Historically, Russia is a monarchical state. First there were princes, then kings. The history of our state is old and diverse. Russia has known many monarchs with different characters, human and managerial qualities. However, it was the Romanov family that became the brightest representative of the Russian throne. The history of their reign goes back about three centuries. And the end of the Russian Empire is also inextricably linked with this surname.

Romanov family: history

The Romanovs, an old noble family, did not immediately have such a surname. For centuries they were first called Kobylins, a little bit later Koshkins, then Zakharyins. And only after more than 6 generations they acquired the surname Romanov.

Approach for the first time Russian throne This noble family was enabled by the marriage of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with Anastasia Zakharyina.

There is no direct connection between the Rurikovichs and the Romanovs. It has been established that Ivan III is the great-great-grandson of one of Andrei Kobyla’s sons, Fedor, on his mother’s side. While the Romanov family became a continuation of Fyodor’s other grandson, Zakhary.

However, this fact played a key role when in 1613, at the Zemsky Sobor, the grandson of Anastasia Zakharyina’s brother, Mikhail, was elected to reign. So the throne passed from the Rurikovichs to the Romanovs. After this, rulers of this family succeeded each other for three centuries. During this time, our country changed its form of government and became Russian Empire.

The first emperor was Peter I. And the last was Nicholas II, who abdicated power as a result of the February Revolution of 1917 and was shot with his family in July of the following year.

Biography of Nicholas II

In order to understand the reasons for the pitiful end of the imperial reign, it is necessary to take a closer look at the biography of Nikolai Romanov and his family:

1. Nicholas II was born in 1868. From childhood he was brought up in the best traditions of the royal court. From a young age he became interested in military affairs. From the age of 5 he took part in military training, parades and processions. Even before taking the oath, he had various ranks, including being a Cossack chieftain. As a result, the highest military rank of Nicholas became the rank of colonel. Nicholas came to power at the age of 27. Nicholas was an educated, intelligent monarch;
2. To Nicholas's fiancée, a German princess who accepted Russian name- Alexandra Fedorovna, at the time of the marriage she was 22 years old. The couple loved each other very much and treated each other reverently all their lives. However, those around him had a negative attitude towards the empress, suspecting that the autocrat was too dependent on his wife;
3. Nicholas's family had four daughters - Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, and the youngest son, Alexei, was born - a possible heir to the throne. Unlike his strong and healthy sisters, Alexey was diagnosed with hemophilia. This meant that the boy could die from any scratch.

Why was the Romanov family shot?

Nikolai made several fatal mistakes, which ultimately led to a tragic end:

• The stampede on the Khodynka field is considered the first ill-considered mistake of Nikolai. In the first days of his reign, people went to Khodynska Square to buy gifts promised by the new emperor. The result was pandemonium and more than 1,200 people died. Nicholas remained indifferent to this event until the end of all the events dedicated to his coronation, which lasted for several more days. The people did not forgive him for such behavior and called him Bloody;
• During his reign, there were many strife and contradictions in the country. The Emperor understood that it was necessary to urgently take measures in order to raise the patriotism of Russians and unite them. Many believe that it was for this purpose that the Russo-Japanese War was launched, which as a result was lost, and Russia lost part of its territory;
• After graduation Russo-Japanese War in 1905, on the square in front of the Winter Palace, without the knowledge of Nicholas, the military shot people who had gathered for a rally. This event was called in history - “Bloody Sunday”;
• The Russian state also entered the First World War carelessly. The conflict began in 1914 between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The Emperor considered it necessary to stand up for the Balkan state, as a result of which Germany came to the defense of Austria-Hungary. The war dragged on, which no longer suited the military.

As a result, a provisional government was created in Petrograd. Nicholas knew about the mood of the people, but was unable to take any decisive action and signed a paper about his abdication.

The Provisional Government placed the family under arrest, first in Tsarskoye Selo, and then they were exiled to Tobolsk. After the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, the whole family was transported to Yekaterinburg and, by decision of the Bolshevik council, executed to prevent a return to royal power.

Remains of the royal family in modern times

After the execution, all the remains were collected and transported to the mines of Ganina Yama. It was not possible to burn the bodies, so they were thrown into the mine shafts. The next day, village residents discovered bodies floating at the bottom of the flooded mines and it became clear that reburial was necessary.

The remains were again loaded into the car. However, having driven away a little, she fell into the mud in the Porosenkov Log area. There they buried the dead, dividing the ashes into two parts.

The first part of the bodies was discovered in 1978. However, due to the long process of obtaining permission for excavations, it was possible to get to them only in 1991. Two bodies, presumably Maria and Alexei, were found in 2007 a little away from the road.

Over the years, various groups of scientists have carried out many modern, high-tech examinations to determine the involvement of the remains in the royal family. As a result, the genetic similarity was proven, but some historians and the Russian Orthodox Church still disagree with these results.

Now the relics are reburied in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Living representatives of the genus

The Bolsheviks sought to exterminate as many representatives of the royal family as possible so that no one would even have the thought of returning to the previous power. However, many managed to escape abroad.

In the male line, living descendants descend from the sons of Nicholas I - Alexander and Mikhail. There are also descendants in the female line who originate from Ekaterina Ioannovna. For the most part, they all do not live on the territory of our state. However, representatives of the clan have created and are developing public and charitable organizations that operate in Russia as well.

Thus, the Romanov family is a symbol of a bygone empire for our country. Many are still arguing about whether it is possible to revive imperial power in the country and whether it is worth doing. Obviously, this page of our history has been turned, and its representatives are buried with appropriate honors.

Video: execution of the Romanov family

This video recreates the moment the Romanov family was captured and their subsequent execution:

At one in the morning on July 17, 1918, the former Russian Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna, their five children and four servants, including a doctor, were taken to the basement of a house in Yekaterinburg, where they were detained, where they were brutally shot by the Bolsheviks and subsequently burned bodies.

The terrible scene continues to haunt us to this day, and their remains, which lay for most of a century in unmarked graves, the location of which only the Soviet leadership knew, are still surrounded by an aura of mystery. In 1979, enthusiastic historians discovered the remains of some members of the royal family, and in 1991, after the collapse of the USSR, their identity was confirmed using DNA analysis.

The remains of two more royal children, Alexei and Maria, were discovered in 2007 and subjected to similar analysis. However, the Russian Orthodox Church questioned the results of the DNA tests. The remains of Alexei and Maria were not buried, but were transferred to a scientific institution. They were analyzed again in 2015.

Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore recounts these events in detail in his book “The Romanovs, 1613-1618,” published this year. El Confidencial already wrote about it. In Town & Country magazine, the author recalls that last fall the official investigation into the murder of the royal family was resumed, and the remains of the king and queen were exhumed. This gave rise to conflicting statements from the government and Church representatives, once again bringing the issue into the public spotlight.

According to Sebag, Nicholas was good-looking, and his apparent weakness hid a powerful man who despised the ruling class, a fierce anti-Semite who did not doubt his sacred right to power. She and Alexandra married for love, which was a rare occurrence back then. She brought into family life paranoid thinking, mystical fanaticism (just remember Rasputin) and another danger - hemophilia, which was passed on to her son, the heir to the throne.

Wounds

In 1998, the reburial of the remains of the Romanovs took place in a solemn official ceremony designed to heal the wounds of Russia's past.

President Yeltsin said that political change should never again be carried out by force. Many Orthodox Christians again expressed their opposition and perceived the event as an attempt by the president to impose a liberal agenda in the former USSR.

In 2000, the Orthodox Church canonized the royal family, as a result of which the relics of its members became a shrine, and according to statements of its representatives, it was necessary to carry out reliable identification.

When Yeltsin left office and promoted the unknown Vladimir Putin, a KGB lieutenant colonel who considered the collapse of the USSR “the greatest catastrophe of the 20th century,” the young leader began to concentrate power in his hands, put up barriers to foreign influence, promote the strengthening of the Orthodox faith and carry out an aggressive foreign policy. It seemed - Sebag reflects with irony - that he decided to continue the political line of the Romanovs.

Putin is a political realist, and he is moving along the path outlined by the leaders of a strong Russia: from Peter I to Stalin. These were bright personalities who resisted the international threat.

The position of Putin, who questioned the results scientific research(faint echo cold war: there were many Americans among the researchers), calmed the Church and created a breeding ground for conspiracy theories, nationalist and anti-Semitic hypotheses regarding the remains of the Romanovs. One of them was that Lenin and his followers, many of whom were Jews, transported the bodies to Moscow, ordering their mutilation. Was it really the king and his family? Or did someone manage to escape?

Context

How the kings returned to Russian history

Atlantico 08/19/2015

304 years of Romanov rule

Le Figaro 05/30/2016

Why both Lenin and Nicholas II are “good”

Radio Prague 10/14/2015

What did Nicholas II give to the Finns?

Helsingin Sanomat 07/25/2016 During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks declared the Red Terror. They took the family away from Moscow. It was a terrifying journey by train and horse-drawn carriages. Tsarevich Alexei suffered from hemophilia, and some of his sisters were sexually abused on the train. Finally, they found themselves in the house where their life path. It was essentially turned into a fortified prison and machine guns were installed around the perimeter. Be that as it may, the royal family tried to adapt to the new conditions. The eldest daughter Olga was depressed, and the younger ones played, not really understanding what was happening. Maria had an affair with one of the guards, and then the Bolsheviks replaced all the guards, tightening the internal rules.

When it became obvious that the White Guards were about to take Yekaterinburg, Lenin issued an unspoken decree on the execution of the entire royal family, entrusting the execution to Yakov Yurovsky. At first it was planned to secretly bury everyone in the nearby forests. But the murder turned out to be poorly planned and even worse executed. Each member of the firing squad had to kill one of the victims. But when the basement of the house was filled with smoke from shots and the screams of people being shot, many of the Romanovs were still alive. They were wounded and crying in horror.

The fact is that diamonds were sewn into the clothes of the princesses, and the bullets bounced off them, which led to the confusion of the killers. The wounded were finished off with bayonets and shots to the head. One of the executioners later said that the floor was slippery with blood and brains.

Scars

Having completed their work, the drunken executioners robbed the corpses and loaded them onto a truck, which stalled along the way. On top of that, at the last moment it turned out that all the bodies did not fit into the graves dug in advance for them. The clothes of the dead were removed and burned. Then the frightened Yurovsky came up with another plan. He left the bodies in the forest and went to Yekaterinburg to buy acid and gasoline. For three days and nights, he carried containers of sulfuric acid and gasoline into the forest to destroy the bodies, which he decided to bury in different places to confuse those who intended to find them. No one should have known anything about what happened. They doused the bodies with acid and gasoline, burned them, and then buried them.

Sebag wonders how the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution will be celebrated in 2017. What will happen to the royal remains? The country does not want to lose its former glory. The past is always seen in a positive light, but the legitimacy of the autocracy remains controversial. New research initiated by the Russian Orthodox Church and carried out by the Investigative Committee, led to the repeated exhumation of the bodies. Was held comparative analysis DNA with living relatives, in particular with the British Prince Philip, one of whose grandmothers was Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna Romanova. Thus, he is the great-great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas II.

The fact that the Church still makes decisions on such important issues has attracted attention in the rest of Europe, as well as the lack of openness and a chaotic series of burials, exhumations, and DNA tests of certain members of the royal family. Most political observers believe Putin will make the final decision on what to do with the remains on the 100th anniversary of the revolution. Will he finally be able to reconcile the image of the revolution of 1917 with the barbaric massacre of 1918? Will he have to hold two separate events to satisfy each party? Will the Romanovs be given royal honors or church honors, like saints?

In Russian textbooks, many Russian tsars are still presented as heroes covered in glory. Gorbachev and the last king The Romanovs renounced, Putin said that he would never do this.

The historian claims that in his book he omitted nothing from the materials he examined on the execution of the Romanov family... with the exception of the most disgusting details of the murder. When the bodies were taken to the forest, the two princesses moaned and had to be finished off. Whatever the future of the country, it will be impossible to erase this terrible episode from memory.

First, the Provisional Government agrees to fulfill all the conditions. But already on March 8, 1917, General Mikhail Alekseev informed the Tsar that he “can consider himself, as it were, under arrest.” After some time, a notification of refusal comes from London, which previously agreed to accept the Romanov family. On March 21, former Emperor Nicholas II and his entire family were officially taken into custody.

A little more than a year later, on July 17, 1918, the last royal family of the Russian Empire would be shot in a cramped basement in Yekaterinburg. The Romanovs were subjected to hardships, getting closer and closer to their grim ending. Let's look at rare photos of members of the last royal family of Russia, taken some time before the execution.

After the February Revolution of 1917, the last royal family of Russia, by decision of the Provisional Government, was sent to the Siberian city of Tobolsk to protect them from the wrath of the people. A few months earlier, Tsar Nicholas II had abdicated the throne, ending more than three hundred years of the Romanov dynasty.

The Romanovs began their five-day journey to Siberia in August, on the eve of Tsarevich Alexei's 13th birthday. The seven family members were joined by 46 servants and a military escort. The day before reaching their destination, the Romanovs sailed past the home village of Rasputin, whose eccentric influence on politics may have contributed to their dark ending.

The family arrived in Tobolsk on August 19 and began to live in relative comfort on the banks of the Irtysh River. In the Governor's Palace, where they were housed, the Romanovs were well fed, and they could communicate a lot with each other, without being distracted by state affairs and official events. The children performed plays for their parents, and the family often went into the city for religious services - this was the only form of freedom they were allowed.

When the Bolsheviks came to power at the end of 1917, the regime of the royal family began to tighten slowly but surely. The Romanovs were forbidden to attend church and generally leave the territory of the mansion. Soon coffee, sugar, butter and cream disappeared from their kitchen, and the soldiers assigned to protect them wrote obscene and offensive words on the walls and fences of their home.

Things went from bad to worse. In April 1918, a commissar, a certain Yakovlev, arrived with an order to transport the former tsar from Tobolsk. The Empress was adamant in her desire to accompany her husband, but Comrade Yakovlev had other orders that complicated everything. At this time, Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from hemophilia, began to suffer from paralysis of both legs due to a bruise, and everyone expected that he would be left in Tobolsk, and the family would be divided during the war.

The commissioner's demands to move were adamant, so Nikolai, his wife Alexandra and one of their daughters, Maria, soon left Tobolsk. They eventually boarded a train to travel through Yekaterinburg to Moscow, where the Red Army was headquartered. However, Commissar Yakovlev was arrested for trying to save the royal family, and the Romanovs got off the train in Yekaterinburg, in the heart of the territory captured by the Bolsheviks.

In Yekaterinburg, the rest of the children joined their parents - everyone was locked in Ipatiev’s house. The family was placed on the second floor and completely cut off from the outside world, with the windows boarded up and guards posted at the doors. The Romanovs were allowed to go out Fresh air just five minutes a day.

At the beginning of July 1918, the Soviet authorities began to prepare for the execution of the royal family. Ordinary soldiers on guard were replaced by representatives of the Cheka, and the Romanovs were allowed last time go to worship. The priest who conducted the service later admitted that none of the family said a word during the service. For July 16, the day of the murder, five truckloads of barrels of benzidine and acid were ordered to quickly dispose of the bodies.

Early in the morning of July 17, the Romanovs were gathered and told about the advance of the White Army. The family believed that they were simply being moved to a small, lighted basement for their own protection, because it would soon be unsafe here. Approaching the place of execution, the last Tsar of Russia passed by trucks, in one of which his body would soon lie, not even suspecting what a terrible fate awaited his wife and children.

In the basement, Nikolai was told that he was about to be executed. Not believing his own ears, he asked: “What?” - immediately after which the security officer Yakov Yurovsky shot the Tsar. Another 11 people pulled their triggers, filling the basement with Romanov blood. Alexei survived the first shot, but was finished off by Yurovsky's second shot. The next day, the bodies of members of the last royal family of Russia were burned 19 km from Yekaterinburg, in the village of Koptyaki.

Nicholas II and his family

“They died as martyrs for humanity. Their true greatness stemmed not from their kingship, but from the amazing moral height to which they gradually rose. They became an ideal force. And in their very humiliation they were an amazing manifestation of that amazing clarity of soul, against which all violence and all rage are powerless and which triumphs in death itself” (Tsarevich Alexei’s tutor Pierre Gilliard).

NikolayII Alexandrovich Romanov

Nicholas II

Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov (Nicholas II) was born on May 6 (18), 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo. He was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna. He received a strict, almost harsh upbringing under the guidance of his father. “I need normal, healthy Russian children,” this was the demand put forward by Emperor Alexander III to the educators of his children.

The future Emperor Nicholas II received a good education at home: he knew several languages, studied Russian and world history, deeply versed in military affairs, was a widely erudite person.

Empress Alexandra Feodorovna

Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich and Princess Alice

Princess Alice Victoria Elena Louise Beatrice was born on May 25 (June 7), 1872 in Darmstadt, the capital of a small German duchy, which by that time had already been forcibly incorporated into the German Empire. Alice's father was Grand Duke Ludwig of Hesse-Darmstadt, and her mother was Princess Alice of England, the third daughter of Queen Victoria. As a child, Princess Alice (Alix, as her family called her) was a cheerful, lively child, for which she was nicknamed “Sunny” (Sunny). There were seven children in the family, all of them were brought up in patriarchal traditions. Their mother set strict rules for them: not a single minute of idleness! The children's clothing and food were very simple. The girls cleaned their rooms themselves and performed some household chores. But her mother died of diphtheria at the age of thirty-five. After the tragedy she experienced (she was only 6 years old), little Alix became withdrawn, alienated, and began to avoid strangers; She calmed down only in the family circle. After the death of her daughter, Queen Victoria transferred her love to her children, especially her youngest, Alix. Her upbringing and education took place under the supervision of her grandmother.

Marriage

The first meeting of the sixteen-year-old heir Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich and the very young Princess Alice took place in 1884, and in 1889, having reached adulthood, Nikolai turned to his parents with a request to bless him for marriage with Princess Alice, but his father refused, citing his youth as the reason for the refusal. I had to submit to my father's will. But usually gentle and even timid in communicating with his father, Nicholas showed persistence and determination - Alexander III gives his blessing for the marriage. But the joy of mutual love was overshadowed by a sharp deterioration in the health of Emperor Alexander III, who died on October 20, 1894 in Crimea. The next day, in the palace church of the Livadia Palace, Princess Alice accepted Orthodoxy and was anointed, receiving the name Alexandra Feodorovna.

Despite the mourning for their father, they decided not to postpone the wedding, but to hold it in the most modest atmosphere on November 14, 1894. This is how family life and the administration of the Russian Empire began simultaneously for Nicholas II; he was 26 years old.

He had a lively mind - he always quickly grasped the essence of the questions presented to him, an excellent memory, especially for faces, and a noble way of thinking. But Nikolai Alexandrovich, with his gentleness, tact in his manners, and modest manners, gave many the impression of a man who had not inherited the strong will of his father, who left him the following political testament: “ I bequeath to you to love everything that serves the good, honor and dignity of Russia. Protect autocracy, remembering that you you are responsible for the fate of your subjects before the Throne of the Most High. Let faith in God and the holiness of your royal duty be the basis of your life. Be strong and courageous, never show weakness. Listen to everyone, there is nothing shameful in this, but listen to yourself and your conscience.”

Beginning of reign

From the very beginning of his reign, Emperor Nicholas II treated the duties of the monarch as a sacred duty. He deeply believed that for the 100 million Russian people, tsarist power was and remains sacred.

Coronation of Nicholas II

1896 is the year of coronation celebrations in Moscow. The Sacrament of Confirmation was performed over the royal couple - as a sign that just as there is no higher and no more difficult on earth royal power, there is no burden heavier than royal service. But the coronation celebrations in Moscow were overshadowed by the disaster on the Khodynskoye Field: a stampede occurred in the crowd awaiting royal gifts, in which many people died. According to official data, 1,389 people were killed and 1,300 were seriously injured, according to unofficial data - 4,000. But the coronation events were not canceled in connection with this tragedy, but continued according to the program: in the evening of the same day, a ball was held at the French ambassador. The Emperor was present at all planned events, including the ball, which was perceived ambiguously in society. The Khodynka tragedy was seen by many as a gloomy omen for the reign of Nicholas II, and when the question of his canonization arose in 2000, it was cited as an argument against it.

Family

On November 3, 1895, the first daughter was born into the family of Emperor Nicholas II - Olga; was born after her Tatiana(May 29, 1897) Maria(June 14, 1899) and Anastasia(June 5, 1901). But the family was eagerly awaiting an heir.

Olga

Olga

Since childhood, she grew up very kind and sympathetic, deeply experienced the misfortunes of others and always tried to help. She was the only one of the four sisters who could openly object to her father and mother and was very reluctant to submit to her parents’ will if circumstances required it.

Olga loved to read more than the other sisters, and later she began to write poetry. French teacher and friend of the imperial family Pierre Gilliard noted that Olga learned the lesson material better and faster than her sisters. This came easily to her, which is why she was sometimes lazy. " Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna was a typical good Russian girl with a big soul. She impressed those around her with her affection, her charming, sweet way of treating everyone. She behaved evenly, calmly and amazingly simply and naturally with everyone. She did not like housekeeping, but she loved solitude and books. She was developed and very well read; She had a talent for the arts: she played the piano, sang, studied singing in Petrograd, and drew well. She was very modest and did not like luxury."(From the memoirs of M. Diterichs).

There was an unrealized plan for Olga's marriage with the Romanian prince (the future Carol II). Olga Nikolaevna categorically refused to leave her homeland, to live in a foreign country, she said that she was Russian and wanted to remain so.

Tatiana

As a child, her favorite activities were: serso (playing hoop), riding a pony and a bulky tandem bicycle together with Olga, leisurely picking flowers and berries. Among quiet home entertainments, she preferred drawing, picture books, intricate children's embroidery - knitting and a "doll's house."

Of the Grand Duchesses, she was the closest to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna; she always tried to surround her mother with care and peace, to listen and understand her. Many considered her the most beautiful of all the sisters. P. Gilliard recalled: “ Tatyana Nikolaevna was rather reserved by nature, had a will, but was less frank and spontaneous than her older sister. She was also less gifted, but made up for this deficiency with great consistency and evenness of character. She was very beautiful, although she did not have the charm of Olga Nikolaevna. If only the Empress made a difference between her Daughters, then Her favorite was Tatyana Nikolaevna. It was not that Her sisters loved Mother less than Her, but Tatyana Nikolaevna knew how to surround Her with constant care and never allowed herself to show that She was out of sorts. With her beauty and natural ability to behave in society, She overshadowed her sister, who was less concerned with Her person and somehow faded away. Nevertheless, these two sisters loved each other dearly, there was only a year and a half difference between them, which naturally brought them closer. They were called “big ones,” while Maria Nikolaevna and Anastasia Nikolaevna continued to be called “little ones.”

Maria

Contemporaries describe Maria as an active, cheerful girl, too large for her age, with light brown hair and large dark blue eyes, which the family affectionately called “Mashka’s saucers.”

Her French teacher Pierre Gilliard said that Maria was tall, with good physique and rosy cheeks.

General M. Dieterichs recalled: “Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna was the most beautiful, typically Russian, good-natured, cheerful, even-tempered, friendly girl. She knew how and loved to talk with everyone, especially with ordinary people. During walks in the park, she would always start conversations with the guard soldiers, question them and remember very well who had the name of their wife, how many children they had, how much land, etc. She always had many common topics to talk with them about. For her simplicity, she received the nickname “Mashka” in her family; That’s what her sisters and Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich called her.”

Maria had a talent for drawing; she was good at sketching, using left hand, but she had no interest in school activities. Many noticed that this young girl, with her height (170 cm) and strength, took after her grandfather, Emperor Alexander III. General M.K. Diterikhs recalled that when the sick Tsarevich Alexei needed to get somewhere, and he himself was unable to go, he called: “Mashka, carry me!”

They remember that little Maria was especially attached to her father. As soon as she started walking, she constantly tried to sneak out of the nursery shouting “I want to go to daddy!” The nanny almost had to lock her so that the little girl would not interrupt another reception or work with ministers.

Like the rest of the sisters, Maria loved animals, she had a Siamese kitten, then she was given a white mouse, which nestled comfortably in her sisters’ room.

According to the recollections of surviving close associates, the Red Army soldiers guarding Ipatiev’s house sometimes showed tactlessness and rudeness towards the prisoners. However, even here Maria managed to inspire respect for herself in the guards; Thus, there are stories about a case when the guards, in the presence of two sisters, allowed themselves to make a couple of dirty jokes, after which Tatyana “white as death” jumped out, while Maria scolded the soldiers in a stern voice, saying that in this way they could only arouse hostility towards themselves attitude. Here, in Ipatiev’s house, Maria celebrated her 19th birthday.

Anastasia

Anastasia

Like other children of the emperor, Anastasia was educated at home. Education began at the age of eight, the program included French, English and German languages, history, geography, God's Law, natural sciences, drawing, grammar, arithmetic, as well as dance and music. Anastasia was not known for her diligence in her studies; she hated grammar, wrote with horrific errors, and with childish spontaneity called arithmetic “sinishness.” Teacher in English Sydney Gibbs recalled that she once tried to bribe him with a bouquet of flowers to improve his grade, and after his refusal, she gave these flowers to the Russian language teacher, Pyotr Vasilyevich Petrov.

During the war, the empress gave many of the palace rooms for hospital premises. The older sisters Olga and Tatyana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia, being too young for such hard work, became patronesses of the hospital. Both sisters gave their own money to buy medicine, read aloud to the wounded, knitted things for them, played cards and checkers, wrote letters home under their dictation and entertained them with telephone conversations in the evenings, sewed linen, prepared bandages and lint.

According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Anastasia was small and dense, with reddish-brown hair, and large blue eyes, inherited from her father.

Anastasia had a rather plump figure, like her sister Maria. She inherited wide hips, a slender waist and a good bust from her mother. Anastasia was short, strongly built, but at the same time seemed somewhat airy. She was simple-minded in face and physique, inferior to the stately Olga and fragile Tatyana. Anastasia was the only one who inherited her father's face shape - slightly elongated, with prominent cheekbones and a wide forehead. She actually looked a lot like her father. Large facial features - large eyes, a large nose, soft lips - made Anastasia look like young Maria Feodorovna - her grandmother.

The girl had a light and cheerful character, loved to play lapta, forfeits, and serso, and could tirelessly run around the palace for hours, playing hide and seek. She easily climbed trees and often, out of pure mischief, refused to go down to the ground. She was inexhaustible with inventions. With her light hand It became fashionable to weave flowers and ribbons into hair, of which little Anastasia was very proud. She was inseparable from her older sister Maria, adored her brother and could entertain him for hours when another illness put Alexei to bed. Anna Vyrubova recalled that “Anastasia seemed to be made of mercury, and not of flesh and blood.”

Alexei

On July 30 (August 12), 1904, the fifth child and the only, long-awaited son, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, appeared in Peterhof. The royal couple attended the glorification of Seraphim of Sarov on July 18, 1903 in Sarov, where the emperor and empress prayed for an heir. At birth he was named Alexey- in honor of St. Alexy of Moscow. On his mother's side, Alexey inherited hemophilia, the carriers of which were some of the daughters and granddaughters of Queen Victoria of England. The disease became evident in the Tsarevich already in the fall of 1904, when the two-month-old baby began to bleed heavily. In 1912, while on vacation in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, the Tsarevich unsuccessfully jumped into a boat and severely bruised his thigh: the resulting hematoma did not resolve for a long time, the child’s health condition was very serious, and bulletins were officially published about him. There was a real threat of death.

Alexey's appearance combined the best features of his father and mother. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Alexey was a handsome boy, with a clean, open face.

His character was flexible, he adored his parents and sisters, and those souls doted on the young Tsarevich, especially Grand Duchess Maria. Alexey was capable of studies, like his sisters, and made progress in learning languages. From the memoirs of N.A. Sokolov, author of the book “The Murder of the Royal Family: “The heir, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, was a 14-year-old boy, smart, observant, receptive, affectionate, and cheerful. He was lazy and didn’t particularly like books. He combined the features of his father and mother: he inherited his father’s simplicity, was alien to arrogance, but had his own will and obeyed only his father. His mother wanted to, but could not be strict with him. His teacher Bitner says about him: “He had a great will and would never submit to any woman.” He was very disciplined, reserved and very patient. Undoubtedly, the disease left its mark on him and developed these traits in him. He did not like court etiquette, loved to be with the soldiers and learned their language, using purely folk expressions he overheard in his diary. He was reminiscent of his mother in his stinginess: he did not like to spend his money and collected various discarded things: nails, lead paper, ropes, etc.”

The Tsarevich loved his army very much and was in awe of the Russian warrior, respect for whom was passed on to him from his father and from all his sovereign ancestors, who always taught to love the common soldier. The prince’s favorite food was “cabbage soup and porridge and black bread, which all my soldiers eat,” as he always said. Every day they brought him sampler and porridge from the soldiers’ kitchen of the Free Regiment; Alexei ate everything and licked the spoon, saying: “This is delicious, not like our lunch.”

During the First World War, Alexey, who was the heir apparent chief of several regiments and ataman of all Cossack troops, visited with his father active army, awarded distinguished fighters. He was awarded the silver St. George medal of the 4th degree.

Raising children in the royal family

The family's life was not luxurious for the purposes of education - the parents were afraid that wealth and bliss would spoil the character of their children. The imperial daughters lived two to a room - on one side of the corridor there was a “big couple” (the eldest daughters Olga and Tatyana), on the other there was a “little couple” ( younger daughters Maria and Anastasia).

Family of Nicholas II

In the younger sisters' room the walls were painted grey colour, the ceiling is painted with butterflies, the furniture is in white and green colors, simple and artless. The girls slept on folding army beds, each marked with the owner's name, under thick blue monogrammed blankets. This tradition dates back to the time of Catherine the Great (she first introduced this order for her grandson Alexander). The beds could easily be moved so that in winter you could be closer to warmth or even in your brother's room, next to the Christmas tree, and in summer closer to open windows. Here, everyone had a small bedside table and sofas with small embroidered thoughts. The walls were decorated with icons and photographs; The girls loved to take photographs themselves - a huge number of photographs have still been preserved, mostly taken in the Livadia Palace - the family’s favorite vacation spot. Parents tried to keep their children constantly busy with something useful; girls were taught to do needlework.

As in simple poor families, the younger ones often had to wear out the things that the older ones had outgrown. They also received pocket money, with which they could buy small gifts for each other.

Children's education usually began when they reached 8 years of age. The first subjects were reading, penmanship, arithmetic, and the Law of God. Later, languages ​​were added to this - Russian, English, French, and even later - German. The imperial daughters were also taught dancing, playing the piano, good manners, science and grammar.

The imperial daughters were ordered to rise at 8 o'clock in the morning and take a cold bath. Breakfast at 9 o'clock, second breakfast at one or half past twelve on Sundays. At 5 pm - tea, at 8 - general dinner.

Everyone who knew the emperor’s family life noted the amazing simplicity, mutual love and agreement of all family members. Its center was Alexey Nikolaevich, all attachments, all hopes were focused on him. The children were full of respect and consideration towards their mother. When the empress was unwell, the daughters were arranged to take turns on duty with their mother, and the one who was on duty that day remained with her indefinitely. The children's relationship with the sovereign was touching - he was for them at the same time a king, a father and a comrade; Their feelings for their father passed from almost religious worship to complete trust and the most cordial friendship. A very important memory of the spiritual state of the royal family was left by the priest Afanasy Belyaev, who confessed to the children before their departure to Tobolsk: “The impression from the confession was this: God grant that all children be as morally high as the children of the former king. Such kindness, humility, obedience to the parental will, unconditional devotion to the will of God, purity of thoughts and complete ignorance of the dirt of earth - passionate and sinful - left me in amazement, and I was absolutely perplexed: is it necessary to remind me as a confessor of sins, maybe they unknown, and how to incite me to repent of the sins known to me.”

Rasputin

A circumstance that constantly darkened the life of the imperial family was the incurable illness of the heir. Frequent attacks of hemophilia, during which the child experienced severe suffering, made everyone suffer, especially the mother. But the nature of the illness was a state secret, and parents often had to hide their feelings while participating in the normal routine of palace life. The Empress understood well that medicine was powerless here. But, being a deeply religious person, she indulged in fervent prayer in anticipation of a miraculous healing. She was ready to believe anyone who was able to help her grief, to somehow alleviate her son’s suffering: the Tsarevich’s illness opened the doors to the palace to those people who were recommended to the royal family as healers and prayer books. Among them, the peasant Grigory Rasputin appears in the palace, who was destined to play his role in the life of the royal family and in the fate of the entire country - but he had no right to claim this role.

Rasputin seemed to be a kind, holy old man helping Alexei. Under the influence of their mother, all four girls had complete trust in him and shared all their simple secrets. Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was obvious from their correspondence. People who sincerely loved the royal family tried to somehow limit Rasputin’s influence, but the empress strongly resisted this, since the “holy elder” somehow knew how to alleviate the difficult condition of Tsarevich Alexei.

World War I

Russia was at that time at the pinnacle of glory and power: industry was developing at an unprecedented pace, the army and navy were becoming more and more powerful, and agrarian reform was being successfully implemented. It seemed that all internal problems would be successfully resolved in the near future.

But this was not destined to come true: the First World War. Using the murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne by a terrorist as a pretext, Austria attacked Serbia. Emperor Nicholas II considered it his Christian duty to stand up for the Orthodox Serbian brothers...

On July 19 (August 1), 1914, Germany declared war on Russia, which soon became pan-European. In August 1914, Russia launched a hasty offensive in East Prussia to help its ally France, which resulted in heavy defeat. By autumn it became clear that the end of the war was not in sight. But with the outbreak of war, internal divisions subsided in the country. Even the most difficult issues became solvable - it was possible to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages for the entire duration of the war. The Emperor regularly travels to Headquarters, visiting the army, dressing stations, military hospitals, and rear factories. The Empress, having completed nursing courses together with her eldest daughters Olga and Tatyana, spent several hours a day caring for the wounded in her Tsarskoe Selo infirmary.

On August 22, 1915, Nicholas II left for Mogilev to take command of all the armed forces of Russia and from that day on he was constantly at Headquarters, often with the heir. About once a month he came to Tsarskoe Selo for several days. All important decisions were made by him, but at the same time he instructed the empress to maintain relations with the ministers and keep him informed of what was happening in the capital. She was the person closest to him whom he could always rely on. Every day she sent detailed letters and reports to Headquarters, which was well known to the ministers.

The tsar spent January and February 1917 in Tsarskoye Selo. He felt that the political situation was becoming increasingly tense, but continued to hope that a sense of patriotism would still prevail and retained faith in the army, the situation of which had improved significantly. This raised hopes for the success of the great spring offensive, which would deal a decisive blow to Germany. But the forces hostile to him also understood this well.

Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexei

On February 22, Emperor Nicholas left for Headquarters - at that moment the opposition managed to sow panic in the capital due to the impending famine. The next day, unrest began in Petrograd caused by interruptions in the supply of bread; they soon developed into a strike under the political slogans “Down with war” and “Down with autocracy.” Attempts to disperse the demonstrators were unsuccessful. Meanwhile, debates were going on in the Duma with sharp criticism of the government - but first of all these were attacks against the emperor. On February 25, Headquarters received a message about unrest in the capital. Having learned about the state of affairs, Nicholas II sends troops to Petrograd to maintain order, and then he himself goes to Tsarskoe Selo. His decision was obviously caused by both the desire to be in the center of events to make quick decisions if necessary, and concern for his family. This departure from Headquarters turned out to be fatal.. 150 versts from Petrograd, the Tsar's train was stopped - the next station, Lyuban, was in the hands of the rebels. We had to go through the Dno station, but even here the path was closed. On the evening of March 1, the emperor arrived in Pskov, at the headquarters of the commander of the Northern Front, General N.V. Ruzsky.

There was complete anarchy in the capital. But Nicholas II and the army command believed that the Duma controlled the situation; in telephone conversations with the chairman State Duma M.V. Rodzianko, the emperor agreed to all concessions if the Duma could restore order in the country. The answer was: it's too late. Was this really the case? After all, only Petrograd and the surrounding area were covered by the revolution, and the authority of the tsar among the people and in the army was still great. The Duma's response confronted him with a choice: abdication or an attempt to march on Petrograd with troops loyal to him - the latter meant civil war, while the external enemy was within Russian borders.

Everyone around the king also convinced him that renunciation was the only way out. The front commanders especially insisted on this, whose demands were supported by the Chief of the General Staff M.V. Alekseev. And after long and painful reflection, the emperor made a hard-won decision: to abdicate both for himself and for the heir, due to his incurable illness, in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. On March 8, the commissioners of the Provisional Government, having arrived in Mogilev, announced through General Alekseev the arrest of the emperor and the need to proceed to Tsarskoye Selo. For the last time, he addressed his troops, calling on them to be loyal to the Provisional Government, the very one that arrested him, to fulfill their duty to the Motherland until complete victory. The farewell order to the troops, which expressed the nobility of the emperor’s soul, his love for the army, and faith in it, was hidden from the people by the Provisional Government, which banned its publication.

According to the memoirs of contemporaries, following their mother, all the sisters wept bitterly on the day the First World War was declared. During the war, the empress gave many of the palace rooms for hospital premises. The older sisters Olga and Tatyana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia became patronesses of the hospital and helped the wounded: they read to them, wrote letters to their relatives, gave their personal money to buy medicine, gave concerts to the wounded and tried their best to distract them from difficult thoughts. They spent days on end in the hospital, reluctantly taking time off from work for lessons.

About the abdication of NicholasII

In the life of Emperor Nicholas II there were two periods of unequal duration and spiritual significance - the time of his reign and the time of his imprisonment.

Nicholas II after abdication

From the moment of abdication, what attracts most attention is the internal spiritual state of the emperor. It seemed to him that he only accepted correct solution, but, nevertheless, he experienced severe mental anguish. “If I am an obstacle to the happiness of Russia and all the social forces now at the head of it ask me to leave the throne and hand it over to my son and brother, then I am ready to do this, I am even ready to give not only my kingdom, but also my life for the Motherland. I think no one who knows me doubts this."- he said to General D.N. Dubensky.

On the very day of his abdication, March 2, the same general recorded the words of the Minister of the Imperial Court, Count V. B. Fredericks: “ The Emperor is deeply sad that he is considered an obstacle to the happiness of Russia, that they found it necessary to ask him to leave the throne. He was worried about the thought of his family, which remained alone in Tsarskoe Selo, the children were sick. The Emperor is suffering terribly, but he is the kind of person who will never show his grief in public.” Nikolai is also reserved in his personal diary. Only at the very end of the entry for this day does his inner feeling break through: “My renunciation is needed. The point is that in the name of saving Russia and keeping the army at the front calm, you need to decide to take this step. I agreed. A draft Manifesto was sent from Headquarters. In the evening, Guchkov and Shulgin arrived from Petrograd, with whom I spoke and gave them the signed and revised Manifesto. At one o'clock in the morning I left Pskov with a heavy feeling of what I had experienced. There is treason and cowardice and deceit all around!”

The Provisional Government announced the arrest of Emperor Nicholas II and his wife and their detention in Tsarskoe Selo. Their arrest did not have the slightest legal basis or reason.

House arrest

According to the memoirs of Yulia Alexandrovna von Den, a close friend of Alexandra Fedorovna, in February 1917, at the very height of the revolution, the children fell ill with measles one after another. Anastasia was the last to fall ill, when the Tsarskoe Selo palace was already surrounded by rebel troops. The Tsar was at the commander-in-chief's headquarters in Mogilev at that time; only the Empress and her children remained in the palace.

At 9 o'clock on March 2, 1917, they learned of the Tsar's abdication. On March 8, Count Pave Benckendorff announced that the Provisional Government had decided to subject the imperial family to house arrest in Tsarskoe Selo. It was suggested that they make a list of people who wanted to stay with them. And on March 9, the children were informed about their father’s abdication.

A few days later Nikolai returned. Life began under house arrest.

Despite everything, the children's education continued. The entire process was led by Gilliard, a French teacher; Nikolai himself taught the children geography and history; Baroness Buxhoeveden taught English and music lessons; Mademoiselle Schneider taught arithmetic; Countess Gendrikova - drawing; Dr. Evgeniy Sergeevich Botkin - Russian language; Alexandra Fedorovna - God's Law. The eldest, Olga, despite the fact that her education was completed, was often present at lessons and read a lot, improving on what she had already learned.

At this time, there was still hope for the family of Nicholas II to go abroad; but George V decided not to risk it and chose to sacrifice the royal family. The Provisional Government appointed a commission to investigate the activities of the emperor, but, despite all efforts to discover at least something discrediting the king, nothing was found. When his innocence was proven and it became obvious that there was no crime behind him, the Provisional Government, instead of releasing the sovereign and his wife, decided to remove the prisoners from Tsarskoe Selo: to send the family of the former tsar to Tobolsk. On the last day before leaving, they managed to say goodbye to the servants and visit their favorite places in the park, ponds, and islands for the last time. On August 1, 1917, a train flying the flag of the Japanese Red Cross mission departed from a siding in the strictest secrecy.

In Tobolsk

Nikolai Romanov with his daughters Olga, Anastasia and Tatyana in Tobolsk in the winter of 1917

On August 26, 1917, the imperial family arrived in Tobolsk on the steamship Rus. The house was not yet completely ready for them, so they spent the first eight days on the ship. Then, under escort, the imperial family was taken to the two-story governor's mansion, where they were henceforth to live. The girls were taken corner bedroom on the second floor, where they were accommodated in the same army beds brought from home.

But life went on at a measured pace and strictly subordinated to family discipline: from 9.00 to 11.00 - lessons. Then an hour break for a walk with my father. Lessons again from 12.00 to 13.00. Dinner. From 14.00 to 16.00 walks and simple entertainment such as home performances or riding down a slide built with one’s own hands. Anastasia enthusiastically prepared firewood and sewed. Next on the schedule was the evening service and going to bed.

In September they were allowed to go to the nearest church for the morning service: the soldiers formed a living corridor right up to the church doors. The attitude of local residents towards the royal family was favorable. The Emperor followed with alarm the events taking place in Russia. He understood that the country was rapidly heading towards destruction. Kornilov suggested that Kerensky send troops to Petrograd to put an end to the Bolshevik agitation, which was becoming more and more threatening day by day, but the Provisional Government rejected this last attempt to save the Motherland. The king understood perfectly well that this was the only way to avoid an inevitable catastrophe. He repents of his renunciation. “After all, he made this decision only in the hope that those who wanted to remove him would still be able to continue the war with honor and would not ruin the cause of saving Russia. He was afraid then that his refusal to sign the renunciation would lead to civil war in the sight of the enemy. The Tsar did not want even a drop of Russian blood to be shed because of him... It was painful for the Emperor to now see the futility of his sacrifice and realize that, having in mind then only the good of his homeland, he had harmed it with his renunciation,”- recalls P. Gilliard, the children’s teacher.

Ekaterinburg

Nicholas II

In March it became known that a separate peace with Germany had been concluded in Brest . “This is such a shame for Russia and it is “tantamount to suicide”“, - this was the emperor’s assessment of this event. When there was a rumor that the Germans were demanding that the Bolsheviks hand over the royal family to them, the Empress said: “I prefer to die in Russia than to be saved by the Germans”. The first Bolshevik detachment arrived in Tobolsk on Tuesday, April 22. Commissioner Yakovlev inspects the house and gets acquainted with the prisoners. A few days later, he reports that he must take the emperor away, assuring that nothing bad will happen to him. Assuming that they wanted to send him to Moscow to sign a separate peace with Germany, the emperor, who under no circumstances abandoned his high spiritual nobility, firmly said: “ I’d rather let my hand be cut off than sign this shameful agreement.”

The heir was ill at that time, and it was impossible to carry him. Despite fear for her sick son, the empress decides to follow her husband; Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna also went with them. Only on May 7, family members remaining in Tobolsk received news from Yekaterinburg: the Emperor, Empress and Maria Nikolaevna were imprisoned in Ipatiev’s house. When the prince's health improved, the rest of the family from Tobolsk were also taken to Yekaterinburg and imprisoned in the same house, but most of the people close to the family were not allowed to see them.

There is little evidence about the Yekaterinburg period of imprisonment of the royal family. Almost no letters. Basically, this period is known only from brief entries in the emperor’s diary and the testimony of witnesses in the case of the murder of the royal family.

Living conditions in the “special purpose house” were much more difficult than in Tobolsk. The guard consisted of 12 soldiers who lived here and ate with them at the same table. Commissar Avdeev, an inveterate drunkard, humiliated the royal family every day. I had to put up with hardships, endure bullying and obey. The royal couple and daughters slept on the floor, without beds. During lunch, a family of seven was given only five spoons; The guards sitting at the same table were smoking, blowing smoke into the faces of the prisoners...

A walk in the garden was allowed once a day, first for 15-20 minutes, and then no more than five. Only Doctor Evgeny Botkin remained next to the royal family, who surrounded the prisoners with care and acted as a mediator between them and the commissars, protecting them from the rudeness of the guards. A few faithful servants remained: Anna Demidova, I.S. Kharitonov, A.E. Trupp and the boy Lenya Sednev.

All prisoners understood the possibility end soon. Once Tsarevich Alexei said: “If they kill, if only they don’t torture...” Almost in complete isolation, they showed nobility and fortitude. In one of the letters Olga Nikolaevna says: “ The father asks to tell all those who remained devoted to him, and those on whom they may have influence, that they do not avenge him, since he has forgiven everyone and prays for everyone, and that they do not avenge themselves, and that they remember that the evil that is now in the world will be even stronger, but that it is not evil that will defeat evil, but only love.”

Even the rude guards gradually softened - they were surprised by the simplicity of all members of the royal family, their dignity, even Commissar Avdeev softened. Therefore, he was replaced by Yurovsky, and the guards were replaced by Austro-German prisoners and people chosen from among the executioners of the “Chreka.” The life of the inhabitants of the Ipatiev House turned into complete martyrdom. But preparations for the execution were made in secret from the prisoners.

Murder

On the night of July 16-17, around the beginning of three, Yurovsky woke up the royal family and spoke about the need to move to a safe place. When everyone got dressed and got ready, Yurovsky led them to a semi-basement room with one barred window. Everyone was outwardly calm. The Emperor carried Alexei Nikolaevich in his arms, the others had pillows and other small things in their hands. In the room where they were brought, the Empress and Alexei Nikolaevich sat on chairs. The Emperor stood in the center next to the Tsarevich. The rest of the family members and servants were in different parts of the room, and at this time the killers were waiting for a signal. Yurovsky approached the emperor and said: “Nikolai Alexandrovich, according to the resolution of the Ural Regional Council, you and your family will be shot.” These words were unexpected for the king, he turned towards the family, stretched out his hands to them and said: “What? What?" The Empress and Olga Nikolaevna wanted to cross themselves, but at that moment Yurovsky shot the Tsar with a revolver almost point-blank several times, and he immediately fell. Almost simultaneously, everyone else started shooting - everyone knew their victim in advance.

Those already lying on the floor were finished off with shots and bayonet blows. When it was all over, Alexey Nikolaevich suddenly groaned weakly - he was shot several more times. Eleven bodies lay on the floor in streams of blood. After making sure that their victims were dead, the killers began to remove their jewelry. Then the dead were taken out into the yard, where a truck was already standing ready - the noise of its engine was supposed to drown out the shots in the basement. Even before sunrise, the bodies were taken to the forest in the vicinity of the village of Koptyaki. For three days the killers tried to hide their crime...

Together with the imperial family, their servants who followed them into exile were also shot: Doctor E. S. Botkin, the Empress’s room girl A. S. Demidov, the court cook I. M. Kharitonov and footman A. E. Trupp. In addition, they were killed in various places and in different months 1918 Adjutant General I.L. Tatishchev, Marshal Prince V.A. Dolgorukov, “uncle” of the heir K.G. Nagorny, children's footman I.D. Sednev, maid of honor of the Empress A.V. Gendrikova and goblettress E.A. Schneider.

Church on the Blood in Yekaterinburg - built on the site of the house of engineer Ipatiev, where Nicholas II and his family were shot on July 17, 1918

12:25 am - The Royal Family remained alive, and the Royal descendants live in Russia!

In 1899, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna wrote a prophetic poem:

“In the solitude and silence of the monastery,
Where guardian angels fly
Far from temptation and sin
She lives, whom everyone considers dead.

Everyone thinks she already lives
In the Divine celestial sphere.
She steps outside the walls of the monastery,
Submissive to your increased faith!”

In the KGB of the USSR, on the basis of the 2nd Main Directorate, there was a special department that monitored all movements of the Royal Family and their descendants across the territory of the USSR! Whether someone likes it or not, we will have to take this into account and reconsider Russia’s future policy.

For many years there was a debate between Yankel Mikhailovich Yurovsky and Mikhail Aleksandrovich Medvedev /Kudrin/, which of them “put a bullet in Nicholas II.”

The matter even reached the Control Commission of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, until Stalin ordered these discussions to be stopped. From Yurovsky’s letter, addressed from the Kremlin hospital personally to Stalin, it is clear that neither Yurovsky nor Medvedev not only did not kill the Tsar, but were not even present at it. According to Yurovsky, the sentence was carried out by some special commissioner who arrived from Moscow on the personal orders of Sverdlov. In his team, no one spoke or understood Russian. The commissioner himself spoke German.

The letter stated that he, M.A. Medvedev and his deputy on Don, Grigory Petrovich Nikulin, were so drunk that they did not remember the details of that night.

He tried to accompany the commissioner on horseback, but fell from his horse and was seriously hurt. This letter was mainly not about the Tsar, but about the loss of some extremely important documents in Yekaterinburg.

There was a fear that Yurovsky or one of his people had sent these documents abroad to Parvus. These documents included bills of exchange, shares, payment orders, and invoices; they could be used to track where, when and how much money or gold was sent. Yurovsky made excuses that the commissioner took these documents with him. Judging by the contents of the letter, the name was known to both Yurovsky and Stalin, but the letter only indicates that this man was a German.

Yurovsky lived in Germany for a long time and insisted that he was an officer of the Kaiser’s army, of which there were many in Lenin’s circle at that time.

Yurovsky admits in this letter that much later, in the year, he does not remember exactly 21 or 22, having already become the head of Gokhran, he was summoned to Lenin.

And he allegedly asked him if he shot Nicholas II and his Family? According to Yurovsky, he wanted to explain to Ilyich how it happened, but he said:

« You, you shot, my friend. Write me a report about this, and so that everything is believable" Yurovsky came up with the report for a whole week, and then gave it to Lenin personally. This is how Yurovsky’s well-known report was born. None of those who were considered involved in the execution of the Royal Family had any idea where she was... /Bunich. AND. /

In Sofia, after the revolution, in the building Holy Synod, on the square of St. Alexander Nevsky lived the confessor of the Highest Family, Vladyka Feofan /Bistrov/.

Vladyka never served a memorial service for the August Family, and told his cell attendant that the Royal Family was alive! And even in April 1931, he went to Paris to meet with Sovereign Nicholas II and with the people who freed the Royal Family from captivity. Bishop Theophan also said that over time the Romanov Family would be restored, but through the female line!

Thanks to Stalin and the intelligence officers of the General Staff, the Royal Family was taken to various Russian provinces, with the blessing of Metropolitan Macarius /Nevsky/! *

Daughters Olga /lived under the name Natalia/ and Tatyana were in the Diveyevo Monastery, disguised as nuns and sang in the choir of the Trinity Church. The fact is that the Seraphim-Diveevo courtyard in Old Peterhof was closed after the revolution, and the choir moved to Diveevo along with the regent Agafya Romanovna Uvarova.

With the blessing of the Abbess of the Diveyevo Monastery Alexandra / Trakovskaya? −1904+1942/, Uvarova managed the choir of nuns until 1937, and she arranged for the Tsar’s daughters Tatiana and Olga to join her in the Trinity Church. From there, Tatyana moved to the Krasnodar Territory, got married and lived in the Apsheronsky and Mostovsky districts, and was buried on September 21, 1992, in the village of Solenom, Mostovsky district.

Olga, through Uzbekistan, went to Afghanistan with the Emir of Bukhara, Seyid Alim Khan /1880+1944/, from there to Finland to Vyrubova. Since 1956, she lived in Vyritsa under the name of Natalya Mikhailovna Evstigneeva, where she rested in Bose on January 16, 1976 **

The daughters of Nicholas II, Maria and Anastasia /lived as Alexandra Nikolaevna Tugareva/, were in the Glinsk Hermitage for some time, then Anastasia moved to the Volgograd /Stalingrad/ region and got married on the Tugarev farm, Novoanninsky district. From there she moved to the station. Panfilovo where she was buried on June 27, 1980.

And her husband Vasily Evlampievich Peregudov died defending Stalingrad in January 1943. Maria moved to the Nizhny Novgorod region, with. Arefino, buried there on May 27, 1954.

Metropolitan John of Ladoga /Snychev+1995/ looked after Anastasia’s daughter Julia in Samara, and together with Archimandrite John /Maslov+1991/ also looked after Tsarevich Alexei! Archpriest Vasily /Shvets+2011/, looked after his daughter Olga /Natalia/.

Until 1927, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna stayed at the Tsar's dacha /Vvedensky Skete of the Seraphim-Ponetaevsky Monastery, Nizhny Novgorod region/, and at the same time visited Kyiv, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sukhumi.

Alexandra Feodorovna took the name Ksenia / in honor of St. Ksenia Grigorievna of St. Petersburg / Petrova 1732+1803/.

Tsarevich Alexey - became Alexey Nikolaevich Kosygin/1904+1980/. ***

In dealing with Alexei, Stalin affectionately called him “Kosyga”, since he was his nephew, and sometimes Stalin called him Tsarevich in front of everyone!

In 1940–1960, /with interruptions/ - deputy. prev Council of People's Commissars - Council of Ministers of the USSR.

In 1941, - deputy. prev Council for the evacuation of industry to the eastern regions of the USSR.

From January to July 1942 - Commissioner of the State Defense Committee in besieged Leningrad; participated in the evacuation of the population and industrial enterprises and property of Tsarskoe Selo!

The Tsarevich walked around Ladoga on the yacht Standart and knew the surroundings of the Lake well, so he organized the “Road of Life” through the Lake to supply the city! /edited by the author/

*Mikhail Andreevich Parvitsky /Nevsky/, b. 1835 in the village. Shapkin, Vladimir province, Kovrov district, died in the Nikolo-Ugreshsky monastery in 1926. 04/16/1957, the relics of Macarius were transported from the village. Kotelniki in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra! In 1891, while traveling to Tomsk from Japan, Tsarevich Nicholas II visited the grave of Fyodor Kuzmich /Alexander I/, and through Bishop of Tomsk Macarius /Nevsky/ donated: a baptismal box with accessories, a monstrance, a Gospel, a silver-gilded cross and a silver censer, priestly vestments made of silk and a shroud for the table, a briefcase for metrics and papers.

In response, they presented the Tsarevich with a gift: the Gospel of Matthew in Altai language bound in velvet, two collections of spiritual chants “Mite” and an icon Mother of God“It is worthy to eat”! On November 25, 1912, Tsar Nicholas II appointed Archbishop Macarius Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna, Holy Archimandrite of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra and member of the Holy Synod. In 1917, Metropolitan Macarius was illegally removed by the Provisional Government from the Holy Synod. In 1920, Patriarch Tikhon awarded him the title of Metropolitan of Altai for life!

**11/15/2011 from the grave of V.K. Olga, Her fragrant relics were partially stolen by one possessed, but were returned to the Kazan Temple. On October 6, 2012, her remaining relics were removed from the grave in the cemetery, added to those stolen and reburied near the Kazan Church.

***Twice Hero of Social. Labor /1964,1974/. Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru. In 1935, graduated from the Leningrad Textile Institute; in 1938, head. department of the Leningrad regional party committee, chairman of the executive committee of the Leningrad City Council. Wife of Klavdiya Andreevna Krivosheina /1908+1967/, niece of A. A. Kuznetsov. Daughter Lyudmila /1928–1990/ was married to Jermen Mikhailovich Gvishiani /1928+2003/. Son of Mikhail Maksimovich Gvishiani /1905+1966/, since 1928, in the GPU-NKVD of Georgia. In 1937–38, deputy. Chairman of the Tbilisi City Executive Committee. In 1938, 1st deputy. People's Commissar of the NKVD of Georgia. In 1938–1950, beginning. UNKVD-UNKGB-UMGB Primorsky Krai. In 1950–1953, beginning. UMGB Kuibyshev region. Grandsons Tatyana and Alexey. The Kosygin family was friends with the families of the writer Sholokhov, composer Khachaturian, and rocket designer Chelomey.

In the 60s, Tsarevich Alexei, realizing the ineffectiveness of the existing system, proposed a transition from social economics to real economics, taking into account sold (rather than produced) products as the main indicator of enterprise performance, etc.

Alexey Nikolaevich Romanov normalized relations between the USSR and China during the conflict on the island. Damansky, meeting at the airport in Beijing with the Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Zhou Enlai.

12/18/1980, the death of Tsarevich Alexei coincided with the birthday of L.I. Brezhnev, and during these days the country did not know that Kosygin had died!

The ashes of the Tsarevich have been resting in the Kremlin wall since December 24, 1980!

Alexey Nikolaevich visited the Venevsky Monastery in the Tula region, and communicated with the nun Anna, who was in touch with the entire Royal Family!

He even once gave her a diamond ring for clear predictions, and shortly before his death he came to her, and she told him that He would die on December 18! /edited by the author/

Was it possible to escape or be taken out of Ipatiev’s house? It turns out yes!

There was a factory nearby; in 1905, the owner, in case of capture by revolutionaries, dug an underground passage to it. When Yeltsin destroyed the house, after the decision of the Politburo, the bulldozer fell into a tunnel that no one knew about. /Ilyinskaya A./

*Alexei Nikolaevich created an electronics center in Zelenograd, but enemies in the Politburo did not allow him to bring this idea to fruition. And today Russia is forced to purchase household appliances and computers from all over the world. He helped Palestine as Israel expanded its borders at the expense of Arab lands. He implemented projects for the development of gas and oil fields in Siberia, but the Jews, members of the Politburo, made the main line of the budget the export of crude oil and gas, instead of the export of processed products, as Kosygin / Romanov / wanted.

In 1949, during the promotion of G. M. Malenkov’s “Leningrad Affair,” Kosygin miraculously survived. During the investigation, Mikoyan, deputy. before the Council of Ministers of the USSR, “organized Kosygin’s long trip around Siberia, due to the need to strengthen cooperation activities and improve matters with the procurement of agricultural products.” Stalin agreed on the business trip with Mikoyan on time, because he was poisoned and from the beginning of August to the end of December 1950, he lay in his dacha, miraculously remaining alive!

In 1946, G. M. Malenkov, due to the poor performance of the aviation industry during the war, spent several months in Central Asia. Instead, beg. Personnel Department of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), became Alexey Alexandrovich Kuznetsov /1905+1950/. This consolidated the Russian group, which included the Secretary of the Central Committee, Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov; prev State Planning Committee Nikolai Alekseevich Voznesensky /1903+1950/; deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers A. N. Kosygin; 1st sec. Leningrad Regional Committee Pyotr S. Popkov /1903+1950/; I. S. Kharitonov; N. V. Solovyov, Sergei A. Bogolyubov /1907+1990/; prev Council of Ministers of the RSFSR Mikhail I. Rodionov /1907+1950/. On August 31, 1948, 52-year-old A. A. Zhdanov unexpectedly died of a heart attack, leaving his wife Zinaida Sergeevna Shcherbakova, sister of A. S. Shcherbakov, as a widow.

This gave strength to the Jews. In 1949, arrested: Yakov Fedorovich Kapustin /1904+1950/ - 2nd secret. Leningrad City Committee; 2nd sec. Central Committee of the Komsomol Vsevolod Nikolaevich Ivanov /1912+1950/; deputy prev Saratov Regional Executive Committee Pyotr Nikolaevich Kubatkin /1907+1950/, in 1946, beginning. 1st State Administration /PGU/ MGB USSR /ext. intelligence service/; prev Leningrad City Executive Committee Pyotr Georgievich Lazutin /1905+1950/. Taisiya Vladimirovna Zakrzhevskaya /1908+1986/, secretary of the Kuibyshev district committee of Leningrad, arrested in July 1949, experienced premature birth, and signed fabricated testimony. Sentenced by the Supreme Court of the Supreme Court on October 1, 1950, to 10 years. Her case was dismissed on April 30, 1954 for lack of crime, and she was released.

On October 1, 1950, Voznesensky and Kuznetsov were shot along with Georgy Fedorovich Badaev / 1909. R. / and Nikitin Mikhail Nikitich / born in 1902 /. Malenkov and Beria came to power, with the support of the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Bulganin, /who shot Stalin/, who oversaw the Armed Forces, and Khrushchev, who was returned from Ukraine to Moscow in December 1949. Molotov, Mikoyan and Kaganovich were removed from the bureau of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. The triumvirate - Bulganin, Beria, Malenkov - transferred decisions on major issues from the Central Committee to the Council of Ministers, leaving ideological issues to the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. For the sake of truth: the first prisoner was the confessor of the Royal Family - Alexei Kibardin /1882+1964/. On January 21, 1950, he was arrested in Vyritsa, and with the wording “for personal acquaintance with the Royal Family,” he received 25 years. Released on May 22, 1955, after the amnesty decree of March 27, 1953.

The area produced everything from strategic missiles to biological weapons, and was filled with underground cities hiding under indexes:

“Sverdlovsk-42”, and there were more than two hundred such “Sverdlovsks”. * /edited by the author/

*The Russian Reserve Government headed by O. Lobov arrived in one of Sverdlovsk on the most intense day of the “putsch” on August 20, 1991. The Rothschilds were sure that if The White house with Yeltsin would be captured, control would be carried out from a depth of several tens of meters underground, from a reserve point. By Yeltsin’s decree, the leadership of the KGB of the USSR was disorganized, three leaders were replaced in three days: first, the KGB of the USSR was subordinated to the Russian KGB, then L. Shebarshin, head of the PGU, was appointed for a day, and on August 22, V. Bakatin arrived with the mandate of the chairman of the KGB. A commission consisting of O. Kalugin, G. Yakunin and a group of Americans came to the floor of the KGB IAU, looking for some documents. But Lieutenant General N.S. Leonov did not let them into the office, burned all official documentation and wrote a letter of dismissal.

08/19/1991, Gorbachev was blocked in Foros, and unwanted people were killed throughout the country. Assistant to the President of the USSR, Marshal S. F. Akhromeev was hanged only the second time, for issuing a written order to one of the commanders of the GRU special forces brigade, bypassing the heads of the GRU traitors P. Ivashutin and V. Mikhailov, ordering the arrest of Yeltsin and members of the State Emergency Committee.

The head of the CPSU Central Committee N. Kruchina was thrown out of the window, and Radio Liberty reported the death of the Minister of Internal Affairs B.K. Pugo a day earlier than he was actually shot, in the presence of G.A. Yavlinsky, who was already trying on the suit of the Minister of Internal Affairs THE USSR.

The Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Boris Karlovich Pugo, ordered the division to them. Dzerzhinsky to enter Moscow, but B.V. Gromov, his 1st deputy, went to meet him and did not allow the division to enter Moscow, returning it to its place of deployment. Major General Soroka, head of the KGB of the Kaliningrad region, was killed in the KGB building, and his place was taken by the Jew, Rear Admiral Moshkov. The commander of the Baltic Fleet in 1991 became the vice admiral and ex-governor in 2000–2004 of the Kaliningrad region, the Jew Egorov-Gershtein. And the Black Sea Fleet was headed by Vice Admiral Jew I. Kasatonov.

The head of the Administration of the CPSU Central Committee, Nikolai Kruchina, was thrown out on August 26, 1991 from the 9th floor of the Central Committee building. Soon, on October 6, 1991, under no less strange circumstances, his predecessor in this post of head of the CPSU Central Committee, 81-year-old Georgy Pavlov, passed away. A few days later, on October 17, from the balcony of a 12-story building on the street. Liza Chaikina has thrown out Dmitry Lisovolik, former head of the US sector of the international department of the CPSU Central Committee. Before the death of Lisovolik, investigators on Old Square seized two “orphaned” million dollars intended for US Communist leader Gus Hall. On the other side of the world, overboard his luxury yacht, Maxwell was thrown into the sea shortly after the State Emergency Committee while on a yacht with other secret agents. The billionaire's body was found at sea three days later and solemnly buried in Jerusalem.

From August to October 1991, the KGB purge group, in order to hide the true scale of the transfer of assets abroad, committed murders of key persons related to the transfer of these assets. In total, during this period, 1,746 mysterious murders of nomenklatura officials related to the withdrawal of USSR assets occurred on the territory of the USSR and abroad.

Only those who managed to escape in time or knew little about the activities of Gerashchenko and other destroyers of the USSR remained alive. Smirnov, who headed the most secret financial institution countries - Fund No. 1 of the Central Bank of the USSR. This fund was 85 percent made up of secret articles Soviet.

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