prevention of age-related changes, age-related hormonal changes. Age-related changes: how to live long and maintain youth Age-related changes in the human body

Age-related changes in human body systems

Age period	Features of development
newborns – from birth to 4 weeks;	The growth and development of individual muscle groups occurs unevenly. First of all, infants develop the abdominal muscles, and a little later - the chewing muscles. The muscles of a child, unlike the muscles of an adult, are paler, softer and more elastic. By the end of the first year of life, the muscles of the back and limbs noticeably increase, at which time the child begins to walk. During the period from birth to the end of the child’s growth, muscle mass increases 35 times.
early childhood – from 1 year to 3 years;	mastering static posture, walking and beginning to master speech. This activity of skeletal muscles causes changes in the structure of the nervous system and improvement of its functions, the structure of the skeleton and skeletal muscles, regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, an increase in the volume and weight of the heart, lungs and other internal organs. The cessation of breastfeeding, changes in the consistency and composition of food and the appearance of milk teeth lead to a restructuring of the digestive canal, changes in its motor and secretory functions and absorption. The level of metabolism per 1 kg of body weight increases significantly due to the participation of tone and contractions of skeletal muscles not only in the movement of the body, but also in heat production at rest. By the end of the pre-preschool period, running mechanisms are formed and speech functions continue to develop.
preschool – from 3 to 7 years;	the maintenance of relative constancy of body temperature at rest by tensing the skeletal muscles ceases; with the onset of preschool age, the skeletal muscles at rest completely relax. The motor neurons of the brain acquire the shape characteristic of an adult, and the weight of the brain increases significantly (it becomes three times larger than that of a newborn). Improving the functions of the brain (especially the inhibitory mechanism) leads to a decrease in the level of metabolism per 1 kg of body weight, the appearance of an inhibitory effect of the nervous system on cardiac and respiratory activity, an increase in the period of wakefulness and a decrease in the period of sleep.
junior school – from 7 to 11 years;	rapid development of the muscles of the hands, the simplest work and everyday motor skills are developed, small precise hand movements begin to be developed. Changes in motor activity are associated with the beginning of schooling, especially with learning to write and simple work. As a result of the complication and increase in the number of movements and greater mobility, by the beginning of primary school age, the development of brain neurons is basically completed, and its functions are improved. First of all, this relates to inhibition, which ensures the coordination of subtle and precise movements. Basically, by this age, the formation of the inhibitory effect of the nervous system on the heart is completed, the weight of the heart and lungs increases, and the improvement of metabolic regulation entails a decrease in its level by 1 kg of body weight. When milk teeth are replaced by permanent teeth, further restructuring of the digestive canal occurs, which is associated with the consumption of food appropriate for an adult.
senior school, or teenage (puberty) - from 11 to 16 years.	characterized by the onset of puberty, changes in the functions of skeletal muscles, increased growth and development, mastery of motor skills, labor, and physical exercise. The morphological maturation of the motor system is completed, almost reaching a fairly perfect level of functioning characteristic of adults. In this case, the formation of the motor zone in the brain practically ends, the pulse and respiration rates decrease, and the relative level of metabolism further decreases, which is nevertheless even greater than in an adult. The replacement of milk teeth with permanent ones is completed. At 12–16 years of age (puberty), due to the lengthening of the tubular bones, the muscle tendons also intensively lengthen. During this time, the muscles become long and thin, making teenagers appear long-legged and long-armed.
youth (from 16 years to 21 years),	characterized by increased muscle growth and the formation of massive muscle fibers, a sharp increase in their strength and a significant complication and expansion of the activity of the motor system. The weight of the brain and spinal cord almost reaches the level of an adult. The process of ossification of the sesamoid bones begins. At 15–18 years of age, transverse muscle growth occurs. Their development continues until 25–30 years.

Age-related changes in the endocrine system.

Endocrine glands produce various chemicals called hormones. Hormones act on metabolism in negligible quantities; they serve as catalysts, exerting their effects through the blood and nervous system. Hormones have a huge impact on mental and physical development, growth, changes in the structure of the body and its functions, and determine gender differences.

Hormones are characterized by specificity of action: they have a selective effect only on a specific function (or functions). The influence of hormones on metabolism is carried out mainly through changes in the activity of certain enzymes, and hormones influence either directly their synthesis or the synthesis of other substances involved in a specific enzymatic process. The effect of the hormone depends on the dose and can be inhibited by various compounds (sometimes called antihormones).

The weight of the thyroid gland is: in a newborn – 1.5–2.0 g, by 3 years – 5.0 g, by 5 years – 5.5 g, by 5–8 years – 9.5 g, by 11–12 years (at the beginning of puberty) - 10.0-18.0 g, by 13-15 years - 22-35 g, in an adult - 25-40 g. By old age, the weight of the gland decreases, and in men it is more than in women .

The effect of hormones on protein metabolism is associated with age. In adults and children, thyroid hormones have the opposite effect: in adults, with an excess of the hormone, the breakdown of proteins increases and weight loss occurs; in children, protein synthesis increases and the growth and formation of the body accelerates. Both hormones increase the synthesis and breakdown of cholesterol with a predominance of splitting.

Age-related changes in the hearing organs.

at 3–4 months he distinguishes the pitch of sounds; at 4–5 months, sounds become conditioned reflex stimuli for him. By 1–2 years, children distinguish sounds with a difference of one or two, and by four to five years, even 3/4 and 1/2 musical tones.

Hearing acuity is determined by the lowest sound intensity that causes a sound sensation. This is the so-called hearing threshold. For an adult, the hearing threshold is 10–12 dB, for children 6–9 years old it is 17–24 dB, for children 10–12 years old it is 14–19 dB. The greatest hearing acuity is achieved by the age of 14–19 years.

Age-related changes in the circulatory system.

The amount of blood in an adult is on average 7% of body weight, in newborns - from 10 to 20% of body weight, in infants - from 9 to 13%, in children from 6 to 16 years old - 7%. The younger the child, the higher his metabolism and the greater the amount of blood per 1 kg of body weight. Newborns have 150 cubic meters per 1 kg of body weight. cm of blood, in infants - 110 cubic meters. cm, for children from 7 to 12 years old - 70 cubic meters. cm, from 15 years old - 65 cubic meters. cm. The amount of blood in boys and men is relatively greater than in girls and women. At rest, approximately 40–45% of the blood circulates in the blood vessels, and the rest is in the depot (capillaries of the liver, spleen and subcutaneous tissue). Blood from the depot enters the general bloodstream when body temperature rises, muscle work, rise to altitude, and blood loss. Rapid loss of circulating blood is life-threatening. For example, with arterial bleeding and loss of 1/3-1/2 of the total amount of blood, death occurs due to a sharp drop in blood pressure.

Blood plasma. Plasma is the liquid part of the blood after all the formed elements have been separated. In adults it accounts for 55–60% of the total blood volume, in newborns it is less than 50% due to the large volume of red blood cells. The blood plasma of an adult contains 90–91% water, 6.6–8.2% proteins, of which 4–4.5% albumin, 2.8–3.1% globulin and 0.1–0.4% fibrinogen; the rest of the plasma consists of minerals, sugar, metabolic products, enzymes, and hormones. The protein content in the plasma of newborns is 5.5–6.5%, in children under 7 years of age – 6–7%.

With age, the amount of albumin decreases and globulin increases; the total protein content approaches the level of adults by 3–4 years. Gamma globulins reach the adult norm by 3 years, alpha and beta globulins by 7 years. The blood levels of proteolytic enzymes increase after birth and reach adult levels by the 30th day of life.

Blood minerals include table salt (NaCl), 0.85-0.9%, potassium chloride (KC1), calcium chloride (CaC12) and bicarbonates (NaHCO3), 0.02% each, etc. In newborns, the amount of sodium less than in adults, and reaches normal by 7–8 years. From 6 to 18 years of age, sodium content ranges from 170 to 220 mg%. The amount of potassium, on the contrary, is highest in newborns, lowest at 4–6 years of age and reaches the adult norm by 13–19 years.

Boys aged 7-16 years have 1.3 times more inorganic phosphorus than adults; organic phosphorus is 1.5 times more than inorganic phosphorus, but less than in adults.

The amount of glucose in the blood of an adult on an empty stomach is 0.1–0.12%. The amount of blood sugar in children (mg%) on an empty stomach: in newborns – 45–70; for children 7-11 years old – 70–80; 12–14 years old – 90-120. The change in blood sugar levels in children aged 7–8 years is significantly greater than in children aged 17–18 years. Significant fluctuations in blood sugar levels occur during puberty. With intense muscular work, blood sugar levels decrease.

In addition, blood plasma contains various nitrogenous substances, amounting to 20–40 mg per 100 cubic meters. cm blood; 0.5–1.0% fat and fat-like substances.

The viscosity of the blood of an adult is 4–5, of a newborn – 10–11, of a child in the first month of life – 6, then a gradual decrease in viscosity is observed. The active blood reaction, depending on the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, is slightly alkaline. The average blood pH is 7.35. When acids formed during metabolism enter the blood, they are neutralized by a reserve of alkalis. Some acids are removed from the body, for example, carbon dioxide is converted into carbon dioxide and water vapor, exhaled during increased ventilation of the lungs. When there is excessive accumulation of alkaline ions in the body, for example during a vegetarian diet, they are neutralized by carbonic acid, which is retained when ventilation of the lungs decreases.

The formed elements of blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Erythrocytes are non-nucleated red blood cells. They have a biconcave shape, which increases their surface by approximately 1.5 times. The number of red blood cells in 1 cubic meter. mm of blood is equal to: in men – 5–5.5 million; in women - 4–5.5 million. In newborns on the first day of life, their number reaches 6 million, then a decrease occurs to the adult norm. At 7–9 years old, the number of red blood cells is 5–6 million. The greatest fluctuations in the number of red blood cells are observed during puberty.

In the red blood cells of an adult, hemoglobin makes up about 32% of the weight of the formed elements and on average 14% of the weight of whole blood (14 g per 100 g of blood). This amount of hemoglobin is equal to 100%. The hemoglobin content in the red blood cells of newborns reaches 14.5% of the adult norm, which is 17–25 g of hemoglobin per 100 g of blood. In the first two years, the amount of hemoglobin drops to 80–90%, and then rises again to normal. The relative content of hemoglobin increases with age and by 14–15 years it reaches the adult norm. It is equal (in grams per 1 kg of body weight):

at 7–9 years old – 7.5;

10–11 years old – 7.4;

12–13 years old – 8.4;

14–15 years old – 10.4.

Hemoglobin is species specific. If in a newborn it absorbs more oxygen than in an adult (and from the age of 2 this ability of hemoglobin is maximum), then from the age of 3 hemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the same way as in adults. The significant content of red blood cells and hemoglobin, as well as the greater ability of hemoglobin to absorb oxygen in children under 1 year of age, provide them with a more intense metabolism.

With age, the amount of oxygen in arterial and venous blood increases. 0 but equals (in cubic cm per minute): in children 5–6 years old in arterial blood - 400, in venous blood - 260; in adolescents 14–15 years old – 660 and 435, respectively; in adults – 800 and 540, respectively. The oxygen content in arterial blood (in cubic cm per 1 kg of weight per minute) is equal to: in children 5–6 years old – 20; in adolescents 14–15 years old – 13; in adults - 11. This phenomenon in preschool children is explained by the relatively large amount of blood and blood flow, significantly exceeding the blood flow of adults.

Leukocytes. These are colorless nucleated blood cells. In an adult, 1 cu. mm of blood contains 6–8 thousand leukocytes. Based on the shape of the cell and nucleus, leukocytes are divided into: neutrophils; basophils; eosinophils; lymphocytes; monocytes.

Unlike adults, newborns have 1 cubic meter. mm of blood contains 10–30 thousand leukocytes. The largest number of leukocytes is observed in children aged 2–3 months, and then it gradually decreases in waves and reaches the level of adults by 10–11 years.

In children under 9-10 years of age, the relative content of neutrophils is significantly lower than in adults, and the number of lymphocytes increases sharply until 14-15 years of age. Up to 4 years, the absolute number of lymphocytes exceeds the number of neutrophils by approximately 1.5–2 times; from 4 to 6 years, the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes is first compared, and then neutrophils begin to predominate over lymphocytes, and from the age of 15 their ratio approaches adult norms. Leukocytes live up to 12–15 days.

Unlike erythrocytes, the content of leukocytes fluctuates greatly. A distinction is made between an increase in the total number of leukocytes (leukocytosis) and a decrease (leukopenia). Leukocytosis is observed in healthy people during muscular work, in the first 2–3 hours after eating and in pregnant women. A person lying down has twice as much leukocytosis as a person standing. Leukopenia occurs when exposed to ionizing radiation. Some diseases change the relative abundance of different forms of white blood cells.

Platelets. These are the smallest nuclear-free plates of protoplasm. In adults, 1 cu. mm of blood contains 200–100 thousand platelets, in children under 1 year of age – 160–330 thousand; from 3 to 4 years – 350–370 thousand. Platelets live 4–5 and no more than 8–9 days. The dry residue of platelets contains 16–19% lipids (mainly phosphatides), proteolytic enzymes, serotonin, blood clotting factors and retractin. An increase in the number of platelets is called thrombocytosis, a decrease is called thrombopenia.

Age-related changes in the heart. After birth, a child’s heart not only grows, but also undergoes morphological processes (shape and proportions change). The newborn's heart occupies a transverse position and has an almost spherical shape. The relatively large liver makes the vault of the diaphragm high, so the position of the heart in a newborn is higher (it is located at the level of the fourth left intercostal space). By the end of the first year of life, under the influence of sitting and standing and due to the lowering of the diaphragm, the heart takes an oblique position. By 2–3 years, the apex of the heart reaches the fifth rib. In ten-year-old children, the boundaries of the heart become almost the same as in adults.

During the first year of life, the growth of the atria outstrips the growth of the ventricles, then they grow almost equally, and after 10 years the growth of the ventricles begins to outstrip the growth of the atria.

Children's hearts are relatively larger than adults'. Its mass is approximately 0.63-0.80% of body weight, in an adult it is 0.48-0.52%. The heart grows most rapidly in the first year of life: by 8 months the heart’s mass doubles, by 3 years it triples, by 5 years it quadruples, and at 16 years – by 11 times.

The heart mass in boys in the first years of life is greater than in girls. At the age of 12–13 years, a period of increased growth of the heart begins in girls, and its mass becomes larger than in boys. By the age of 16, girls’ hearts again begin to lag behind boys’ hearts in mass.

Age-related changes in the digestive system.

The stomach of infants has a rather horizontal position and is located almost entirely in the left hypochondrium. Only when the child begins to stand and walk does his stomach take on a more vertical position.

With age, the shape of the stomach also changes. In children under 1.5 years old it is round, up to 2–3 years old it is pear-shaped, by 7 years old the stomach has the shape of an adult.

The capacity of the stomach increases with age. If in a newborn it is 30–35 ml, then by the end of the first year of life it increases 10 times. At 10–12 years of age, the stomach capacity reaches 1.5 liters.

The muscular layer of the stomach in children is poorly developed, especially in the fundus. In newborns, the glandular epithelium of the stomach is poorly differentiated, the main cells are not yet mature enough. The differentiation of gastric gland cells in children is completed by the age of seven, but they reach full development only at the end of puberty.

In adults, the intestines are relatively shorter than in children: the length of the intestines in an adult is 4–5 times the length of his body, in an infant - 6 times. The intestines grow especially rapidly in length from 1 to 3 years due to the transition from dairy to mixed foods and from 10 to 15 years.

Hearing. Age-related weakening of the function of the vestibular apparatus is manifested by deterioration of hearing, dizziness (decreased sense of balance).

A decrease in hearing acuity begins after 40 years of age. For example, a person feels discomfort when talking in a noisy environment, as the acuity of his hearing is dulled.

Old people have an increased risk of bone fractures as a result of bone loss
weight and decreased bone strength (osteoporosis).

Endocrine system. In older people, atrophic and sclerotic changes in the endocrine glands develop. The secretory function of the thyroid, pancreas, gonads, and adrenal cortex decreases, their hypothalamic-pituitary regulation, as well as the relationship in the pituitary-adrenal system, is disrupted. Therefore old people
unstable to stress, easily excited, upset over trifles.

– use antioxidants in the diet (vitamin A C, E, etc.);

– move actively at any age;

– periodically cleanse the gastrointestinal tract;

– think positively and optimistically;

– observe moderation in everything: food, work, personal life, physical activity
etc.

Success in slowing down aging depends, first of all, on our level of culture and organization, and awareness of responsibility for our health.

In conclusion, I will quote the words of the famous professor Hristo Mermerski, a geneticist and doctor, who believes that 70% of people in the world die because of their criminal attitude to nutrition:

– It is enough to follow simple food rules. Basic diet - no excesses and little by little.
Eat an apple every day. Drink frozen water and herbal tea. Work actively.
Daily shower. Sleep in a cool room. Walk or bike 10-15 km over the weekend. Surround yourself with friends, parties, laugh, don't give up sex. Don't think or say that you're old.

Eat right, enjoy every moment of life and BE HEALTHY!

If you take good care of your health, a person by the age of 70-80 can retain up to 80% of functionally active cells. With such a reserve it is quite possible to live another 40-50 years.

Protect yourself from excesses and diseases! Live long!

A woman feels changes in her body starting at age 40. And not everyone is ready to easily accept these changes. The first wrinkles and excess weight appear. It is difficult for a woman to come to terms with the loss of her former beauty. In addition, memory and intelligence suffer. It becomes difficult to remember all the plans for the day. Concentration drops, the woman does not learn new skills well. Does everything seem tragic?

Grade

We live in progressive times! The Ministry of Health has approved a new age classification. Now youth lasts up to 44 years. There are ways that we will focus on in the article.

When do age-related changes begin in women?

The threshold of 40 years is conditional. The characteristics of the female body are different for everyone; for some, the first signs of premenopause may appear after 37 years, for others - after 50. The restructuring takes about 4-5 years. In Europe, the average age of menopause is 51 years.

What do women pay attention to after 40-45 years?

The level of estrogen in the blood decreases due to the fact that the ovaries produce less and less of it. This hormone is very important. Age-related changes are closely related to a sharp change in its quantity.

How does menopause occur:

During premenopause, a woman's periods become heavy or too scanty. It is no longer possible to predict exactly when they will begin. Even an unplanned pregnancy is possible, so great attention should be paid to contraception. Fatigue, anxiety, and drowsiness appear. Cells renew themselves slowly. The number of wrinkles increases, increased sweating and hot flashes appear. Another delicate problem is becoming common - urinary incontinence. Especially if you lift weights.

Menopause is the complete cessation of estrogen production and the final cessation of reproductive function. Bone strength decreases. , libido decreases, discomfort may appear during sex due to atrophy of the mucous membranes. At this time it is better to start using. Trusting relationships with your husband and children are very important.

Postmenopause occurs after the last menstrual period. At this time, most of the unpleasant manifestations pass. But the problem of increased bone fragility still remains. The risk of injury increases, especially if a woman has never played sports. The condition of hair, nails and teeth worsens. Visit your dentist for preventive examinations; calcium is washed out of your teeth very intensively in the first years of postmenopause.

Medicines for menopause

They are prescribed by a gynecologist. The following groups of drugs are used:

Drugs for hormone replacement therapy. They can contain both natural and synthetic estrogen. But some patients, despite the effectiveness of estrogen replacement therapy, experience some side effects, the most serious of which is thrombosis. There may be appetite disturbances and migraines. Therefore, such drugs are rarely prescribed, for example, for early menopause (up to 45 years).

Non-hormonal drugs are various dietary supplements with calcium. An overdose of calcium is very harmful to the heart, so you need to be careful with these drugs. Ask your doctor for advice and take a blood test to determine calcium before starting treatment.

Herbal remedies of soy and licorice have a milder effect. Self-medication is completely unacceptable. Since plant phytohormones have a more gentle effect, the effect is not observed immediately.

Non-drug therapy for menopause

Diet and exercise play an additional role. It’s better to start training at the age of 38 to feel the positive effects. physical activity:

• Improving mood and accelerating metabolism.
• Exercise supports muscles and bones. Swimming and cycling are useful.

It is better to saturate yourself with carbohydrates from vegetables and fruits, rather than from sweet buns and baked goods. It is better to get fats from vegetable oil and nuts. Vegetables and berries in the diet reduce hot flashes.

What can you do to improve your quality of life during menopause?

Perimenopause should not be considered the “beginning of the end” and you should not become depressed because of it. Famous actresses and TV presenters have long since crossed the 40-year mark, but they still remain beautiful and charming. They live an active life, play sports, visit cosmetologists. If you feel bad psychologically, try hiking, consulting a psychologist and stylist. Premenopause should be treated as the beginning of a new stage of life, simply calmer and more measured. It is advisable to eliminate stress as much as possible. Ask your children for help. Make contacts with friends. Don't let negative thoughts enter your head.

How to help bones and joints during menopause?

The flexibility of the body and the mobility of joints decreases, so you cannot do without yoga or any other gymnastics. Jellies and bone broths can be added to your diet. The pharmacy sells special dietary supplements with glucosamine and chondroitin to prevent arthrosis. Also try not to get injured. With age, the problem of femoral neck fractures becomes more pressing.

To reduce this risk, be sure to add eggs, salmon and herring to your diet. To keep your muscles strong, you should include more meat in your diet. Only meat contains connective tissue proteins. You can also eat liver, brains, tongue, tripe and especially liver, which is rich in collagen. Without collagen, a person ages very quickly. The liver is a source of iron. Therefore, during perimenopause, when menstrual bleeding can be very intense, it is important to consume more of it. This way your hemoglobin level in the blood will return to normal. We should not forget about such a delicious product as tongue - it is significantly superior in value to other offal.

As a result of the accumulation of “damages” in genes, cell division may be impaired. It is worth mentioning the importance of visiting a gynecologist - at this age the risk of developing cervical, uterine, ovarian and breast cancer is very high. A routine chairside examination, mammogram and special tests will show whether everything is okay. The kidneys feel worse at this age. Follow their work, drink herbal teas, fruit drinks, eat watermelons and cucumbers.

To maintain cardiovascular health, buy fish oil. Be sure to add fish and seafood dishes to your menu. You may also notice that it becomes more difficult to see objects up close. To solve eye problems, eat blueberries and carrots, and do not hesitate to contact your ophthalmologist to prescribe glasses or contacts. It is very useful to do eye exercises. If you feel tired, as if you haven't slept all night, then the reason may be a lack of calcium. In addition to the medications prescribed by the doctor, you need to add kefir and cottage cheese to your menu.

Be careful about your weight. After 40 years of age, your metabolism slows down, so you need to eat much less than before. Eat in small portions. This will also provide a service to your stomach and intestines. We also recommend replacing regular bread with yeast-free bread.

Psychological aspects of age-related changes in the female body

It has been proven that the severity of menopause depends on how the woman herself relates to it. Aging occurs faster in those who do not want to put up with the natural course of life and take everything to heart. It is important not only to organize a diet and exercise, but also to find an interesting activity that will not allow you to get hung up on the negative aspects of adulthood. Be sure to find an active hobby. That’s why it’s called maturity, because a woman begins to treat herself more wisely.

The theories of aging that exist today in scientific circles are very contradictory. One thing is clear: with age, the number of damaged DNA molecules increases. If scientists learn to repair the genome, then humanity will take the path of immortality. Nowadays, the number of women who give birth to children after 42 years of age using reproductive technologies (IVF) has increased significantly. Modern medicine protects women's health. Every year new methods appear that help during menopause.

Life in a big city is exhausting. Poor nutrition, polluted air, daily stress destroy health and beauty. We spend money on going to salons, drinking vitamins and sweating at the gym. But we inevitably grow old anyway. Many people ask: is it possible to increase life expectancy? How to prolong youth, overcome age-related changes and protect the body from wear and tear?

Background

Every person dreams of living as long as possible. Modern scientists confirm: increasing life span is real. But it was not always so:

Only in the middle of the 20th century did average life expectancy (ALE) begin to increase sharply. During this period, medicine, science, and economics are rapidly developing. Living conditions have reached a high level. Now the average life expectancy in Russia has reached a historical peak - 71 years.

Life expectancy rankings in countries around the world in 2018

The life expectancy of different peoples even today varies greatly. The fact is explained by the peculiarities of the geographical location and national secrets. Let's look at the average life expectancy of the world's countries in the table:

Place in the ranking	A country	Siberian Lifestyle, years	The Secret of Longevity
5	Spain	82	Warm climate, sports, proper nutrition. The diet includes seafood, vegetables and fruits.
4	Australia	82,5	Positive thinking, active lifestyle, adherence to daily routine and nutrition.
3	Singapore	83	Stable climate, environmental protection, health control, peace of mind.
2	Switzerland	83,2	Healthy lifestyle, high life status, balance between work and rest.
1	Japan	83,7	Devotion to family values, traditions, culture, as well as an environmentally friendly and balanced diet.

Scientists have proven that the key to a long life is proper nutrition, sports, love for loved ones, and the absence of stressful situations. With the modern rhythm, the main thing is to remain in harmony with the world and yourself. It is important to be attentive to your health and respond to body signals.

Great scientific discoveries of mankind

For many years, scientists around the world have been working hard on the issue of extending human life. Some inventions have saved millions of people:

The achievements of modern medicine have saved humanity from a number of dangerous diseases. But now people are faced with new problems that old age brings.

How to deal with aging of the body

The passing years affect the human body and internal systems. The aging process of the body begins smoothly at the age of 30. Biological metamorphoses slow down normal functioning. Blood circulation, metabolism, and tissue tone are disrupted. This is what happens to the body inside.

Heart

It is believed that this organ is one of the first to age. Cholesterol plaques appear in the vessels, resulting in hypertension. With age, the main engine literally becomes swollen with fat. The walls of the organ thicken. Therefore, less blood is pumped for the same size.

Until the 19th century, cardiovascular diseases were treated with bloodletting. Taking large amounts of blood temporarily lowered the blood pressure. In the 21st century, scientists have proven that you can prolong the youth of your heart if you eat 6 times a day. It is recommended to eat in small portions to distribute the load on the body. This regimen reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular disease by a third.

The longer a person exercises in his life, the slower the heart wears out. This fact should be taken as the basis for the fight against early aging.

Kidneys

The organ is considered the main blood filter in the human body. Over the years, regulation deteriorates. The ability of the kidneys to actively remove toxins is reduced. As a result, the filtration volume is reduced by 2 times.

Even 100 years ago, patients with kidney diseases were referred for treatment with mineral waters. For most, therapy did not help. Nowadays it has been proven that blood pressure control helps maintain organ health. Regular monitoring of indicators helps detect kidney disease in the early stages.

Simple exercises at home will help strengthen the walls of the organ, as well as reduce the load. Exercises to improve kidney health will take no more than 10 minutes a day.

Watch the video: How to treat kidneys: three exercises

Lungs

With the advent of old age, lung tissue loses its elasticity. This leads to a decrease in oxygen supply. Due to the shortage, lung capacity gradually decreases. Inhalation becomes shallow and the airways narrow.

In the 19th century, doctors prescribed fish oil and walks in the mountains to patients with consumption. Modern scientists say: the youth of the lungs can be preserved if you monitor the magnesium content in the body. The easiest way: eat seeds, nuts, legumes. The products are rich in essential microelements.

A 50-year-old smoker looks significantly older than a 50-year-old non-smoker. The lungs also wear out faster, we just don’t see it.

Stomach

Age-related changes cause atrophy of the digestive tract. Due to a lack of enzymes, food is less digestible. The absorption of essential nutrients is impaired. Failures affect the entire body.

200 years ago they tried to cure the stomach with wine and pepper. It was only in the 80s of the 20th century that scientists discovered that many diseases are caused by infections. As a result, they were cured with antibiotics.

The best prevention of gastrointestinal diseases is considered to be: rational nutrition, absence of bad habits, and emotional comfort. Regular visits to doctors will help to identify the disease in a timely manner.

Immunity

The older a person gets, the worse their internal systems work. Including immunity. Protective cells and T-lymphocytes form a special organ - the thymus. It is located in the upper chest. As we age, the tissue is replaced by fat cells. Therefore, the defense system cannot cope with infections.

But it is possible to regain strong immunity. The thymus recovers well with a low-calorie diet. Scientists believe that regeneration occurs thanks to the hunger hormone - ghrelin. Therefore, the easiest way to increase the body's defenses is to simply eat less.

It has been scientifically proven that mental stress and positive emotions strengthen the immune system. So train your brain with puzzles and smile more!

The rate of aging of organs is influenced by a person’s genes and lifestyle. We are not yet able to change heredity. Therefore, the only way to prolong youth is to reconsider your lifestyle. You need to move more, eat right and train your brain. In addition, an active lifestyle is considered the best remedy against wrinkles.

Age-related changes in the face and body

With the help of the right clothes and professional cosmetics, you can look younger. However, the main signs of approaching old age are not easy to hide.

This is what happens to a person over the years:

With age, not only the face changes, but also the figure. If a person does not exercise, after 30 years he loses about 10% of muscle mass. Its place is taken by adipose tissue. With the same weight, the body becomes looser and flabby. In addition, the distribution of fat in the body changes. If in youth it gives the body a sexy roundness, then over the years it moves to the waist, shoulders and back. In addition, after 30 your metabolism slows down. About 10% every 10 years. Therefore, with the same eating habits, people gradually gain weight.

Not only pronounced wrinkles, but also other biological changes can reveal age. Let's find out how women's and men's bodies change throughout life.

Aging of the body of women and men

It is a known fact that the fair sex ages faster. However, statistics show that women often live longer than their men. The explanation lies in the biological age of the weaker half of humanity. For example, indicators of the health of women's organs at 45 years of age are often higher than those of men of the same age. After all, girls are more attentive to their health from a young age.

Useful articles:

Age-related changes in women after 25 years

By the age of 25–30, the first visible changes appear. The main problems: dry skin, loss of elasticity, small expression wrinkles and dull complexion.

What to do? Moisturize the skin. Select creams containing azulene, panthenol or allantoin, as well as vitamins A, B, D, E.

Age-related changes in women and men

Age-related changes in men after 25 years

25-year-old men have other problems: bald patches appear, and the removal of fluid from the body slows down. This can lead to swelling.

What to do? To slow down the aging process, you need to improve the blood supply to the scalp tissues through massage. It is also important to review your diet.

Age-related changes in women after 35 years

At this age, physiological changes become visible to the naked eye. The main problems: deep wrinkles, gray complexion, the appearance of age spots and spider veins.

What to do? Wash with ice water. Cold strengthens the walls of blood vessels, improves blood microcirculation, and restores elasticity and freshness to the skin.

The benefits of washing with cold water

Age-related changes in men after 35 years

In men, the main signs of aging are: dry skin, the appearance of wrinkles, metabolic and circulatory disorders.

What to do? It's time to put aside prejudices and start using facial moisturizer. It is also important to give up fast food forever.

Age-related changes in women after 45 years

During this period, women are still active, but fundamental changes occur in the body. Between the ages of 46 and 55, menopause occurs, causing hormonal changes. The main problems: reduction of fatty tissue on the face and sagging skin.

What to do? Avoiding tanning and facial massage will help slow down aging. It is important to balance your diet with essential minerals.

What foods to include in your diet

Age-related changes in men after 45 years

What to do? Protect yourself from the sun, and also include in your diet foods rich in calcium, iodine, zinc, iron, and omega acids. Minerals affect the production of melanin in the body.

From 50 years old disruptions in the functioning of internal organs begin: endocrine, digestive, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. By the age of 60 after hormonal changes, the skin loses its tone: it becomes loose, wrinkled, swelling and bags under the eyes appear.

Aging of the body is an inevitable process. But it is possible and even necessary to slow it down. Moisturize your skin, massage, wash with cold water, and avoid tanning.

The whole world has been captured by the fashion for graceful aging. Over the past 20 years, Johnny Depp has developed deep wrinkles. Now they are even considered sexy. Brad Pitt's age is revealed by his dry skin and sagging face, which he disguises with a beard. Age-related changes in Angelina Jolie - drooping eyebrows and facial wrinkles.

Age changes of celebrities

Visually, women age slower than men. This is also due to the fact that girls take better care of themselves and lead a more healthy lifestyle. So women: let's take care of our men so that we can live happily ever after.

People want to maintain vigor and beauty for as long as possible. Now knowledge about the youth of the body is not secret. Trust doctors and take care of the condition of your internal systems. After all, a healthy mind only resides in a healthy body. Therefore, carefully monitor your body’s signals. And remember, preventing aging is the best way to prolong youth .

Are age-related changes in the skin on the face of women inevitable? This is not very pleasant to realize, but such metamorphoses happen sooner or later.

But when the first wrinkles appear depends largely on the woman herself.

In this article:

Why does skin age?

The skin reflects the processes that occur in the body, being one with it.

The following signs of facial skin aging are noted:

• color changes;
• the number and depth of wrinkles increases;
• the clarity of the oval is lost;
• nasolabial folds deepen;
• appear around the eyes;
• capillary vessels dilate.

Scientists claim that The aging process of the face begins at 25 years of age. Gradually, fibroblasts (the so-called dermal cells) reduce the production of collagen, which is responsible for strength and elasticity. According to research data, the concentration of this protein after 30 years decreases annually by 1%.

The renewal of the skin as a human body is regulated by the nervous, endocrine and immune systems, under the influence of which cells divide. Over time, these processes are inhibited, which affects the condition of the epidermis. Subcutaneous fat cells atrophy, the skin becomes dry and scaly, and loses its ability to retain moisture.

With age, the layer of functionally active cells decreases, while the stratum corneum thickens.

If at a young age the period of cell replacement was 28 days, then over time it increases to 45-60 days.

Dead cells peel off more slowly, and the dermis becomes thinner.

These are the internal or biological reasons why facial skin aging in women is inevitable.

The speed of this process varies from person to person and largely depends on genetics. Additional factors that determine these processes are lifestyle, diet, and habitat.

Premature aging

A woman gradually gets used to the idea of ​​aging. But if this happens prematurely, then psychological discomfort appears and the usual course of life is disrupted.

Early aging not only decreases self-esteem, but can also affect the attitude of others towards such a person.

The folds of skin around the eyes and between the eyebrows give the face a sullen and angry look. An experiment by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania showed that subjects considered these emotions even in “smiling” photographs of elderly people.

Why does false start occur? The fact is that there is a distinction between biological and chronological (actual) age. Under unfavorable circumstances, there is a gap in these indicators.

The greatest enemy of a youthful face is called the sun's rays, or ultraviolet radiation.

One of the most important components of human skin is hyaluronic acid, which takes part in tissue renewal. When it is exposed to ultraviolet light, inflammation occurs, the rate of breakdown of the substance increases, and synthesis stops. This causes oxidative stress, as a result of which the cell structure and genetic apparatus are destroyed. This process is also called photoaging.

Causes of premature aging of facial skin:

1. Unfavorable environmental conditions, when polluted, insufficiently humid air and wind contribute to clogged pores, inflammation, and metabolic disorders.
2. Lack of moisture which changes the structure of the skin. The deficiency cannot be eliminated by drinking, since cosmetics are needed to retain water molecules.
3. Bad habits- smoking, alcohol, drugs as a source of toxins. The resulting toxic compounds destroy cells, promote the formation of free radicals, and provoke nutritional deficiency.
4. Lack of nutrients and vitamins- participants in metabolic, oxidative, reduction processes, immune reactions.
5. Stress and a busy life schedule, a tendency to workaholism.
6. Active facial expressions are the habit of wrinkled nose, forehead, and eyebrows.
7. Incorrect care causing loss of moisture, inflammation, and with early use of age-related cosmetics - disruption of skin functions.
8. Sleep less than 7 hours a day, because of which the tissues do not have time to renew themselves.

Early aging is also caused by hormonal imbalance due to diseases of the genital area.

A decrease in estrogen levels provokes the appearance of wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and does not inhibit the growth of adipose tissue. Ozone creates potential risks. Under its influence, the skin loses tocopherol or the vitamin of youth.

Types of facial skin aging and their characteristics

Despite the fact that everyone’s face ages, it happens differently. One of several aging scenarios is being realized. What it will be like depends on your skin type, as well as your body type, face shape, and health status.

Tired

This type of aging typical for those with normal and combination skin, with an average degree of development of subcutaneous fat and muscles. They have a thin or normal build and a diamond-shaped or oval face.

Fatigue aging is accompanied by the following phenomena:

• fades;
• muscle tone and turgor decrease;
• pastiness develops and volume is lost;
• the corners of the mouth and eyes droop;
• a tear trough appears and the nasolabial fold deepens.

Pastosity is an unexpressed swelling or pre-edema state, which is accompanied by a decrease in elasticity and a feeling of doughiness when pressed. In the morning the face is fresh, but by the end of the day it takes on a sad or sad expression.

The “tired” type of aging is considered favorable; it easily responds to procedures.

"Baked apple" (fine-wrinkled)

This is how thin women age, with poor development of the subcutaneous fat layer. As they age, they experience:

• moisture deficiency;
• wrinkles around the mouth, eyes, forehead;
• drying out of the face like a baked apple.

The advantage of this development is that due to the absence of a fat layer on the face there is no ptosis (sagging), therefore, the oval contour is preserved for a long time.

"Bulldog cheeks"

This type of aging is also called deformation. He occurs in thick-set people with full faces who have combination or oily skin, with a well-developed layer of subcutaneous fat. Often such women suffer from venous insufficiency, so they are characterized by facial redness and.

Signs of this type of aging:

• “creeping” oval face;
• jowls (sagging skin in the area of ​​the lower jaw and neck);
• formation of a double chin;
• edema;
• nasolabial folds;
• “marionette lines,” which run from the corners of the mouth to the chin, giving the face a sad or stern look.

The lower third of the face suffers the most.

Combined

This type of aging combines all the phenomena described above. He typical for normal or slightly overweight, combination skin. Small wrinkles appear in “dry” areas, and where fatty tissue is developed, pastiness appears.

The combined type is the most complex, but at the same time the most common.

Muscular

This is how the face of women of Asian origin changes with age, who have well-developed muscle muscles as opposed to a layer of fat. The face looks young for a long time, the oval remains clear, wrinkles do not bother you over the years.

Age-related changes occur rapidly, within one to two years, due to weakening of muscle tissue. Creases appear, deep wrinkles appear, and the upper eyelid droops.

Old emaciated face

This is the final stage, which is marked for everyone after 75 years. At this stage, the signs listed above appear.

Is it possible to prolong youth?

The answer is yes. It is enough to follow simple rules from an early youth:

1. Protect yourself from the sun's rays - both with wide-brimmed hats and cosmetics with light filters, and wear sunglasses.
2. Do not smoke or abuse alcohol, give up drugs.
3. Include fresh vegetables and fruits, seafood in your diet, reduce the amount of sugar, simple carbohydrates, and cholesterol.
4. Maintaining normal weight, fluctuations are also undesirable.
5. Sleep at least 7 hours.
6. Avoid stressful situations.
7. Take vitamin complexes, but only after visiting a doctor who will determine the body's needs.
8. Exercise in moderation.
9. Do gymnastics and facial massages.

The cosmetologist will select care, taking into account the types of facial skin aging and the problems that need to be solved. Thus, with muscular aging, hydration and protection from pigmentation are sufficient, and with “bulldog cheeks”, contour plastic surgery is sometimes used.

Useful video

How different types of faces age.

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