Rotary tool. Rotary dental instruments

Buy it in the online store hand routers woodworking, mini-drills and other rotary tools. Here you are encouraged to order directly from eBay. Set a price, negotiate, and we'll handle the delivery.

Buy a manual router

Drilling large holes and making grooves is the main task of the presented equipment. Through this section you can do the following:

Buying a new machine is safe, there may be a warranty from the manufacturer;
Buy a used router - American equipment is often better than local equipment. Therefore, it turns out to be more profitable to buy inexpensive used equipment than new ones from China.

Types: positions are made with grips along the edges and a platform that allows you to place the equipment on a flat surface - buy a router for locks, grooves, etc. There are also dowel and rotary models for working with plywood, plastic and gypsum board.

Classes: products are household and professional. The latter are designed for intensive service. So in workshops you may need to work for 40-60 minutes without stopping, while home milling machines are inexpensive, but last only 10-15 minutes. continuous activity.

Characteristics: the power of the devices varies from 500 to 2500 W. You can buy used metal milling cutters and new ones with traces. parameters:

Revolutions - 10-35 thousand per minute;
Vertical stroke - 30-80 mm.

Buy a new or used router from Makita, Bosch, Dremel, etc. It may have the ability to connect to a vacuum cleaner, work lighting. areas and other functions.

Electric engravers

You have the opportunity to buy an engraver in the online store designed for decorative works. It is a mini drill. The design is similar to straight grinder and performs cutting, polishing, drilling and other tasks. It is enough to choose the right set of attachments for the engraver. Look at the device parameters:

Power - from 4.8 to 175 W;
Number of revolutions - 15-35 thousand;
Power - battery and network;
Type - rotating and impact.

Cordless engravers are used most often - this is especially true for small models. Because the tool is created for fine work, then the absence of a wire becomes an advantage. You can buy an engraver with or without attachments.

Where to buy an engraver and router: why eBay?

Quality - main reason buy the same Makita router on the American site. Here it is almost always higher than in stores with cheap Chinese equipment. The latter most often suffers from poor-quality motor windings - they quickly burn out. This applies to all materials. Therefore it is better to choose electric engraver comes from the USA, where standards are high. In addition, you can get a good price at auction.

How much does it cost? Price sets the market. You bargain with users and pay 10% of the Shopomatic order amount. The lot goes to Shopomatic warehouses in the USA, from where it is delivered to you under our control. Choose an electric engraver or milling cutter, and then order.

Rotary dental instruments, which include burs, cutters, discs, abrasive heads, polishers and special tools, are used in clinical and laboratory practice for high-speed processing of hard and, in some cases, soft tissues of the maxillofacial area, as well as for imparting the required size, shape and surface relief to dental structures (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1.

Scope of application of dental instruments

In the body of the rotary instrument, there is a shank, which serves to secure the instrument in the dental handpiece, and a working part (Fig. 4.1).

Rice. 4.1. Rotary tool design

The classification of rotary tools is regulated by the international system of standards - ISO. According to the ISO system, the group affiliation of a tool is determined by the following criteria:

Type of material covering the working part of the tool;

Length of the shank and type of connection between the shank and the tip;

Shape of the working part of the tool;

The abrasiveness of the material or the type of cutting of the teeth of the working part;

Largest diameter working part of the tool.

4.1. MATERIAL COVERING THE WORKING PART OF THE TOOL

diamond grain

Both natural industrial diamonds and synthetic diamond chips are used to coat dental instruments. Natural diamonds, compared to synthetic ones, have a more ordered crystal lattice, which makes them resistant to abrasion and chipping. To connect diamond grains to a steel workpiece, a metal bond is used, which is applied by galvanization or sintering.

Galvanic filling ensures good fixation of abrasive granules and precision operation of the tool by reducing radial runout. Important characteristic The purpose of the tool is to ensure that the diamond grains are evenly immersed in the fill. With uneven immersion, the surface of the tool quickly loses some of the abrasive particles and becomes clogged with chips, which reduces the service life of the tool. To increase cutting efficiency and reduce heat generation, a single-level diamond coating is used, in which the diamond grains are equally immersed in the fill and evenly distributed over the surface of the working part of the tool.

Sintering method produce highly abrasive instruments intended for dental work. Ferromanganese alloy (tools for ceramic processing) and bronze (tools for metal processing) are used as a connecting element.

To prevent pollution work surface some manufacturers cover diamond tools a layer of titanium nitrite (Fig. 4.1.1).

Rice. 4.1.1. Diamond bur coated with titanium nitrite

Rice. 4.1.2. Diamond bur with spiral cut

Rice. 4.1.3. Diamond cutter with diamond cut

Rice. 4.1.4. Spiral cut diamond blade

Rice. 4.1.5. Full Coated Diamond Blade

Rice. 4.1.6. Diamond blade with peripheral coating

During high-speed preparation to prevent thermal burn of the dental pulp and quick cleansing working surface using diamond turbo tools (burs, cutters, discs). The working part of such instruments has grooves through which coolant (water) flows into the preparation area. The grooves are applied in the form of a right-handed or left-handed spiral (for right-handed and left-handed people), and a diamond-shaped notch is also used (Fig. 4.1.2-4.1.4).

The diamond coating of the discs, depending on the area of application of the tool and the area of the surface being processed, can be one-sided, two-sided, peripheral or continuous (Fig. 4.1.5, 4.1.6).

Diamond chips are used primarily for coating burs, milling cutters and separation discs, sometimes fine-grained diamond

Rice. 4.1.7. Diamond polishing tools

the powder is added to polishing tools to give them abrasive properties (Fig. 4.1.7).

ruby grain

Tools with ruby chips are intended for final processing of dental products made of plastic (Fig. 4.1.8). The connecting element in them, as in diamond tools, is metal. The advantages of ruby finishing include the absence of surface heating effect, which allows for precise adjustment of plastic dentures without deformation of the structure.

carbide coating

Carbide coating for dental burs and cutters

obtained by powder metallurgy by fusion solids(mainly tungsten carbide) with binder metals (cobalt). A computer-controlled diamond cutting machine is used to form the cutting edges. milling head, which allows you to achieve good alignment of the tool and symmetry of the location of the cutting teeth (Fig. 4.1.9).

Rice. 4.1.8. Ruby Coated Tools

Rice. 4.1.9. Carbide bur

The range of carbide burs and cutters is represented by two groups of tools:

a) instruments made entirely of carbide material- most resistant to extreme loads;

b) instruments made of high-strength steel with a working part made of carbide material - less durable and have limited indications for use.

Depending on the purpose of the tool, the number, size and geometry of cutting blades may vary. The most commonly used types of cutting are those shown in Fig. 4.1.10.

Rice. 4.1.10. Types of cutting carbide tools: A- single-row; b- cross; V- spiral; G- prismatic; d- transverse; e- toothed.

Carbide instruments are used in clinical and laboratory practice for preparing hard dental tissues, cutting and grinding ceramics, gypsum, plastics, precious metal alloys, titanium and other hard materials.

The choice of tool for various manipulations is determined both by the cutting configuration and the number of cutting blades of the working part. They produce tools with a number of edges from 6 to 30. For rough processing, burs and cutters with the smallest number of teeth are used, for finishing, to prevent cracking of the material - with a large number of teeth.

steel covering

Steel rotary tools are made from alloyed tungsten vanadium steel or hardened of stainless steel(Fig. 4.1.11). The cutting edges are formed by stamping; milling techniques are used to create a complex texture of the working surface.

Rice. 4.1.11. Steel bur

Steel burs and cutters, compared to diamond and carbide tools, have lower strength and durability, and therefore in clinical and laboratory practice they are used mainly for processing soft materials. At a dental appointment, medical steel instruments are used to prepare bone tissue, remove softened dentin, and correct removable plastic dentures and orthodontic appliances. In dental laboratories, alloy steel instruments are used for cutting plaster, plastics and pre-grinding. metal structures.

To carry out surgical interventions to prevent thermal burns of bone tissue, Professor Kirschner proposed steel rotary instruments with an internal cooling system (Fig. 4.1.12). In burs and cutters of this design, coolant from the tip enters a channel located in the tool body and is sprayed through a system of nozzles on the working part.

corundum grain

Corundum (Al2O3) is used as an abrasive additive in tools intended for finishing dental materials.

Rice. 4.1.12. Steel bur with internal system cooling

(Fig. 4.1.13). Depending on the abrasiveness of the grain, tools with corundum coating are used both for preliminary surface treatment (abrasives) and for finishing grinding (polishes). The connecting and forming element in corundum tools is a ceramic mass, which can vary in degree of hardness. To fix abrasive grains, synthetic resins are used in corundum separation discs, and an elastic silicone bond is used in polishing tools.

Corundum-coated instruments are intended for processing metal structures, amalgam and precious metal restorations, as well as for finishing acrylic products.

Rice. 4.1.13. Corundum coated tools

coating with silicon carbide grains

Instruments with a working part made of silicon carbide (SiC) with varying degrees of granularity of the filling are used in clinical and laboratory practice in the form of abrasives and polishers for leveling and grinding dental structures (Fig. 4.1.14). The binding matrix in tools with silicon carbide, as in corundum tools, is ceramics, silicone and synthetic resins, in particular

Rice. 4.1.14. Silicone carbide coated tools

Some instruments also use soft magnesite bond. Tools with silicon carbide are used for processing dental tissue, ceramics, metal alloys and acrylic plastics.

silicon oxide coating

Abrasive stones made of silicon oxide (sandstone, SiO2) in the composition of a synthetic binder material are produced with fine-grained and medium-grained silicate filling - for finishing polishing, and coarse-grained filling - for pre-treatment. In laboratory practice, sandstone tools are used primarily for grinding plastic products, metal structures and composites (Fig. 4.1.15).

silicone coating

Tools with silicone coating are made on the basis of high-molecular organosilicon compounds with the general chemical formula [-0-Si(R)2-0-] n. Silicone rubbers are non-toxic, resistant to aggressive chemical environments and thermally resistant, which allows the use of silicone polishers both at a dental appointment and in a dental laboratory (Fig. 4.1.16, 4.1.17). Areas of application for silicone instruments: finishing of ceramics, precious and base metals, composite and amalgam restorations, plaque removal and enamel polishing.

Rice. 4.1.15. Sand-filled tools

Rice. 4.1.16. Silicone coated tools

Rice. 4.1.17. Silicone polishers for removing plaque

Rice. 4.1.18. Rubber Coated Tools

rubber cover

The working part of rubber polishers is represented by high-quality vulcanized thermal and wear-resistant rubber (Fig. 4.1.18). Rubber polishers are used at the final stages of processing metal structures made of chromium-cobalt alloys, titanium and precious metal alloys.

Rice. 4.1.19. Tool with ceramic coating on working part

ceramic coating

Instruments with a ceramic coating on the working part are designed for high-speed processing of soft tissues of the oral cavity (Fig. 4.1.19). Tissue resection is accompanied by a coagulation effect, which reduces bleeding in the preparation area. A ceramic trimmer is used to remove hyperplastic gums, expose impacted teeth and separate interradicular granulations; this instrument is also used in orthopedic dentistry to open the periodontal sulcus when taking impressions.

tools used in conjunction with polishing pastes

The working part of such tools does not have its own abrasive coating and requires the use of polishing pastes (pastes with diamond chips, GOI paste, etc.). For the manufacture of the working part, the following materials are used:

a) natural fabrics and polymers (Fig. 4.1.20-4.1.29);

b) synthetic polymers (Fig. 4.1.30, 4.1.31);

c) metal wire (Fig. 4.1.32).

Rice. 4.1.20. Flannel multi-layer discs_

Rice. 4.1.21. Calico multi-layer discs

Rice. 4.1.22. Suede multi-layer wheels

Rice. 4.1.23. Felt felts

Rice. 4.1.24. Goat hair brushes

Rice. 4.1.25. Horse hair brushes

Rice. 4.1.26. Linen brushes

Rice. 4.1.27. Wool yarn brush

Rice. 4.1.28. Cotton brushes

Rice. 4.1.29. Folded cloth disc

Rice. 4.1.30. Artificial bristle brushes

Rice. 4.1.31. Nylon brushes

Rice. 4.1.32. Metal wire brushes: A- copper; b- steel; V- silver.

Polishing brushes and discs are used for the final processing of ceramics, alloys of noble and base metals, composites and plastics.

4.2. SHANK LENGTH AND TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

SHANK WITH TIP

The design of the rotary instrument shank is determined by the type of dental handpiece clamping device. Depending on the type of connection, there are 3 main groups of tools:

For working with turbine tips;

For working with contra-angle handpieces;

For use with straight handpieces.

tools designed to work with turbine tips

The shank of turbine instruments does not have retention points; The fixation of the tool is ensured by the exact fit of the tool shank to the clamping collet of the tip (Fig. 4.2.1).

Rice. 4.2.1. Turbine tool shank design

The shank of tools designed to work with turbine tips has a standard diameter of 1.60 mm. The length of the shank may vary depending on the purpose of the tool. The most widely used instruments are 19 and 21 mm long; in pediatric dentistry, short instruments 16 mm long are used to prepare baby teeth; extra-long instruments (25 and 30 mm) are used mainly in surgical practice.

The end part of turbine instruments can be rounded and flat; in clinical use, a rounded shank is more convenient, which makes it easier to secure the instrument in the collet of the handpiece (Fig. 4.2.2).

Rice. 4.2.2. Tools with rounded (a) and flat (b) end parts of the shank

Rice. 4.2.3. Tool shank design for contra-angle handpiece

The type of manipulation performed is 34 mm.

tools designed

for working with corners

tips

Fixation of tools in the contra-angle handpiece is achieved through a locking connection between the clamping lever and the shank, which has a faceted end part with a notch (Fig. 4.2.3). To work with contra-angle handpieces, tools with a universal shank design with a diameter of 2.35 mm are used. The length of the tool determines - [ and can be 15, 22, 26, 28,

tools designed to work with straight handpieces

In straight tips, the tool is secured by the friction force that occurs when the shank is compressed by the rotary clamping mechanism (Fig. 4.2.4). The shank diameter, as a rule, is 2.35 mm; in some cases, instruments with a shank diameter of 3.00 mm (dental cutters) are used. Surgical instruments have the greatest length: 65, 70 mm; in therapeutic and orthopedic dentistry, instruments with a length of 44.5 are used

up to 53 mm, as well as ultra-short instruments 32 mm long.

Some tools (separation and abrasive discs, preventive polishers) are produced without a fastening element and require the use of special holders corresponding to the shank of the tools for straight and contra-angle handpieces (Fig. 4.2.5-

Rice. 4.2.4. Tool shank design for straight handpiece

Rice. 4.2.5. disc holder for contra-angle handpiece

Rice. 4.2.6. Polisher holder for contra-angle handpiece

Rice. 4.2.7. Disc holders for handpiece

If it is necessary to use turbine instruments at low speeds and to rationally reduce the number of instruments in the clinic, adapters for straight and contra-angle handpieces are used (Fig. 4.2.8, 4.2.9). The adapters are equipped with a locking clip that prevents radial runout and allows for quick tool replacement.

Rice. 4 2.9. Adapter for straight handpiece

4.3. FORM OF THE WORKING PART OF THE TOOL

The variety of options for the structure of the working part of rotary instruments is due to a wide range of dental clinical and laboratory procedures. The large number of modifications of the working part is also explained by the complex topography of the treated surfaces and the presence of individual preferences among dentists and dental technicians in choosing a rotary instrument when performing standard manipulations.

Turbine tools (up to 60 types) designed to work with straight and contra-angle handpieces have the greatest variability in the shape of the working part; as a rule, they have a similar structure of the working part. Typical forms of the working part and the scope of application of dental burs, milling cutters, discs, abrasives and polishers are presented in table. 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3.

Table 4.3.1.

Shape of the working part and scope of application of dental burs and cutters

End of table 4.3.1.

Table 4.3.2.

Shape of the working part and area of application of abrasive tools

and polishers

Table 4.3.3.

Shape of the working part and scope of application of separation discs

4.4. ABRASIVENESS OF THE MATERIAL OR TYPE OF CUTTING THE TEETH OF THE WORKING PART

The abrasive properties of the tool, depending on the material of the working part, are determined by the size of the filling grains or the size and number of cutting teeth.

diamond tools

For the manufacture of diamond tools, granules ranging in size from 8 to 180 microns are used. According to ISO, there are six grades of diamond abrasive grit. Each group corresponds to a definition

divided color code, which is applied in the form of a mark to the tool shank (Table 4.4.1). Some manufacturers mark instruments according to country of origin standards, which may differ from ISO standards.

Table 4.4.1.

Gradation of diamond tools depending on abrasive grain size

steel and carbide tools

The abrasiveness of this group of tools depends on the size and number of cutting edges of the working surface. Pre-processing tools are characterized by fewer and larger cutting blades, while finishing tools are characterized by smaller and more densely spaced blades. Color coding of steel and carbide tools takes into account both the type of cutting and the abrasiveness of the tool (Table 4.4.2).

Table 4.4.2.

Gradation of steel and carbide tools depending on

on the type and abrasiveness of cutting

The abrasiveness of tools coated with silicon carbide, corundum and silicon oxide (sandstone) is determined by a combination of properties binder and the size of the abrasive granules. Polishers and abrasives intended for processing certain type material (titanium, precious metals, ceramics, etc.), may have a painted working part in accordance with the classification of the manufacturer.

Kemerovo State
medical University
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Propaedeutics
dental diseases
1 COURSE
II SEMESTER

Rotary dental instruments, which include
burs, cutters, discs, abrasive heads, polishers and special
instruments used in clinical and laboratory practice
for high-speed processing of hard and, in some cases, soft
tissues of the maxillofacial area, as well as to give
required size, shape and surface topography
dental structures

The classification of rotary instruments is regulated by
international system of standards - ISO. According to the ISO system,
the group affiliation of an instrument is determined by the following
signs:
The type of material covering the working part of the tool.
Length of the shank and type of connection between the shank and the tip.
The shape of the working part of the tool.
The abrasiveness of the material or the type of cutting of the teeth of the working part.
The largest diameter of the working part of the tool.

A - the material from which the working part is made.
310-350 - various brands steel (regular steel burs are designated 3 10); 500
- Wolfram carbide; 806 - diamond (attachment of crystals is galvanic);
613-695 - various abrasive materials (corundum, silicone, ceramics, etc.).
B - information about the shank.
31 - for turbine tip (d - 1.60 mm);
K) - for a straight tip (d = 2.35 mm);
12 - length of straight dental handpiece (d- 3.00 mm);
20 lengths of contra-angle (d = 2.35 mm).
C - information about the total length of the bur
D - shape of the working part.
N - type of cutting working part.

Scope of application of dental instruments

In the body of a rotary instrument there are
shank used to secure the tool in
dental handpiece, and working part

Material type,
covering the working
part of the tool

Diamond grain
They are used as natural materials to coat dental instruments.
technical diamonds and synthetic diamond chips. Natural
Diamonds, compared to synthetic ones, have a more correct
crystal lattice, which makes them resistant to abrasion and
chipping. To connect diamond grains to a steel workpiece, use
metal bond, which is applied using the following methods:
a) galvanization, b) sintering.
Galvanic filling ensures good fixation of abrasive granules and
Precision tool operation by reducing radial runout.
An important characteristic of the tool is the uniformity of immersion
diamond grains into the filling. If the surface is unevenly immersed
the tool quickly loses some of the abrasive particles and becomes clogged with chips, which
reduces tool life. To improve cutting efficiency and
To reduce heat generation, a single-level diamond coating is used, with
in which the diamond grains are equally immersed in the fill and evenly
distributed over the surface of the working part of the tool.
The sintering method produces highly abrasive tools,
intended for dental work. As a binder
element use iron-manganese alloy (tools for processing
ceramics) and bronze (tools for metal working).

10.

To prevent contamination of the work surface, some
Manufacturers coat diamond tools with a layer of nitrite
titanium.
During high-speed preparation, to prevent
thermal burn of the dental pulp and rapid cleansing of the working
surfaces use diamond turbo tools (burs,
cutters, discs). The working part of such instruments has grooves,
through which cooling fluid enters the preparation zone
liquid (water). The grooves are applied in the form of right or
left-handed spiral (for right-handers and left-handers), as well as
diamond-shaped notch is used

11.

Diamond bur coated with titanium nitrite

12.

Diamond bur with spiral cut

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Carbide coating
Carbide coating for dental burs and cutters is obtained
powder metallurgy by fusing solids, mainly
Thus, tungsten carbide with binder metals (cobalt). For
computer-controlled formation of cutting edges is used
diamond milling head, which allows for good alignment
tool and the symmetry of the arrangement of cutting teeth.
The range of carbide burs and cutters is presented in two groups
tools:
a) tools made entirely of carbide material are most resistant to extreme loads;
b) tools made of high-strength steel with a working part made of carbide
materials - less durable, have limited indications for use.

19.

20.

Types of cutting carbide tools

21.

Carbide
burs
have
high
cutting
ability, can withstand thermal overloads and
effectively process enamel, dentin, amalgam, composites
and other materials at high speeds, including
on
turbine
drills.
cutting
efficiency
there are more carbide burs than diamond burs, however, as
as a rule,
They
less
durable.
The disadvantage of most carbide burs is that they
The working part of them is soldered to a stainless steel rod. This
soldering - weakness carbide burs, with side
under loads, the working part may break off from the rod.
Therefore, when working with carbide burs, you should avoid
strong pressure on the bur, especially lever-like movements.

22.

23.

Color marking of carbide (tungsten carbide) burs:
Ring color marking
Characteristic
Green
Burs with increased cutting efficiency (6
blades, E-shaped notch on the cutting edges)
Missing ring
8 blades
Yellow
16 blades
White
30 blades

24.

The working part of the carbide bur is made of tungsten carbide.
6-8 blades with sharp working edges are cut on it.
Along with traditional types carbide burs are produced
multifaceted burs, the number of faces on which ranges from 12 to 32. These edges
have a low height, so they are less aggressive when cutting. Such burs
used for finishing enamel edges, grinding and polishing fillings made of
composites and amalgams (final or finishing processing). The more
the number of edges a boron has, the lower its cutting ability and the higher the quality
polishing.
Carbide finishes have lower abrasive properties in terms of
compared to diamond ones. Carbide finishing heads are produced in two
types - with 12 or 30 working edges, as a result of which they remove less
material compared to standard burs.

25.

Finishing burs with 12 edges are especially suitable in cases where it is necessary
polish the grooves remaining on the surface after processing with diamond
burs.
12-sided burs - finishers are ideally suited for
grind the edges of amalgam and composite fillings. Contact boundary
composite filling and tooth structure are better visible if the treatment is carried out
dry. However, in this case it is necessary to ensure that the composite does not
overheated.
Burs with 30 edges
The number of edges of these burs is more than 2 times greater than the number of edges of
similar 12-sided burs, so they remove even less tissue in one
rotation, due to which an even smoother polished finish is achieved
surface. It is recommended to use these burs to finish grinding surfaces,
where you need to “bring a special polish”.

26.

Steel rotary tools are made from
alloyed tungsten vanadium steel or hardened
of stainless steel. Formation of cutting edges
produced by stamping to create a complex texture
the working surface uses milling technology.
Steel burs and cutters compared to diamond and
carbide tools have less strength and
durability, and therefore in clinical and laboratory
in practice they are used mainly for processing soft
materials. At a dental appointment, instruments from
medical steel is used for preparing bone tissue,
removal of softened dentin, correction of removable
plastic prostheses and orthodontic devices; V
dental laboratories alloy steel
tools are used for cutting plaster, plastics and
preliminary grinding of metal structures.

27.

Steel bur

28.

Steel bur
with internal system
cooling

29.

Standard steel burs have 6-8 cutting blades on the working part. They
can effectively excise only dentin and only with small
rotation speeds. At high speeds (more than 10-12 thousand revolutions per
minute), as well as when preparing enamel on the cutting edges of a steel bur
are created very high temperatures, leading to their melting and complete
loss of effectiveness, as well as damage to tooth tissue.
Steel burs with small notches - finishers, as well as without any notches -
polishers are used for processing (grinding and polishing)
metal fillings.

30.

The design of the rotary tool shank is determined by
type of dental handpiece clamping device. IN
Depending on the type of connection, three main groups are distinguished
tools:
- tools designed to work with turbine
tips;
- tools designed to work with corner
tips;
- tools designed to work with straight lines
tips.

31.

32.

Tools designed to work with turbine engines
tips
The turbine tool shank has no retention
points; tool fixation is ensured by precise
fit of the tool shank to the collet
tip.
Shank of tools designed to work with
turbine tips, has a standard diameter of 1.60
mm; shank length depending on the purpose of the tool
may vary. The most widespread
instruments 19 and 21 mm long, in pediatric dentistry for
for the preparation of primary teeth, shortened teeth are used
instruments 16 mm long; extra long tools (25 and 30
mm) are mainly used in surgical practice.
The end part of turbine tools can be rounded
and flat, in clinical use rounded is more convenient
shank that makes it easier to secure the tool in the collet
tip

33.

Turbine tool shank design
Tools with rounded (a) and flat (b) end parts of the shank

34.

Tools designed to work with contra-angle handpieces
Fixation of instruments in the contra-angle handpiece is achieved by means of a locking
connection of the clamping lever with a shank having a faceted end
part with a notch. Used for working with contra-angle handpieces
tools with universal
shank design with a diameter of 2.35 mm. Tool length is determined
type of manipulations performed and can be 15, 22, 26, 28, 34 mm.
Tool shank design for contra-angle handpiece

35.

Disc holder for contra-angle handpiece
Polisher holder for contra-angle handpiece

36.

Tools designed to work with straight handpieces
In straight handpieces, the tool is secured by frictional force,
occurring when the shank is compressed by a rotary clamping mechanism.
The shank diameter is usually 2.35 mm, in some cases
instruments with a shank diameter of 3.00 mm are used (dental
cutters). They have the greatest length surgical instruments: 65, 70 mm, in
therapeutic and orthopedic dentistry instruments are used
lengths from 44.5 to 53 mm, as well as ultra-short instruments 32 mm long.
Some tools (separation and abrasive discs, preventive
polishers) are produced without a fastening element and require the use
special holders that fit the shank of tools for
straight and angled handpiece.
If it is necessary to use turbine tools on small
speed and to rationally reduce the number of instruments in the clinic
Adapters for straight and contra-angle handpieces are used. Adapters
equipped with a fixing clip that prevents radial runout
and allows for quick tool changes.

37.

Shank design
tool for
straight handpiece
Disc holders for straight handpiece

38.

Adapter for contra-angle handpiece
Adapter for straight handpiece

39.

Polishing brush for corner
tip (NYLON)
Used for polishing teeth and
restorations using pastes.
Shank diameter 2.35 mm.
Material - nylon.
Release options:
cylinder K1
wide cup K2
wide cup K3
cone K5
colored cup
red - very soft; turquoise - soft;
blue - medium hardness; yellow hard)

40.

41.

Polishing cups
Latex-free Pro-Cup® cups provide
Possibility of economical paste application without

48.

The Enhance system is designed for finishing
composite materials used in frontal and
chewing groups of teeth, as well as for use in any
other cases requiring finishing. With the right
application, the Enhance system will help you polish perfectly
surface of composites.

49.

50.

disks
cups
cones

51.

OptiDisc - a superior combination of discs with abrasive particles
in various sizes for contouring, finishing and polishing to
mirror-like shine of composites, glass ionomers, amalgams, semi-precious and
precious metals. The discs are made of high-strength polyester,
impregnated with aluminum oxide particles.
The discs are produced in three sizes: 9.6mm. / 12.6mm. / 15.9mm.
Color coded from dark brown to bright yellow color easily
allows you to see the abrasiveness size: 80 µn/ 40 µn/ 20 µn/ 10 µn.

52.

53.

54.

The disc hub is made of special plastic, securely holding
disk on the disk holder due to increased viscosity and prevents
scratches and damage to tissues in contact with the sleeve.
The disc holder does not protrude beyond the edge of the disc hub, which also
prevents tissue damage due to accidental contact.

Rotary dental instruments, which include burs, cutters, discs, abrasive heads, polishers and special instruments, are used in clinical and laboratory practice for high-speed processing of hard and, in some cases, soft tissues of the maxillofacial area, as well as to give the required size , shape and surface relief of dental structures (Table 3.2).

In the body of the rotary instrument, there is a shank, which serves to secure the instrument in the dental handpiece, and a working part (Fig. 3.69).

The classification of rotary tools is regulated by the international system of standards - ISO. According to the ISO system, the group membership of an instrument is determined by the following characteristics:

The type of material covering the working part of the tool.

Length of the shank and type of connection between the shank and the tip.

The shape of the working part of the tool.

The abrasiveness of the material or the type of cutting of the teeth of the working part.

The largest diameter of the working part of the tool.

Rice. 3.69. Rotary tool design

Table 3.2. Scope of application of dental instruments

3.4.1. Type of material covering the working part of the tool

Diamond grain

Both natural industrial diamonds and synthetic diamond chips are used to coat dental instruments. Natural diamonds, compared to synthetic ones, have a more regular crystal lattice, which makes them resistant to abrasion and chipping. To connect diamond grains to a steel workpiece, a metal binder is used, which is applied using the following methods:

a) galvanization,

b) sintering.

Galvanic filling ensures good fixation of abrasive granules and precision operation of the tool by reducing radial runout. An important characteristic of the tool is the uniform immersion of diamond grains into the fill. With uneven immersion, the surface of the tool quickly loses some of the abrasive particles and becomes clogged with chips, which reduces the service life of the tool. To increase cutting efficiency and reduce heat generation, a single-level diamond coating is used, in which the diamond grains are equally immersed in the fill and evenly distributed over the surface of the working part of the tool.

The sintering method is used to produce highly abrasive instruments intended for dental work. Iron-manganese alloy (tools for ceramic processing) and bronze (tools for metal processing) are used as a connecting element.

To prevent contamination of the working surface, some manufacturers coat diamond tools with a layer of titanium nitrite (Fig. 3.70).

During high-speed preparation, diamond turbo tools (burs, cutters, discs) are used to prevent thermal burns of the dental pulp and quickly clean the working surface. The working part of such instruments has grooves through which coolant (water) flows into the preparation area. The grooves are applied -

Rice. 3.70. Diamond bur coated with titanium nitrite

It is in the form of a right-handed or left-handed spiral (for right-handers and left-handers), and a diamond-shaped notch is also used (Fig. 3.71 - 3.73).

The diamond coating of the discs, depending on the area of application of the tool and the area of the surface being processed, can be one- or two-sided, peripheral or continuous (Fig. 3.74, 3.75).

Diamond chips are used primarily for coating burs, milling cutters and separation discs; Sometimes fine-grained diamond powder is added to polishing tools to give them abrasive properties (Fig. 3.76).

Ruby grain

Tools with ruby chips are intended for final processing of dental products made of plastic (Fig. 3.77). The connecting element in them, as in diamond tools, is metal. The advantage of ruby finials is the absence

Rice. 3.71. Diamond bur with spiral cut

prominent notch

Rice. 3.73. Spiral cut diamond blade

Rice. 3.74. Full Coated Diamond Blade

Rice. 3.75. Diamond blade with peripheral coating

Rice. 3.76. Diamond polishing tools

Rice. 3.77. Tools with ruby chips

the effect of heating the surface, which allows for precise adjustment of plastic prostheses without deformation of the structure.

Carbide coating

Carbide coating for dental burs and cutters is produced by powder metallurgy by fusing solids, mainly tungsten carbide with a bond.

metals (cobalt). To form the cutting edges, a computer-controlled diamond milling head is used, which allows for good alignment of the tool and symmetrical arrangement of the cutting teeth (Fig. 3.78).

The range of carbide burs and cutters is represented by two groups of tools:

a) tools made entirely of carbide material are the most resistant to extreme loads;

b) instruments made of high-strength steel with a working part made of carbide material - less durable and have limited indications for use.

Depending on the purpose of the tool, the number, size and geometry of cutting blades may vary. The following types of cutting are most often used (Fig. 3.79).

Carbide instruments are used in clinical and laboratory practice for preparing hard dental tissues, cutting and grinding ceramics, plaster, plastics, precious metal alloys, titanium and other hard materials.

Rice. 3.78. Carbide bur

Rice. 3.79. Types of cutting carbide tools

The choice of tool for various manipulations is determined both by the cutting configuration and the number of cutting blades of the working part. They produce tools with a number of edges from 6 to 30; For rough processing, burs and cutters with the smallest number of teeth are used, for finishing, to prevent cracking of the material - with a large number of teeth.

Steel coating

Steel rotary tools are made from alloyed tungsten vanadium steel or hardened stainless steel (Fig. 3.80). Formation of cutting edges

produced by stamping; milling techniques are used to create a complex texture of the working surface.

Steel burs and cutters, compared to diamond and carbide tools, have lower strength and durability.

Rice. 3.80. Steel bur

Rice. 3.81. Steel bur with internal cooling system

tew, and therefore in clinical and laboratory practice they are used mainly for processing soft materials. At a dental appointment, medical steel instruments are used to prepare bone tissue, remove softened dentin, and correct removable plastic dentures and orthodontic appliances; In dental laboratories, alloy steel instruments are used for cutting plaster, plastics and pre-grinding metal structures.

To carry out surgical interventions to prevent thermal burns of bone tissue, Professor Kirschner proposed steel rotary instruments with an internal cooling system (Fig. 3.81). In burs and cutters of this design, coolant from the tip enters a channel located in the tool body and is sprayed through a system of nozzles on the working part.

Corundum grain

Corundum (Al 2 O 3) is used as an abrasive additive in tools intended for finishing dental materials (Fig. 3.82). Depending on the abrasiveness of the grain, tools with corundum coating are used both for preliminary surface treatment (abrasives) and for finishing

Rice. 3.82. Corundum coated tools

Rice. 3.83. Silicone carbide coated tools

grinding (polishes). The connecting and forming element in corundum tools is a ceramic mass, which can vary in degree of hardness. Synthetic resins are used to fix abrasive grains in corundum separation discs; an elastic silicone bond is used in polishing tools.

Corundum-coated instruments are intended for processing metal structures, amalgam and precious metal restorations, as well as for finishing acrylic products.

Silicone carbide grain

Instruments with a working part made of silicone carbide (SiC) with varying degrees of granularity of the filling are used in clinical and laboratory practice in the form of abrasives and polishers for leveling and grinding dental structures (Fig. 3.83). The binding matrix in silicone carbide instruments, as in corundum instruments, is ceramics, silicone and synthetic resins; some instruments also use soft magnesite

bunch. Silicone carbide instruments are used for processing dental tissue, ceramics, metal alloys and acrylic plastics.

Sandstone covering

Abrasive stones made of sandstone (SiO 2) in the composition of synthetic

Rice. 3.84. Sand-filled tools

Rice. 3.85. Silicone coated tools

of which binder material are produced with fine-grained and medium-grained silicate filling - for finishing polishing, and coarse-grained filling - for pre-treatment. Sandstone tools are primarily used in laboratory practice for grinding plastic products, metal structures and composites (Fig. 3.84).

Silicone coating

Silicone-coated instruments are made on the basis of high molecular weight organosilicon compounds with the general chemical formula [-O-Si(R 2)-O-] n. Silicone rubbers are non-toxic, resistant to aggressive chemical environments and thermally resistant, which allows the use of silicone polishers both at a dental appointment and in a dental laboratory (Fig. 3.85, 3.86). Areas of application for silicone instruments: finishing of ceramics, precious and base metals, composite and amalgam restorations, plaque removal and enamel polishing.

Rice. 3.86. Silicone polishers for removing plaque

Rice. 3.87. Rubber Coated Tools

Rice. 3.88. Tool with ceramic coating on working part

Rubber cover

The working part of rubber polishers is represented by high-quality vulcanized thermal and wear-resistant rubber (Fig. 3.87). Rubber polishers are used at the final stages of processing metal structures made of chromium-cobalt alloys, titanium and precious metal alloys.

Ceramic coating

Instruments with a ceramic coating on the working part are designed for high-speed processing of soft tissues of the oral cavity (Fig. 3.88). Tissue resection is accompanied by a coagulation effect, which reduces bleeding in the preparation area. A ceramic trimmer is used to remove hyperplastic gums, expose impacted teeth and separate interradicular granulations; This instrument is also used in orthopedic dentistry to open the periodontal sulcus when taking impressions.

Tools used in conjunction with polishing pastes

the following materials:

a) natural fabrics and polymers (Fig. 3.89 - 3.98);

b) synthetic polymers (Fig. 3.99 - 3.100);

c) metal wire

(Fig. 3.101).

Polishing brushes and discs are used for the final processing of ceramics, alloys of noble and base metals, composites and plastics.

Rice. 3.89. Flannel multi-layer disc