When drawing up drawings of residential, administrative and industrial buildings, it is necessary to build cuts. To carry them out, in accordance with current standards, norms and rules, thin lines are used when constructing. Drawing order cuts next:
Coordination axes and level lines
Setting elevations and dimensions
At the final stage of constructing and drawing sections of buildings, the sections are finalized, all dimensions and elevations are marked, the necessary explanatory inscriptions and names are applied, and unnecessary lines are removed.
To fill sections of sections, graphic symbols of material and images of structural elements are used.
Constructing a section along the stairsThe figure below shows the construction of a section along a staircase, which has the following parameters:
- Total length – 5610 millimeters
- Total width – 2200 millimeters
- March width – 1000 millimeters
- The gap between marches is 200 millimeters
- Floor height – 3000 millimeters
The height of the step is 150 millimeters, the number of steps in each flight is ten (1500: 150).
In the design of stairs, the riser is the vertical plane that the step has, and the tread is the horizontal plane. In each flight of stairs, the tread of the last step is included in the level of the landing and completely coincides with it. For this reason, the number of treads in the plan of each of the marches is not ten, but nine.
Constructing a section along the stairs
The actual construction of the section begins when all preliminary calculations have been made. In this case, the coordination axes are first drawn, then the walls are drawn, and the levels of floor and intermediate staircase landings are marked using horizontal lines.
After this, the size of the width of the platform (1410 millimeters) is laid off from the inner wall on any horizontal cutting line, points are marked every 300 millimeters and thin vertical lines are drawn through them in the section in order to break up the steps. Next, 300 millimeters are set aside towards the first floor landing (this is the width of the step), after which this point is connected to the extreme point of the level located above the intermediate landing by an inclined straight line.
The straight line thus obtained intersects the existing vertical lines at several points. Treads (horizontal lines) and risers (vertical lines) are drawn through them. The breakdown of other flights and steps on the section is carried out in a similar way.
After this work is completed, flights and landings are drawn on the section, the contours of sections of steps, platforms, walls, which are located in the plane of the section, are outlined with main lines. It should also be noted that along the stairs the cutting plane is always drawn along those flights that are closest to the observer than all the others.
When designing a house that has a basement, it is very important to draw a detailed structural section along the basement wall. This is necessary to accurately determine the elevations of all load-bearing and structural elements, in particular FBS blocks.
Particular attention should be paid to the following points:
- Availability of all required sizes;
- Availability of all necessary relative marks (checking the ground level and all floors, checking the marks of window and door openings);
- Presence of conventional shading on the walls;
- Thermal engineering calculation – checking compliance of the calculated heat transfer resistance with the requirements of regulatory documents for the selected construction area;
- Analysis of the wall structure. Checking for connections between layers in height. Supporting the slabs (presence of a monolithic belt or 2 rows of masonry). Pay special attention to the connection of the facing layer with the load-bearing layer of the wall, clause 9.3 SP 15.13330.2012);
- Checking the correct display of the blind area and the foundation as a whole (presence of the necessary layers);
- Checking references to the sheet on which the cuts are marked;
It is very easy to make such a drawing in AutoCAD if you use the special tools of the GraphiCS SPDS add-on (If you have not yet installed this program, you can do this using).
In this article we will get acquainted with the LIRA program interface, and also calculate a beam on two supports with a uniformly distributed load. Lira program commands discussed in the lesson: Selecting a design feature Creating a new file Arranging nodes Creating bars Installing fasteners Assigning rigidities Applying loads Static calculation Reading calculation results Saving a calculation file. Watch the video tutorial for more details. […]
Lessons on LIRA SAPR. Click>>> Hollow-core floor slabs 4.8–6.3 m long (PK brand) with a pitch of 0.3 m, a width of 1, 1.2 and 1.5 m and a height of 220 mm are made of heavy concrete. The strength class of concrete is determined by the manufacturer. The reinforcement of the slab in the lower (stretched) zone is made of high-strength wire of a periodic profile with a diameter of 5 mm with pronounced anchor heads, along the edges of the […]
Lessons on LIRA SAPR. Click>>> Find out more: Author's supervision work experience Can author's supervision be carried out by another organization (that did not carry out the project)? In accordance with SP 11-110-99 3.5 Designer is an individual or legal entity who, as a rule, has developed working documentation for the construction of an object and carries out designer supervision. Design supervision work can be carried out by a third party, i.e. monitoring […]
An opening in the wall is needed to install one or more window units. The design of the opening should also provide for the installation of seals, slopes, window sills and drains. General technical conditions for window blocks are specified in GOST. However, this is purely professional documentation that is difficult for the average user to understand.
Let's take a closer look at the features and structure of the window unit in this article.
Peculiarities
The characteristics of window blocks largely determine the purpose of the premises inside the building. Through window openings, not only the sun's rays enter inside, but also cold temperature and humidity. Therefore, if installed incorrectly, mold and dampness will settle inside the house.
When making window openings, great importance is given to the material used to make the walls.
A window opening in a brick or concrete wall is made according to some parameters, but in a log house it must meet completely different standards.
Established standards and restrictions on window openings are of little demand in housing, especially in private construction. Owners of private housing under construction often choose their shape and size according to personal preferences.
Focusing on your own taste leads to the fact that finished windows turn out to be too small or too large. Sometimes they are installed in the wrong places. This approach causes the frames to skew, the sashes not to fit tightly, and condensation to form. Sometimes rain gets inside the window, and dew even appears on the walls of the apartment.
According to the rules, a window opening must appear in the wall during the construction process. These blocks are very rarely made in solid masonry.
The window opening must provide:
- correct installation of frames;
- reliability of fastening of the window structure;
- sealing;
- humidity output;
- heat and sound insulation;
- decorativeness of the main part of the exterior and interior of housing.
The window frame should easily fit into the window opening. Internal and external window sills should not be fixed with thick mortar. There must be a niche for cladding.
The horizontal and vertical lines of the structure must be precisely measured. The top plank should not bend under the weight of the wall material. The type and location of windows must be selected according to standards.
To make the right choice, it is enough to study the typical parameters for window openings installed in residential or utility rooms.
In modern construction, ready-made PVC windows are mainly used. It turns out that initially it is wiser to choose products of standard sizes. It is easier and cheaper to adjust openings to standard structures.
Individual production of structures for existing openings is always an expensive pleasure. Finished windows and PVC in factories are manufactured according to the state standard, since builders at the construction of multi-storey buildings make openings according to the same state standard.
A generalized concept for modern GOSTs is mandatory presence of quarters for openings. These are protrusions from the outside of the wall that must be of a certain size.
The presence of quarters will close the gap on the outside between the window frame and the wall. This will hide the mounting seal. The windows will receive better protection from blowing and moisture, and the entire structure looks more beautiful.
The position of windows in a brick house is calculated taking into account the size of the brick used.
A quarter is a corner of a facing brick that protrudes a quarter of its own size. Usually mounted inside the opening. A larger protrusion will interfere with the design of the side slopes. A smaller corner size will not guarantee frames falling out. Construction standards require a match accuracy of up to one centimeter.
Let us examine in more detail the parameters of window openings for walls made of different materials.
Standards
The renovation of the housing stock is not happening as quickly as we would like. The standards of “Stalinka”, “Khrushchevka” and “Brezhnevka” buildings are generally accepted today. These houses were built thoroughly. Many of these properties have thick brick walls, high ceilings and large rooms.
The standards for window openings with quarters have the following dimensions:
- single-leaf window: 85*115 cm, 115*190 cm;
- double-leaf window: 130*220 cm, 115*190 cm, 15-*190 cm;
- three-leaf window: 240*210 cm.
The conceptual style of the project should not be disrupted by inappropriate sizes and the wrong number of window openings. Experts take into account the height of the ceilings, the total number of storeys, and the area of each room., other architectural features.
The appearance of a building's façade largely depends on the exterior decoration and shape of the windows. Exterior decoration can be made of any materials - just remember the exquisite facades of panel houses in classic ceramics.
If we recall the stages of construction, the period from 1930 to 1960 is a time of beautiful houses, decorated with red brick, stucco facades with monumental sculptures. In the period 1950-1985, the brick building was replaced by a panel structure. Wall coverings were often made of frames. Drywall was widely used in the panel house.
The rooms in such a house were made small and the ceilings were low. The standard window opening also changed its dimensions, which depended on which wall (brick or panels) this opening would be mounted in.
The Brezhnevkas had a slightly improved layout. The houses were mostly nine-story, with warm apartments, an elevator and a garbage chute. The dimensions of windows in houses were determined by GOST series. The largest window openings were made in houses of the 600 series.
Standard window dimensions in modern new buildings are regulated by GOSTs, but the width and height of openings vary significantly. Modern state standards also take into account the area of premises. That is, the required level of illumination is obtained due to the difference in openings.
Window openings of apartments in high-rise buildings are part of the load-bearing walls of the building. It is strictly prohibited to change the structure in such a house.
At the same time, manufacturers of plastic windows are not limited to standard sizes and shapes, since non-standard window openings can be present in frame housing and in houses made of aerated concrete. The nuances are related to the design capabilities of the profile, as well as the weight of the glass unit.
The installation of plastic windows is a large-scale phenomenon that is observed everywhere. A standard plastic block only approximately fits the existing openings in the house, so replacing the structure usually begins with a surveyor visiting it. The dimensions of window openings in private houses are completely different from state standards adopted for residential buildings.
You still need to know the GOST requirements; they will serve as a guarantee of safety in the apartment. In addition, any deviation from the standards leads to an inevitable increase in the price of the product. Standard models may not make the apartment warmer, but they will be cheaper.
Device
The construction of openings begins with the creation of a design design for the entire house. An architectural office will help you calculate the correct position of the openings. According to the rules, the base for the opening must include 10 rows of ordinary brickwork. This approach will provide the best rigidity and strength of the opening.
At the end of the device, a kind of plane should be made. The bricks for it are laid out perpendicular to the axis of the wall with a protrusion outward.
The sides of the opening are completed with whole bricks, which are laid around the perimeter. At the same time, thermal insulation is installed, which should close the gap in the wall and planks.
As a ceiling for the opening, a corner is often used, which is laid at a distance of the dimensions of the masonry material. The outer corner should be slightly recessed into the wall. When decorating the facade, it must be hidden under a layer of facing material.
Before lining the edge of the opening, you must first make a concrete cushion. A reinforcing mesh is installed on this pillow.
In addition to the metal corner, builders use the following types of floors:
- I-beam;
- concrete block;
- brick lintels.
The ceiling in the wall should be half the height of the structure plus about 15 cm. Under the design of the opening in the wall there should be an understatement. The details of the opening in the wall are provided with a frame. Window decoration should be done after installing frames.
The rules for designing an opening for a wooden or metal-plastic window are generally the same.
The width of the opening in the house can be made slightly wider than the size of the window frame. During the installation process, both plastic and wooden structures must be installed from inside the house. It should rest against the slope with its front part.
The frame should rest against the back of the quarter, thus ensuring the quality of thermal and waterproofing of the structure. Rain and cold winds will not be able to get into the gap of the external slope and the window frame.
After laying the sidewalls, the ceiling is laid on the top row. This is a horizontal lintel that will take the load from all other brick rows, as well as from the ceiling beams. The lintel is a concrete beam, the width of which is 25-30 cm. It can also be a metal channel or a steel corner with dimensions of 12*12 cm. Sometimes this lintel is replaced with a monolithic reinforced concrete block.
Steel lintels have one drawback - increased thermal conductivity. As a result, cold bridges appear over the windows. This increases the likelihood of low temperatures entering the house. Therefore, decorative finishing of a house must be carried out with heat-insulating materials.
Please note that the length of the lintel must exactly match the parameters of the window opening. It can even extend onto the sides of the opening by about 10 cm on each side.
After laying the lintel, you can check the compliance of the opening dimensions. Next, proceed to laying the next rows. Window units are usually installed at the very end of construction– after installing the roof and sealing all gaps in all openings.
Openings in walls made of log materials require the installation of an additional element called casing. The pigtail is made because wood materials are prone to changes in size.
The strength of the opening in a wooden wall is small, so a certain pressure is created on the window, as a result of which the glass can simply burst and the frame bend.
Dry wood is selected for casing and must be properly assembled. A special connection between the casing and the wall is provided by a special groove made along the outer perimeter of the frame. He sits on a ledge that is being prepared inside the wall.
The casing structure can be made of:
- array;
- several slats that are connected or glued using a special technology;
- combined materials.
For example, a popular combination is when the window sill is made of stacked wood, and the sides and top crossbar are made of solid wood.
To connect parts of the frame casing, special spikes are often used, and less often glue is used. Expansion for installation of the frame is carried out depending on the window design. No extension required for cashing out. On the contrary, caulking is done around the entire perimeter, which will ensure a tight seal.
Window decoration is carried out only after shrinkage. Usually it is selected in accordance with the dimensions of the house and the design style.
For example, a window sill can be galvanized or plastic. If necessary, carved platbands and a kokoshnik are installed. Plastic frames can be edged with wood overlays. The pads will act as additional sealing.
Window casing for a house with log walls is done from the inside and is usually attached to the casing. This also provides additional sealing of the joints.
Please note that expanding the slopes is only possible if in the future the walls are finished with plaster and covered with additional decorative materials.
If plastic windows are installed in a wooden house, you can use ready-made casing made from the same plastic.
Plastic cash will play a role:
- functional sealing;
- noise absorber;
- protection against mold formations;
- decorative interior design.
To complete the last point, it is important to choose the color of the cash. Wood-look options are most often recommended.. In addition, the planks must be of a width that will cover all existing gaps. But it is worth considering that massive platbands will be appropriate as a decoration only in a large room. They can also play the role of a certain stylistic design of the home.
Separately, it is worth mentioning the stages of constructing an opening in a house made of aerated concrete. It is recommended to install special supports inside the window opening in such a house.. These can be scraps of thick bars or steel pipes. A flat board is attached on top of them, and then additional blocks are laid out to form the top of the window opening.
The resulting opening is reinforced with reinforcement mesh. Then the entire structure is filled with liquid concrete.
Installation of PVC windows in aerated concrete houses can begin only after the concrete mixture has hardened. This period sometimes extends to a month, as it is related to the grade of concrete, as well as external weather conditions.
How to increase and decrease?
Sometimes it becomes necessary to install windows in a solid wall.
In this work, it is also necessary to comply with certain requirements:
- First, cut a hole in the wall for the ceiling. Next, lay the block or lintel structure. Laying reinforcement and filling with concrete is also allowed. In this way, the reinforcement of the structure is prepared.
- If the opening needs to be insulated, choose materials only with quality certificates.
- The hole in the wall for windows must be equipped taking into account the mandatory presence of a lower support and side quarters.
- The opening is filled from below next to the transverse bricks. Then the sides of the opening are laid out.
- The frame can be installed in the opening only after the solution has completely dried, as well as the initial shrinkage of the structure.
- Expansion, reduction, or increase in openings is possible, because even standard sizes according to GOST vary widely.
GOST allows up to 17 different dimensions only for double-hung windows. The designs may have windows with one sash or three sash. Modern developers have access to GOST standards for more than 40 series. Dimensions are often regulated by the area of the room.
The glazed area, in particular, the standardization of window openings in private houses is regulated by SNiP P-A862. The standard requires the total area of the light opening to be at least 1/8 of the total area of each individual room of the apartment.
For utility rooms, the total area can be reduced or increased up to 4 times. The window area in a bathroom, pantry, or boiler room can be about 3 percent of the total area of the room.
- When choosing technical indicators for a window opening, be guided by the purpose of the room in which it will be located. The purposes for which the premises are used are of no small importance.
- The overall glazing performance of one or more openings in the room should provide a sufficient amount of natural light. There should be enough sunlight to avoid turning on the lamps during the day.
- For a country house, the aesthetic side of the issue is of no small importance. It is important not only to choose the right location for installing windows, but also to think about the style of exterior decoration of window openings. They have a significant impact on the appearance of the facade.
- If your region has cold weather conditions and short daylight hours, it is best to make windows on the south or southwest side.
- If the region's climate is warm and there is sufficient sun, place the windows in the north or east.
- The ease of use and functionality of windows under various conditions is often related to the height of the window sill from the finished floor level. Experts recommend focusing on the following values:
- If the room is a living room, bedroom, or children's room, the optimal height of the window sill will be 70-90 cm. If the window is placed at this distance from the floor, it will provide a good view, as well as maximum transmission of sunlight.
- If this is a kitchen or dining room, it is better to increase the distance from 80 to 120 cm. The dimensions should be primarily determined by the dimensions of the countertop, which is usually placed on the same level as the sink and other kitchen furniture.
- If the room is a bathroom, the height of the window sill must be increased to 160 cm. A window in the toilet and bathroom is needed to provide ventilation, but at the same time the room should not be accessible to unauthorized persons who can observe hygiene procedures.
- The height of the window sill board in utility rooms can be from 160 cm or more. Here the window is often a small window.
- If the windows are installed on an insulated veranda, balcony or summer terrace, the window sill board can be positioned at 70 to 100 cm.
To learn how windows are installed according to GOST, see the following video.
1. Rules for the preparation of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.
General information.
Basic and working drawings are made in line drawings, using lines of different thicknesses, thereby achieving the necessary expressiveness of the image. In this case, the elements included in the section are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas beyond the section are highlighted with a thinner line. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.
Scale images in the drawings should be selected from the following series: for reduction -1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1: 100; 1: 200; 1: 400; 1: 500; 1: 800; 1: 1000; 1: 2000; 1: 5000; 1:10,000; for magnification - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.
The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, elevations, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are carried out on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Components and parts of any buildings are made on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25.
Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of the structural elements of the building, the sizes of steps and spans. The axial lines are drawn with a thin dash-dotted line with long strokes and are marked with marks that are placed in circles.
On building plans, longitudinal axes are usually placed to the left of the drawing, and transverse axes are located below. If the location of the axes of opposite sides of the plan does not coincide, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is continuous. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal axes are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except E, Z, J, O, X, Y, E) down up.
The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200-1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10..
The font size for designating axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers used in the drawing. Marking of axes on sections, facades, components and parts must correspond to the plan.
To apply dimensions, dimension and extension lines are drawn in the drawing. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the outline of the drawing in an amount from two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing the dimensions of the smallest divisions are indicated, on the next ones - the larger ones. The last dimension line indicates the total size between the extreme axes with these axes tied to the outer edges of the walls. Dimension lines should be drawn so that the drawing itself is not difficult to read. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is 6-8 mm.
Segments on dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of external wall elements (windows, piers, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be drawn starting at a short distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, until they intersect with the dimension line. The intersections are recorded with notches having a slope of 45°. For very closely spaced small dimensions in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs may be replaced with dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1-3 mm.
Internal dimension lines indicate the linear dimensions of rooms, the thickness of partitions and internal walls, the width of door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of walls or partitions so as not to make the drawing difficult to read. 
Rules for preparing plan drawings in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-leader lines; g - area of premises; d - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).
Dimension and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without dimension designation. The numbers are placed above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil.
^
Level marks and slopes. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. Level marks are counted from a conventional zero level, which for buildings is usually taken to be the level of the finished floor or the top edge of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a “-” sign, marks above zero are indicated without a sign. The numerical value of the marks is given in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension. 
Rules for applying marks, dimensions and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing).
To indicate a mark on facades, sections and sections, use a symbol in the form of an arrow with the sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45°, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the plane of the finished floor or ceiling) or on the extension line of the level of the element (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal projections, external walls). In this case, marks of external elements are taken outside the drawing, and internal elements are placed inside the drawing. 
On the plans, marks are made in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf indicating the “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle; on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, and various openings in floors - on a leader line. 
The magnitude of the slope on sections should be indicated in the form of a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and indicated by a special sign, the acute angle of which is directed towards the slope. This designation is placed above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line 
On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it
Designation of cuts and sections shown by an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken section, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown
At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line outside the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are located under the arrows in transverse sections and on the outside of the arrows in longitudinal sections. For the design and dimensions of the arrows, see the figure on the right.
^ Designation of premises areas. Areas, expressed in square meters with two decimal places without dimension designation, are usually placed in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers underline.
In the drawings of residential building projects, in addition, the residential and useful (total) area of each apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the living area of the apartment, and the denominator - useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the drawing area allows, on the plan of the front room.
^ Callouts, explaining the names of individual structural parts in the nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal section serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription. If the drawing is on a small scale, it is allowed to end the leader line without an arrow or a dot.
Inscriptions for multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called “flags”. The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension.
Marks of structural elements on layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or place a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the outline. The font size for designating brands must be larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers on the same drawing 
Marking nodes and fragments- an important element in the design of drawings, helping to read them. The main purpose of marking is to connect nodes and fragments taken out on a larger scale with detailed areas in the main drawing
When moving out nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) indicating on the shelf the leader line with a number or letter of the serial number of the element being taken out. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line you should indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed 
Above the image or on the side of the removed node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on) there is a double circle indicating the serial number of the node. Diameter of circles 10-14 mm
Technical construction drawings are accompanied by names of individual images, text explanations, specification tables, etc. For these purposes, a standard straight font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; 10; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, filling out a stamp, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for the design of illustrative drawings. The names of the images are located above the drawings. These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. The headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.
^ Floor plan.
In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to comply with the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the finished floor mark or floor number, for example, “Plan at elevation. 0.000”, “Plan of 3-16 floors”, it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the floor premises in the names of the plans, for example “Plan of the technical underground”, “Plan of the attic”
Floor plan depicted in the form of a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or at 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. When there are multi-tiered windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within the window openings of the lower tier. All structural elements included in the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thick line
The floor plans are marked with:
1) the coordination axes of the building with a dash-dot thin line;
2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside);
3) level marks for finished floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);
4) cut lines (cut lines are drawn, as a rule, in such a way that the cut includes openings of windows, external gates and doors);
5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (marking of gate and door openings is allowed in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);
5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;
6) names of premises, their area
It is allowed to give the names of premises and their areas in an explication according to Form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are indicated on the plans.
Form 2
Explication of premises
Built-in premises and other areas of the building, for which separate drawings are made, are depicted schematically with a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.
Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically with a dash-dot thin line with two dots
^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building:
Floor plan elements.
Walls made of lightweight concrete blocks. ^ Symbol in plan:
The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm.
The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 200 mm.
The thickness of the external walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.
The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm.
^ The walls are brick.
The wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm).
The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm.
The thickness of the external walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.
Dimensions of ordinary ceramic bricks are 250x120x65(88) mm.
^ Walls made of timber.
Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm.
The thickness of the external walls is 180, 220 mm.
^ The walls are made of logs.
Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (multiples of 20mm).
The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 180 mm.
The thickness of the external walls is 180 - 320 mm.
^ The walls are a wooden frame filled with effective insulation.
The thickness of the frame post is 100, 150, 180 mm + 40-50 mm of double-sided cladding.
The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm.
The thickness of the external walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm.
Partitions:
made of lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;
brick, thickness 120mm;
three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;
plasterboard on a metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.
Window openings:
in brick walls;
in timber, log and frame walls.
External doorways:
in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;
brick walls;
and frame walls.
Internal doorways:
for all types of walls.
Goal of the work: teach how to construct a section of a building; Explain the diagram for constructing a section along the wall.
Know: main structural elements of a building: load-bearing and enclosing: foundations, walls, ceilings, roofs.
Be able to: justify the choice of masonry type; perform dressings in a brick wall; determine the depth of the foundation.
Brief theoretical information
All buildings consist of a set of interconnected structural elements that perform various functions. Load-bearing structures support all loads acting on buildings. These include: foundations, walls, individual supports, floors and roofs.
Enclosing structures isolate premises from noise, atmospheric and other influences. When designing building structures, the requirements for strength, stability and rigidity of load-bearing structures, durability and stability of the performance qualities of enclosing structures must be met.
Work order
1. Draw the contour of the wall section with reference to the modular axis corresponding to the section according to the building plan. The section is drawn with breaks along the windows so that it is as if three structural units are made: a) basement unit - from the mark of the base of the foundation to the bottom of the window opening of the first floor; b) interfloor unit - from the top of the window opening on the first floor to the bottom of the opening on the second floor; c) cornice assembly - from the top of the second floor window opening to the roof cornice.
2. The horizontal levels of the cut are applied. The “zero” level is the floor of the first floor, the floor level of the second floor is applied at 2.80 m and at 5.70 m the top of the attic floor, taking into account its greater thickness due to the insulation layer having an increased thickness. compared to the interfloor floor structure.
3. The level of the planning mark of the ground must be 60, 90 or 120 cm below the “zero” mark. Having determined the planning mark of the ground, draw the plane of the base of the foundation. The depth of foundation structures for construction depends on the depth of soil freezing. For example, for the zone of the Rostov region, at least 0.9 m under the outer, and under the inner - 0.5 m, provided there is no basement.
4. Apply the dimensions of the supporting structures. Floor planes 300 mm thick. This size is determined from the height of the floor slab (220 mm) and the floor structure, approximately set at 80 mm. The attic floor has a large height, since insulation with a thickness of 150-200 mm is laid on it.
5. Draw window and door openings in the walls. The level of the bottom of the window should be 70-80 cm above the floor to make it convenient to place furniture or heating radiators under the window. The top of the window opening is determined by the load-bearing lintel above it. The height of the lintel is 220 mm and the height of the mortar joint is 10 mm. Thus, the top of the window opening is 230 mm below the ceiling plane. The external lintel of the window opening is placed 75 mm below the internal load-bearing lintel (65 mm brick + 10 mm mortar joint = 75 mm), creating a quarter, protecting the window frame from external influences.
6. The width of foundation structures is determined structurally. It should protrude 50–100 mm beyond the external dimensions of the wall.
7. The roof structures (rafters) rest on the mauerlats of the external walls, raised for ease of use 500 mm above the attic floor.
8. The angle of inclination of the rafters is set to 30°, which is convenient when drawing and meets the requirements of some types of coatings (for example, metal tile roofs).
9. The height of the rafters is set at 180-200 mm, lathing (40-50 mm) is laid on them in increments of 250-300 mm and a double roof line is drawn with a conditional thickness of 20-30 mm. The roof overhang to drain water from the outer surface of the wall should be within 500 mm. The overhang is formed by lengthening the rafters with fillets.
10. All internal and external overall dimensions are drawn vertically and horizontally. Elevation marks are set both on the outside (planning ground mark, window openings, cornice and ridge marks) and inside the section (marks of ceilings and window openings), and a dimensional line of piers and openings in mm is placed on the outer edge of the wall.
11. Flags are placed with the composition of the lower, interfloor, attic floors and roofing, indicating the materials and their thickness.
12. Filling the contour of the wall section. Place the lintels and the structure of the selected masonry.
Execution example
Control questions
1. What are the main requirements for buildings?
2. Ensuring the spatial rigidity of a building with load-bearing walls.
3. Types of foundations by material and design.
4. Division of walls according to their structures.
5. Features of the installation of attic, interfloor and bathroom floors.
6. Types of floors and their designs.
7. Installation of window frames in openings of stone walls.
8. Details of a pitched roof, names of elements of layered rafters?
PRACTICAL WORK 12
Planning elements of the apartment
Goal of the work: familiarize yourself with the planning elements of the apartment. Set the overall dimensions of planning elements in accordance with their degree of normalization. Select zones and groups of premises that correspond to the main and secondary functions taking place in the apartment.
Know: systems of typification, unification and normalization.
Be able to: determine the functional zoning of the apartment.