It is believed that cyclical climate changes that occurred on our planet at intervals of tens of thousands of years played a significant role in the evolution and spread of all types of organisms on earth, including humans. During periods of cooling, habitat zones and the number of animals decreased, and during periods of warming, the number and diversity of living forms increased, and different species settled into areas suitable for life - from Africa to Asia and Europe. All this was confirmed by analyzing the genomes of modern people. More and more genetic data are gradually clarifying in more detail the picture of people settling different continents and the emergence of new human communities in different regions of the earth. The chronicle of man's conquest of our planet is gradually being reconstructed using numerous genetic “evidence” (primarily snips).
A survey of mitDNA and the DNA contained in the Y chromosome of a large number of people from different parts of the world led to the discovery of over two hundred polymorphic marker sites, which were ultimately used for comparison. The set of changes in markers reflected the “molecular history” of human migration. Ultimately, about two dozen “destination points” for the movement of migration waves were identified, which made it possible to construct a family tree of the human race. This was greatly facilitated by the presence of unique groups of markers characteristic of certain geographically and historically isolated populations of people (such as Iceland and Japan).
In general, modern ideas about the process of migration of the human population on Earth, obtained as a result of the analysis of numerous snips in the Y chromosome and mitDNA, are reflected in Fig. 39 on the colored insert.
Rice. 39. Paths and times of human migration on Earth, determined by genetic markers. Arrows indicate the direction of migration; different colors on the arrows indicate migration times (from an insert in the journal Nature, February 2001).
Different races and peoples arose after the division of a certain relatively homogeneous ancestral population. In each of the groups of people, their own mutations, which are very characteristic of them, independently occurred. A comparative analysis of mitDNA from different populations of living people led to the conclusion that in the Stone Age the ancestral population was divided into at least three groups, which gave rise to the African, Mongoloid and Caucasian races. Research by ethnogeneticists indicates the absence of any genetic basis for dividing people into races. People belonging to different races have very small differences in their genomes. However, these small but highly specific differences between individual mitDNA lineages may indicate a Mongoloid or Caucasian origin.
According to ethnogenomics data, about 60-130 thousand years ago, humans left Africa for Asia. The first settlers from Africa reached the Near East and settled almost the entire Asian continent about 60,000 years ago. 40-60 thousand years ago, man had already colonized the lands of Australia, America and Europe.
Based on the frequencies of ancient types of mutations in the nucleotide sequences of miDNA and Y-chromosome DNA in different European human populations, it was possible to reconstruct several waves of human migrations in the Old World. It has been established that the first settlers from Asia appeared in Europe 40-50 thousand years ago during the Paleolithic era. The mitDNA lines that came to Europe with the first wave of migration now make up a significant part of the mitDNA of people inhabiting the territories from northwestern Europe to the Ural Mountains. mitDNA determined that 80% of Europeans had at least seven founding mothers and ten male ancestors. According to the Englishman Brian Sykes, given in his book “The Seven Daughters of Eve,” all modern Europeans are descendants of the seven daughters of “genetic Eve.” The other 27 women became the ancestors of the rest of the world's population. And one of them must be your great-great-great-great-grandmother. The conclusion regarding the number of male ancestors of the European population was made by a large international team of scientists, including researchers from Russia (led by Professor S. A. Limborskaya), as a result of a large-scale analysis of the Y chromosome. Only ten types of this sex chromosome were found in the gene pool of most European men. Thus, the bulk of Europeans (about 80%) have ancestors who moved to Europe from Central Asia or the Middle East back in the Stone Age (i.e., about 40 thousand years ago).
Of course, the statement about ten forefathers and seven foremothers of modern Europeans should not be taken literally. Firstly, there were, of course, much more of them (but it is still difficult to estimate the total number). Secondly, they probably lived in different eras altogether. Scientists only claim that among all the people who lived 40 thousand years ago, very few were likely to leave direct descendants who have survived to this day. Elementary statistics predict (and we have already discussed this) that the more generations that pass, the less likely it is that a particular genus, possessing a particular Y chromosome, will survive. After all, over the course of many generations, some families have had several boys, while others have had none. The result of this was that one genus (and one variety of the Y chromosome) disappeared forever, and some other genus (completely by chance) produced more numerous offspring. Ultimately, there must inevitably come a point when all but one of the original surnames disappears from a given population. A similar process can be observed, for example, in small isolated settlements, where all residents may have the same surname.
What else did geneticists read in the Human Encyclopedia? According to modern genetic data, at the beginning of the last ice age (about 24 thousand years ago), the descendants of ancient people who came to Europe from Asia found refuge in different parts of Europe. As a result of this, three isolated evolutionary branches were formed: the first in the territory of present-day Spain, the second in the territory of Ukraine, and the third in the Balkans. The Basques turned out to be the most unique population in terms of genetic characteristics. It is now believed that they are the only modern representatives of the most ancient inhabitants of Europe - the Cro-Magnons. Interestingly, the conclusions of geneticists are also confirmed by some data from linguists, indicating the uniqueness of the Basque language. Subsequently, about 16 thousand years ago, when the ice melted, the tribes settled throughout Europe: the Spanish tribes moved to the northeast, the Ukrainian tribes moved to Eastern Europe, and the Balkan tribes remained in Central Europe. The second wave of migration of peoples to Europe corresponds to the advance of Neolithic agricultural peoples from the birthplaces of agriculture (the Mesopotamian region) to the north and west of Europe. In this, the genetic assessment coincided with archaeological data: the process most likely occurred during the Neolithic, approximately 7-9 thousand years ago. It was these settlers who added the missing 20% of the gene pool to European men (remember that 80% of the gene pool was obtained back in the Stone Age). Finally, another wave of migration, which corresponds to the expansion of Greek culture, occurred in the 1st millennium BC. Just before this, Moses, according to legend, led the Jewish people out of Egypt, and then led them through the desert for 40 years.
Scientists continue to study the details of migration processes that occurred in human history. And gradually many more interesting facts emerged that were only established through human DNA research. Thus, it was determined that the Polynesians most likely discovered America long before Columbus. Scientists came to this conclusion by comparing the DNA of the indigenous people of Samoa with the DNA of the Indian tribes of South America. Noticeable similarities have been discovered in the genetics of people living six thousand kilometers away from each other. Probably around 500 AD, sailors from the South Pacific, traveling on sailing ships, reached America. For some time, the Polynesians maintained trade relations with the indigenous population of the continent. This theory is supported by the following non-genetic fact: already around 1000 AD, sweet potatoes appeared in Polynesia, although this tuber was “officially” discovered only five centuries later, when Columbus visited America.
So where did people ultimately come to America? And the first answers to this question have already been received. According to DNA analysis of modern people, the ancestors of the First Americans are ancestors from Southern Siberia. Numerous traces left in the Y chromosome have been discovered, linking the population of America with their distant ancestors who lived in the Baikal region. The situation is more complicated with female ancestors. But one way or another, geneticists have already given a significant clue where to look for the origins of Americanism - on the territory of modern Russia. (Now the Americans have “compelling” reasons to claim our Siberia as their historical homeland!).
By studying mutations that have entered the DNA of the Y chromosome, scientists can estimate how distant men from two ethnic groups are (in a genetic sense) from our common ancestor. Some of the results obtained by this method were quite surprising. For example, it turned out that the Welsh and the English are genetically almost unrelated to each other. (Perhaps this is the reason for the constant contradictions between them). Moreover, only the Welsh turned out to be the true descendants of the Britons (the ancient inhabitants of Britain), and the modern English turned out to be genetically closest to the inhabitants of the Netherlands, where they had previously supposedly lived.
DNA studies have yielded many other interesting results. Thus, it has always been believed that traveling is the prerogative of the male sex. However, as shown by analyzes of mitDNA and Y-chromosome DNA, women in those distant times migrated much more intensively than men. This fact can be explained, apparently, by the fact that for most diverse human communities it has always been typical for women to leave for their husband’s house after marriage. Thus, migrations of women associated with marriage probably left no less, and perhaps more noticeable traces in the human genome than, say, the exodus of Jews from Egypt or all the military campaigns of Alexander the Great.
So, without any archaeological finds and historical sources, but only using DNA texts contained in the nuclear and mitochondrial genome of modern people, geneticists are able to reconstruct the history of the appearance of the first people on Earth, describe the routes of their migration, and trace deep family ties between different races and peoples and nations. This leads to an important conclusion: nature has preserved in our DNA the only reliable centuries-old chronicle text .
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History with geography recorded in our genome (ethnogenomics)Genetic landscapes (genogeography)
At the end of November last year, the All-Russian scientific conference “Ways of Evolutionary Geography” was held in Moscow, dedicated to the memory of Professor Andrei Alekseevich Velichko, the founder of the scientific school of evolutionary geography and paleoclimatology. The conference was interdisciplinary in nature, many reports were devoted to the study of geographical factors of human settlement on the planet, its adaptation to various natural conditions, the influence of these conditions on the nature of settlements and the migration routes of ancient man. We present a brief overview of some of these interdisciplinary reports.
The role of the Caucasus in human settlement
Report of the corresponding member. RAS Kh.A.Amirkhanova(Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) was dedicated to the archaeological monuments of the North Caucasus in the context of the problem of initial human settlement (long before the appearance Homo sapiens and their exit from Africa). For a long time, there were two monuments of the Oldowan type in the Caucasus, one of them, the Dmanisi site (1 million 800 thousand years old) in Georgia, became widely known. 10-15 years ago, 15 monuments were discovered in the Caucasus, the Stavropol Upland and the Southern Azov region, which date back to the same time - the Early Pleistocene. This is the largest concentration of monuments of Oldowan culture. Nowadays, North Caucasian monuments of this type are confined to plateaus and midlands, but during the time people lived there they were located on the sea coast.
Monuments of Oldowan of the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia. 1 - monuments of the Armenian Highlands (Kurtan: points near the Nurnus paleolake; 2 - Dmanisi; 3 - monuments of Central Dagestan (Ainikab, Mukhai, Gegalashur); 4 - Zhukovskoe; 5 - monuments of the southern Azov region (Bogatyri, Rodniki, Kermek). From presentation X .A.Amirkhanov.
North Caucasian Early Pleistocene monuments are directly related to the problem of the time and routes of initial human settlement in Eurasia. Their study made it possible to obtain unique materials (archaeological, geological, paleobotanical, paleontological) and draw the following conclusions:
1 – The initial settlement of the North Caucasus occurred approximately 2.3 – 2.1 million years ago;
2 – The picture of the routes of human settlement into the space of Eurasia was supplemented by a new direction – along the western coast of the Caspian Sea.
Paths of initial human settlement. Solid lines indicate migration routes confirmed by discovered monuments; dotted lines are estimated migration routes. From the presentation of Kh.A. Amirkhanov.
About the settlement of America
Doctor of History. sciences S.A. Vasiliev(Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in his speech presented a picture of the settlement of North America, based on the latest paleogeographical and archaeological data.
In the late Pleistocene era, the Beringian land existed in the interval from 27 to 14.0-13.8 thousand years. In Beringia, people were attracted by the commercial fauna, noted S.A. Vasiliev, although people no longer found mammoths here; they hunted bison, reindeer and red deer. It is believed that humans remained on the territory of Beringia for several tens of thousands of years; at the end of the Pleistocene, groups settled to the east and their numbers rapidly grew. The oldest reliable traces of human habitation in the American part of Beringia date back to about 14.8-14.7 thousand years ago (the lower cultural layer of the Swan Point site). The microblade industry of the site reflects the first migration wave. In Alaska, there were three different groups of cultures: the Denali complex belonging to the Beringian province, the Nenana complex, and Paleoindian cultures with different types of points. The Nenana complex includes the Little John site on the Alaska-Yukon border. Monuments of the Denali type are similar to monuments of the Dyuktai culture in Yakutia, but these are not copies of it: rather, we are talking about a community of microblade industries that covered eastern Asia and the American part of Beringia. Finds with grooved tips are very interesting.
Two migration routes suggested by archaeological and paleoclimatic evidence are the Mackenzie Interglacial Corridor and the ice-free route along the Pacific coast. However, some facts, for example, finds of grooved tips in Alaska, indicate that, apparently, at the end of the Pleistocene there was a reverse migration - not from the northwest to the southeast, but vice versa - along the Mackenzie corridor in the opposite direction; it was associated with the northward migration of the bison, followed by the Paleo-Indians.
Unfortunately, the Pacific Route was flooded by the post-glacial rise in sea levels, and most of the sites now lie on the seabed. Archaeologists are left with only more recent data: shell middens, traces of fishing, and petiole tips were found on the Channel Islands off the coast of California.
The Mackenzie corridor, which becomes accessible after the partial melting of the ice sheets, 14 thousand years ago, according to new data, was more favorable for habitation than previously thought. Unfortunately, traces of human activity were found only in the southern part of the corridor, dating back 11 thousand years, these are traces of the Clovis culture.
Discoveries in recent years have revealed monuments in different parts of North America that are older than the Clovis culture, most of them concentrated in the east and south of the continent. One of the main ones is Meadowcroft in Pennsylvania, a complex of points dating back to 14 thousand years ago. In particular, there are points in the Great Lakes region where skeletal remains of a mammoth are found, accompanied by stone tools. In the west, the discovery of the Paisley Caves, where a pre-Clovis culture of petiolate points was found, was a sensation; later these cultures coexisted. At the Manis site, a mastodon rib with an inserted bone tip was found, about 14 thousand years old. Thus, it was shown that Clovis is not the first crop to appear in North America.
But Clovis is the first culture to demonstrate complete human occupation of the continent. In the west it dates back to a very short interval for a Paleolithic culture, from 13,400 to 12,700 years ago, and in the east it existed until 11,900 years ago. The Clovis culture is characterized by grooved points that have no analogues among Old World artifacts. The Clovis industry is based on the use of high quality raw material sources -. flint was transported over distances of hundreds of kilometers in the form of bifaces, which were later used for the production of points. And sites, mainly in the west, are associated not with rivers, but with ponds and small reservoirs, while in the Old World the Paleolithic is most often confined to river valleys.
To summarize, S.A. Vasiliev outlined a more complex picture of the settlement of North America than was imagined until recently. Instead of a single migration wave from Beringia, directed from the northwest to the southeast, there were most likely several migrations at different times and in different directions along the Mackenzie corridor. Apparently, the first wave of migration from Beringia went along the Pacific coast, followed by settlement to the east. The advance along the Mackenzie Corridor probably occurred at a later date, with the corridor being a "two-way street" with some groups coming from the north and others from the south. The Clovis culture arose in the southeastern United States, which then spread north and west across the continent. Finally, the end of the Pleistocene was marked by the “reverse” migration of a group of Paleo-Indians to the north, along the Mackenzie corridor, to Beringia. However, all these ideas, S.A. Vasiliev emphasized, are based on extremely limited material, incomparable with what is available in Eurasia.
1 – migration route from Beringia along the Pacific coast; 2 – migration route to the southeast along the Mackenzie corridor; 3 – spread of the Clovis culture throughout North America; 4 - spread of ancient people to South America; 5 – return migrations to Beringia. Source: S.A. Vasiliev, Yu.E. Berezkin, A.G. Kozintsev, I.I. Peiros, S.B. Slobodin, A.V. Tabarev. Human settlement of the New World: experience of interdisciplinary research. St. Petersburg: Nestor-history, 2015. P. 561, insert.
He wasn't afraid to take the first step
E.I. Kurenkova(Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Leading Researcher at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences) spoke about the problem of interaction between nature and human society in the works of A.A. Velichko - a problem that, according to her, was his “first love” in paleogeography. As emphasized by E.I. Kurenkova, now some things seem obvious to archaeologists and paleogeographers, but someone always said this first, and in many matters it was Andrei Alekseevich, who was not afraid and knew how to take the first step.
Thus, in the 50s of the last century, while still a graduate student, he questioned the then dominant idea of an earlier age of the Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe. He sharply rejuvenated the Upper Paleolithic and suggested that it corresponds to the time of the Valdai (Würm) glaciation. This conclusion was made based on a detailed study of Paleolithic sites on the East European Plain. He refuted the authoritative opinion about the famous “dugouts” of the Kostenki site - a detailed analysis showed that these are permafrost wedges - natural traces of permafrost that cover cultural layers with finds.
A.A. Velichko was one of the first to attempt to determine the role of natural changes in human settlement on the planet. He emphasized that man was the only creature who was able to leave the ecological niche where he appeared and master completely different environmental conditions. He tried to understand the motivation of human groups that change their usual living conditions to the opposite. And the wide adaptive capabilities of man, which allowed him to settle all the way to the Arctic. A.A. Velichko initiated the study of human settlement of high latitudes - the goal of this project was to create a holistic picture of the history of people’s penetration into the North, their incentives and motivations, and to identify the possibilities of Paleolithic society to develop the circumpolar spaces. According to E.I. Kurenkova, he became the soul of the collective Atlas-monograph “Initial human settlement of the Arctic in a changing natural environment” (Moscow, GEOS, 2014).
In recent years, A.A. Velichko wrote about the anthroposphere, which was formed and separated from the biosphere, has its own development mechanisms and in the twentieth century is leaving the control of the biosphere. He writes about the collision of two trends - the general trend towards cooling and anthropogenic global warming. He emphasized that we do not sufficiently understand the mechanisms of this interaction, so we need to be on our guard. A.A. Velichko was one of the first to collaborate with geneticists, while now the interaction of paleogeographers, archaeologists, anthropologists, and geneticists has become absolutely necessary. A.A. Velichko was also one of the first to establish international contacts: he organized the Soviet-French long-term work on the interaction between man and nature. This was very important and rare international cooperation for those years in scale (and even with a capitalist country).
His position in science, noted E.I. Kurenkova, was sometimes controversial, but was never uninteresting, and was never not advanced.
Path to the North
The report of Dr. Geogr. has something in common with the previous speech. sciences A.L.Chepalygi(Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences) entitled “The Path to the North: the most ancient migrations of the Oldowan culture and the primary settlement of Europe through the south of Russia.” The path to the North - this is how A.A. Velichko called the process of human exploration of the space of Eurasia. The exit from Africa was to the north, and then this path continued into the vastness of Eurasia. It allows us to trace the latest discoveries of sites of the Oldowan culture: in the North Caucasus, in Transcaucasia, in the Crimea, along the Dniester, along the Danube.
A.L. Chepalyga focused on the study of terraces on the southern coast of Crimea, between Sudak and Karadag, which were previously considered continental, but after a thorough examination were recognized as marine. Multi-layered human sites with Oldowan-type artifacts have been discovered, confined to these Eopleistocene terraces. Their age is determined and the connection with climatic cycles and fluctuations in the Black Sea basin is shown. This indicates a littoral, coastal-marine adaptation of Oldowan man.
Archaeological and geomorphological materials have made it possible to reconstruct human migrations during the initial exit from Africa, which dates back to about 2 million years ago. After moving to the Middle East, man's path followed strictly north through Arabia, Central Asia and the Caucasus up to 45°N. (Manych Strait). At this latitude, a sharp turn in migration to the west is recorded - this is the North Black Sea passage, a corridor of migration to Europe. It ended in the territory of modern Spain and France, almost reaching the Atlantic Ocean. The reason for this turn is not clear, there are only working hypotheses, emphasized A.L. Chepalyga.
Source: “Ways of Evolutionary Geography”, Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference dedicated to the memory of Professor A.A. Velichko, Moscow, November 23-25, 2016.
Human settlement in the Siberian Arctic
The report was devoted to the study of the first wave of Paleolithic human settlement in the north E.Yu. Pavlova(Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg) and Ph.D. ist. sciences V.V. Pitulko(Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg). This settlement could have begun about 45 thousand years ago, when the entire territory of northeastern Europe was free of glacier. The most attractive areas for human habitation were areas with a mosaic landscape - low mountains, foothills, plains and rivers - such a landscape is characteristic of the Urals, it provides an abundance of stone raw materials. For a long time, the population remained low, then began to increase, as evidenced by the Upper and Late Paleolithic monuments discovered in recent years in the Yana-Indigirka Lowland.
The report presented the results of a study of the Yanskaya Paleolithic site - this is the oldest complex of archaeological sites documenting the early settlement of humans in the Arctic. Its dating is 28.5 - 27 thousand years ago. Three categories of artifacts were found in the cultural layers of the Yanskaya site: stone macrotools (scrapers, peaks, bifaces) and microtools; utilitarian objects made of horn and bone (weapons, promises, needles, awls) and non-utilitarian objects (tiaras, bracelets, jewelry, beads, etc.). Nearby is the largest Yanskoe mammoth cemetery - dating from 37,000 to 8,000 years ago.
To reconstruct the living conditions of ancient man in the Arctic at the Yanskaya site, studies were carried out on carbon dating, spore-pollen analysis and analysis of plant macrofossils of Quaternary deposits for the period 37 - 10 thousand years ago. It was possible to carry out a paleoclimatic reconstruction, which showed alternating periods of warming and cooling in the area of the Yana-Indigirka Lowland. A sharp transition to cooling occurred 25 thousand years ago, marking the onset of the Sartan cryochron; maximum cooling was noted 21-19 thousand years ago, and then warming began. 15 thousand years ago, average temperatures reached modern values and even exceeded them, and 13.5 thousand years ago they returned to maximum cooling. 12.6-12.1 thousand years ago there was a noticeable warming, reflected in the spore-pollen spectra; the Middle Dryas cooling 12.1-11.9 thousand years ago was short and was replaced by warming 11.9 thousand years ago; This was followed by a cooling of the Younger Dryas - 11.0-10.5 thousand years ago and warming about 10 thousand years ago.
The authors of the study conclude that, in general, the natural and climatic conditions in the Yana-Indigirka Lowland, as well as throughout the Siberian Arctic, were acceptable for human settlement and habitation. Probably, after the first wave of settlement, depopulation followed the cooling, since in the period from 27 to 18 thousand years ago there are no archaeological sites in this territory. But the second wave of settlement, about 18 thousand years ago, was successful. 18 thousand years ago, a permanent population appeared in the Urals, which then, as the glacier retreated, moved to the northwest. Interestingly, in general, the second wave of colonization took place in a colder climate. But man has increased the level of adaptation, which allowed him to survive in harsh conditions.
Unique Paleolithic complex Kostenki
A separate section at the conference was devoted to studies of one of the most famous complexes of Paleolithic sites in Kostenki (on the Don River, Voronezh region). A.A. Velichko began working in Kostenki in 1952, and the result of his participation was the replacement of the stage concept with the concept of archaeological cultures. Cand. historian of sciences A.A. Sinitsyn(Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg) characterized the Kostenki-14 site (Markina Gora) as a reference section of the cultural variability of the Paleolithic of Eastern Europe against the background of climatic variability. The section contains 8 cultural layers and 3 paleontological layers.
Cultural layer I (27.0-28.0 thousand years ago) contains typical tips of the Kostenki-Avdeevka culture and “Kostenki-type knives,” as well as a powerful accumulation of mammoth bones. Cultural layer II (33.0-34.0 thousand years ago) contains artifacts of the Gorodtsov archaeological culture (tools of the Mousterian type). The identity of the III cultural layer (33.8-35.2 thousand years ago) remains debatable due to the lack of specific items belonging to the culture. Under cultural layer III, a burial was discovered in 1954, which is currently the most ancient burial of a modern person (36.9-38.8 thousand years ago according to calibrated dating).
HR. 2.7.50.3. Migration routes of primitive people.
Alexander Sergeevich Suvorov (“Alexander Suvory”).
CHRONOLOGY OF THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
Experience in reconstructing the sequence of historical events in time and space in correlation with solar activity.
Book two. DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANITY BCE.
Part 7. The era of mythical civilizations.
Chapter 50.3. Migration routes of primitive people.
Illustration from the open Internet.
Population density of modern people of the Oecumene (inhabited world) of the “Old World”. Not the number of population, but the number of people per 1 square. km. square!
(Thanks to the authors of this wonderful map - A.S.).
The whole world. Migrations of primitive people. Modern humanity. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis is a race of humanity of classical intelligent Neanderthals. Homo sapiens sapiens is the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons. Classic primitive communal system. Socio-economic formation. Modern civilization. Raceogenesis. World prototower conceptual language "Turit". Eurasian language family. Penetration of Asian Mongoloids into America. The settlement of Oceania and Australia by the Australoid “peoples of the sea”. Widespread distribution of new types of tools and weapons. Three world routes of human migration - Austrian, Boreal and African (reverse). 49,000 BC
The “antediluvian” position of the North and South Poles, the relatively low level of the world ocean (60-61 m below the modern level), a different location of continents and seas in climatic and natural zones, powerful glaciation of the northern territory of the future Canada, as well as the existence of Berengia or continuous land -shelf between northeast Asia and North America, as well as the vast shelf lands of Meganesia-Lemuria-Mu-Sunda in Southeast Asia, have a decisive influence on the antediluvian world of the Oecumene (inhabited world) of this time (50,000-49,000 BC .e.).
Development of the universal (hypothetical, “prototower”) conceptual proto-language “Turit”. The universal human conceptual language of communication “Turit” is the basis of all currently existing language families: Australian, Papuan, Ainu, Nivkh, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, Khoisan (Bushman-Hottentot), Austrian (Austrian), Chukchi-Kamchatka and the huge Eurasian language families (40,000-20,000 BC).
Formation of three main routes of migration and settlement of Homo sapiens sapiens - neoanthrope, classical Cro-Magnon, modern man, bearer of the future Aurignacian or Aurignacian archaeological culture (its variants) across the continents of the Earth:
Austrian, Boreal and African (back to Africa).
The Austric path leads Homo sapiens sapiens along the coast of the Indian Ocean through the future India and Southeast Asia, with a split path to Oceania and Australia, and along the Pacific coast of East Asia through Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands to America. The beginning of the settlement of the territory of island Oceania and Australia by the “peoples of the sea” - people of a modern appearance and appearance with Australoid racial characteristics.
The boreal route leads Homo sapiens sapiens to the circumpolar regions of Europe through the Middle East, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and the Balkans, through the Black Sea region and Ciscaucasia to the European territory of the future Russia and through Central Asia, the Southern Urals and Altai to Eastern Siberia, Primorye and Berengia. The beginning of the settlement of North America through Berengia by primitive people Homo sapiens sapiens of a modern species with Mongoloid racial characteristics.
The reverse African route leads Homo sapiens sapiens to the settlement of Africa: the Sahara, Northeast Africa, the coast of the African Mediterranean and nearby islands. The settlement of North Africa, the Mediterranean and nearby islands by the Negroid race of people of modern appearance and appearance.
The total (estimated) population of the Earth at this time (50,000-49,000 BC) is 25,000,000 people. At the same time, the “phenomenological theory of the growth of the Earth’s population” and the methodology for calculating the Earth’s population in the past and future are so complex and interesting that they require explanation in a separate chapter of “Chronology”.
The indicated estimated number of primitive people of a given time (50,000-49,000 BC) includes not only representatives of actually existing humanity, races and peoples of intelligent classical Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, but also the probable estimated number of ancient archanthropes, pithecanthropes and other relict hominids .
Many of them occupy the most “remote”, “secret”, hidden, secret, isolated and remote corners of the Oikumene (inhabited world), are located on the continental shelves of the world’s oceans and seas, live on islands and continents, the fate of which is predetermined by future worldwide catastrophes (legendary Arctida-Hyperborea, Berengia, Meganesia-Lemuria-Mu-Sunda, Atlantis).
Therefore, in calculating the actual number of humanity (humanities) and the races of intelligent classical Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons of a given time (49,000 BC), it is natural and inevitable (perhaps, probably) to include a much smaller number of primitive people - carriers of open, defined and known to science archaeological cultures.
For example, on the territory of Africa, about 1000 different sites of primitive people from the period 51,000-50,000 BC are known, traces and artifacts of which clearly indicate the simultaneous activity of large communities of people (consanguineous families, communities, clans, phratries) numbering up to 100 people. Thus, archaeological scientists believe that at least 100,000 people of the modern species actually existed and lived in Africa at that time.
This method of calculating the size of the primitive population is purely material, realistic, factual, valid, but naturally and inevitably does not take into account the number of primitive people, for various reasons, who did not leave material traces of their existence.
However, their presence and presence are revealed by other information traces and material carriers of information - the movement in time and space of technologies for the production of typical tools and weapons, traditions of life and cultural behavior, and the genetic heredity of descendants.
At all times in history, the number of living inhabitants on Earth obeys one simple law - there are as many of them as a specific habitat can “feed”.
In a peaceful, abundant, prosperous, conflict-free and safe time, the number of living beings is not limited by anything other than the productive capacity of their habitats. Moreover, only predators (and not people) can influence the total number of objects of their hunt, without ever destroying everyone.
When a “demographic explosion” occurs and the number of certain living beings exceeds the productive capabilities of the territory of their habitat, or when, due to catastrophic climatic or natural phenomena, the “feeding territory” ceases to support the existence of a large number of living beings, then the instinctive struggle of everyone for survival begins. One of the forms of such a struggle for survival is mass migrations to new feeding territories.
Primitive people of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) live in favorable climatic and natural conditions of the antediluvian position of the poles and the level of the world ocean (60-61 m below the modern level), in the conditions of the ongoing stage of the ancient Upper Pleistocene (134 000-39,000 BC), in the conditions of the development of the Middle Valdai (Karukulass) interglacial lasting 10,000 years (50,000-40,000 BC) and the continuation of the warming stage “interglacial Würm II Moorshoofd (Périgord VII)” ( 51,000-46,500 BC).
Therefore, archaeological traces and artifacts of the stone industry of the Mousterian culture, widely distributed throughout the Ecumene (inhabited world), conclusively inform us and testify to the likely “demographic explosion” and mass migrations of primitive people, among which representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of intelligent classical Cro-Magnons - are of key importance .
According to the generally accepted definition, a “demographic explosion” is a sharp increase in population as a result of a decrease in mortality with a high birth rate.
Naturally and naturally, in prosperous regions with abundant life-support resources, as a rule, the birth rate is low, and the life span of living beings is longer. Everyone naturally wants to live longer without worries and hassles...
In disadvantaged regions with scarce life-support resources, a high birth rate and the number of living beings increases the likelihood of survival of the strongest and fittest, increases the likelihood of the preservation and development of the species and genus. In addition, we must not forget that throughout almost the entire period of the Stone Age, natural, sacrificial or ritual cannibalism was one of the ways to ensure the survival of people and animals in times of famine...
It is not for nothing that the author, in the previous chapters of the Chronology, examined in detail the actual, real, actual, as well as possible and probable ways of survival of primitive people in various climatic and natural zones.
The fact is that even today the distribution of modern people in habitats on Earth is extremely uneven. Human settlements (houses, villages, towns, villages, cities) are found almost everywhere on Earth, even in Antarctica and on the ice field of the North Pole. However, the majority of the modern world's population lives in relatively small areas.
The illustration at the beginning of this chapter shows the population density and habitats of modern people in the Ecumene (inhabited world) - Africa, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Australia and New Zealand (excluding America) as of 1994.
Based on the factors of normal natural habitat in appropriate climatic, natural (resource) and ecological conditions, on the location of traces of habitation of primitive people, on the location of their sites, settlements and artifacts created by them, we can confidently assert that the population density indicated on the illustration map and habitat corresponds to the routes of settlement or migration of primitive people of the modern species of this and subsequent times (50,000-10,000 BC).
The majority of the human population of the Earth has always lived and lives in very limited territories. Today, about 30% of the world's population is concentrated in South and Southeast Asia (India, Pakistan, Indonesia), 25% in East Asia (China, Japan). Many people live in Europe and eastern North America.
Population densities in human habitats also fluctuate dramatically. For example, in the middle part of the Gangetic Valley (India), the population density is three times higher than the national average (270 people per 1 sq. km.).
In Africa, the most densely populated territory is Nigeria (130 people per 1 sq. km.). In Europe, the average population density is about 32 people per 1 sq. km. In Australia, per 1 sq. km. territory there are about three people in the population, and in Central Asia (Mongolia) - 1-2 people per 1 sq. km.
Very large areas of the Earth were initially and still are practically not inhabited by humans.
The frightening amount of the modern population of the Earth - 6,400,000,000 people - can be accommodated in an area of 6,400 square meters. km is the area of Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan) or the area of the three Lakes of Geneva (Switzerland), or the territory of the Spanish Canary Islands (7200 sq. km). At the same time, the entire remaining territory of the Earth would be free of people.
Therefore, it is not the size of the Earth’s population that should “scare”, but their location, population density, and crowding in places of residence (feeding).
Analysis of the history and demography of mankind allows us to identify some patterns of population growth, placement, settlement and migration of people. For example, naturally and naturally, the maximum population growth is observed in the so-called “developing countries” or “developing cultures”. At the same time, population growth is naturally low in the so-called “developed countries” or “developed cultures”.
Rapid population growth or a “demographic explosion” causes an inevitable and natural age imbalance - there are more children, teenagers and elderly people, that is, the disabled population. Children under the age of 15 become about 50%, and elderly people - from 10 to 15%.
At the same time, the population density in the “feeding territories” increases, the population of settlement sites increases, which inevitably gives rise not only to cohesion and militancy in times of danger, but also stress, quarrels, conflicts, rivalry and competition in “peacetime.”
Characteristic and natural is a relatively high standard of living in places of permanent or primary residence of people, in places of settlements. Here, as a rule, technical, technological, cultural and religious centers are formed. At the same time, the “high standard of living” in the settlements stands in sharp contrast with the low (poor, half-starved, vagabond, beggarly) standard of living on the “periphery.”
That is why, at all times in the history of mankind (humanities), the inhabitants of the “cultural, civilized centers” inevitably, naturally and naturally were and are at enmity with the inhabitants of the “wild, barbarian outskirts” (and vice versa).
In the case of consanguineous human associations (families, communities, clans, clans, tribes and peoples), avoiding “fratricidal enmity” is possible only in two ways - the development and settlement of unoccupied (deserted) feeding territories or the conquest and enslavement of “alien” territories (occupied by strangers, unrelated people).
That is why, in the context of “population explosions”, worldwide catastrophes, climate and natural changes, as well as the depletion of resources in “feeding areas”, mass migrations of key animals and primitive people have become inevitable, natural and logical.
In addition, one of the reasons for the movements and settlements of primitive people throughout the Ecumene (inhabited world) is the research instinct - the search for the “promised land”, “paradise”, “Garden of Eden”, “places rich in game”, “happy place” where life and habitat is a carefree, satisfying, safe, fun and joyful pastime.
As a rule, “young and old” dream about these “paradise” - frail old people and impatient teenagers. Some people want a well-deserved, peaceful rest, while others want carefree idle fun. At the same time, both of them need maintenance and feeding...
The author is convinced that at this time (50,000-49,000 BC) primitive people of the corresponding age dream of happiness in the same way as modern “teenagers” and “mature people”, for example, in today's Ukraine...
Therefore, based on the actual, real, actual and natural settlement of people across the Oikumene (see map illustration), it is possible to determine the places and territories of the preferred or predominant habitat of primitive people, the direction of their migration flows and routes. By the way, maps of genetic markers, nodes and clusters exactly correspond to maps of the Earth's population density.
Thus, the population size of the Oikumene is not as terrible as the uneven number (density) of people in places of permanent or compact habitat (living, feeding). The Earth as a whole can feed and “withstand” the simultaneous existence of tens of billions of animals and people.
Population growth inevitably and naturally leads to a decrease in food resources, so the “feeding capabilities” of the indigenous territories inhabited by primitive people are continuously declining. In the climatic and natural conditions of the African Sahara and Africa as a whole, a “demographic explosion” inevitably leads to mass famine, epidemics, epizootics, and migrations.
If at present (with developed agriculture and production) every fifth inhabitant of the planet is starving or malnourished, then at this time (50,000-49,000 BC), the number of starving or malnourished primitive people is probably also large.
True, the level of consumption of vital goods of primitive people is disproportionately different than in our time. In addition, the number of key animals and plants that ensured the life and vital activity of primitive people of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) is also disproportionately large.
Thus, it is not the degradation of food areas and ecosystems, but the increasing population density, that may be the reasons for the migrations of animals and primitive people.
An instinctive desire to explore and discover new territories, the search for a “promised land”, the desire to separate, to isolate oneself, to create one’s own family, one’s own community, one’s own clan or people, the dream of finding “one’s place in life” and creating everything new “one’s own” (different from boring traditions), as well as conflicts, rivalry and competition - these are the main reasons for the “heroic” migrations and travels of people of all times and peoples.
The author did not just mention the word-concept of “travel” in relation to humanity (humanities) of a given time (50,000-49,000 BC). Migration is not the movement of animals and people in only one or one-way direction; it is, as a rule, moving “there” and returning “back” to their homeland.
That is why, in places and territories once abandoned by people occupied and settled by new migrants, either individual people or a mass of descendants of former indigenous residents suddenly appear. They return from migrations-travels to their native places, bringing with them a lot of useful, interesting, instructive or harmful - their life experiences, moods, impressions, stories, information, knowledge, tools, things, objects, morals, customs, etc. .
In addition, the “travels” of primitive people can be understood as: hunting and research trips; trips for mineral and stone raw materials; moving to places of collective meetings and events, for example, to places of joint seasonal mass driven hunting, collecting edible plants, berries and nuts, moving to places of ritual meetings, initiations, competitions, celebrations, weddings, exchange of “brides” and “grooms” and etc.
In general, “movement” in this case is:
Displacement, displacement, movement, migration, movement, rearrangement, regrouping, transfer, transportation, transition, relocation, transfer, travel;
Shifting, propulsion, telekinesis, epeirophoresis, relocation, rolling, waddling, descent, redeployment, heliotaxis, transfer;
Carrying, rolling, convection, shifting, rolling away, relining, moving away, re-dragging, pulling, throwing, transporting, jumping off, sweeping away;
transfer, transportation, dragging, dragging, relocation, crawling, transshipment, anaphoresis, movement, movement, throwing, running across;
Transfer, carrying, flow, runoff, runoff, advection, overload, current, advancement, shifting, throwing, drift, movement.
At the same time, movement-travel is a “march along the path”, a trip or movement on foot to some places, countries, usually for acquaintance, research or recreation (Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. - M., 1999). Travel movements, as a rule, are temporary or transit (“tourist”, “guest”), which do not affect the fundamental interests and rights of local residents of certain territories.
Movements and migrations are always purposeful or forced travel that have special cause-and-effect motives. Movements and migrations, as a rule, affect the fundamental interests of local residents of certain territories and are inevitably considered by them as an invasion, aggression and violation of established or generally recognized borders.
At the same time, “violating the boundaries of the habitat” is an instinctive innate feeling based on the instinct of self-preservation, protection and security of a certain territory of residence, feeding or obtaining resources necessary for life.
Almost all animals and people instinctively sense some space around them as “their territory,” “their place,” “their home.” They limit their habitat with traces, odorous or noticeable signs, signals, mark it, guard it and protect it from foreign invasion.
At the same time, there are publicly accessible places and territories, for example, watering holes, fords, passes, which, by generally accepted agreement, can be used by everyone, because there are simply no other ways to bypass or cross. Such places probably include the territories of the “exodus of the first ancestors” or the homeland.
The word-concept “rodina” comes from the Slavic word “clan”. A clan is a community of blood relatives that has one common ancestor (maternal or paternal clan). In this case, the memory or name of the ancestor-progenitor (family name) is retained by all members of the clan and passed on “by inheritance.”
Homeland is “family” (Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine), “place of birth” (Bulgaria), “abundance of fruits” (Serbia, Croatia). Homeland is a synonym for the word “fatherland”, that is, “the place where a person was born, as well as the locality, territory or country in which he was born and to the fate of which he feels his spiritual involvement, the place where the ancestors came from, the ancestral roots of a person” (based on Wikipedia definition).
Undoubtedly, the movements (travels and migrations) of primitive people occurred both within the boundaries of the territories where primitive people lived (feeding) and beyond them. At the same time, going beyond the boundaries of the community, clan or tribe, the separated families, communities or clans temporarily (or forever) lost their direct connection with their homeland.
Therefore, seasonal, targeted or forced migrations already at this time (50,000-49,000 BC) are probably perceived by everyone as resettlement or movement to new territories, as settlement over a vast territory, as the seizure of living space.
Initially, from the world of animal instincts, there is a rule of natural law generally accepted in living nature - violating the boundaries of a certain habitat entails an inevitable conflict, a clash with the owners of this territory. In this case, the priority right to own a certain territory or habitat has the one who first captured and developed this place.
The territory inhabited by primitive people of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) could not be small in area, since it was a “territory of feeding,” collecting edible plants and active hunting. The needs of the “appropriating primitive economy” require a relatively vast and resource-rich territory.
That is why the problem of population density in the habitats, residence and feeding of primitive people at all times of the Stone Age was one of the most important (the first problem was hunger); the survival of the indigenous community or clan depended on its resolution.
That is why, according to the law of similarity (“everything is like everything else”), as is customary among most animal species, after reaching the “relative age of independent life support,” young people inevitably left (migrated) to the expanses of the Ecumene, created their own groups, detachments and communities, and conquered females, created families and looked for their feeding and habitat territories, their “promised land.”
Seasonal migrations, hunting trips to places where migrating animals gather or to fish spawning grounds, as well as trips to get the necessary resources in primitive quarries and deposits of stone raw materials are considered temporary or regular migrations. At the same time, the routes of these migrations passed either along the borders of someone’s territories, or through “wild” unknown or undeveloped places (territories).
In “wild” territories they found “wild” animals or animals unafraid of humans, or a complete absence of rivals (except for predatory animals), or “wild”, feral or ancient people (Archanthropus, Pithecanthropus, early Neanderthals). In new undeveloped territories, the newcomers could develop relatively freely, begin (give birth to) their families, be progenitors, demiurge heroes, creators of new cultures, “teachers” for “wild” indigenous inhabitants.
Daily or seasonal migrations of hunters and gatherers, as a rule, did not go beyond the boundaries of certain territories developed by primitive people, which were visually and tactilely (to the touch) familiar and memorable to them.
So they went: to the forest to pick mushrooms and berries; to fields and meadows for edible and medicinal plants; to places where snares, traps and traps are installed; to the places where the tops are laid; to pen traps; to the location of raw materials for the manufacture of tools, as well as for fuel (dried wood, dead wood) for fires. Inevitably and naturally, the routes of such “internal” migrations and treks turned into clearly visible or deliberately oriented many kilometers of paths, paths and “roads”.
Probably, already at this time (50,000-49,000 BC) the routes of internal migrations are marked by traces and remains of various events that took place at different times along these routes and in the surrounding area. These were: bone remains of hunted animals, extinct fireplaces, heaps of garbage and household garbage, wind barriers or camp huts-dwellings, fuel reserves, abandoned or lost equipment and tools, intentionally left signs and signals.
During such internal migrations (especially in vast and unfamiliar areas), it was also natural and inevitable that either individuals or groups of hunters, gatherers, or migrant settlers could become confused, lose their bearings, get lost, or go in the wrong direction. This could be facilitated by river floods, floods, stormy weather, thunderstorms, hurricanes, storms, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, avalanches, rockfalls, mudflows and other catastrophic climatic or natural phenomena.
Inevitably and naturally, the mythological, totemic and animistic thinking and worldview of primitive people of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) spiritualized and humanized such intervention of natural forces (phenomena), gave them structure-images of the intervention of the spirits of ancestors or other spirits ( forces, energies, phenomena, phenomena).
At the same time, inevitably and naturally, in the event of misfortune or misfortune, the structure-image of the spirit of ancestors (usually protecting descendants) is perceived by primitive people as a manifestation of their anger, resentment, displeasure, and dissatisfaction. The same applies to other climatic, weather and natural spirit-forces, spirit-phenomena, spirit-phenomena hostile to primitive people. Therefore, they need to be appeased...
If in a group of primitive people, in a family, in a community, in a phratry, in a tribe, frequent everyday, economic or ritual quarrels, conflicts, enmity arise, then inevitably, naturally and naturally these dramatic and sometimes tragic events are perceived as anger and displeasure ancestral spirits demanding, for the sake of peace and harmony in society, the expulsion of the guilty, the most quarrelsome or ardent opponents of established traditions, customs and rituals.
The same applies to criminals who violated established taboos or prohibitions, who committed acts of “vandalism” in relation to common property, food supplies and raw materials, to violators and destroyers of established traditions, to thieves, rapists and murderers. Such people, as a rule, are either expelled from communities or executed as an expiatory sacrifice to the ancestor spirits or to repose the spirits of the murdered (pacify the mourners).
In any case, various types of migration at all times and, judging by archaeological finds especially at this time (50,000-49,000 BC), are a very common phenomenon of primitive culture or primitive civilization of all humanity (humanities).
Undoubtedly, one of the first most important reasons for the migrations of primitive people throughout the Stone Age was the depletion of food resources collected in the inhabited territory, as well as the migration or disappearance of key species of animals - objects of hunting.
Animal migrations, like the migrations of primitive people, are also subject to climatic and natural phenomena, but are more stable in time and space (paths, routes), since animals, to a greater extent than people, are guided by their genetic and innate instincts, instinctive memory.
That is why they stubbornly “storm” once successfully overcome passes, rifts, fords, dangerous or swampy places, despite the fact that predators or hunters may lie in wait for them in these places. Fish, seeking to spawn in the upper reaches of rivers, generally “stupidly”, “for luck”, persistently and en masse try to jump through rapids, waterfalls, various obstacles, jumping or swimming into dam-traps, into labyrinths-pen, arranged by hunters-fishermen .
Migrations of people are motivated, varied, deliberate, purposeful or justified. As a rule, all human migrations, from small - daily, medium - seasonal and large - many months or many years, are return, that is, they involve returning “home” (to their homeland).
Thus, primitive hunters always return to their settlement site, where children, women and old people are waiting for them. This is how gatherers and fishermen return “home”. This is how they return “home” with loot and stories about the adventures of a group of brave hunter-warriors. This is how forced wanderers, explorers, exiles, or “prodigal sons” return “home.”
The instinctive desire to return to the homeland, to the place of birth, “to the native threshold”, to relatives and friends, to the spirits of ancestors, to “spiritual sources” is universal, ordinary, traditional and even ritual for each and every person on Earth. This does not always work out and happen, but such an instinctive desire exists and is present in everyone (to varying degrees).
Thus, we can say with confidence that the migration routes of primitive people at all times of the Stone Age were not only one-way - migrations were two-way, “back and forth”, “to unknown distances and back home”, no matter how far and for a long time they went primitive people in the vastness of the Oikumene...
That is why, at all times of the Stone Age, “movement”, “mixing”, “penetration” of stone industries, archaeological cultures, mixing of representatives of different humanity and different species and types of primitive people - Archanthropus, Pithecanthropus, Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons - are constantly observed.
That is why in the mythology of almost all peoples of the world there is an archetype and structure-image of ancestor spirits, deity spirits, creator spirits, alien spirits, teacher spirits, spirit-gods, “aliens”, stable in time and space...
The author does not exclude the arrival of aliens on Earth, who could have been teacher gods for the indigenous primitive earthlings, but more realistically, probably and naturally, such “aliens” could and probably were representatives of more developed human primitive civilizations, for example, the legendary Arctida-Hyperborea, Meganesia-Lemuria-Mu-Sunda, Atlantis and many others, still unknown.
The main conclusion from the phenomenon of animal and human migrations is that they are not one-way (one way), that the Austrian, Boreal and African migration paths of modern humanity are two-way paths for the development of primitive civilizations, paths of the history of human development.
Naturally, the further primitive people went along the migration routes, the more their genetic, historical and cultural ties with their homeland, with genetic sources, with parental roots, with the traditions of their ancestors were broken. They were torn, but never interrupted, since the genes and genetic memory of people mutated, changed, developed, but retained their original instinctive structure-images and archetypes of behavior.
That is why sometimes children are born and suddenly begin to speak the “dead language” of long-vanished peoples and ethnic groups, shamans and psychics, demiurge heroes and sorcerers-prophets, moral authorities and wise leaders, brave explorers and brilliant scientists-discoverers appear and are reborn. ...
At this time (49,000 BC), the so-called “early migrations” of primitive people are taking place, as a result of which the Oecumene of intelligent classical Cro-Magnons or primitive people of the modern species expanded.
It is characteristic that these primitive people move along the paths and roads “trodden” by their predecessors - they cross straits, deserts, rivers, mountains, plains practically in the places where hominids, Archanthropus, Pithecanthropus, and ancient Neanderthals lived. This is clearly evidenced by thousands of years of archaeological cultural layers in caves and settlement sites.
Early or primitive humankind(s) migrated within the African continent in the region of the deep faults of the East African graben. Their Oecumene (inhabited world) was the region of the African Great Lakes, tropical rainforests, savannas of the Sahara and South Africa, the basins of the great African rivers and the sea coasts of the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
Most likely, the migration process of development of Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons in the African Sahara, in the regions of the Atlas (Atlas Mountains), the Ahaggar highlands, the Tibesti highlands, The East African Rift System, the Ethiopian Highlands, the Drakensberg Mountains and the Great Karoo of South Africa.
From these areas, in “waves”, the first ancient and regular (of this time) migrations of Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons - took place to the north to the fertile regions of the subtropical Mediterranean, to the northeast to the savannas of the Middle East, Asia Minor and Western Asia (Levant, Fertile Crescent ) and to the east - along the ancient migration route of the inhabitants of the ocean and island coasts of South Asia, Southeast Asia and the legendary Meganesia-Lemuria-Mu-Sunda (Australia).
The bravest and most enterprising representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons, probably successfully “captured” (settled, settled, infiltrated, filled, etc.) the territories occupied since ancient times in Eurasia by Homo sapiens neanderthalensis - the race of humanity of the classical intelligent Neanderthals.
Under the dominance of the archetypal appropriating hunter-gatherer primitive economy, there was no other type of development of territories occupied by someone other than forceful seizure or intensive displacement.
More numerous, better armed, united, quick-witted and experienced “invaders”, seasoned in migratory battles, hunts and adventures, probably with relative ease, where by onslaught, where by deception, where by peaceful gift exchange of outlandish tools, things and objects, seized the initiative in using new feeding and resource areas.
The main factor in the aggressive migration flows was the difference in the levels of development of newcomers and indigenous peoples.
More developed, enterprising, inventive, cultural and civilized “aliens” skillfully infiltrated, captured and conquered indigenous peoples living by ancient (outdated) primitive traditions.
The “aboriginals” could only resist and mercilessly fight for their lives and traditions, or reconcile and assimilate with the “aliens” in order to, based on their knowledge and experience, become stronger than their invaders.
So it was, so it is and so it will always be so, because the process of aggressive migrations is perhaps natural and common not only for humans, human associations, all of humanity, but also for other humanity or intelligent human-like communities in living nature (in the Universe).
The Austrian or South-Eastern migration route is relatively easy, familiar, fertile, simple, since it runs in almost the same climatic or natural equatorial or subtropical zone (in the latitudinal direction).
Since ancient times, half-naked hominids, Archanthropus, Pithecanthropus and other ancient primitive people moved along the sea and ocean coasts, feeding on seafood. So they mastered the routes and feeding places on the coast and shelf of the Red Sea, crossed the Strait of Sorrow (Bab el-Mandeb Strait), mastered the Arabian coast and the shelf of the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, and Indochina.
The great rivers and river valleys of Western and Southern Asia undoubtedly attracted the attention of all migrants and carried them deep into continents and countries. Some migrants inevitably encountered caves and grottoes convenient for living on their way, developed or captured them, stayed and developed the surrounding territories in their own way. Especially many migrants of all times and peoples remained to live forever in South Asia (see map illustration).
Having spread along the ocean coast of the Indian Ocean shelf to Southeast Asia, migrants of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) inevitably and naturally populated suitable places and territories, both in the interior of the continent and crossing the straits between the islands . This is facilitated by the relatively low level of the world ocean (60-61 m below the modern one) and the presence of an extensive shelf land of Meganesia-Lemuria-Mu-Sunda.
Most likely, the oldest “primitive civilization of the sea peoples” of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) was formed in this southeastern region.
It is characteristic that all the primitive “peoples of the sea” of the Australoid race (as later the Polynesians, ancient Greek Argonauts, medieval Varangians, Vikings and modern Pomors), making reconnaissance sea voyages to new lands, set up their strongholds and colonies on the coast (on the coastal strip, capes and coastal islands) so that at any moment you can board boats and go to sea.
Along with waves of migrants, settlers and conquerors of various primitive races and peoples, new types of tools and weapons are spreading throughout the world of the Ecumene, including, probably, bows and arrows.
The Austrian migration path in the East is divided into two streams (two branches) - to the southeast to Australia and to the north along the coast of the Pacific shelf and its seas. Primitive people entered Australia through the Sunda Islands, and to the north of East Asia, the Far East and Primorye, up to Kamchatka and Chukotka, they arrived along the Pacific coast.
The Austric migration path of Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons - is directly connected with the sea, with water, with water vehicles, with experience in navigation, shipbuilding, with the ability to knit knots, create various structures, including dwellings on stilts or on the tops of large trees, with the ability to carry or carry with them not only food supplies, but also the necessary resources for making tools and fighting, possibly and probably seeds of edible and medicinal plants and even some animals, for example, birds (chickens).
At this time (50,000-49,000 BC) the traditions of life of the future modern peoples of South and Southeast Asia are being laid, but in Australia, migrants Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons - were met by the indigenous inhabitants - the aborigines of the first two waves of immigrants from Africa.
It is almost impossible to determine who conquered or assimilated whom at this time, because (see the illustration map) there was more than enough living space on the indicated Austrian route of primitive migrations for everyone.
If the ancient indigenous inhabitants with their “primitive” tools of labor and battle were content only with what the fertile environment gave them, then the migrant aliens Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons with more advanced tools of labor and battle could find food and prey practically wherever they wanted...
The Boreal or Northern route of primitive migrations was undoubtedly very extensive, had many directions, streams and roads. From almost all southern continents and countries, inhabitants of the subtropics flocked to regions with a temperate climate and very rich wildlife.
The main thing is that countless herds of key herbivorous animals of the Mammoth complex lived here - an inexhaustible source of vital resources. In Eurasia, Homo sapiens sapiens, the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons, acquired vast expanses of living space.
Undoubtedly, the settlement of the Mediterranean coast and shelf of Southern Europe, the Middle East and Asia Minor by the ancient Homo sapiens sapiens - representatives of the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons - was carried out by several migration flows: from the territory of North-West Africa (Atlas Mountains), North Africa (Mediterranean coast of the Sahara, highlands Ahaggar and Tibesti) and North-East Africa (Ethiopian Highlands, Red Sea coast, Nile Valley).
By this time (50,000-49,000 BC), the expanses of Eurasia were already relatively densely populated by humanity Homo sapiens neanderthalensis - the race of humanity of the classical intelligent Neanderthals and, possibly, other relict humanity, for example, “Denisovans” and other descendants of the most ancient archanthropes and Pithecanthropus.
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis - the race of humanity of intelligent classical Neanderthals for several hundred thousand years dominated the vast territories of Southern and Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, the East European (Russian) Plain, the Southern Urals, Altai, the Baikal region, Siberia, the Far East, Chukotka and Yakutia , and also, possibly, on the vast territory of the land shelf of the seas of the Arctic Ocean and Berengia.
Therefore, the invasion of new waves of African-Asian migrants Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons - into Eurasia was probably not always peaceful, but most likely it was relatively aggressive, assertive, enterprising, approximately the same in nature as the Russian exploration of the vast expanses of Siberia in the 16th century. -XVII centuries AD.
At this time, in suitable seasons, probably only deserts and high mountains with snow- or ice-capped peaks and passes were natural and insurmountable obstacles for the intelligent classical Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons of this time (49,000 BC). The remaining natural zones, up to the periglacial regions of the northern or high-mountain tundra, were developed by man of that time.
Undoubtedly, in many areas of Africa and Eurasia, “crowded” areas with relatively dense local indigenous populations arose and existed. The areas with high modern population densities indicated on the illustrative map may be traditionally inhabited at this time (50,000-49,000 BC).
Naturally, this illustration map does not indicate the areas of settlement of primitive people on the shelf flooded by the waters of the modern world ocean and seas after the end of the Great Glaciation and the Great Flood (29,000-5000 BC). In addition, one cannot help but take into account the possible, probable, real, actual and actual existence of the legendary countries - Arctida-Hyperborea, Meganesia-Lemuria-Mu-Sunda and Atlantis.
Undoubtedly, the migrations of primitive people of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) were not rapid in time. Movement, travel and development of territory was carried out by primitive people very slowly, slowly, carefully, with long stops or long stays in open and resource-rich territories.
For example, the legendary prophet and leader Moses will lead a mass of his fellow tribesmen through the Middle Eastern deserts for 40 years until he unites all the tribes into a single united people and finally finds the Promised Land.
The African or return path of primitive migrations, undoubtedly, is not only a return to the genetic-historical ancestral home of the descendants of the most ancient “originals” or Homo sapiens sapiens - the race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons - “originals” from Africa of a given time (50,000-49,000 BC ., but also by the settlement of intelligent classical Cro-Magnons within Africa itself, in particular to southern Africa.
While preserving the traditional way of life of their ancestors, characteristic of all the most ancient peoples of the Earth, the primitive people of this time (50,000-49,000 BC), living in relatively favorable climatic and natural-ecological conditions, were probably in no hurry to radically or revolutionary change what something in your life.
A comparative analysis of the bone remains and skulls of intelligent classical Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons in different places of the Oikumene (inhabited world) clearly indicates the isolated nature of their life activity.
Almost every family, community or clan, as a rule, lives on its own and communicates with other families, communities or clans only when necessary - for the exchange of “grooms” and “brides”, for joint round-ups, for joint cultural and ritual events, for protection from “aggressive aliens”.
That is why, in different places of the Ecumene, relatively compactly living human associations of different primitive ethnic groups arose and exist, which modern anthropologists even classify as “races” or “variants of morphological races”, formed as a result of thousands of years of migration and settlement of the most ancient African representatives of Homo sapiens sapiens - race of humanity of the classical Cro-Magnons.
Such human associations include “Upper Paleolithic European variants of morphological races or types”: “Grimaldian race”, “Cro-Magnon race”, “Barma Grande race”, “Chanceland race”, “Oberkassel race”, “Brunn race or Brno type”, “Brunn-Predmost or Loess race”, “Aurignacian or Aurignacian race”, “Solutrean race”. All of them, to varying degrees, retain the “features of the equatorial Negroid race,” but already fully correspond to the appearance and structure of the Eurasian Caucasian race of intelligent classical Cro-Magnons.
For example, in the Middle East, future "Natufians" (12,500-9000 BC) would retain the external and skeletal features of the "proto-Europeodids" of the time (50,000-49,000 BC) with "a touch of Negroidism" "and will have a diverse appearance in comparison with other inhabitants of the Levant, the Mediterranean and adjacent regions.
In Africa, as a result of migrations and settlement of the corresponding territories, the “East African Bushman, Ethiopian and other types” of the race of intelligent classical Cro-Magnons (Gamble Cave, Lake Elmenteita, East Africa, 5000 BC), as well as the “Negroid type” (salt lake Nakuru, Kenya, East Africa), the bearers of which will be more massive, tall, with an elongated skull, narrow and tall face than modern people.
The population of Africa has always, at all times, been and is distinguished by its “specialness,” heterogeneity, heterogeneity (heterogeneity), even in conditions of relatively close and dense coexistence in limited territories, which confirms the traditional isolated way of life of the ancient population in conditions of scarce food natural resources of the habitat.
Although, undoubtedly, in general there is a systemic relationship between the Middle and Upper Paleolithic morphological races, types and groups, for example, North Africa (Maghreb, Sahara, Nile Valley), but also, undoubtedly, the ancient population of North Africa south of the Sahara and the Sahara itself differs from the inhabitants Nubia and regions adjacent to the Middle East. There will be especially many differences between the “Iberomaurs” and the population of Nubia (20,000-10,000 BC), the Western “graceful mechtoid type” and the more massive carriers of the “Mehta-Afalu” type.
The inhabitants of East Asia (based on the remains in the Upper Cave, Zhoukoudian, China) will be distinguished into “three racial types” close to the Mongoloids with Ainoid features that bring them closer to modern Melanesians and Eskimos (but are not them).
The inhabitants of East Asia (China), Southeast Asia and Indonesia of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) still “do not have a pronounced Mongoloid identity,” but are similar to the features of the “eastern equatorials”, “proto-Australoids” "or "Australo-Melanesian racial type" (finds in Moh Hieu, Konmong, Gua Gunun Runtuh, Lemdubu Cave, Nia, Tabon).
At the same time, in some places primitive people with more or less pronounced Mongoloid features live (Daluntan, Zhalaynor, Chuandong, Hang Cho).
In other places of stay or residence of the inhabitants of Southeast Asia, for example, Minatogawa, Dundianyan, Deyedun, Suchafenshan, Hang Gon - Dau Giai and Hang Muoi, they do not yet lend themselves to any modern racial classification and have features like the southern Mongoloids, as well as Australoids, Ainu, bearers of the Yomon (or Jomon) culture, archaic American Indians and other “unidentified” morphological groups.
An even more complicated story is the ancient migration of races and morphological types of intelligent classical Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons from Asia to America. Their genetic roots are found among various indigenous peoples and ethnic groups of Russian Siberia, the Far East, Primorye, Chukotka, East and Southeast Asia, continental Asia and the island coast of the Pacific Ocean.
However, most likely, the first inhabitants of America migrated to the “New World” from the vast territory of Berengia and the first American “proto-Indians” are descendants of the “Berengians” of this time (50,000-49,000 BC). Under conditions of long-term isolation and independent development, the American “proto-Indians” formed specific Indian features of the structure of the skull and skeleton.
During the period of the end of the Great Glaciation (39,000-5000 BC), as a result of two migration waves (15,000 BC and 10,000 BC), “Paleo-Indians” with genetic roots in the South Pacific races, and “Paleo-Americans” - Amerindians who emerged from the depths of ocean-flooded Berengia.
At the same time, the “Paleo-Indians” will have a “long and narrow braincase” of the skull, a powerful prognathous face with protruding jaws and lacking a chin protrusion, as well as sundontism (a characteristic form of the structure of the teeth). A similar structure of the face and teeth is characteristic of representatives of the Equatorial race and the southern Mongoloids (Ainu, Yomon, inhabitants of the legendary Meganesia-Lemuria-Mu-Sunda).
“Paleo-Americans” or Amerindians will have “a massive, rounded and larger skull than that of the Paleo-Indians, a wider, shorter and orthognathic face without a strong protrusion of the facial region, synodont teeth (“Chinese teeth”).
Heterogeneity or “specialness”, heterogeneity, heterogeneity of the ancient cultures of America, their “irreducibility to any primary source”, is indirect evidence of repeated migrations or “discoveries” of America by the ancient Asian population of the “Old World”.
At this time (50,000-49,000 BC), the ancient population of Australia and adjacent territories also has characteristic features and signs of repeated (possibly regular) migrations. Most likely, the Australian aborigines are also descendants of two (at least two) migration flows of people from Africa common to the entire south-east Asian region.
At this and subsequent times (50,000-15,000 BC), several migration waves will also bring massive and graceful settlers to the Australian region - primitive people of the modern type. So at this time (49,000-40,000 BC) primitive people of the “Melanesian type” - dark-skinned, curly-haired and short - migrate to Australia. The descendants of these migrants will be the "Tasmanians" and the "Negrito-like Barrines" (northern Queensland, Australia).
The second large-scale migration will occur at the “height” of the Great Glaciation (about 20,000 BC). New southeastern migrants, outwardly close to the Ainu, will displace the Australian Aborigines, Tasmanians and Barrines, partially assimilate with them and “give birth” to their descendants (“Murrays”) - people of the modern type, endowed with the most massive body and skeleton, relatively light-skinned, straight-haired, narrow- and straight-nosed, with enhanced tertiary hair (powerful beards).
These south-eastern intelligent classical Cro-Magnons will inhabit western, southern Australia and the eastern Australian Pacific coast (see map illustration).
The third wave of mass migrations to Australia will occur around 15,000 BC. At this time, the northern and central parts of Australia will be inhabited by the “Carpentarians” - dark-skinned, wavy-haired, tall primitive people of the modern type, with average hair development on the face and body.
The apparent uniformity of the external appearance of the Australian aborigines is erroneous - their genetic diversity is the same as that of the indigenous inhabitants of Southeast Asia. In fact, Australia was probably the continent where waves of migrants rushed, fleeing various catastrophic climatic and natural phenomena, instinctively directed along ancient routes and migration routes of ancestral spirits, or deliberately aimed at developing “new living spaces”.
Thus, in Australia, several morphological variants or types of the indigenous population are distinguished: Barrinoid, Carpentarian, Murray, as well as Central and Western Australian.
The barrinoid type of Australian aborigines is the closest to the Afro-Asian ancestors who traditionally inhabit the tropical rainforests of Queensland (Australia). The Australian "barrinoids" are most similar to the Melanesians.
They are distinguished by their small (“pygmy”) height (157-158 cm), relatively dark skin, very dark eyes, dominance of curly hair, underdeveloped tertiary hair on the beard and body, deep bridge of the nose, concave and small nose, as well as small teeth. True, half of the Negro-Australoid “barrinoids” have relatively large teeth.
The length and width of the head of the Australian "Barrinoids" is greater than that of the "Arnhem Land Carpentarians". At the same time, the foreheads of the “Barrinoids” are steep, almost straight and wide, and the eyebrows (among the Australian aborigines) are minimal, although in comparison with the Caucasians they are powerful. The faces of the “Barrinoids” or “Barrines” (Australia) are low and very narrow, the cheekbones and width of the lower jaw are minimal for the Aboriginal people of Australia; The height of the nose is also small.
“Barrinoids” or “Barrines” probably retained the typical appearance of the ancient Australian aborigines - the descendants of the first migration waves of people from Africa, as well as the appearance of even more ancient primitive people - Archanthropus and Pithecanthropus (Praneanderthals).
The Carpentarian type of Australian aborigines is most common in the north of Australia. "Carpentarians" have the darkest skin color among Australian aborigines, the tallest height and narrow physique. They have the most convex, longitudinally protruding noses and they are not as wide in diameter as those of the “barrinoids” (“barrinos”).
The “Carpentarians” have the shortest and narrowest heads among the Australian Aborigines, and their foreheads have an average angle of inclination (compared to other types of Australian Aborigines). The brow ridge of the “Carpentarians” is very powerful, but the fusion of the brow ridges into a typical “primitive” brow ridge is less common than among other aborigines.
The teeth of the “Carpentarians” are of average size for Australia and relatively large for other primitive people of Eurasia. Their hair is usually wavy, curly, and quite often curly. At the same time, the “Carpentarians” in terms of blood types and genetics differ sharply from the Papuan morphological type of primitive people.
In comparison with world and Australian “standards”, the beards and hair on the bodies of the “Carpentarians” are average, but the male faces of the “Carpentarians” can be covered with a continuous short beard, mustache and sideburns.
The typical relatively isolated way of life of primitive people of this time (50,000-49,000 BC) is also evident in the fact that the “Carpentarians” of the two large northern peninsulas of Australia - Arnhem Land and Cape York - differ in appearance and behavior from each other . Moreover, the “Arnhem Land Carpentarians” are more isolated from the rest of the aborigines; they have the largest height in Australia - 168.3 cm, the minimum length and width of the head, but the maximum (for Australia) head height.
“Cape York Carpentarians” are close to the general Australian “standards” of appearance, they probably have more Papuan influence, and an admixture of Barrinoid and Murray morphological types.
In South Australia, the most common Aboriginal breed is the "Murray type". “Murrays” have the most characteristic distinctive morphological features: “the lightest color of skin and eyes, the lightest wavy hair, the strongest beard and mustache growth in the world, the largest head in length, width and height, the widest forehead and the highest frequency of maximum shapes of the eyebrows, the straightest profile of the bridge of the nose, the largest teeth (all Murrays are only macrodont).
There are only two areas of Australia where “macrodontism” (“large-toothedness”) is exceptionally high - this is the area in the extreme south-east of Australia (opposite Tasmania, where the Tasmanian aborigines are also almost all macrodont) and the area in the center of the east coast of Victoria (Australia) .
"Murrays" have a characteristic red-brown skin color, different from that of other Aborigines, and rarely have the "chocolate color" that predominates among the rest of the indigenous inhabitants of Australia. The yellow-brown skin color that dominates other Aborigines does not exist among the Murrays.
The Murrays have predominantly slightly wavy hair, but there is also curly hair, especially in areas adjacent to Tasmania. The slope of the forehead among the “Murrays” is different, but on average it is maximum for the aborigines of Australia. Also, the brow ridge (brow ridge) is maximally developed, which, as a rule, gives their faces a sullen expression.
Murray faces are relatively tall and the lower jaws are very wide. The “Murrays” have perhaps the narrowest (“normal”) noses among the Australian Aborigines, their average height is 164.7 cm, and their body length, body weight and shoulder width are usually maximum in comparison with other Aborigines.
The "Murrays" occupy territories on the east coast of Australia, in the steppes and savannas of South and Western Australia and are likely to take root on the continent during the "second wave of migrations" (circa 15,000 BC).
The Australian aborigines of Central Australia are even closer in morphological type to the race of intelligent classical Cro-Magnons of the modern type. They have (in comparison with other aborigines) medium-length heads, relatively narrow and even very narrow foreheads, narrow faces, but wide noses.
The aborigines of Central Australia are characterized by light (sometimes even blond) hair color in children and some young women. As they age, their hair tends to darken, but fades quickly at the ends. Central Australian Aborigines are tall, some reaching the maximum height for Australia. At the same time, their physique is massive, and their chest is very powerful.
The Aborigines of Western Australia have medium-length, low, and even narrower heads than in Central Australia; they have a more pronounced “brow relief and a very low face and nose for Australian Aborigines.” At the same time, the faces of Western Australian Aborigines are relatively wide, and their noses are very wide.
All of the above morphological characteristics indicate the diversity of the indigenous and alien inhabitants of Australia, their migratory penetration into Australia, their long-term separate and joint coexistence.
Particularly significant for the author of the “Chronology” are migration processes on the territory of the Russian part of Eurasia, especially on the territory of the East European (Russian) Plain. This is due to the fact that these vast territories were always and constantly inhabited by people and key animals of the Mammoth complex - the guarantors of the existence and vital activity of humanity, races and civilizations of intelligent classical Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons of this and subsequent times (50,000-40,000 BC. ).
The time will come and genetic research will confirm the truth of the theory of the migratory emergence and development of modern humanity and modern races, the multiregional model of the emergence and development of primitive civilizations and will prove the truth and historicity of the “mythical” or legendary centers of world civilizations - Arctida-Hyperborea, Meganesia-Lemuria-Mu-Sunda , Atlantis and, possibly, other (as yet unknown) primitive civilizations.
The true history of modern humanity in the future, in the near future, perhaps in the next chapters of the Chronology...
The spread of man on the planet is one of the most exciting detective stories in history. Deciphering migrations is one of the keys to understanding historical processes. By the way, you can see the main routes on this interactive map. Recently, many discoveries have been made -Scientists have learned to read genetic mutations, and methods have been found in linguistics according to which it is possible to restore proto-languages and the relationships between them. New ways of dating archaeological finds are emerging. The history of climate change explains many routes - man went on a long journey around the Earth in search of a better life, and this process continues to this day.
The possibility of movement was determined by sea levels and the melting of glaciers, which closed or opened up opportunities for further advancement. Sometimes people have had to adapt to climate change, and sometimes it seems to have worked out for the better. In a word, I reinvented the wheel a little here and sketched out a brief outline on the settlement of the earth, although I am most interested in Eurasia, in general.
This is what the first migrants may have looked like
The fact that Homo sapiens came out of Africa is today recognized by most scientists. This event took place plus or minus 70 thousand years ago, according to the latest data it is from 62 to 130 thousand years. The figures more or less coincide with the determination of the age of the skeletons in Israeli caves at 100 thousand years. That is, this event still happened over a considerable period of time, but let’s not pay attention to the little things.
So, man left southern Africa, settled across the continent, crossed the narrow part of the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula - the modern width of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait is 20 km, and in the Ice Age the sea level was much lower - perhaps it was possible to cross it almost ford The level of the world's seas rose as glaciers melted.
From there, some people went to the Persian Gulf and to the territory of approximately Mesopotamia,part further to Europe,part along the coast to India and further to Indonesia and Australia. Another part - approximately in the direction of China, settled Siberia, partly also moved to Europe, and another part - through the Bering Strait to America. This is how Homo sapiens settled throughout the world, and several large and very ancient centers of human settlements formed in Eurasia.Africa, where it all began, is by far the least studied. It is assumed that archaeological sites can be well preserved in sand, so interesting discoveries are also possible there.
The origin of Homo sapiens from Africa is also confirmed by the data of geneticists, who discovered that all people on earth have the same first gene (marker) (African). Even earlier, homoerectus migrated from the same Africa (2 million years ago), which reached China, Eurasia and other parts of the planet, but then died out. Neanderthals most likely came to Eurasia along approximately the same routes as homosapiens, 200 thousand years ago; they became extinct relatively recently, about 20 thousand years ago. Apparently, the territory approximately in the Mesopotamia region is generally a passageway for all migrants.
In Europe The age of the oldest Homo sapiens skull is determined to be 40 thousand years old (found in a Romanian cave). Apparently, people came here for animals, moving along the Dnieper. About the same age is the Cro-Magnon man from the French caves, who is considered in all respects the same person as us, only he did not have a washing machine.
The Lion Man is the oldest figurine in the world, 40 thousand years old. Rebuilt from micro-parts over a period of 70 years, finally restored in 2012, stored in the British Museum. Found in an ancient settlement in southern Germany, the first flute of the same age was discovered there. True, the figurine does not fit into my understanding of the processes. In theory, it should at least be female.
Kostenki, a large archaeological site 400 km south of Moscow in the Voronezh region, whose age was previously determined to be 35 thousand years, also belongs to the same time period. However, there is reason to ancientize the time of human appearance in these places. For example, archaeologists discovered layers of ash there -trace of volcanic eruptions in Italy 40 thousand years ago. Under this layer, numerous traces of human activity were found, thus, the man in Kostenki is more than 40 thousand years old, at least.
Kostenki was very densely populated, the remains of more than 60 ancient settlements were preserved there, and people lived here for a long time, not leaving it even during the Ice Age, for tens of thousands of years. In Kostenki they find tools made of stone, which could have been taken no closer than 150 km, and shells for beads had to be brought from the sea coasts. This is at least 500 km. There are figurines made from mammoth ivory.
Tiara with an ornament made of mammoth ivory. Kostenki-1, 22-23 thousand years old, size 20x3.7 cm
Perhaps people left approximately simultaneously from their common transit ancestral home along both the Danube and the Don (and other rivers, of course).Homosapiens in Eurasia encountered the local population that had been living here for a long time - the Neanderthals, who pretty much ruined their lives and then died out.Most likely, the process of resettlement continued to one degree or another continuously. For example, one of the monuments of this period is Dolni Vestonice (South Moravia, Mikulov, the nearest large city is Brno), the age of the settlement is 25 and a half thousand years.
Vestonice Venus (Paleolithic Venus), found in Moravia in 1925, age 25 thousand years, but some scientists consider it older. Height 111 cm, kept in the Moravian Museum in Brno (Czech Republic).
Most of the Neolithic monuments of Europe are sometimes combined with the term "Old Europe". These include Trypillia, Vinca, Lendel, and the Funnel Beaker culture. Pre-Indo-European European peoples are considered to be the Minoans, Sicans, Iberians, Basques, Leleges, and Pelasgians. Unlike the later Indo-Europeans, who settled in fortified cities on the hills, the older Europeans lived in small settlements on the plains and had no defensive fortifications. They did not know the potter's wheel or wheel. On the Balkan Peninsula there were settlements of up to 3-4 thousand inhabitants. Baskonia is considered a relict old European region.
In the Neolithic, which begins approximately 10 thousand years ago, migrations begin to occur more actively. The development of transport played a major role. Migrations of peoples occur both by sea and with the help of a new revolutionary means of transport - a horse and cart. The largest migrations of Indo-Europeans date back to the Neolithic. Regarding the Indo-European ancestral home, the same region in the territory around the Persian Gulf, Asia Minor (Turkey), etc. is almost unanimously named. Actually, it was always known that the next resettlement of people was taking place from the territory near Mount Ararat after a catastrophic flood. Now this theory is increasingly being confirmed by science. The version needs proof, so the study of the Black Sea is of particular importance now - it is known that it was a small freshwater lake, and as a result of an ancient disaster, water from the Mediterranean Sea flooded nearby areas, possibly actively populated by Proto-Indo-Europeans. People from the flooded area rushed in different directions - theoretically, this could serve as an impetus for a new wave of migrations.
Linguists confirm that a single linguistic Proto-Indo-European ancestor came from the same place where migrations into Europe took place in earlier times - approximately from the north of Mesopotamia, that is, roughly speaking, all from the same area near Ararat. A large migration wave began around the 6th millennium in almost all directions, moving in the directions of India, China and Europe. In earlier times, migrations also took place from these same places; in any case, it is logical, as in more ancient times, that people entered Europe along rivers approximately from the territory of the modern Black Sea region. People are also actively populating Europe from the Mediterranean, including along sea routes.
During the Neolithic, several types of archaeological cultures developed. Among them are a large number of megalithic monuments(megaliths are large stones). In Europe, they are distributed mostly in coastal areas and belong to the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age - 3 - 2 thousand BC. To an earlier period, the Neolithic - in the British Isles, Portugal and France. They are found in Brittany, the Mediterranean coast of Spain, Portugal, France, as well as in the west of England, Ireland, Denmark, and Sweden. The most common are dolmens - in Wales they are called cromlech, in Portugal anta, in Sardinia stazzone, in the Caucasus ispun. Another common type of them is corridor tombs (Ireland, Wales, Brittany, etc.). Another type is galleries. Also common are menhirs (individual large stones), groups of menhirs and stone circles, which include Stonehenge. It is assumed that the latter were astronomical devices and they are not as ancient as megalithic burials; such monuments are associated with migrations by sea. The complex and intricate relationships between sedentary and nomadic peoples are a separate story; by year zero, a very definite picture of the world is emerging.
Quite a lot is known about the great migration of peoples in the 1st millennium AD thanks to literary sources - these processes were complex and diverse. Finally, over the course of the second millennium, a modern map of the world gradually took shape. However, the history of migrations does not end there, and today it is no less global than in ancient times. By the way, there is an interesting BBC series “The Great Migration of Nations”.
In general, the conclusion and the bottom line is this: the settlement of people is a living and natural process that has never stopped. Migrations occur for certain and understandable reasons - it’s good where we are not. Most often, people are forced to move on by worsening climatic conditions, hunger, in a word - the desire to survive.
Passionarity - a term introduced by N. Gumilyov, means the ability of peoples to move and characterizes their “age”. A high level of passionarity is a characteristic of young peoples. Passionarity, in general, benefited the people, although this path was never easy. It seems to me that it would be better for an individual person to be quicker and not sit still :))) Readiness to travel is one of two things: either complete hopelessness and compulsion, or youth of soul.... Do you agree with me?
I looked at how the movement of the earth's axis affected the “comfortable zones” of human habitation. As has already become clear, the last 50,000 years can be safely divided into three periods:
- 2. After 16,000 years ago and before ~4500 years ago
- 3. After ~4500 years ago
The only thing I ask the reader is not to look too closely at the numbers, they are relative. What’s in the official history, what’s with geneticists? The main thing is to understand the relationship between migrations and pole shifts.
I'll start with the very first displacement, which occurred approximately 16,000 years ago. I will show the maps before and after the displacement, and a modern view for clarity:
On the map on the left you can clearly see the “dead” zone, which falls exactly in the “Tropic of Cancer”, i.e. to the hottest region of the Earth. Tell me, please, dear reader, what can force a person living north of this zone to move south of it? Today it is clear that - money, prestigious work, etc. And when did this not exist? Excavations in the village of Kostenki show that people lived next to the glacier for 30,000 years. They didn’t go anywhere and didn’t develop, in our understanding! They have been hunters all these millennia. And then, “suddenly,” about 15,000 years ago, agriculture began to develop, and not just anywhere, but in the Middle East. So the question is, why? Scientists say the climate, which has reduced the food supply, is to blame. There were fewer mammoths, so they began to grow cereals. But we are talking about the Middle East, where, given the current state of the Earth, farming is an extremely risky business. It's hot there, the Tropic of Cancer is very close. And when the pole is in Alaska, the Middle East turns into an equatorial oasis.
Okay, let's leave the scientists alone. Using their arguments, one can draw one very interesting conclusion - all these 30,000 years during which the Kostenki culture was observed, the climate on Earth was stable. This is a good period. And today we count some small ice ages, we take into account the activity of the Sun with a period of 11 years...
The scientists are right about the food supply. The mammoths left for the cold, and people followed them. But this applied only to the northern peoples. This migration was enabled by a pole shift to Alaska. The absence of traces of the cataclysm in the excavations, except for volcanic ash in the area 30,000 years ago, indicates the smooth nature of this displacement. The glacier began to melt, and it became impossible to live next to it. People got up and left.
The pole moved along the northern edge of North America, which means that our people followed it and the mammoths along the northern edge of Eurasia or further south. Considering the scale of the Valdai glaciation, the Arctic Circle was much wider.
So they reached Eastern Siberia and Primorye. Considering the lower level of the Arctic Ocean, it can be assumed that these peoples populated the entire shelf of Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, all of eastern Siberia and Primorye. And this was approximately 15,000 years ago. They are still cut off from the southern peoples by the “Tropic of Cancer”. And why should they look for warm places when their life is connected with the cold and this tradition is many tens of thousands of years old?
This was the same haplogroup N, which today makes up about 20% of the gene pool of Russian people. It’s not surprising that Kostenkovites are so similar to us. Geneticists claim that this haplogroup arose 15,000 years ago somewhere in southern China, and then, 5,000 years later, moved to Siberia and the Baltic. But let me ask, what prompted these Chinese “first ancestors,” who at that time lived virtually on the equator, to go to the area east of Taimyr, where today the maximum concentration of this haplogroup is observed? These are completely different climatic zones, different food supplies, etc. and so on. Such migration requires very compelling reasons. But they are not there. 12,000 years of stability of the earth's axis did not offer them.
The map on the left shows a completely different migration route for this haplogroup.
After the pole shifted to Alaska, representatives of its ancestor began migrating east, following the pole. A medieval map roughly defines the area these people occupied over these thousands of years:
The map, of course, is very modern and the southern regions can simply be removed from it. There was, as now, a desert with mountains. But the entire north, from Novaya Zemlya to Primorye, was occupied by them. Over 10,000 years they have multiplied quite a lot. I will not judge their life, whether they remained hunters or began farming. This is not very important within the scope of this article. Mammoths hardly managed to disappear during this period. Although we are told that the last of them died out about 10,000 years ago. Considering the slowness of climate change and the areas where they were found east of Taimyr, we can make a bold assumption that they managed to leave the periglacial regions of Europe east to the new Arctic Circle. Then for 10,000 years no disasters occurred that could lead to their instant death. And the shift of the pole to the modern place, which occurred about 4500 years ago, is very similar to such a catastrophe. People were able to leave the dangerous area, but no one warned the animals. So I think that mammoths became extinct much later than modern scientists believe. Radiocarbon dating sometimes works wonders. And even scientists admit this.
After displacement about 4,500 years ago, representatives of this haplogroup were forced to leave the dangerous area. The bulk went to the West, again beyond the Arctic Circle, but some returned back after the disaster. Some of them will later go to China, which is why it is found there to this day in small concentrations. Genetics say the same thing - representatives of this haplogroup reached the Baltic about 4000 years ago and settled there.
This is how Great Tartary was formed.
The northern peoples seem to have been dealt with. Let's see how things were in Siberia.
Before the pole shift to Alaska, it experienced ideal temperate climatic conditions. I think that it was there that haplogroup R1 originated. And that's why. The identification of the R1b branch of genetics dates back to 16,000 years ago in the region of Central Asia; the rest of the people began to have the R1a branch and went further to the West. The direction of the outcome is clearly guessed. These people were leaving the new pole, that’s all. Northern peoples came to take their place; they, in fact, changed places. But in Europe the glacier has not yet melted, so R1 representatives made a stop in Asia. Representatives of R1a, who were accustomed to the subtropical climate, remained in place, and representatives of R1b went to seek their fortune in the Urals, the Caucasus and further to Europe, which sooner or later thawed.
During the last pole shift, Central Asia moved far from the Tropic of Cancer, and the climate there became completely different. Therefore, heat-loving representatives of R1a moved south - to the Iranian Plateau and northern India. This is how the branches of the Iranian and Indian Aryans diverged.
Around the same period, according to the Rig Veda, the Gods came to India from the north...
The territory of modern China had a hard time; almost all of it fell into the Tropic of Cancer. Relatively normal living conditions were possible only on the southern coast of Indochina. It is here, in my opinion, that people from Australia moved (Mu Island) before the last pole shift. And only after him they began to develop more northern territories. It was a completely different culture, which, for example, cannot be reconciled with Indian to this day. It was also alien to our northern ancestors, who at the beginning tried to set them on the right path, but then gave up and fenced them off with a wall. This section is clearly marked on the map above. But still, the Chinese accepted the teachings of the northern peoples, which remained in Buddhism. And that’s good, they’ve become more like us.
Africa, as well as the north, was the most turbulent place. Before the first displacement, Central Africa was an oasis, as it is now, for the heat-loving peoples of the black race. But after the pole shifted to Alaska, this oasis shifted to the north of the mainland. It was there that people migrated from the central regions, as well as from further south, but I think they were in the minority. For 10,000 years, the desert began to bloom again, the rains did their job. Preconditions also arose for migration to the Arabian Peninsula and the Iranian Plateau.
After the pole shifted to its modern position, everything returned to normal for Africa and the Middle East. The desert has regained its possession, and Central Africa has come to life. The luckiest of all were the residents of the Iranian Plateau, which moved from the equator zone to the subtropical zone, that is, the climate changed, but not dramatically. The Iranian Aryans came to fertile soil, which determines the prosperity of Sumer, Egypt and further down the list.
So we have analyzed the main possible routes of population migration across Eurasia and Africa. Naturally, I focused more on our ancestors, haplogroups N and R1; I mentioned the rest in less detail, but I think it’s enough to form a general idea of migration during the period described.