in advance wooden wedges of the following sizes: length 20–25, width 8–10, thickness no more than 3 mm. They are made from a piece of cross-layered wood, which is split with a wide chisel or an ordinary knife, and the ends are sharpened. More than a dozen wedges will be required - according to the number of nests.
When everything is ready, you can begin assembling the units for gluing. The procedure is the same as for test assembly; the glue should not be too thick and cold, since all pressing work will take at least 10 minutes, during which time the cold and thick glue will turn into a gelatinous mass and will not be absorbed well into the pores of the wood.
Glue is applied to both the studs and the eyes. The spikes of the legs glued in pairs are immediately wedged out. It is better to drive wedges coated with glue not along the edges of the sockets, even if there are cracks, but into the ends of the tenons, having previously made notches with a narrow chisel. Great efforts should not be made when driving the wedges; their ends should be cut off with a chisel immediately after gluing only on the sides.
Then pairs of legs with a leg are connected with glue, the tenons are wedged out, the tenons of the longitudinal drawer, the cutouts in the transverse drawers, as well as the faces of all three drawers to which the seat cover is glued are smeared with glue. The latter should be pressed with clamps. Place a piece of wood or plywood under the screws, or even better, a board along the entire length of the lid. If one side of the board is convex, then it is this side that is placed on the seat, then the clamp will be more reliable.
As a rule, one adhesive connection is sufficient. However, if it turns out that the edges of the cover do not fit tightly to the ends of the transverse drawers, then they can be strengthened with four screws no longer than 22 mm. The glued bench should be placed on its legs to dry for 4–5 hours. First, check the parallelism of the parts by eye. Existing deviations are corrected with light blows of a hammer or simply by hand.
Finishing consists of trimming protruding tenons and wedges, scraping off dried glue with a chisel, puttingtying the ends, sanding all surfaces, and painting. The ends of the legs, after alignment with two parallel rulers, as was done when checking the correctness of planing, must be sawed off at the appropriate angle so that the ends are parallel to the plane of the lid and floor. Chamfers are made on the edges.
Garden bench. Second option. Varnish is not suitable for finishing; only oil painting is possible. The workpieces should be glued not with flesh glue, but with casein glue.
But when it comes to designing a garden bench, the creative scope is endless. They are made of wood and wicker, from stumps and logs, metal and brick, concrete and ceramics. There are even grass benches. With and without backrests, stationary and mobile, with a reclining backrest and a folding seat in case of rain, low, like for children, and high, with a retractable or reclining additional bench for the feet. There are countless finishing methods. But we offer one portable option, very light wooden garden bench and then only to show possible methods and techniques for carpentry joints that will be constantly exposed to the destructive effects of moisture and sun.
To make such a bench you will need up to a cheek 1200 mm long, 40 to 80 mm wide and up to 20 mm thick; bars for legs with a cross-section of 50x50 and short planks or blocks for drawers and legs with a cross-section of 60x20 mm. The design is dominated by tenon knitting of parts at a certain angle, since the four legs will not be vertical, but beveled to the sides. This position of the legs ensures good stability of the bench on uneven ground and grass. Marking through tenons and sockets will require high precision, so it is better to do it according to a full-size drawing.
As can be seen from the drawing, all the tenons are wide enough to ensure strong gluing. All tires are through, this allows us to use wedging, which will also increase the strength of the bench, which is made from lightweight materials. A preschooler can carry and rearrange it. Being well and tastefully painted, it can take its rightful place among festive table on the terrace.
The material for blanks can be wood of any type of wood, but without large and through knots. The strength of the connections requires processing all the main parts with a jointer, carefully filing the tenons and selecting sockets for them. It is better to make wedges from hardwood; they should be wide enough, at least 20 mm, and sharpened with a chisel at an angle of no more than 25 °.
The boards for the seat are laid out on three sides, all other pieces - on four. Marking is done by superimposing it on the drawing. First, the pinches are filed down, then after checking they are marked according to the drawing and the eyes are hollowed out. Test assembly before gluing is required.
The final assembly with glue is carried out unit by unit. First, pairs of bench legs. After pressing them in, drying for 6–8 hours, cleaning off the glue and wedges, the entire bench is reassembled “dry”, the corners are checked and, if necessary, additional adjustment is made.
For working in strawberry beds, a small, lightweight bench is convenient, which is placed not on the side of the bed, but across it, above it, its legs resting on two rows. The height of the bench depends on the height of the bed, it is approximately 300 mm, the length of the seat is equal to the width of the bed. The legs are slanted and tied on spikes or in a half-tree method with drawers. no leggings. Stability is provided by two planks nailed to the ends of the legs parallel to the row spacing.
Finish – oil painting for two times.
1.4. TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
The design of the product consists of:
1) Leg.
2) Cross bar.
3) Longitudinal strip.
4) Seat block.
Parts manufacturing technology:
1) To make a leg, you need four bars with dimensions of length 160 mm, height 410 mm, thickness 45 mm.
2) The cross bar is made from a workpiece with dimensions length 320 mm, height 40 mm, thickness 35 mm.
3) The longitudinal strip is made from a blank with dimensions length 1400 mm, height 80 mm, thickness 20 mm.
4) The seat block is made from a blank with dimensions length 1800 mm, height 45 mm, thickness 80 mm.
The sequence of manufacturing parts is given in detail above.
The material used is pine, the physical and technological properties of which are shown above.
Calculation of the consumed amount of materials.
TOTAL: 0.0342 m 3
II. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
2.1. Marketing plan
Distribution of the product at the initial stage will be carried out through our own warehouse-showroom; 50 square meters will be allocated for this. area of the rented premises. In the future, it is planned to organize showrooms in different areas of the city and in other large cities.
The company uses an approach to pricing: prices depend on competitors' prices. Average prices for custom-made pine furniture in Russia range from 6,000 rubles. up to 15,000 rub. for 1 linear meter. It is planned to enter the market with a price of 6,000 rubles. for 1 linear meter. But the price may rise depending on the complexity of manufacturing the product and the availability of accessories. We believe that this price allows our products to be competitive and corresponds to the company’s image as a manufacturer of high-quality and reliable products.
There will be a discount system:
- when ordering more than 20,000 rubles. – 5% discount,
- large wholesale partners (orders over RUR 100,000) – up to 15%.
2.2.Organizational plan and risks
To establish stable operation you need to recruit the following staff:
To stimulate labor productivity, it is advisable to use a percentage system in addition to rates.
2.3.Financial plan
1. When planning the volume of output for 2004, the following must be taken into account:
- potential market capacity (according to the newspaper “Business” manufacturing companies With production capacity about 50 l.m./month. (this is exactly the capacity our workshop will have) per month (per year 50x12 = 600 linear meters) do not have time to satisfy demand);
- market capacity will increase by 20% in 2004 and 25% in 2005, due to a decrease in demand for imports;
- Our production at full capacity can produce approximately twice as much product.
2. Calculation of cost (in rubles) 1 unit. furniture (bench).
When calculating the cost, we use the following formula:
S=S (pack) / N + S (trans.), where
S – cost;
S (unitary enterprise) – semi-fixed expenses;
N – planned annual production;
S (per) – variable expenses.
Conditionally fixed expenses in rub. (for a year)
Variable costs (calculated per unit of production)
Cost calculation for 2004
S1 = 35567, 40/360 + 156.38= 239.47 rub.
2005
S2 = 35567.40/432+156.38= 228.56 rub.
2006
S3 = 35567.40/540+156.38= 222.10 rub.
Break-even point calculation:
T 2004 = R post. / Ts-R lane. = 35567.40 / 200.00 – 156.38 = 231.30 units.
That. break-even of our enterprise will be ensured upon sales of 231.3 linear meters. in 2004.
Break-even point chart
To provide normal operation During the first year, it is necessary to attract investments in the amount of 50,209 rubles. Let us assume that a bank loan will be received with the condition of repayment at the end of the first year of 20%, at the end of the second year 25% and at the end of the third year 55% and 15% per annum (taking into account the repayment of the loan).
Calculation of loan amounts:
| date | Loan received | Repayment of a credit | % |
| 12/20/2003 | 50209 | ||
| 12/31/2004 | 10041,80 | 7531,35 | |
| 12/31/2005 | 12552,25 | 6025,08 | |
| 12/31/2006 | 27614,95 | 4142,24 | |
| TOTAL |
Profit/loss calculation
2004
| № | Indicators | Profit | Losses |
| 1 | Revenue | 72000 | |
| 2 | 50209,2 | ||
| 3 | Profit from sales | 24937,80 | |
| 4 | Loan interest paid | 7531,35 | |
| 5 | Taxable income | 17406,45 | |
| Income tax | 5221,94 | ||
| Net profit | 12184,52 |
2005
| № | Indicators | Profit | Losses |
| 1 | Revenue | 86400 | |
| 2 | Cost price finished products | 55537,92 | |
| 3 | Profit from sales | 30862,08 | |
| 4 | Loan interest paid | 6025,08 | |
| 5 | Taxable income | 24837 | |
| 6 | Income tax | 7451,10 | |
| Net profit | 17385,90 |
2006
| № | Indicators | Profit | Losses |
| 1 | Revenue | 108000 | |
| 2 | Cost of finished products | 60534 | |
| 3 | Profit from sales | 47466 | |
| 4 | Loan interest paid | 4142,24 | |
| 5 | Taxable income | 43323,76 | |
| 6 | Income tax | 12997,13 | |
| Net profit | 30326,63 |
Calculation of financial assessment ratios for 2004:
Product profitability = Sales profit/Cost = 24937.80/50209.2 = 0.50
Profit rate=Net profit/Investment=12184.52/50209.2=0.24
Payback period:
| Year | Net profit | Loan balance |
| 50209 | ||
| 2004 | 12184,52 | 38024,48 |
| 2005 | 17385,9 | 20638,58 |
| 2006 | 30326,63 | 0 |
2004: 20638.58/30326.63=0.68 years=8 months.
That. The payback period for the project is 2 years 8 months.
Practical work
Pedagogy and didactics
Benches, table, cabinet, that's the entire interior of the room. Goal: Show your abilities in design activities; Study the design and manufacturing technology of a bench; Learn how to use tools correctly; Make a Bench 4. Product selection Benches in spring and summer are very popular products in the country when people work hard, plant plants and...
Creative project on technology
On the topic: Bench
I've done the work:
Student of secondary school No. 50
9 "A" class
Gruzdev Andrey
Checked:
Denisov M.I.
1) Problem
2) Scheme
3) Purpose
4) Product selection
5) Rationale
6) Manufacturing
7) Analysis
8) Evaluation
1.Problem
IN summer holidays, I often visit the village. The whole family goes to the village, where we relax, sunbathe, fish, and help in cultivating the plot. Country house very cozy, beautiful. I noticed the furniture in the house. Benches, a table, a closet - this is the entire interior of the room. I had an idea to make the interior of the house more comfortable and beautiful. I decided to make a bench out of natural material. In technology lessons we do carpentry, artistic carving. With my idea, I turned to technology teacher M.I. Denisov.
2.Scheme
Show your abilities in project activities
Study the design and manufacturing technology of a bench
Learn to use tools correctly
Make a Bench
4. Product selection
Benches are very popular products in the country in spring and summer, when people work hard, plant plants and cultivate the land. They provide an opportunity to relax, and therefore are an integral part suburban area. Reliable and durable products from natural wood will decorate any garden plot and will serve for many years to the benefit of family and friends.Manufacturing garden bench and it became my project. Making a bench with your own hands is very easy and without much effort, with a lot of desire and an unpretentious tool. Moreover, in practice,DIY benchIt is much easier to build than it initially seems. In addition, do-it-yourself benches for a summer residence become exclusive and a clear example our diligence and care for loved ones.
5. Rationale
The bench is made of wood. Having two “supports” and a crossbar.
Subsequently, the bench will be freed from almost all irregularities, chips, etc.
It will stand in the yard, house, or other place where it can be used for its intended purpose.
6. Manufacturing
1) preparation for work and compliance with safety regulations
2) making templates for bench parts
3) Marking all parts and cutting them
4) Assembling the bench
5) Cleaning of uneven surfaces, chips and other things on the bench.
7. Analysis
|
Positive points |
Negative points |
|
All manufacturing materials are available |
No |
|
I liked the work done |
No |
|
The bench manufacturing technology turned out to be feasible for me |
No |
|
The model of the bench I selected corresponds to the choice |
No |
8.Evaluation
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MBOU "Verkhovskaya Secondary School No. 2 2015"
T
creative project
IN 
completed by: student of class 7 “A”
MBOU "Verkhovskaya Secondary School No. 2"
Naumov Alexander
Technology teacher:
Eremenko Antonina Nikolaevna
2015 academic year G..
CONTENTS
Introduction
1. Justification of the problem…………………. 1
2. Goals and objectives……………………………………........ . 2
3. Scheme of thinking……………………………………. . 2
4. Identification of the main parameters and limitations... . 3
5. Theoretical information…………………………….. . 3
6. History and modernity…………………………….. . 4
7. Research star…………………………….. . 5
Search stage
8. Bank of ideas………………………….…………………. ..6
9. Sketch development basic version….……… … 9
10. Requirements for the product………….… 10
11. Design specification…………………………….. 11
12. Selection of material for the product………… 12
13. Tools and equipment…………………..…… 13
14. Technical drawing of the product………………………. 16
Ol
Technological stage
15. Organization of the workplace. Safety rules and sanitary and hygienic requirements during work... 17
16. Technological map. Making bench legs... 21
17. Technological map. Making a bench drawer… 22
18. Technological map. Making a bench cover 23
19. Technological map. Assembling the bench…………… 24
The final stage.
20. Quality control…………………………………… 25
21. Environmental justification……………………… 25
23. Economic calculations…………………………… 26
24. Self-esteem…………………………………….……. 27
25. Glossary of terms………………………………… 28
26. Literature………………………………………… 28
Application
28. Performing labor techniques. Chapter:
“Manual wood processing”……………………… 30
1. Justification of the problem and need that has arisen
The apartment in which we live, work and relax should be comfortable, cozy and, of course, beautiful. To achieve this, there is no need to spend a lot of money. To do this, it is enough to make the product yourself.
The main thing about this project is that the product can be made independently. When choosing this project, the following points were taken into account: in the process of making this bench, acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of mathematics, physics, chemistry and technology are used.
Making a bench helps to consolidate previously studied material on such topics as “Marking”, “Drilling”, “Furniture repair at home”.
The equipment of the training workshops makes it possible to carry out this project, this work not dangerous. During the process, you can become familiar with interior design technology and acquire furniture repair skills. By making such a bench, you can make a personal contribution to the decoration of your apartment by making a nice gift for your parents.
When making a bench, you must maintain precision and accuracy, and also take into account the following factors:
Room interior;
Test control;
Economic costs;
Construction;
Preparation time;
Materials used.
Selection and justification of the project topic
The apartment in which we live, work and relax should be comfortable, cozy and, of course, beautiful. To achieve this, there is no need to spend a lot of money; a lot can be done with your own hands.
Wood for me is the most available material, providing ample opportunity for creative activity for the production of original products in a school workshop. I have already made several decorative things for the house with my own hands: a frame, cutting board, rolling pin, candlestick, chest of drawers for small items. Unusual handmade products will not only bring warmth to the house and decorate the interior - they will give a piece of a fairy tale that will stay with us forever.
goal in front of you:
design and make a beautiful and inexpensive stool from wood.
While working on the project, I solved the following problems:
develop an economical, technologically advanced, durable and reliable design wood products;
develop a simple technological process making a stool based on studied wood processing technologies using equipment that I already know how to work with;
manufacture the product according to the developed technical documentation for a limited time.
When choosing the project topic, I took into account:
My skill level.
A necessity for me, work done.
Costs for purchasing materials and tools during the project.
The amount of time required to complete the project.
Expected Result
So, the issue is resolved! I'm making a stool for the kitchen! But which one? What kind of legs should I make, the shape of the seat? What decor should I use? I found several chair options online that might suit me.
After considering all the options, studying their features, the need for materials and other components, the decision was made: to make a stool with turned legs. The result should be a beautiful, original product that can decorate any kitchen and be useful for many years.
2. Goals and objectives of the project
I like woodworking. And I had a desire to make my own wood product. I chose the bench product as the object of the creative project.
Objective of the project:
A rational approach to the development of the project and its production.
Project objectives:
Complete the product while adhering to the project organization sequences as much as possible.
Master the techniques of performing technological operations in wood processing.
3. Thinking scheme
4. Identification of main parameters and limitations
The product must meet the following requirements:
The product must be made carefully.
The product must correspond to the chosen style.
The product must be beautiful.
The product must be durable.
The product must be technologically advanced.
The product must have a low cost.
The product must be environmentally friendly.
The product should successfully complement the selected pattern.
5. Theoretical information
The product that I decided to make as indicated above must be neat,
beautiful and durable. I decided to make the bench from hardwood. In this case it is birch.
Birch is a hard wood. It lends itself well to both mechanical and manual processing. Used in carpentry and furniture production. The material itself is durable; dry wood of this species does not have much weight, which as a result contributes to the low weight of the completed product.
6. History and modernity
Housing and interior design have come a long way historically. Everything that has been accumulated in world practice for thousands of years, as a result of the complex interaction of human labor, natural, climatic, social and material living conditions, has become the basis for development modern architecture home and its interior; from a rural residential building or cottage, to apartment building in the city.
Previously, natural shelters served as human dwellings; caves, hollows, tree branches, and then built by him - huts, dugouts, houses. The furnishings of the dwellings were mainly of a utilitarian nature; the issues of organizing the hearth, the places around it, etc. were resolved. With the development of crafts and the emergence of artistic values, people began to pay attention not only convenient device, but also the decoration of homes.
Chairs primitive man They were a flat stone with uneven edges. Subsequently, people began to improve the chair and added some details to it. Graduallyit began to take on, albeit vaguely, a modern appearance. In later times, chairs decorated with precious stones and made of expensive materials became luxury items. This is evidenced by residential buildings Ancient Egypt. The furniture is made of marble or bronze. These are round or rectangular tables, stools, chairs with backs, chairs with armrests.
Hunters and fishermen also use chairs, and their role can be played by a wide variety of objects: boxes, flat stones, logs, etc.
IN modern world, in houses, you can see chairs of various designs and shapes - armchairs, rocking chairs, sofas, ottomans, benches. And although they look different, their application is absolutely the same. They are used as a seating item.
7. Research star
8. Bank of ideas
Having studied the theoretical material, the history of the emergence and development of the issue, it was decided to make a product using wood processing techniques, with the help of which it was possible to make a stool from wood.
During the information collection process, a number of options were considered:
Option No. 2
Use as furniture
Making a profit for the family budget through production and sale.
2. Design
2.1. The product is easy to manufacture
2.2 In terms of its design, the product is not large in size, durable, and aesthetically pleasing
3. Material – wood hardwood, good quality without vices.
12. Selection of material for the product
When making this product, it is best to use hardwood.
Hard wood species include: birch, beech, oak, elm, rowan, maple, walnut, apple, pear, ash, white acacia. From the list of wood species we could use to make the product: birch, oak, pear and acacia. We do not use pear and acacia because we did not have the required sizes in stock. We use birch, since this wood is more accessible than oak.
Selection of material, tools, equipment
Having made a choice of object of labor, I began to collect information about similar products produced by enterprises: materials used, sizes, types of structures, prices. For this purpose, I visited shops and markets. But I didn’t find a similar chair. Therefore, I chose the material myself, developed the design and manufacturing method.
Choice of wood. When making this product I used pine. Pine is the cheapest and most pliable material; bars and boards made from it are used in the production of many products.
Choice of glue and varnish. The stool is intended for use inside a heated room, so any transparent, non-waterproof wood glue can be used to glue it together. I chose “Moment” wood glue.
Varnishing helps protect the surface of the product from moisture penetration and rotting. I chose alkyd varnish brand PF-283
Tools and Equipment:
1. When making a stool you need hand tools: hacksaw, hammer, punch, mallet, plane.
2. Chisels for turning wood on lathe
3. The seat of the stool and the drawers are shaped, so it is better to cut them out with an electric jigsaw.
4. Drilling holes can be done conveniently and quickly using a drilling machine.
Slide 1
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Komsomolsk secondary school No. 3" Explanatory note to the creative project "Picnic table"
Designer: Kafarov I. 11th grade student Supervisor: technology teacher Klimov V. P. 2014
Slide 2
Slide 3
Product selection Benches and benches in spring and summer are very popular products in the country, when people work hard, plant plants and cultivate the land. They provide an opportunity to relax, and therefore are an integral part of the suburban area. Reliable and durable products made from natural wood will decorate any garden plot and will serve for many years for the benefit of family and friends. Manufacturing garden table and it became my project. Making a table with your own hands is very easy and without much effort, if you have a great desire and an unpretentious tool. Moreover, in practice, the table is built much easier than it initially seems. In addition, do-it-yourself garden tables become an exclusive and clear example of our diligence and care for loved ones.
Slide 4
STUDYING CUSTOMER DEMAND FOR THE PRODUCT. Questionnaire to study consumer demand for a picnic table. 1. Would you like to purchase a picnic table? a) yes; b) no 2. What criteria do you consider the most significant when buying a picnic table? a) aesthetics appearance; b) originality of the model; c) durability of use and reliability; d) ease of use; d) affordability. 3. When making a purchase, you: a) feel a need for this item; b) really liked the model; c) decided to liven up the interior; d) the table complements your interior d) something else. 4. When making a purchase, you prefer: a) buy an expensive but high-quality item; b) cheap - it doesn’t matter what it looks like, as long as it lasts a long time. 5. Do you have a picnic table? a) yes; b) no
No. Name of the person being questioned 1 2 3 4 5
1 Amirov R. A V A A B
2 Boldov S. A A A A B
3 Evdokimov O. A V A B B
4 Mashtanov V. A B B A B
5 Shumilov D. B A A B B
Slide 5
CONCLUSION! Having surveyed 5 of my classmates: four would buy a picnic table and only one does not need such a purchase. Significant criteria are considered to be: reliability by three, and originality by two. When making a purchase, most people feel the need for this product. When making a purchase, three would buy an expensive but high-quality item, and two would buy something cheaper and more beautiful. No one had a picnic table. The compelling arguments were: a) quality; b) beauty and aesthetics; c) reliability. I decided to make a lounge chair.
Slide 6
Picnic table
For ease of relaxation
Availability of production
Tools: Hacksaw Drill Jigsaw Mallet
Single item
Finish: Painting and varnish
Affordability
Slide 7
Material Selection This project requires a material that is durable and easy to work with. I settled on pine.
Slide 8
Environmental justification for the product
Used for recreation
Made from softwood
Treated with varnish and paint
Screw connections
Takes up little space when folded
Slide 9
Wood: + Non-toxic during operation. + Harm environment and does not benefit nature. + Easy to recycle.
PVA glue: - Glue production is harmful to the environment. - The fumes are harmful to humans. + Evaporation is less than other adhesives. + After drying it is harmless.
Varnish: - Toxic when applied. + When applied, toxicity is less than that of other varnishes.
Slide 10
Development of initial ideas
Non-transforming models
Takes up too much space
Do not have countertops
Slide 11
Sketch description
This is a compact table for relaxation that you can take with you on a picnic or install on summer cottage. When folded, it takes up quite a bit of space. Pine is used for production. Connections are made using PVA glue and self-tapping screws. Ready product covered with paint and varnish.
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Routing
Description of the operation Graphic representation Equipment machines, tools, devices
1. Preparation of material and marking Tape measure, pencil, template, square.
2. Sawing out all the parts. Jigsaw, hacksaw, miter box.
3.Assembling the legs. Glue, drill, screwdriver, clamp.
Slide 15
4.Assembling the table cover holders. Glue, drill, screwdriver, clamp.
5.Assembling the mechanism. Drill, 8mm bolt, wrenches.
6.Attaching benches. Drill, screwdriver, screws, glue.
7.Gluing the table top. PVA glue, clamps.
8.Installing the countertop. PVA glue, screws, drill, screwdriver.
Slide 16
9.Adjustment and installation of the back stop. PVA glue, drill, screwdriver, screws.
10. Installation of armrests. PVA glue, drill, screwdriver, screws.
11. Coating with paint and two or three layers of varnish. Brush.
Slide 17
Basic safety rules When sawing: Before sawing the workpiece, it should be properly positioned on the workbench. It is necessary to work with a saw or hacksaw without jerking or bending the blade. Do not guide the saw blade with your finger. Use for these purposes wooden blocks. Can't hold left hand close to the saw blade. Remove shavings from the carpentry workbench with a broom brush. When planing: During work, it is necessary to clean the planing tools from chips using a wooden blade. During operation, it is necessary to ensure that the reverse surface does not fall below the marked lines. You cannot check the quality of the treated surface and the sharpness of the blade with your hands. During breaks in work, planing tools should be placed on their side with the cutter blade facing away from you. When drilling: Before drilling holes, the workpiece and backing board must be securely secured to the carpentry workbench. The drill must be secured without distortion. The drill should be fed smoothly during operation, without jerking. The pressure on the brace (drill) stop at the beginning and end of drilling should be light, and the rotation by hand should be light. Chips cannot be blown off the surface of the product; they must be swept away with a special brush. When finishing wood: After work, the tool used to clean out irregularities on the surface of the product should be cleaned of sawdust. You can work with a rasp with the handle applied. Dyes must be handled with care; they must not come into contact with clothing, the skin of the hands, or the body. When finishing work, wash your hands thoroughly with soap. Sawdust and grinding dust from the surface of the product must be removed with a special brush.