British colonists at the end of the 19th century began to seize African lands inhabited by black aborigines, who were very different low level development. But the locals were not going to give up - in 1896, when agents of the British South Africa Company tried to annex the territories of modern Zimbabwe, the aborigines decided to confront their opponents. Thus began the First Chimurenga - this term refers to all clashes between races in this territory (there were three in total).
The first Chimurenga is the most short war in the history of mankind, at least those known. Despite the active resistance and spirit of the African inhabitants, the war quickly ended with a clear and crushing victory for the British. The military power of one of the most powerful nations in the world and a poor, backward African tribe cannot even be compared: as a result, the war lasted 38 minutes. The English army escaped casualties, and among the Zanzibar rebels there were 570 killed. This fact was later recorded in the Guinness World Records.
The longest war
The famous Hundred Years' War is considered the longest in history. It lasted not a hundred years, but more - from 1337 to 1453, but with interruptions. To be more precise, this is a chain of several conflicts between which lasting peace was not established, so they dragged out into a long war.
The Hundred Years' War was fought between England and France: allies helped the countries on both sides. The first conflict arose in 1337 and is known as the Edwardian War: King Edward III, grandson of the French ruler Philip the Fair, decided to lay claim to the French throne. The confrontation lasted until 1360, and nine years later it broke out new war- Carolingian. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Hundred Years' War continued with the Lancastrian conflict and the fourth, final stage, which ended in 1453.
The exhausting confrontation led to the fact that by the middle of the 15th century only one third remained of the population of France. And England lost its possessions on the European continent - it only had Calais left. Civil strife began in the royal court, which led to anarchy. There was almost nothing left from the treasury: all the money went to support the war.
But the war had a great influence on military affairs: in one century there were many new types of weapons, standing armies appeared, firearms.
Changes in dominant states are a common occurrence in modern history. Over the past few centuries, the palm of world championship has passed from one leader to another more than once.
History of the last superpowers
In the 19th century, the undisputed world leader was the “mistress of the seas” Britain. But already from the beginning of the 20th century, the role passed to the United States. After the war, the world became bipolar, when the United States could become a serious military and political counterbalance. Soviet Union.
With the collapse of the USSR, the role of the leading state was temporarily occupied by the United States. But the United States did not remain as sole leaders for long. By the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union was able to become a full-fledged economic and political union, equal to, and in many ways superior to, the potential of the United States.
Potential world leaders
But other shadow leaders did not waste time during this period. Over the past 20-30 years, Japan, which has the third largest budget in the world, has strengthened its potential. Russia, having begun the fight against corruption and accelerating the process of modernization of the military complex, claims to return to a leading position in the world in the next 50 years. Brazil and India, with their colossal human resources, can also, in the near future, aim to become world leaders. Don't discount it Arab countries, which in last years not only get rich from oil, but also skillfully invest their earnings in the development of their states.
Another potential leader that is often forgotten to be mentioned is Türkiye. This country already has experience of world domination when Ottoman Empire several centuries for almost half the world. Now the Turks are investing wisely in both new technologies and economic development their country and are actively developing the military-industrial complex.
The Next World Leader
It's too late to deny the fact that the next world leader is China. Some last decades China is the fastest growing. During the current global financial crisis, it was this rapidly developing and overpopulated country that was the first to show signs of recovery of the entire economy.
Just thirty years ago, a billion people in China lived below the poverty line. And by 2020, experts predict that China’s share of global GDP will be 23 percent, while the US share will be only 18 percent.
Over the past thirty years, the Celestial Empire has managed to increase its economic potential fifteen times. And increase your turnover twenty times.
The pace of development in China is simply amazing. In recent years, the Chinese have built 60 thousand kilometers of expressways, second only to the United States in terms of their total length. There is no doubt that China will soon surpass the United States in this indicator. The speed of development of the automobile industry is an unattainable value for all world states. If just a few years ago Chinese cars were openly mocked because of their low quality, then in 2011 China became the world's largest manufacturer and consumer of cars, overtaking the United States in this indicator.
Since 2012, the Celestial Empire has become the world leader in product supplies information technologies, leaving behind the US and the EU.
In the next few decades, we cannot expect a slowdown in the growth of the economic, military and scientific potential of the Celestial Empire. Therefore, there is very little time left before China becomes the most powerful state in the world.
Video on the topic
The Hundred Years' War is a long-running set of military conflicts between medieval England and France, the cause of which was England's desire to return a number of territories on the European continent that once belonged to English monarchs.
The English kings were also related to the French Capetian dynasty, which served to advance their claims to the French throne. Despite the successes in the initial stage of the war, England lost the war, capturing only one possession - the port of Calais, which the English crown was able to hold only until 1559.
How long did the Hundred Years' War last?
The Hundred Years' War lasted almost 116 years, from 1337. until 1453, and represented four large-scale conflicts.
- The Edwardian War, which lasted from 1337 to 1360,
- Carolingian War - 1369 - 1389,
- Lancastrian War - 1415-1429,
- The fourth final conflict - 1429-1453.
Main battles
The first stage of the Hundred Years' War consisted of the struggle between the conflicting parties for the right to own Flanders. After the victorious Slaysky for the English troops sea battle in 1340, the port of Calais was captured, which led to complete English supremacy at sea. Since 1347 until 1355 Fighting ceased due to the bubonic plague pandemic, which killed millions of Europeans.
After the first wave of the plague, England, unlike France, was able to restore its economy in a fairly short time, which contributed to it launching a new attack on the western possessions of France, Guienne and Gascony. In 1356 At the Battle of Poitiers, the French military forces were again defeated. The devastation after the plague and hostilities, as well as excessive taxation by England, caused the French uprising, which went down in history as the Paris Uprising.
Charles's reorganization of the French army, England's war on the Iberian Peninsula, the death of King Edward III of England and his son, who led the English army, allowed France to take revenge in the subsequent stages of the war. In 1388, the heir of King Edward III, Richard II, was involved in a military conflict with Scotland, as a result of which the English troops were completely defeated at the Battle of Otternbourne. Due to the lack of resources to conduct further military operations, both sides again agreed on a truce in 1396.
England's defeat after conquering a third of France
During the reign of the French king Charles VI, the English side, taking advantage of the dementia of the French monarch, in the shortest possible time was able to capture virtually a third of the territory of France and was able to achieve the actual unification of France and England under the English crown.
The turning point in military operations came in 1420, after the French army was led by the legendary Joan of Arc.
Under her leadership, the French were able to recapture Orleans from the British. Even after her execution in 1431, the French army, inspired by the victory, was able to successfully complete military operations, regaining all of its historical territories. The surrender of English troops at the Battle of Bordeaux in 1453 marked the end of the Hundred Years' War.
The Hundred Years' War is considered the longest in human history. As a result, the treasuries of the two states were emptied, internal strife and conflicts began: this is how the confrontation between the two dynasties of Lancaster and York began in England, which would eventually be called the War of the Red and White Roses.
In the history of mankind there have been wars that lasted more than a century. Maps were redrawn, political interests were defended, people died. We remember the most protracted military conflicts.
Punic War (118 years)
By the middle of the 3rd century BC. The Romans almost completely subjugated Italy, set their sights on the entire Mediterranean and wanted Sicily first. But the mighty Carthage also laid claim to this rich island. Their claims unleashed 3 wars that lasted (with interruptions) from 264 to 146. BC. and received their name from the Latin name of the Phoenicians-Carthaginians (Punians).
The first (264-241) is 23 years old (it started because of Sicily). The second (218-201) - 17 years (after the capture of the Spanish city of Sagunta by Hannibal). The last one (149-146) – 3 years. It was then that the famous phrase “Carthage must be destroyed!” was born.
Pure military action took 43 years. The conflict totals 118 years.
Results: Besieged Carthage fell. Rome won.
Hundred Years' War (116 years)
It went in 4 stages. With pauses for truces (the longest - 10 years) and the fight against plague (1348) from 1337 to 1453.
Opponents: England and France.
Reasons: France wanted to oust England from the southwestern lands of Aquitaine and complete the unification of the country. England - to strengthen influence in the province of Guienne and regain those lost under John the Landless - Normandy, Maine, Anjou.
Complication: Flanders - formally was under the auspices of the French crown, in fact it was free, but depended on English wool for clothmaking.
Reason: the claims of the English king Edward III of the Plantagenet-Angevin dynasty (maternal grandson of the French king Philip IV the Fair of the Capetian family) to the Gallic throne.
Allies: England - German feudal lords and Flanders. France - Scotland and the Pope.
Army: English - mercenary. Under the command of the king. The basis is infantry (archers) and knightly units. French - knightly militia, under the leadership of royal vassals.
Turning point: after the execution of Joan of Arc in 1431 and the Battle of Normandy, the national liberation war of the French people began with the tactics of guerrilla raids.
Results: On October 19, 1453, the English army capitulated in Bordeaux. Having lost everything on the continent except the port of Calais (remained English for another 100 years). France switched to a regular army, abandoned knightly cavalry, gave preference to infantry, and the first firearms appeared.
Greco-Persian War (50 years)
Collectively - wars. They dragged on with calm from 499 to 449. BC. They are divided into two (the first - 492-490, the second - 480-479) or three (the first - 492, the second - 490, the third - 480-479 (449). For the Greek city-states - battles for independence. For the Achaeminid Empire - aggressive.
Trigger: Ionian Revolt. The battle of the Spartans at Thermopylae has become legendary. The Battle of Salamis was a turning point. “Kalliev Mir” put an end to it.
Results: Persia lost the Aegean Sea, the coasts of the Hellespont and the Bosphorus. Recognized the freedoms of the cities of Asia Minor. The civilization of the ancient Greeks entered a time of greatest prosperity, establishing a culture that, thousands of years later, the world looked up to.
War of the Roses (33 years)
Confrontation English nobility- supporters of two generic branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster and York. Lasted from 1455 to 1485.
Prerequisites: “bastard feudalism” is the privilege of the English nobility to buy off military service from the lord, in whose hands large funds were concentrated, with which he paid for an army of mercenaries, which became more powerful than the royal one.
Reason: the defeat of England in the Hundred Years' War, the impoverishment of the feudal lords, their rejection of the political course of the wife of the feeble-minded King Henry IV, hatred of her favorites.
Opposition: Duke Richard of York - considered the Lancastrian right to rule illegitimate, became regent under an incompetent monarch, became king in 1483, was killed at the Battle of Bosworth.
Results: It upset the balance of political forces in Europe. Led to the collapse of the Plantagenets. She placed the Welsh Tudors on the throne, who ruled England for 117 years. Cost the lives of hundreds of English aristocrats.
Thirty Years' War (30 years)
The first military conflict on a pan-European scale. Lasted from 1618 to 1648.
Opponents: two coalitions. The first is the union of the Holy Roman Empire (in fact, the Austrian Empire) with Spain and the Catholic principalities of Germany. The second is the German states, where power was in the hands of Protestant princes. They were supported by the armies of reformist Sweden and Denmark and Catholic France.
Reason: The Catholic League was afraid of the spread of the ideas of the Reformation in Europe, the Protestant Evangelical Union strived for this.
Trigger: Czech Protestant uprising against Austrian rule.
Results: The population of Germany has decreased by a third. The French army lost 80 thousand. Austria and Spain - more than 120.
After the Peace Treaty of Munster in 1648, a new independent state - the Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (Holland) - was finally established on the map of Europe.
Peloponnesian War (27 years)
There are two of them. The first is the Lesser Peloponnesian (460-445 BC). The second (431-404 BC) is the largest in the history of Ancient Hellas after the first Persian invasion of the territory of Balkan Greece. (492-490 BC).
Opponents: Peloponnesian League led by Sparta and First Marine (Delian) under the auspices of Athens.
Reasons: The desire for hegemony in the Greek world of Athens and the rejection of their claims by Sparta and Corinthus.
Controversies: Athens was ruled by an oligarchy. Sparta is a military aristocracy. Ethnically, the Athenians were Ionians, the Spartans were Dorians.
In the second, 2 periods are distinguished. The first is "Archidam's War". The Spartans made land invasions of Attica. Athenians - sea raids on the Peloponnesian coast. Ended in 421 with the signing of the Treaty of Nikiaev. 6 years later it was violated by the Athenian side, which was defeated in the Battle of Syracuse. The final phase went down in history under the name Dekelei or Ionian. With the support of Persia, Sparta built a fleet and destroyed the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami.
Results: After imprisonment in April 404 BC. Feramenov's world Athens lost the fleet, razed Long walls, lost all their colonies and joined the Spartan Union.
Various wars occupy a huge place in the history of mankind.
They redrew maps, gave birth to empires, and destroyed peoples and nations. The earth remembers wars that lasted more than a century. We remember the most protracted military conflicts in human history.
1. War without shots (335 years)
The longest and most curious of the wars is the war between the Netherlands and the Scilly Archipelago, part of Great Britain.
Due to the absence of a peace treaty, it formally lasted 335 years without firing a single shot, which makes it one of the longest and most curious wars in history, and also the war with the least losses.
Peace was officially declared in 1986.
2. Punic War (118 years)
By the middle of the 3rd century BC. The Romans almost completely subjugated Italy, set their sights on the entire Mediterranean and wanted Sicily first. But the mighty Carthage also laid claim to this rich island.
Their claims unleashed 3 wars that lasted (with interruptions) from 264 to 146. BC. and received their name from the Latin name of the Phoenicians-Carthaginians (Punians).
The first (264-241) is 23 years old (it started because of Sicily).
The second (218-201) - 17 years (after the capture of the Spanish city of Sagunta by Hannibal).
The last one (149-146) - 3 years.
It was then that the famous phrase “Carthage must be destroyed!” was born. Pure military action took 43 years. The conflict totals 118 years.
Results: Besieged Carthage fell. Rome won.
3. Hundred Years' War (116 years)
It went in 4 stages. With pauses for truces (the longest - 10 years) and the fight against plague (1348) from 1337 to 1453.
Opponents: England and France.
Reasons: France wanted to oust England from the southwestern lands of Aquitaine and complete the unification of the country. England - to strengthen influence in the province of Guienne and regain those lost under John the Landless - Normandy, Maine, Anjou. Complication: Flanders - formally was under the auspices of the French crown, in fact it was free, but depended on English wool for clothmaking.
Reason: the claims of the English king Edward III of the Plantagenet-Angevin dynasty (maternal grandson of the French king Philip IV the Fair of the Capetian family) to the Gallic throne. Allies: England - German feudal lords and Flanders. France - Scotland and the Pope. Army: English - mercenary. Under the command of the king. The basis is infantry (archers) and knightly units. French - knightly militia, under the leadership of royal vassals.
Turning point: after the execution of Joan of Arc in 1431 and the Battle of Normandy, the national liberation war of the French people began with the tactics of guerrilla raids.
Results: On October 19, 1453, the English army capitulated in Bordeaux. Having lost everything on the continent except the port of Calais (remained English for another 100 years). France switched to a regular army, abandoned knightly cavalry, gave preference to infantry, and the first firearms appeared.
4. Greco-Persian War(50 years)
Collectively - wars. They dragged on with calm from 499 to 449. BC. They are divided into two (the first - 492-490, the second - 480-479) or three (the first - 492, the second - 490, the third - 480-479 (449). For the Greek city-states - battles for independence. For the Achaeminid Empire - aggressive. 
Trigger: Ionian Revolt. The battle of the Spartans at Thermopylae has become legendary. The Battle of Salamis was a turning point. “Kalliev Mir” put an end to it.
Results: Persia lost the Aegean Sea, the coasts of the Hellespont and the Bosphorus. Recognized the freedoms of the cities of Asia Minor. The civilization of the ancient Greeks entered a time of greatest prosperity, establishing a culture that, thousands of years later, the world looked up to.
4. Punic War. The battles lasted 43 years. They are divided into three stages of wars between Rome and Carthage. They fought for dominance in the Mediterranean. The Romans won the battle. Basetop.ru
5. Guatemalan War (36 years)
Civil. It occurred in outbreaks from 1960 to 1996. A provocative decision made by American President Eisenhower in 1954 initiated a coup.
Reason: the fight against the “communist infection”.
Opponents: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Bloc and the military junta.
Victims: almost 6 thousand murders were committed annually, in the 80s alone - 669 massacres, more than 200 thousand dead (83% of them Mayan Indians), over 150 thousand missing. Results: the signing of the “Treaty of Lasting and Lasting Peace,” which protected the rights of 23 Native American groups.
Results: the signing of the “Treaty of Lasting and Lasting Peace,” which protected the rights of 23 Native American groups.
6. War of the Roses (33 years)
Confrontation between the English nobility - supporters of two family branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster and York. Lasted from 1455 to 1485.
Prerequisites: “bastard feudalism” is the privilege of the English nobility to buy off military service from the lord, in whose hands large funds were concentrated, with which he paid for an army of mercenaries, which became more powerful than the royal one.
Reason: the defeat of England in the Hundred Years' War, the impoverishment of the feudal lords, their rejection of the political course of the wife of the feeble-minded King Henry IV, hatred of her favorites.
Opposition: Duke Richard of York - considered the Lancastrian right to rule illegitimate, became regent under an incompetent monarch, became king in 1483, was killed at the Battle of Bosworth.
Results: It upset the balance of political forces in Europe. Led to the collapse of the Plantagenets. She placed the Welsh Tudors on the throne, who ruled England for 117 years. Cost the lives of hundreds of English aristocrats.
7. Thirty Years' War (30 years)
The first military conflict on a pan-European scale. Lasted from 1618 to 1648. Opponents: two coalitions. The first is the union of the Holy Roman Empire (in fact, the Austrian Empire) with Spain and the Catholic principalities of Germany. The second is the German states, where power was in the hands of Protestant princes. They were supported by the armies of reformist Sweden and Denmark and Catholic France.
Reason: The Catholic League was afraid of the spread of the ideas of the Reformation in Europe, the Protestant Evangelical Union strived for this.
Trigger: Czech Protestant uprising against Austrian rule.
Results: The population of Germany has decreased by a third. The French army lost 80 thousand. Austria and Spain - more than 120. After the Peace Treaty of Munster in 1648, a new independent state - the Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (Holland) - was finally established on the map of Europe.
8. Peloponnesian War (27 years)
There are two of them. The first is the Lesser Peloponnesian (460-445 BC). The second (431-404 BC) is the largest in the history of Ancient Hellas after the first Persian invasion of the territory of Balkan Greece. (492-490 BC).
Opponents: Peloponnesian League led by Sparta and First Marine (Delian) under the auspices of Athens.
Reasons: The desire for hegemony in the Greek world of Athens and the rejection of their claims by Sparta and Corinthus.
Controversies: Athens was ruled by an oligarchy. Sparta is a military aristocracy. Ethnically, the Athenians were Ionians, the Spartans were Dorians. In the second, 2 periods are distinguished.
The first is "Archidam's War". The Spartans made land invasions of Attica. Athenians - sea raids on the Peloponnesian coast. Ended in 421 with the signing of the Treaty of Nikiaev. 6 years later it was violated by the Athenian side, which was defeated in the Battle of Syracuse. The final phase went down in history under the name Dekelei or Ionian. With the support of Persia, Sparta built a fleet and destroyed the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami.
Results: After imprisonment in April 404 BC. Feramenov's world Athens lost its fleet, tore down the Long Walls, lost all its colonies and joined the Spartan Union.
9. Great Northern War (21 years)
The Northern War lasted for 21 years. It was between the northern states and Sweden (1700-1721), the confrontation between Peter I and Charles XII. Russia fought mostly on its own.
Reason: Possession of Baltic lands, control over the Baltic.
Results: With the end of the war, a new empire arose in Europe - the Russian one, with access to the Baltic Sea and possessing a powerful army and navy. The capital of the empire was St. Petersburg, located at the confluence of the Neva River and the Baltic Sea.
Sweden lost the war.
10. Vietnam War (18 years old)
The Second Indochina War between Vietnam and the United States and one of the most destructive of the second half of the 20th century. Lasted from 1957 to 1975. 3 periods: guerrilla South Vietnamese (1957-1964), from 1965 to 1973 - full-scale fighting USA, 1973-1975 - after the withdrawal of American troops from Viet Cong territories. Opponents: South and North Vietnam. On the side of the South are the United States and the military bloc SEATO (Treaty Organization South-East Asia). Northern - China and the USSR.
The reason: when the communists came to power in China and Ho Chi Minh became the leader of South Vietnam, the White House administration was afraid of the communist “domino effect.” After Kennedy's assassination, Congress gave President Lyndon Johnson carte blanche to use the Tonkin Resolution military force. And already in March 1965, two battalions of US Navy SEALs left for Vietnam. So the United States became part of the Vietnamese Civil War. They used a “search and destroy” strategy, burned out the jungle with napalm - the Vietnamese went underground and responded with guerrilla warfare.
Who benefits: American arms corporations. US losses: 58 thousand in combat (64% under 21 years of age) and about 150 thousand suicides of American military veterans.
Vietnamese casualties: over 1 million combatants and more than 2 civilians, in South Vietnam alone - 83 thousand amputees, 30 thousand blind, 10 thousand deaf, after Operation Ranch Hand (chemical destruction of the jungle) - congenital genetic mutations.
Results: The Tribunal of May 10, 1967 qualified US actions in Vietnam as a crime against humanity (Article 6 of the Nuremberg Statute) and prohibited the use of CBU thermite bombs as weapons of mass destruction.
(C) different places on the Internet
Various wars occupy a huge place in the history of mankind.
They redrew maps, gave birth to empires, and destroyed peoples and nations. The earth remembers wars that lasted more than a century. We remember the most protracted military conflicts in human history.
1. War without shots (335 years)
The longest and most curious of the wars is the war between the Netherlands and the Scilly Archipelago, part of Great Britain.
Due to the absence of a peace treaty, it formally lasted 335 years without firing a single shot, which makes it one of the longest and most curious wars in history, and also the war with the least losses.
Peace was officially declared in 1986.
2. Punic War (118 years)
By the middle of the 3rd century BC. The Romans almost completely subjugated Italy, set their sights on the entire Mediterranean and wanted Sicily first. But the mighty Carthage also laid claim to this rich island.
Their claims unleashed 3 wars that lasted (with interruptions) from 264 to 146. BC. and received their name from the Latin name of the Phoenicians-Carthaginians (Punians).
The first (264-241) is 23 years old (it started because of Sicily).
The second (218-201) - 17 years (after the capture of the Spanish city of Sagunta by Hannibal).
The last one (149-146) - 3 years.
It was then that the famous phrase “Carthage must be destroyed!” was born. Pure military action took 43 years. The conflict totals 118 years.
Results: Besieged Carthage fell. Rome won.
3. Hundred Years' War (116 years)
It went in 4 stages. With pauses for truces (the longest - 10 years) and the fight against plague (1348) from 1337 to 1453.
Opponents: England and France.
Reasons: France wanted to oust England from the southwestern lands of Aquitaine and complete the unification of the country. England - to strengthen influence in the province of Guienne and regain those lost under John the Landless - Normandy, Maine, Anjou. Complication: Flanders - formally was under the auspices of the French crown, in fact it was free, but depended on English wool for clothmaking.
Reason: the claims of the English king Edward III of the Plantagenet-Angevin dynasty (maternal grandson of the French king Philip IV the Fair of the Capetian family) to the Gallic throne. Allies: England - German feudal lords and Flanders. France - Scotland and the Pope. Army: English - mercenary. Under the command of the king. The basis is infantry (archers) and knightly units. French - knightly militia, under the leadership of royal vassals.
Turning point: after the execution of Joan of Arc in 1431 and the Battle of Normandy, the national liberation war of the French people began with the tactics of guerrilla raids.
Results: On October 19, 1453, the English army capitulated in Bordeaux. Having lost everything on the continent except the port of Calais (remained English for another 100 years). France switched to a regular army, abandoned knightly cavalry, gave preference to infantry, and the first firearms appeared.
4. Greco-Persian War (50 years)
Collectively - wars. They dragged on with calm from 499 to 449. BC. They are divided into two (the first - 492-490, the second - 480-479) or three (the first - 492, the second - 490, the third - 480-479 (449). For the Greek city-states - battles for independence. For the Achaeminid Empire - aggressive.
Trigger: Ionian Revolt. The battle of the Spartans at Thermopylae has become legendary. The Battle of Salamis was a turning point. “Kalliev Mir” put an end to it.
Results: Persia lost the Aegean Sea, the coasts of the Hellespont and the Bosphorus. Recognized the freedoms of the cities of Asia Minor. The civilization of the ancient Greeks entered a time of greatest prosperity, establishing a culture that, thousands of years later, the world looked up to.
4. Punic War. The battles lasted 43 years. They are divided into three stages of wars between Rome and Carthage. They fought for dominance in the Mediterranean. The Romans won the battle. Basetop.ru
5. Guatemalan War (36 years)
Civil. It occurred in outbreaks from 1960 to 1996. A provocative decision made by American President Eisenhower in 1954 initiated a coup.
Reason: the fight against the “communist infection”.
Opponents: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Bloc and the military junta.
Victims: almost 6 thousand murders were committed annually, in the 80s alone - 669 massacres, more than 200 thousand dead (83% of them Mayan Indians), over 150 thousand missing. Results: the signing of the “Treaty of Lasting and Lasting Peace,” which protected the rights of 23 Native American groups.
Results: the signing of the “Treaty of Lasting and Lasting Peace,” which protected the rights of 23 Native American groups.
6. War of the Roses (33 years)
Confrontation between the English nobility - supporters of two family branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster and York. Lasted from 1455 to 1485.
Prerequisites: “bastard feudalism” is the privilege of the English nobility to buy off military service from the lord, in whose hands large funds were concentrated, with which he paid for an army of mercenaries, which became more powerful than the royal one.
Reason: the defeat of England in the Hundred Years' War, the impoverishment of the feudal lords, their rejection of the political course of the wife of the feeble-minded King Henry IV, hatred of her favorites.
Opposition: Duke Richard of York - considered the Lancastrian right to rule illegitimate, became regent under an incompetent monarch, became king in 1483, was killed at the Battle of Bosworth.
Results: It upset the balance of political forces in Europe. Led to the collapse of the Plantagenets. She placed the Welsh Tudors on the throne, who ruled England for 117 years. Cost the lives of hundreds of English aristocrats.
7. Thirty Years' War (30 years)
The first military conflict on a pan-European scale. Lasted from 1618 to 1648. Opponents: two coalitions. The first is the union of the Holy Roman Empire (in fact, the Austrian Empire) with Spain and the Catholic principalities of Germany. The second is the German states, where power was in the hands of Protestant princes. They were supported by the armies of reformist Sweden and Denmark and Catholic France.
Reason: The Catholic League was afraid of the spread of the ideas of the Reformation in Europe, the Protestant Evangelical Union strived for this.
Trigger: Czech Protestant uprising against Austrian rule.
Results: The population of Germany has decreased by a third. The French army lost 80 thousand. Austria and Spain - more than 120. After the Peace Treaty of Munster in 1648, a new independent state - the Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (Holland) - was finally established on the map of Europe.
8. Peloponnesian War (27 years)
There are two of them. The first is the Lesser Peloponnesian (460-445 BC). The second (431-404 BC) is the largest in the history of Ancient Hellas after the first Persian invasion of the territory of Balkan Greece. (492-490 BC).
Opponents: Peloponnesian League led by Sparta and First Marine (Delian) under the auspices of Athens.
Reasons: The desire for hegemony in the Greek world of Athens and the rejection of their claims by Sparta and Corinthus.
Controversies: Athens was ruled by an oligarchy. Sparta is a military aristocracy. Ethnically, the Athenians were Ionians, the Spartans were Dorians. In the second, 2 periods are distinguished.
The first is "Archidam's War". The Spartans made land invasions of Attica. Athenians - sea raids on the Peloponnesian coast. Ended in 421 with the signing of the Treaty of Nikiaev. 6 years later it was violated by the Athenian side, which was defeated in the Battle of Syracuse. The final phase went down in history under the name Dekelei or Ionian. With the support of Persia, Sparta built a fleet and destroyed the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami.
Results: After imprisonment in April 404 BC. Feramenov's world Athens lost its fleet, tore down the Long Walls, lost all its colonies and joined the Spartan Union.
9. Great Northern War (21 years)
The Northern War lasted for 21 years. It was between the northern states and Sweden (1700-1721), the confrontation between Peter I and Charles XII. Russia fought mostly on its own.
Reason: Possession of Baltic lands, control over the Baltic.
Results: With the end of the war, a new empire arose in Europe - the Russian one, with access to the Baltic Sea and possessing a powerful army and navy. The capital of the empire was St. Petersburg, located at the confluence of the Neva River and the Baltic Sea.
Sweden lost the war.
10. Vietnam War (18 years old)
The Second Indochina War between Vietnam and the United States and one of the most destructive of the second half of the 20th century. Lasted from 1957 to 1975. 3 periods: South Vietnamese guerrilla (1957-1964), from 1965 to 1973 - full-scale US military operations, 1973-1975. - after the withdrawal of American troops from Viet Cong territories. Opponents: South and North Vietnam. On the side of the South are the United States and the military bloc SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organization). Northern - China and the USSR.
The reason: when the communists came to power in China and Ho Chi Minh became the leader of South Vietnam, the White House administration was afraid of the communist “domino effect.” After Kennedy's assassination, Congress gave President Lyndon Johnson carte blanche to use military force with the Tonkin Resolution. And already in March 1965, two battalions of US Navy SEALs left for Vietnam. So the United States became part of the Vietnamese Civil War. They used a “search and destroy” strategy, burned out the jungle with napalm - the Vietnamese went underground and responded with guerrilla warfare.
Who benefits: American arms corporations. US losses: 58 thousand in combat (64% under 21 years of age) and about 150 thousand suicides of American military veterans.
Vietnamese casualties: over 1 million combatants and more than 2 civilians, in South Vietnam alone - 83 thousand amputees, 30 thousand blind, 10 thousand deaf, after Operation Ranch Hand (chemical destruction of the jungle) - congenital genetic mutations.
Results: The Tribunal of May 10, 1967 qualified US actions in Vietnam as a crime against humanity (Article 6 of the Nuremberg Statute) and prohibited the use of CBU thermite bombs as weapons of mass destruction.
(C) different places on the Internet