Lairi Younes
2nd year student, medicalWowfacultyAGBOU VPO "Kazan State Medical University", Kazan
E-mail: number 5 ramiz @ mail . ru
Yakubova Liliya Syaitovna
scientific adviser,Art. teacherDepartment of Russian and Tatar languagesGBOU VPO "Kazan State Medical University", Kazan
The purpose of this work is to compare nouns, adjectives and pronouns in Russian and Arabic.
A noun in Arabic is characterized by the categories of gender, number and case, animate-inanimate and definite-indefinite.
Nouns in Arabic have two genders - masculine and feminine. The suffix indicates that it is feminine -at-. IN colloquial speech final -T- no longer required: Talib(student) ―Talib(student).
It must be remembered that Russian nouns of masculine and feminine genders with b at the end of the word present particular difficulties for Arabic students. In Russian and Arabic, the following nouns have the same gender:
1. Masculine nouns in both languages: day, rain, stone, cough, root, camp, zero, noon, path(road), dictionary and etc.
2. Feminine nouns in both languages: life, thought, region, memory, degree and etc.
3. Masculine nouns in Russian are feminine in Arabic: ship, fire, briefcase, path, play and etc.
4. Feminine nouns in Russian are masculine in Arabic: pain, disease, eyebrow, breast, dirt, door, bone, bed, blood, Love, furniture, shoes, autumn, signature, dust, salt, notebook, and etc.
5. Nouns that have synonyms of a different kind in Arabic: square―sakha(f.r.) and Maidan(m.r.), power―sulta(f.r.) and ruling(m.―r.).
In Arabic, as in Russian, there are exceptions to the rule of the presence of feminine nouns that do not have the suffix -at-: for example, ’ ummm– mother, nār―fire.
The Arabic language is not characterized by nouns that denote a profession or occupation and in Russian refer equally to both male and female persons: doctor, director, engineer, philologist etc. In Arabic, such nouns differ by gender, for example: tabub(male doctor) - tabūba(female doctor), mudarris(male teacher) - mudarrisa(female teacher), etc.
There is no category of neuter gender in the Arabic language, so in Arabic audiences there are frequent mistakes when the masculine gender is used instead of the neuter gender. For example: « Turn off the radio, becausehe bothers me» .
Unlike the Russian language, nouns in Arabic are distinguished by 3 numbers: singular, dual and plural. The dual form is formed using the ending -ani. The numeral “two” is not used: twobooks―kitābāni. The plural is formed in two ways:
a.with the help of external inflection ―ending ―yna: mu،allim(teacher) ―mu،allimyna(teachers) ;
b.using internal inflection (changing root vowels) by various models: kitāb(book) ―qutub(books), kalam(pencil) ―،aklam(pencils) etc. The second method is used more often than the first.
All inanimate plural nouns agree with adjectives and verbs as feminine nouns. Yes, noun kitāb(book) in the singular is a masculine noun and agrees with a masculine adjective. But in the plural noun qutub(books) is consistent with the feminine singular adjective, which literally translates as “good books” (in Arabic, adjectives are in postposition in relation to nouns) and provokes errors in the Russian speech of Arab students.
It is also necessary to keep in mind that, unlike the Russian language, in Arabic all nouns denoting animals refer to inanimate (i.e., non-thinking), and therefore answer the question “what?”, and not “who?” This is where Arab students get errors like: « I saw a bear at the zoo», « The elephant defeated the tiger» and so on. .
Category plural in Arabic, its meaning contains a connotation of collectiveness. This feature of the Arabic language is associated with the fact that it does not have only plural nouns that have the meaning of a single object or phenomenon (in Russian this is a group of nouns such as “pants”, “vacations”, “glasses”, “days”) . In Arabic there are collective nouns that are only singular and collective nouns that can be formed into the plural. (For comparison, in Russian the noun “youth” has only a singular number, and “people” - “peoples” - has a singular and plural form). This contributes to the appearance in the speech of Arab students of errors like: “ Many young people came here».
The Russian case system also presents significant difficulties for Arabic students, which is caused by the divergence of verb control in Russian and Arabic and the difference in the distribution of case meanings. Thus, in the Arabic grammatical system there are only 3 cases: nominative, genitive and accusative.
The nominative, as in Russian, is, first of all, the case of the subject. However, Arab students often do not distinguish between the nominative and accusative cases, using the subject in the accusative case. This is due to the fact that in Arabic, unlike Russian, the subject can be in the accusative case after certain particles (for example, the particle Inna- “truly”, “truth”, “really”. Wed: Indeed, Russia - big country. The word Russia in Arabic has the accusative case); after a modal word perhaps (for example: Perhaps the weather is cold); V subordinate clauses after conjunctions that, as if (for example: She found out that her father would be in Moscow); after linking verbs to be, become, appear, seem.
The genitive case in Arabic is extremely capacious. It includes the functions of Russian genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional cases with prepositions in various adverbial and other meanings.
The genitive case without a preposition in some functions (for example, accessories - brother's book) is the same in Russian and Arabic. In others (for example, in the function of assigning a subject), the Arabic genitive case corresponds to other syntactic contexts in Russian (for example, bookshelf, bookcase - literally in Arabic - “bookcase”, as well as “teeth brush”, “faculty of medicine”).
Arabic genitive case with prepositions fi (in) and ala (na) corresponds to the Russian prepositional case with the meaning of place. However, the semantics of these prepositions in Russian and Arabic are not identical, leading to common mistakes Arab students associated with the mixing of these prepositions (in my homeland, in the faculty).
Pretext ala used only in a narrow, special meaning, literally - on the surface of an object: on a table, on the floor. In other cases, the preposition is used fi.
The differences between Russian and Arabic verbal control are also significant. The transitivity of verbs in Arabic is much more developed than in Russian. Often Russian verbs that control the genitive, dative, instrumental cases without prepositions correspond in Arabic to transitive verbs. Yes, verbs answer, tell, help, give and others that control the dative case in Russian are transitive in Arabic. This explains the desire of Arab students to use the accusative case of a noun after them.
In Russian, adjectives have the form of gender, number and case. They relate to the noun and agree with it in the same gender, number and case. Unlike Arabic, in Russian adjectives are usually placed before the noun they define. In Arabic, an adjective denotes an external, visible, internal, attribute of an object, comprehended by the senses or mind, and is divided into qualitative, relative and enhanced qualities. Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
Adjectives in Arabic change according to gender: in masculine- zero ending, in feminine- ending (a), by numbers: in the feminine singular ending (a), in the masculine singular - zero ending, in the plural - zero ending and a new form of the word. Adjectives in the comparative degree by gender and number do not change.
In Russian, like in Arabic, there are personal pronouns. But in Russian only pronouns change by gender he she it; pronouns me, you, you, we, they can refer to both masculine and feminine genders. In Russian, the gender of possessive pronouns is my, yours, ours, yours does not depend on the gender of the owner of the object, as in Arabic, but depends on the gender of the noun to which the pronoun refers. Possessive pronouns his, her, theirs, as in Arabic, they depend on the gender and number of the word denoting the owner of the item. Unlike Arabic, they usually come before nouns.
Pronouns in Arabic are used together with a noun, they correspond to in Russian possessive pronoun "mine" and are in a certain state. Conjoined pronouns do not change with changes in the grammatical gender of the noun; their gender is determined by the gender of the owner of the object.
The pronominal definition is placed before the word being defined and agrees with it in gender and number. As consistent definitions, fused pronouns can be used with names that have an article. Agreement in case does not find its expression in definitions - pronouns due to their indeclinability in Arabic.
We hope that the results of these comparisons will help Arab students overcome the interfering influence native language when using Russian nouns, adjectives and pronouns in speech.
Bibliography:
- Ibragimov I.D. Arabic―SPb: AST, 2007—256 p.
- Frolova O.B. We speak Arabic: Textbook / O.B. Frolova. ―M.: Philology, 2002 ―286 p.
Through these languages, all the secrets of words, the meanings of sacred books, all myths, rituals, all mysteries of behavior of both humans and animals are revealed. " In the beginning there was a word" - not a metaphor. People, communicating with each other, through intellectual speech activity, supply the noopole, which is an analogue of the Internet, with morphological linguistic structures that control life on earth. Like material plasma consisting of hydrogen and helium, the noopole consists of two ethnic languages : Arabic and Russian.
To an outside observer, it appears as if words are randomly glued to things. Even scientific linguistics expressed this state of affairs with the words " no linguistics will ever answer the question of why water is called water"Meanwhile, There are no meaningless words. It’s just that their meaning is hidden from direct observation. The question, as it turned out, can be easily resolved. It is necessary to write unclear words - no matter what language - in Arabic letters and look in an explanatory Arabic dictionary.
The study revealed that the brain, like any computer, operates in special system languages that are blocked from the user for obvious reasons. However, the analysis of available language facts makes it possible to reveal system languages and, therefore, remove information from the system files of the brain. As it turns out, our subconscious uses a language pair as system languages: real Arabic and Russian languages, regardless of our ethnicity...
In the light of the revealed facts, a completely different view of the word arises. The word is the file name with all the ensuing consequences. It means that behind the word there is a program, which is implemented if the word hits its command line in the subconscious.
So that there is no doubt about the fallacy of the historical approach, I will start with an obvious neologism. The idiom to hang on your ears cannot be a legacy from some proto-language, since it appeared in the Russian language before our eyes. But it, like other Russian idioms, being written in Arabic letters: lf yshshna u-yshy: vsha:yat, means “twist, twirl, deceive by deception.”
The saying is to rip out like Sidorov's goat. If you don’t know Arabic, how will you understand that sadar kaza:” in Arabic script means “a verdict has been issued, a judge’s decision”? It turns out that there is no Sidor here. It’s just a consonance with the Arabic expression. And the literal meaning of the saying is: “rip it out like that, how the judge’s decision came out, in exact accordance with it,” that is, without leniency. The judge, that is, the judge, appointed, say, forty sticks - forty and you get it. That’s the whole point. It is clear that about the arrival of the “Sidor’s goat” in You won't find a word in the phraseological dictionary.
They say: goal is like a falcon. The question is, if the idiom actually mentions a falcon, why is it naked? He, like all birds, is covered in feathers. However, the idiom implies poverty. Also a problem. The falcon is not a bird that would vegetate in poverty. In any case, the falcon has no more grounds for laying claim to becoming the hero of phraseology than other birds.
We find the Arabic root SKL in the dictionary. It means "to peel off, peel, expose." The root GLY has a similar meaning - “to be clear, open, naked.” Russian naked is also from here. It turns out that our expression is simply a semantic repetition for emphasis. Once from the root of the goal, the second from the root of SKL. Something like a naked golem. The same as in the expression to shake. Not a falcon in it, not a blank.
An even stranger bird is the nightingale. The same one who is a robber. How did it become possible that this little singing bird, which I think was completely harmless, turned into a formidable robber, the personification of evil?
Let's start, however, with its definition, that is, with the word robber. As always, we look for the answer in Arabic roots. It turns out that our robber does not come from breaking, but from the Arabic expression ras zabba, “hairy head.” It’s from him that our heads are filled with headaches: “a reckless, desperate man.” In Arabic, zabba and zabuba are synonyms, different shapes one word expressing the idea of hairiness, and in figuratively-disobedience.
Like cheese rolls in butter - we are talking about a person living in complete prosperity. If you think about it, it doesn't make much sense. Again, this comparison of a person with cheese cannot be called either witty or successful. This is, of course, if you think about it. And if not, that's fine. A Russian person, fortunately, rarely thinks about what he says. Otherwise, all his deceased relatives in their coffins would not only turn over three times a day, but would roll around there like cheese through butter. So let's talk about cheese and butter. The Arabic phrase psy:r ko:t means “products, food have become”, but what food has become is denoted by the word amsal - “ideal”. The food has become perfect - that's what the Arabic sound equivalent of the Russian idiom is talking about.
Drunk as hell. Drunk here, presumably, in direct meaning, but the insole is unclear. Specialist philologists are of the opinion that the expression comes from the professional language of shoemakers, as if this explains something. Our philologists, by the way, are no less capable than shoemakers, otherwise they would have deciphered all Russian idioms long ago. The philologists have pulled the shoemakers here by the ears, and this becomes clear as soon as we open the dictionary at the root of STL. This, it turns out, is “getting drunk.”
Drinking is not a fool. The question is, what does stupidity or intelligence have to do with drinking issues? Here's the thing. The reader has already guessed that you need to look at the root. What is meant here is neither fool nor smart, but the Arabic expression maydurrak, which means “will not harm.” About someone who insists: a drink won’t hurt, a drink won’t hurt, translated into Arabic maidurrak, they say “it’s not a fool to drink.”
Someone who is not a fool to drink sometimes visits delirium tremens. Also a strange disease. Why on earth do we call her white? Do not look for the answer to this question in our explanatory dictionaries. You won't find it there. To understand what's going on here, you need to read the letter E in the word WHITE the way the Arabs read it. Then the disease will lose its whiteness and become cephalic, since the name head comes from the Arabic root БъЛ, and balii just means “head”, “relating to the head” or “chief”, as in porcini mushroom. The Russian people do not suffer from color blindness to call this mushroom this way by color.
Don't sit in your own sleigh. At first glance, everything here seems logical, but the beauty of the image is not worth talking about. But what caught my eye was that sani in Arabic means “second, different.” But this is a meaning that is included in the semantic structure of the proverb being analyzed: “don’t do the work of another.” I had to check the rest of the words. The root SVY means “to do, to accomplish.” Another root SDD has the same meaning, which is adapted to our verb sit down. It turns out just “don’t do the work of someone else.”
Not in the eyebrow, but in the eye. If you think about it, it’s a very unaesthetic expression. One has only to imagine how the eye leaks out. But, thank God, it's not about the eyes. We need to translate this expression into Arabic, we get ma ha:gibu 'apnu, after which we change the letter X, which has the numerical value 8, to a Russian letter with the same numerical value. This is our AND octal. It turns out the following: ma nagibu ainu, which means “just what you need.” This is the meaning of our idiom, which, of course, is not about a leaking eye.
Our expression goes around all over Europe: to kill the worm. In translation, of course. For example, the French say tuer le ver. The uniqueness of this idiom is that it is composed of Arabic and Russian parts. It’s not worms that are meant here, but, of course, the womb. Ak in Arabic means “yours”, “yours”. In the word zamorit there is only a Russian prefix. But the Arabic root is ’ammar “to replenish”, “to fill”.
Interjections. These are ahi, oikonya and similar exclamations. Known to be strong in the East family bonds. They leave their deep mark not only on the nature of relationships among relatives, especially blood relatives, but also on language. It `s naturally. In moments of excitement, who does a person remember first of all? Of course, God, parents, brothers, sisters. This is how interjections appear, filled with addresses to named persons.
In our tradition, the circle of people to whom we turn in difficult times or moments of joy has narrowed significantly. We remember only God and mother, and for some reason even that with an unkind word.
If we really look into it, it just seems to us that the circle of relatives has narrowed. It turns out that ah is “brother” in Arabic, uhti is “my sister”, yohti is “Oh, my sister!”, It would be better to translate simply “sister”.
These interjections are also used to express admiration and various shades of surprise. Hence in our language and ah!, and oh!, and oh you!, and wow! Hence the phraseological unit is not so hot, that is, one about which you cannot say yohti (Oh, my sister!). The interjection "ugh" comes from the Arabic verb tff "to spit."
As for “mat”, it should be close to the root MTT “pull”, the intensity of which (doubling the middle root) gives the verb mattat “to strongly scold” (cf. in Russian: to stretch someone out, that is, “to criticize” ).
Yoba is a root that some of us use without restraint in almost all strong expressions and precisely because they put a certain meaning into it, it actually means “Oh, my father!” Mentioning parents together (yoba and mother) in one expression has turned into a blasphemous curse, which should make normal people's faces turn pale and clench their fists in righteous anger.
Now about specific obscene expressions. Like all idioms, they must be written in Arabic letters. For example, -hi:di na:hiyya in Arabic means “step aside.”
The word scold, like any word of any language, has a correspondence in Arabic roots, and only by comparison with them can the logic of the word (any) and its origin be understood. The same goes for scolding. The corresponding Arabic root РГъ means “to return.” Many Arabic roots that have this meaning also have the meaning of “repent,” that is, “return to the true path.” (With) from the book Vashkevich " System languages brain", to be continued.
Introduction
Throughout his history, man has tried to know himself, to know the world around him, to understand how he appeared on this planet and how the numerous languages that modern humanity uses today appeared on Earth. The world's leading philologists put forward various versions of the origin of languages, trying to understand the patterns of the transformations that occur in them, and to find out why certain objects, phenomena and concepts received the names that we use today. Hundreds and thousands of dictionaries have appeared in our world, including etymological ones, in which the origin of various words is analyzed. Such works help to understand many processes that took place before and are happening now not only in the field of linguistics, but also in the development of all mankind. We will try to look at the problems of language development through the development of their grammatical categories and choose two languages for study: Russian and Arabic. A comparison of these two languages is also of some interest because they belong to different macro-families: Russian belongs to the Indo-European languages, and Arabic belongs to the Afroasiatic languages, which until recently were called the group of Semitic-Hamitic languages. It is known that the further two languages are separated from each other according to a known classification, the less similarities we will find between them in the lexical composition and grammatical structure. Analysis current state of these two languages, available in official science, confirms this pattern, both at the level of vocabulary and at the level of grammatical tradition. In this article we will analyze the state of some grammatical categories of these two languages not only at this stage, but also in the process of their development. A significant difference between the Russian and Arabic languages begins already at the stage of identifying parts of speech. In the Russian language, there are usually ten parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, particles and interjections. In addition, participles and gerunds are sometimes distinguished as independent parts of speech, and in this case the number of parts of speech reaches twelve. And if we take into account some other candidates for the role of parts of speech, then their number in the Russian language will exceed two dozen. It should be noted that there is also a reverse trend aimed at reducing the number of parts of speech. Such grammarians as Potebnya A.A., Fortunatov F.F., Peshkovsky A.M. denied the presence of numerals and pronouns grammatical features, allowing them to be identified as independent parts of speech. In this case, the number of parts of speech will be reduced to eight. And if you analyze the proposals of such researchers as J. Vandries, prof. Kudryavsky, prof. Kurilovich, acad. Fortunatov, then the number of parts of speech will be reduced to three (noun, adjective and verb), and if you combine a noun with an adjective into one part of speech “name”, which J. Vandries suggests doing, then only two parts of speech will remain: name and verb. Against this background, the stability of identifying parts of speech in Arabic is striking. There were always three of them: name, verb, particles. And there are currently no proposals to increase or decrease this list. And the most optimal proposals for highlighting parts of speech in Russian are very close to what has long existed in Arabic. Relevance course work is determined by an integrated approach to the study of the category of case as a sign that has formal and semantic aspects . Thus, the chosen topic of the dissertation research is covered not only from the standpoint of comparative linguistics and typology, but also from the standpoint of general linguistics, which allows us to see the comparison of material means and ways of expressing certain meanings that take place in two different languages. Purpose of the work: to describe the features of the case system of the Russian language, to identify the specifics of ways of presenting this grammatical material. The goal determined the following tasks: 1) Study the meaning and use of cases in the Russian language 2) consider the case system of the Arabic Arabic language 3) analyze the features of the design of the category of case in the Arabic and Russian languages 4) identify the common and different in the marking of cases in both languages. The object of the study is the functions and meanings of cases in Arabic and Russian languages. The subject of the course work is the case system of Arabic and Russian languages. Methodological basis of the study. In the course of writing the course work, the literary sources of the following authors were used: Krachkovsky I.Yu., Filshtinsky I.M., Shaikhullin T.A. The main research methods in this work are the analysis method, the comparative method, and the comparative historical method. The main research methods in this work are the comparative method and the method of contrastive analysis. The practical significance of the course work lies in the description and analysis of the concept of “case”, identifying the features of the presentation of the case system of the Russian and Arabic languages. The novelty of the work lies in the following: - Confirmation of the presence of a case category in the Arabic language, and clarification of this concept, considering the Arab name as the equivalent of this category. - The originality of the teachings of Nahw in the grammar of the Arabic language is emphasized. - The differences in linguistic facts of the languages being compared are systematized, which helps to establish the causes of these differences. The theoretical significance of the work lies in determining the typologically significant properties of case as a grammatical phenomenon in general. There will also be a systematic comparison of the categories of case in the Russian and Arabic languages. Practical significance. The work systematically shows the similarities and differences in the ways of expressing case forms in the Russian and Arabic languages. The results of the study may be useful for simultaneous translation and for teachers of Arabic in Russian audiences and Russian in Arabic. The structure of this course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references, consisting of 21 sources.
INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER I. CATEGORY OF NOUN CASE. 7 1.1.meaning and use of cases in the Russian language. 7 1.2. The meaning and use of cases in the Arabic language 15 CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER I 20 CHAPTER II COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CASES IN THE RUSSIAN AND ARABIC LANGUAGES 21 2.1. Russian and Arabic cases: typological similarities and differences 21 2.2. Noun in Russian and Arabic 26 CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER II 29 CONCLUSION 30 REFERENCES USED: 32
Bibliography
1. Bernikov. O.A. Arabic grammar in tables and diagrams / O.A. Bernikov. – M.: Russian language, 2008. – 144 p. 2. Bolotov. V.N. Arabic language. Handbook of grammar / V.N. Bolotov. – M.: Living Language, 2009. – 224 p. 3. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of words). Ed. G.A. Zolotova. / V.V. Vinogradov. – 4th edition. – M.: Russian language, 2001. – 720 p. 4. Grande B.M. Course of Arabic grammar in comparative historical light. / B.M.Grande. – 2nd edition. – M.: Eastern Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2001. – 592 p. 5. Gurevich. G.F. “Russian speech” 6th grade, 2011. - 272 p. 6. Jamil. Ya.Yu. Literary Arabic / Ya.Yu. Jamil. – M.: Living Language, 2006. - 80 p. 7. Zakirov. R.R., T.A. Shaykhullin, A. Omri. Arabic language textbook. Part II (intermediate level). – Kazan: RII – KIU, 2014. – 186 p. 8. Zaripov. I. We study the Koran word by word. Lexical interpretation and translation. 30th part of the Koran. – St. Petersburg: “DILYA Publishing House”, 2011. – 288 p. 9. Ibragimov. I.D. Arabic / I.D. Ibragimov. – St. Petersburg: AST, 2007. – 256 p. 10. KamalNazhibAbdurakhman Semantics of cases in Russian and Arabic // RYAZR, 1988, No. 1. - With. 90. 11. Kovalev A.A., Sharbatov G.Sh. Textbook of the Arabic language // A.A.Kovalev, G.Sh.Sharbatov. – 3rd ed., rev. and additional – M.: Vost.lit., 2002. – 751 p. 12. Kovalev. A.A., Sharbatov. G.Sh. Arabic language textbook. / A.A. Kovaleva., G.Sh. Sharbatov. Eastern literature 1999. – 752 p. 13. Odintsov.V.V. “Linguistic paradoxes” Moscow, 1988. - 172 p. 14. Ozhegov S.I. “Dictionary of the Russian language”, 1985. – 846 p. 15. Prokosh. E. “Comparative grammar of Germanic languages”, M. 1954. - 408 p. 16. Rosenthal D. E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. A manual for teachers. - 3rd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Education, 1985. - 399 p. 17. Rosenthal.D. E. “Dictionary – reference book of linguistic terms”, M.: 1985. - 360 p. 18. Rybalkin V.S. Arabic linguistic tradition: Origins, creators, concepts. – K.: Phoenix, 2000. – 358 p. 19. Frolova, O.B. We speak Arabic: Textbook / O.B. Frolova. – M.: Philology, 2002. – 286 p. 20. Chagal V.E. and others. Textbook of Arabic / V.E. Chagall; edited by V.L. Ushakova. – M.: Voenizdat, 1983. – 784 p. 21. Shvedova N.Yu. “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language”, M.: 1970. - 600 p.
Excerpt from work
CHAPTER I. CATEGORY OF NOUN CASE. 1.1.meaning and use of cases in Russian. The case category is grammatical category a noun, expressing the relationship of the object it denotes to other objects, actions, characteristics. Nouns are characterized by variability not only in numbers. The noun changes depending on what words it is combined with. For example: This book interested me; read a book; book reading; enjoy the book; admire the book; talk about the book. Such modifications of nouns are usually called cases or case forms, and such an inflection itself is a declension. Case forms are distinguished by inflections (endings) of nouns, expressing, simultaneously with case meanings, numerical meanings (singular or plural). For example, inflection – “u” in the word form book expresses the meaning of the accusative case and the singular, and inflection – “ami” in the word form books expresses the meaning of the instrumental case and plural. The difference in inflections expressing the same case meanings is associated in the singular forms with the difference in the types of declension, so the dative case of the singular is expressed in words like table - inflection - “u”, in words like book - inflection - “e”, and for words like autumn - inflection - “and”. For example, table-y, sister-y and autumn-y. Not a single type of noun declension is characterized by different inflections in all six cases. Thus, for nouns of the 1st declension (such as table, brother), the inflection of the accusative case coincides with the inflection nominative case(y inanimate nouns) or genitive case (for animate); the same applies to nouns of all types of declension in plural forms. Nouns of the 2nd declension have a special inflection of the accusative case, but the inflection of the dative and prepositional cases coincides (inflection -e in both). Nouns of the 3rd declension have the same inflections of the nominative and accusative cases, as well as genitive, dative, and prepositional cases (in all 3 inflections - and). However, in different types the declinations coincide with the inflections of different cases; This is why nouns generally have six cases, rather than five or three.
Arabic Language Day has been celebrated since 2010. Then the day before International Day native language, the UN Department of Public Affairs proposed establishing its own holiday for each of the six official languages organizations. It is expected that this initiative will serve to strengthen intercultural dialogue and develop a multilingual world. The date chosen for Arabic Language Day in the international calendar is December 18th. On this day in 1973, the UN General Assembly included Arabic among the official and working languages of the United Nations. Source: Calend.ru
The hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), transmitted from Ibn Abbas, says: “Love the Arabs for three reasons: because I am an Arab, the Koran was revealed in Arabic, and the speech of the inhabitants of Paradise is also in Arabic.” Another hadith, narrated from Anas, says: “Showing love for the tribe of Quraish is from iman (faith), but showing hatred towards them is disbelief (kufr). He who loves the Arabs truly loves me, and he who does not love the Arabs does not love me either.” According to these hadiths, a person should not only love the Arabs, but also learn their language. Having studied Arabic, a person can not only communicate, he also has unique opportunity read the Koran correctly, the manuscripts of our former scientists, understand the underlying meaning.
Mikhail Suvorov, Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Arabic Philology, Faculty of Oriental Studies at St. Petersburg State University, talks especially for Islam.ru about the Arabic language and its significance.
Mikhail Nikolaevich, we are very glad to see you in the editorial office of the Islam.ru website. I would like to talk with you about such a topic as the importance of the Arabic language for Russia, in particular. If you ask any Muslim what Arabic means to him, he will say that it is the language of the Koran, the language spoken by the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him). What can you say about the Arabic language?
Arabic is my profession, so it would be strange not to love this language. Naturally, this is a language that I love very much, which has accompanied me since childhood, because as a child I lived with my parents in Yemen, which is probably why I chose the specialty of Orientalist-Arabist. For me personally, the Arabic language is everything. This language is also very important for Russia, where a huge number of Muslims live, and for them Arabic is the language of the Koran, the language of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), accordingly, a real Muslim should strive to learn the Arabic language, at least to some extent. In addition, it must be said that Russia has always maintained contacts with various Arab countries, so the Arabic language was necessary for translators, for specialists who work in Arab countries. And although these ties died down to some extent in the 90s, they now continue to develop again. Therefore, Arabic is of interest not only to Muslims.
In your opinion, what percentage of people in Russia know Arabic?
I think not so much. This is due to the fact that before perestroika (in Soviet time) in fact, in the USSR there were 5 or 6 educational institutions where Arabic was taught: these were St. Petersburg University, Moscow University, Baku, Tashkent and, probably, Alma-Ata. That is, there were few places where Arabic was taught. I don’t know if the language was taught in mosques in those days, I have no doubt that not, so there are not many people who know Arabic. But after perestroika, many Islamic educational institutions and not only Islamic ones appeared, i.e., the Arabic language began to be introduced into the curriculum in other secular universities, where it had not existed before. Therefore, the number of people who know him is now, of course, much larger.
It should be noted that the level of knowledge of the Arabic language in the USSR was high. Everyone knows Baranov's Arabic-Russian dictionary, which is used by a huge number of people. As I know, our modern orientalists-Arabists have an excellent command of the Arabic language, even the Arabs are surprised.
Despite the fact that there were not many educational institutions where people trained in Arabic, the level of training in them was very high. Now appeared big number institutions where Arabic is taught, and I think that the level in them is also generally good.
Especially in Dagestan, in universities where Arabic is taught, many teachers know the language very well, they have extensive speaking and reading practice, they are excellent experts in the Arabic language.
What doors open to a person who knows Arabic? What does this give?
I would say that there are two directions for further work with the Arabic language. Firstly, this is work in Arab countries as a translator, specialist, in the diplomatic corps. The language is becoming popular and you can become a teacher of Arabic, that is, with knowledge of the Arabic language you will not be left without a piece of bread. I am quite pleased that I chose this profession, because back then it was not so popular. People knew little about the Arabs, and in particular not much was known about Muslim culture. Now Muslim culture in Russia is being revived, and the Arabic language is needed everywhere. I consider myself very lucky with my choice of language.
People, studying Arabic in Russia from classical books, master literary Arabic, and when they travel to Arab countries, they are faced with the problem of Arabs not understanding the language in which our compatriots are trying to communicate with them. Our classical language is a little incomprehensible for Arabs. They wonder how our people know such a language.
This is very interest Ask, of course, but it always stood. We teach in all educational institutions literary Arabic, but sometimes we add a dialect course to this. For example, in our faculty (among Arabists) the Egyptian dialect is taught, because the Egyptian dialect is the most famous at present, since the Egyptians graduate a large number of film and television products, as this is in demand in all Arab countries. In Arab countries, they know the Egyptian dialect best because they watch Egyptian programs.
The problem, of course, is for the translator who, having learned the literary language, ends up in the Arabic East. When he speaks, everyone understands him. Once upon a time the literary language was for ordinary people Arabs with an alien language, because they only knew the dialect. Since all media are in literary language, now the most common person understands the literary language. Another thing is that it is difficult for a Russian specialist, for example, to understand this dialect. But this is a matter of habit. Within a short time a person begins to understand it too.
Is it difficult for a Russian person to get used to letters and sounds that do not exist in the Russian language? Are they difficult to pronounce?
I would say that this is the minimum problem you might encounter when learning Arabic. When a person begins to learn Arabic, within a month he goes through the alphabet and an experienced teacher, as they say, “puts these letters” on him, that is, helps him learn to pronounce them correctly. They're not so crazy, these sounds. Maybe the most difficult sound is 'ain, the guttural sound, but nevertheless, I don't know that anyone has problems.
As a specialist, what do you tell the ordinary Russian person, how long will it take to normally learn to speak, read, and write in Arabic?
This is a difficult question. It depends on how regularly a person exercises.
How difficult is Arabic to learn? Is English easier to learn or Arabic?
This is perhaps a difficult question, because if, for example, a person knows English language, studied at school, and then he chooses French or Arabic, but French is easier to master, since it is closer to English. But if you consider that a person does not have any linguistic base, he only knows Russian, and the choice is to study English or Arabic, then I would not say that Arabic is more difficult than English. For example, many things in Arabic are easier than in English: for example, in Arabic it is both pronounced and written, but in English we pronounce a word, but we still have to know how to spell it. There are no complex tense structures in Arabic. In many ways, Arabic is even simpler, I would say.
In the republics of the North Caucasus there were problems with teaching Arabic in schools. Should you be wary of the Arabic language? Is this language dangerous enough to be banned from public schools?
Well, of course not. Because the socio-political problems that we can observe in these republics have nothing to do with the Arabic language. This is not a language problem. If a person knew Arabic, he himself would be able to better familiarize himself and understand what they are lying to him about. Knowing an additional language brings only benefits to a person; it is unlikely to cause harm. I don’t even understand why they don’t allow teaching Arabic in schools. It can be assumed that this is not some kind of political problem maybe it has something to do with curriculum. It's hard for me to judge this.
It seems to me that the level of knowledge not only of Arabic, but of foreign languages in general in Russia is slightly lower than the global average. It often happens that a child studies at school for 11 years, of which he studies English for 7-8 years, still goes to university, etc., but the level is low. You couldn't encourage schoolchildren and students to study more foreign languages, and tell them what opportunities knowledge of a particular language opens up for them.
To be honest, it seems to me that there is no need to even call, since this is already obvious to everyone. Previously a problem was that the children learned English, but there was actually no benefit to them from it. Because travel abroad was closed, there were practically no English-speaking people inside the country. The same can be said about the Arabic language. Now the world has changed. We travel to other countries, do business with them, and engage in some educational and cultural projects. That's why modern man Without knowledge of a foreign language, he is unlikely to be able to make a successful career. English, since it has become a world language, and Arabic have become very important for Muslim regions.
Live topic #33. "The ABC of the Ancestors"
Broadcast of REN TV from 03/11/2013
Unique archaeological finds in the Kemerovo region lead to the idea that there once existed a developed civilization that gave rise to Slavic tribes and Russian language.
Nikolai Vashkevich will talk about the connection between Russian and Arabic, as well as the code of the universe.
1969, village of Rzhavchik (Tisulsky district, Kemerovo region). A coffin made of marble, 3 m long, filled with clear liquid was found. It contains a perfectly preserved woman with blond hair and blue eyes. Age - 800 million years! There is unknown writing on the lid.
When the KGB took away the sarcophagus, misfortunes rained down on the village one after another. And the one who found the sarcophagus died. There was only one witness left, geologist Vladimir Podreshetnikov. He says that there were other burials besides the princess. In the summer of 1973, he said, troops were deployed to this area. This is confirmed by KGB archival sources (according to Valery Malevany). The cordon consisted of 3 layers of fencing. There was a lake on the island, in the middle of which two graves were dug, which were 200 million years old!
1975 in the Chelyabinsk region
Arkaim (city of the bear Veles from Old Church Slavonic)
City of the turn of the 3rd-2nd millennium BC. e., an ancient fortified structure. Found melting furnaces, blowing systems.
Did you get time in this city?
The Hyperborean language had a huge influence on the formation of the Proto-Slavic language, including Russian. Perhaps Hyperborean was a single language for all humanity. This language gave rise to many languages of Europe, India, Pakistan,... Many linguists believe that all people are able to understand each other, regardless of nationality and place of residence.
Mirroring of Russian and Arabic languages
magpie-thief, in Arabic saraka means to steal
Nikolai Vashkevich: Russian and Arabic have many of the same roots. Lefty needs to be read backwards, we get ashwal in Arabic.
Language is the system code of the universe. The core of the code is a pair of Russian and Arabic languages. The whole world is subject to this binary core. This discovery complements periodic law Mendeleev.
All Russian words and expressions of unknown origin can be easily explained using Arabic consonant words. And vice versa - Arabic concepts, even Islamic terms, take on meaning through the Russian language and spin their home.
For example: Caterpillar. Goosen is a twig in Arabic. And if you read it the other way around - nesug - then this is a spinner. And in explanatory dictionary It is said that a caterpillar is a worm that lives on a branch and spins.
Icon of Sergei of Radonezh with his life. Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy fights the Temnik army of the Golden Horde Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo. Wars on both sides in identical clothes! On the flag of the Moscow army the Arabic word dil (law). Coins of that period have Cyrillic script on one side and Arabic script on the other.
Russian and Arabic languages are close not only in form, but also in content. A shark means voracious, a ram means innocent, and a lark means flapping its wings without flying. These are not loan words because Arabic does not have them.
In Russian it is pletenka, and in Hebrew it is challah. To untwist in Arabic is challah.
The Lord gave two tablets with the 10 commandments on Mount Sinai. Perhaps the text on one tablet was in Arabic, and on the other - in Old Slavic. In Arabic, “two languages” and “two tablets” sound almost the same.
Moses himself engraved the 10 commandments on the tablets. Did God give them to him or did he want to teach a lesson to those who worshiped the golden calf.
The Jews do not have 10 commandments, but 613. If we add the numbers to 613, we get 10.
It is generally accepted that the original text of the Old Testament was written in Hebrew. And only centuries later it was translated into Greek, Kurdish and Slavic. But why then are certain fragments of the covenant written in Aramaic? Perhaps it was originally written in Aramaic?
The Bible says that on the birthday of Jesus Christ, the wise men Melchior, Belshazzar and Gaspar from the east came to Bethlehem and gave Jesus generous gifts. In the north-east of the Ryazan region there was a country called Artania (Arsania), which was ruled by three brothers, three kings, three wise men Kasym, Kadam and Ermus.
At the dawn of the new era, wise men who predicted the future by the movement of celestial bodies were called wise men. And the birth of Jesus was preceded by the fall of a star, which indicated where the royal baby was. If the star is mistaken for a comet, then you can find that it was clearly visible from Eurasia. Therefore, the Magi who came may well be Proto-Slavs.
Jerusalem. Hiero is sacred, Salim is the sun. Since the sound is Indo-European, we can assume that the city was the same. It turns out that this territory was inhabited by Aryans.
External similarity. The people of northern Afghanistan are the Kalash. They are very similar to Russian peasant culture of the 18th-19th centuries and more ancient times. We see pigtails Blue eyes, characteristic embroidery.
Slavic writing is runic. On its basis the Cyrillic alphabet was created. Classic futhark runic system ( Western Europe) is different.
Sergey Alekseev: Runes are the most ancient writing. There was a fairly wide period of such writing during the period.
Therefore, it was the descendants of the Aryans - the Slavs - who were the bearers of runic writing.
Sergey Alekseev: Poem of Apollonius of Rhodes "Argonautica". Jason's Journey for the Golden Fleece. Only in Russian is mutton or sheep skin called fleece. Fleece and runes are words with the same root. Jason came to the Black Sea to steal writing that was not in Ancient Greece, but it was among the proto-Slavic peoples inhabiting the Black Sea region. If you put together the names of the members of Jason's team, you will find an alphabet.
There was something similar to the Golden Fleece in Persian culture. The sacred scripture Avesta is written in gold on stretched bull skins. But it was burned by Alexander the Great.
It can be assumed that the Golden Fleece is the Scythian analogue of the Persian Avesta.
Sergey Alekseev: If you look at the parchment from afar, then due to the dense writing between the spaces between the words, it could be mistaken for a golden skin (wool).
At the time of the Argonauts, all Indo-European peoples spoke one of three languages: Persians, Proto-Slavs (Scythians, Sarmatians), Hindi. All other languages were formed from these.
Andrey Vasilchenko: One Indian researcher arrived in a remote Vologda village. At the same time, he was very surprised that, without knowing the Russian language, he understood what people were talking about. Those. the similarities remain despite the passing of millennia!
Cyril and Methodius invented the alphabet in 863 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III, as history books say.
Oleg Fomin: The Life of Cyril and Methodius says that while in Korsun (Chersonese) Saint Constantine (real name of Cyril) found the Gospel and Psalter written in Syrian script, which in some sources is called Russian. He was taught these letters. Then he supplemented the alphabet with Greek symbols such as psi, izhitsa,... Slavic alphabet lost 5 letters as unnecessary, leaving 44 letters instead of 49.
The Sirian language (aka Russian, Suryansky, Sursky) is a language that existed on the territory of the country of Sirika. On this territory lived peoples close to what the Russians later became.
The Cyrillic alphabet was created on the basis of the lines and cuts that ancient Russian tribes used to write. It was precisely runic writing.
Andrey Vasilchenko: Many runic symbols have been preserved in the Cyrillic alphabet, which is not the case in the Latin alphabet.
Yaroslav the Wise, Peter the Great, Nicholas the Second, Lenin and Lunacharsky shortened the alphabet even more than Cyril and Methodius.
Father Diy: The language has become ugly, people no longer understand what they are writing, where this or that word comes from.
Sergey Alekseev: Veles’s book is a list from an older source. The author translated/adapted it to the language of the 13th-14th, maximum 15th century.
All signs on the tablet of the Book of Veles are inscribed with cuts. Therefore, a person who lived in pagan Rus' was unlikely to understand the meaning of these symbols. It is possible that this is a remake.
Herman Wirth put forward a theory according to which in ancient times in the north there was the continent of Arctogea, which was inhabited by superhuman Hyperboreans. They founded a monotheistic proto-religion and proto-language. He suggested that migration took place in several directions: to the territory North America and Eurasia.
Wirth told Hitler that the settlement of the ancient Aryans should be looked for in the Murmansk region. This is what could have caused the attack on the USSR. It was the caches on the territory of present-day Russia that could contain the main treasure of humanity.
Wirth died, leaving behind dozens of books on vanished civilizations. But his most interesting materials are still classified.
Valery Chudinov: In Egyptian tombs there are also only Russian inscriptions. Moreover, all the mummies of the pharaohs are signed in Russian; there is not a single Egyptian, hieroglyphic, hieratic, or dimatic sign.
In the palaces of Chinese emperors and at excavations ancient buildings Russian writings are also found in Europe.
Oleg Fomin: The German city of Bradenburg is the Russian Branebor, Schwerin is Zwerin. Berlin is also Russian name, comes from a den.
Andrey Vasilchenko: Russian is an adjective for the fact that this is a great unification of peoples.
Oleg Fomin: Those who have lost the memory of their origins, the easier it is to manage.
p.s. For some reason, this program does not mention the Voynich manuscript, which, according to some, was written in the language in which Adam and God still communicated. Just keep in mind that the Voynich Manuscript is not a positive document at all.
From the program "Vanga. Continuation" of the series "We Never Dreamed of"
American linguist Adam Lipsius managed to decipher part of the Voynich manuscript, one of the most mysterious manuscripts of the 15th century, and the fact of the existence of a certain Supreme Magician of the Earth was revealed to the public. This creature in human form is not only able to foresee the future, but can also communicate with demons and other entities, because this is the deputy of Satan himself!