Our answer to the false Western propaganda that the Russians “never created anything, and are not able to create anything,” and that “all the best and necessary things were created by the Americans and Europeans”...
"Three heroes". Victor Vasnetsov, 1898
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Pavel Yablochkov - inventor of the first light bulb
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb.
2. A.S. Popov is the inventor of radio.
3. V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting).
4. A.F. Mozhaisky is the inventor of the world's first airplane.
5. I.I. Sikorsky is a great aircraft designer, he created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber.
6. A.M. Poniatov - the world's first video recorder.
7. S.P. Korolev is the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, and first Earth satellite.
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov is the world's first quantum generator - maser.
9. S.V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor).
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph.
11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen.
12. F.A. Pirotsky is the world's first electric tram.
13. F.A. Blinov is the world's first crawler tractor.
14. V.A. Starevich is a three-dimensional animated film.
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, and a turning wheel.
16. O.V. Losev is the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device.
17. V.P. Mutilin is the world's first mounted construction combine.
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvesting machine.
19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart.
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - the geochemistry of isotopes.
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first thermal engine.
22. G.E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute.
Academician Igor Kurchatov, under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb was developed
23. I.V. Kurchatov - the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk); also, under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a power of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 (Tsar Bomba) thermonuclear bomb with a record power of 52,000 kilotons.
24. M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current.
25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry.
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879.
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine.
28. V.V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge.
29. N.G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding.
30. I.F. Alexandrovsky - invented the stereo camera.
31. D.P. Grigorovich is the creator of the seaplane.
32. V.G. Fedorov is the world's first machine gun.
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable support.
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science, formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course in physical chemistry, and for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus.
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight.
36. V.V. Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc.
37. P.I. Prokopovich was the first in the world to invent a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames.
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry".
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track.
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft.
41. P.P. Anosov, a metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel.
42. D.I. Zhuravsky was the first to develop the theory of bridge truss calculations, which is currently used throughout the world.
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world, compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more.
44. I.R. Hermann was the first in the world to compile a summary of uranium minerals.
45. A.M. Butlerov was the first to formulate the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.
46. I.M. Sechenov, the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”.
47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name.
48. M.A. Novinsky is a veterinarian who laid the foundations of experimental oncology.
49. G.G. Ignatiev was the first in the world to develop a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable.
50. K.S. Drzewiecki - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor.
51. N.I. Kibalchich was the first in the world to develop a design for a rocket aircraft.
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding.
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science.
54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera.
55. A.G. Stoletov, a physicist, was the first in the world to create a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect.
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine.
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography.
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera.
59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange.
60. N.D. Pilchikov is a physicist who was the first in the world to create and successfully demonstrate a wireless control system.
61. V.A. Gassiev is an engineer who built the world's first phototypesetting machine.
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky is the founder of astronautics.
63. P.N. Lebedev is a physicist who, for the first time in science, experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids.
64. I.P. Pavlov is the creator of the science of higher nervous activity.
65. V.I. Vernadsky - natural scientist, creator of many scientific schools.
66. A.N. Scriabin is a composer who was the first in the world to use lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”.
67. N.E. Zhukovsky is the creator of aerodynamics.
68. S.V. Lebedev was the first to obtain artificial rubber.
69. G.A. Tikhov, an astronomer, was the first in the world to establish that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask.
71. N.P. Dubinin is a geneticist who discovered the divisibility of the gene.
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922.
73. E.K. Zawoisky discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance.
74. N.I. Lunin proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings.
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects.
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma.
77. S.S. Yudin was the first to use blood transfusions of suddenly deceased people in the clinic.
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures.
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors).
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes.
81. P.P. Lazarev is the creator of the ion excitation theory.
82. P.A. Molchanov is a meteorologist who created the world's first radiosonde.
83. N.A. Umov - physicist, equation of energy motion, concept of energy flow; By the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the errors of the theory of relativity.
84. E.S. Fedorov is the founder of crystallography.
85. G.S. Petrov is a chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent.
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for artillerymen.
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven credit cards and a method of single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing).
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral).
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram.
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (nuclear radiation detector in nuclear physics).
91. D.K. Chernov - Ch. points (critical points of phase transformations of steel).
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another one, who was the first in the world to equip river ships with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion.
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, K. reaction (phosphoreaction).
94. A.M. Lyapunov is a mathematician who created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of probability theory).
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov’s laws (elasticity of parasolutions).
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction.
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, was the first in the world to carry out the Bessemerization of copper matte and obtain blister copper.
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes).
99. M.M. Protodyakonov is a scientist who developed a scale of rock strength generally accepted in the world.
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balsam Sh. (vinyline).
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments).
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft.
103. A.S. Famintsyn, a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial light.
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-breathing engines.
105. A.I. Leypunsky, a physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons during collisions.
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments).
107. N.A. Menshutkin, a chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction.
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology.
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis.
110. V.S. Pyatov is a metallurgist who invented a method for producing armor plates using the rolling method.
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal combine (for coal mining).
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants.
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first artificial blood circulation apparatus in the world (autojector).
114. G.P. Georgiev is a biochemist who discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells.
115. E.A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS".
116. P.M. Golubitsky is a Russian inventor in the field of telephony.
117. V.F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world, he proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals.
118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904.
119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor, the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers.
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian trip around the world, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and about. Sakhalin.
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica.
122. The world’s first icebreaker of a modern type is the steamship of the Russian fleet “Pilot” (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker is “Ermak”, built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova..
123. V.N. Sukachev is the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population.
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of the chemistry of organoelement compounds..
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world.
126. G.N. Babakin is a Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers.
127. P.N. Nesterov was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a “dead loop”, later called the “Nesterov loop”.
128. B.B. Golitsyn - became the founder of the new science of seismology.
129. V.M. Bekhterev is a world-famous encyclopedist scientist with many discoveries in the field of the structure, pathways and functions of the brain and psyche, morphologist of the nervous system and brain, psychophysiologist, neurologist - clinical neurologist and psychiatrist, psychologist - the founder of a number of branches of psychological science.
And all this is only a small part of the Russian contribution to world science.
Russian scientists have pushed back the veil of the unknown, making their contribution to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in world-famous research institutions. Our fellow countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the foundation of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.
World leaders in the field of chemistry have glorified our compatriots for centuries. made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described the periodic law of chemical elements. Over time, the periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world and is now used in all corners of our planet.
Sikorsky can be called a great one in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - a helicopter.
Not only Russian scientists contributed to aviation. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, and he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.
There were famous Russian scientists in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.
Using the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of everything that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our fellow countrymen have glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure of scientific knowledge in order to provide us with colossal material for creating new great discoveries.
Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, author of the materialistic theory of the emergence of life on Earth.
Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize laureate.
Childhood and youth
Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already as a child he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.
The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood were spent there.
Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.
In the 60s, he became world famous for his scientific substantiation of the method of flying spacecraft to the Moon.
The trajectory he calculated was called the “Kondratyuk route.” It was used by the American Apollo spacecraft to land humans on the lunar surface.
Childhood and youth
This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.
For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother.
Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.
The device allowed the use of radio and electrical signals traveling through wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the context of growing urbanization and technological development, data exchange has become relevant.
This problem was solved by the telegraph; the term was translated from ancient Greek as “to write far away.”
Emilius Christianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.
From school, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by current in a conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.
Another well-known law is the “Lenz rule”, according to which an induced current always moves in the direction opposite to the action that generated it.
early years
The original name of the scientist was Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.
His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father’s footsteps and became a physicist.
Vasily Trediakovsky is a man with a tragic fate. As fate would have it, two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.
From student to philologist
In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old young man went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
But he stayed there for a short time (2 years) and, without regret, left to replenish his knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, enduring poverty and hunger, he studied for 3 years.
Here he participated in public debates, mastered mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, and studied French and Italian abroad.
“Father of Satan”, academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on October 25, 1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow to join his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I worked part-time, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from the printing house. After graduating from college, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.
MAI student. Beginning of a professional career
In 1931, he went to study at the Moscow Aviation Institute, majoring in “aircraft engineering,” and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel got a job at the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later as his scientific supervisor for his thesis project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin.” " Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a 2nd category designer, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, developing projects for new modifications of fighters.
02/13/1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction, visits the United States on a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a fairly active period in cooperation between the USSR and the USA and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft manufacturing; in particular, small arms were purchased (in fairly limited quantities) - Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.
Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Mikhail Leontyevich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.
Childhood, study, youth
Mikhail Leontyev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia after completing 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, and was involved in an aircraft modeling club. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Misha’s model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.
Mikhail graduated from primary school in Irkutsk, after which in 1925 he entered the Siberian Technological Institute.
A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Childhood. Education
The birth of Alexey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. He spent his childhood and youth there. This Volga city forever left the warmest and most tender memories in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich. He proudly called himself a Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from primary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and assigned him to the local cadet corps. The son obediently graduated from it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of the young man, who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.
Passion for philosophy
Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Ultimately, philosophical mysteries led him to the study of natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.
A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera “Prince Igor”, the symphony “Bogatyrskaya” and other musical works.
He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.
Origin. early years
A.P. Borodin was the illegitimate son of the 62-year-old Georgian prince L.S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (11/12), 1833.
He was recorded as the son of the prince's serf servants - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigorievna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father’s house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son his freedom, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, having previously married her to the military doctor Kleineke.
The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as Avdotya Konstantinovna’s nephew. Since Alexander’s background did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium course, in addition to German and French, receiving an excellent education at home.
A virtual review of the literature on the history of scientific and technical inventions of mankind in the 18th and 19th centuries. on the pages of publications from the fund of rare and valuable books.
For people of our time, it is obvious that science and technology play a very important, decisive role in modern society. However, this was not always the case. The ancient Greeks, for example, looked at the craft of mechanics as an occupation of commoners, not worthy of a true scientist. The world religions that emerged later initially rejected science altogether. One of the fathers of the Christian church, Tertullian, argued that after the Gospel there is no need for any other knowledge. Muslims reasoned in a similar way. When the Arabs captured Alexandria, they burned the famous Library of Alexandria - Caliph Omar declared that since there was a Koran, there was no need for other books. This dogma prevailed until the beginning of the New Age. Dissidents were persecuted by the Inquisition, threatening to be burned at the stake. Inventors of new mechanisms were persecuted. For example, in 1579, a mechanic who created a ribbon loom was executed in Danzig. The reason for the reprisal was the municipality's fear that this invention would cause unemployment among weavers. Understanding of the role of science came only during the Enlightenment, in the 17th century, when the first Academies in Europe were created. The first achievement of the new science was the discovery of the laws of mechanics - including the law of universal gravitation. These discoveries caused delight in society. The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed people's lives; the traditional way of rural life was replaced by a new, industrial society. Amazing discoveries and inventions followed one after another, the world was rapidly changing before the eyes of one generation.
Yakov Vasilyevich Abramov talks about two inventors - Stephenson and Fulton, whose great creations forever changed the way of life of mankind.
Stephenson and Fulton: (inventors of the steam locomotive and steamship): their life and scientific and practical activities: biographical sketches with portraits of Stephenson and Fulton, engraved in Leipzig by Gedan / Y. V. Abramov. - St. Petersburg: Typo-lithography and phototype by V. I. Stein, 1893. - 78 p., 2 sheets. portrait ; 18 cm - (Life of remarkable people: (ZhZL). Biographical library of F. Pavlenkov). (6(09I) A16 34977M-RF)
George Stephenson is undoubtedly one of the heroic men of strong will. In the preface to the book, the author writes about him: “A worker by origin, without receiving any school education, and even being illiterate until adulthood, Stephenson not only managed to overcome all the unfavorable conditions of his life, acquire significant diverse knowledge, achieve a high social position, but and became one of the outstanding geniuses of mankind.” The inventor and mechanical engineer gained worldwide fame thanks to the steam locomotive he designed. Stephenson is also considered one of the "fathers" of railroads. The gauge of the rail track he chose was called Stephenson gauge and is still the standard in many countries around the world. The author notes that there are few other biographies that can arouse the same interest as the biography of George Stephenson.
George (George) Stephenson was born in a small poor coal mining village near the city of Newcastle. Four families were crowded into the house where the Stephensons lived. From the age of 6, George sorted coal at the mine, then helped his father, a fireman. At the age of 17, young George Stephenson, who had thoroughly studied the structure of the steam engine operating in the mine and was able to fix any malfunction, was appointed its driver. George was one of those people who, having set themselves a goal, stubbornly strive to achieve it. At the age of 18, despite the ridicule of his comrades, he learned to read and write. Through persistent self-education, Stephenson acquired the specialty of a steam engine mechanic.
Over the next years he studied steam engines. The first steam locomotive designed by Stephenson was intended to pull coal cars. This locomotive did no more than a kilometer per hour and after a month of operation it shook so much that it stopped working. His second locomotive seemed like a real miracle back then. He could drive a train with a total weight of up to 30 tons. The car was named "Blücher" in honor of the Prussian field marshal, famous for his victory in the battle with Napoleon.
Over the next five years, Stephenson built 16 more cars.
George founded the world's first steam locomotive works in Newcastle, where in September 1825 he built the Active locomotive, later renamed Locomotive. Stephenson himself drove a train loaded with 80 tons of coal and flour, which in some sections accelerated to 39 km/h. In addition to the cargo, the train included an open passenger carriage called “Experiment”. This was the first case in world practice of using a steam-powered railway to transport passengers.
In 1829, competitions of several locomotives took place, which went down in history as the “Reinhill Trials”. Stephenson entered his steam locomotive "Rocket" into the competition. He had 4 opponents. Stephenson's locomotive was the only one to successfully complete all tests. Its maximum speed reached 48 km/h. The brilliant victory of the “Rocket” made it perhaps the most famous mechanism in the history of technology.
Gradually, Stephenson practically retired, focusing only on the construction of tunnels for the railway and the development of new coal seams. His son Robert also became a talented engineer and helped his father in everything. Steam locomotives began to be built in other countries based on George Stephenson's designs. He belonged to those lucky inventors who had the opportunity to see their ideas realized during their lifetime.
The second character in the book, whose name is also associated with steam engines, is the no less famous inventor Robert Fulton. Robert was born in Pennsylvania, USA. His parents, bankrupt farmers, were forced to emigrate to America. The family had five children. His father was engaged mainly in hard day labor and died when Robert was only three years old. The family finally found itself in dire straits. Fulton always remembered with reverence his mother, who managed not only to raise her children, but also to give them the opportunity to receive at least an elementary education at a local school and pay for their education. From an early age, Robert showed a penchant for two pursuits: painting and mechanics. While studying mathematics and theoretical mechanics, Robert Fulton became interested in the idea of using steam in shipping. He constantly had to find funds for his inventions and periodically fail. He began experimenting with torpedoes and even presented Napoleon with a practical model of the Nautilus submarine. Fulton submitted plans for the construction of the steamship to the governments of the United States and Great Britain, but, despite all his efforts, could not find funds for their implementation. At that time he was already 31 years old.
At the request of US Ambassador Robert Livingston, Fulton began experimenting with steam engines. In 1803, a steam ship 20 m long and 2.4 m wide was tested on the Seine River. But, despite the successful experience, there was not a single capitalist who would invest money in the implementation and operation of the invention.
Robert goes to America, where he was given a twenty-year privilege to sail on steamships on the Hudson, on the condition that within two years he would build a steamship capable of sailing against the current at a speed of at least 6 knots per hour. Encouraged by his success, Fulton ordered a new, more powerful steam engine and got to work.
In 1807, Fulton's steamboat set sail. The length of the vessel was 45 m, its engine had one cylinder, and oak and pine wood was used as fuel. When tested, it swam a distance of 240 km at an average speed of 4.7 mph, while Monopoly required only 4 mph. After installing cabins on the ship, Robert Fulton began commercial voyages, carrying passengers and light cargo. He patented his steamboat and built several more steam ships in subsequent years. In 1814, construction began on the 44-gun warship Demologos for the US Navy, but this project was completed after his death.
“The Republic of Scientists is not a monastery with one charter: it consists of individuals who have in common only an interest in science and extraordinary talents,” writes the author of the next book, starting a story about the outstanding European scientists of the 18th century - Laplace and Euler.
Laplace and Euler: their lives and scientific activities: biographical sketches: with portraits of Laplace and Euler, engraved in Leipzig by Gedan / E. F. Litvinova. - St. Petersburg: Printing house of the Partnership for Public Benefit", 1892. - 79 pp., 2 sheets of portrait. (51(09I) L64 27165M-RF).
Elizaveta Fedorovna believes that the main feature of the scientific works of Pierre Simon Laplace is their greater accessibility to non-specialists. For example, his essay “The World System” can be read by every educated person, because it is distinguished by its simplicity and clarity. A French mathematician and astronomer, famous for his work in the field of differential equations, one of the creators of probability theory, Laplace was the chairman of the Chamber of Weights and Measures and headed the Bureau of Longitudes. The Paris Academy published his treatises on probability theory in 13 volumes. But the greatest amount of research by Pierre Laplace relates to celestial mechanics, which he studied throughout his life. Laplace worked on the five-volume work “Treatise on Celestial Mechanics” for 26 years. He compiled more accurate tables of the Moon, which was important in determining longitudes at sea and, therefore, played a large role in navigation. The ancients despairingly called the phenomenon of ebb and flow the grave of human curiosity. Laplace was the first to recognize with confidence the connection between these phenomena and the attractive power of the Moon and the Sun. Undoubtedly, Pierre Laplace was a great scientist and a widely educated person: he knew languages, history, chemistry and biology, and loved poetry, music, and painting. He had an excellent memory and until a very old age he recited entire pages from the French poet and playwright Jean Racine by heart. There were many talented young scientists around him, whom he patronized.
During his life, Pierre Laplace was a member of six academies of sciences and royal societies. His name is included in the list of the greatest scientists of France, placed on the first floor of the Eiffel Tower. A crater on the Moon, an asteroid, and numerous concepts and theorems in mathematics are named after Laplace.
The hero of the second essay by E. F. Litvinova is Leonhard Euler, an outstanding German scientist who made a significant contribution to the development of mechanics, physics, astronomy and a number of applied sciences. Euler is recognized as the most productive mathematician in history. He spent almost half his life in Russia, was an academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, knew the Russian language well, and published some of his works (especially textbooks) in Russian.
At this time, the St. Petersburg Academy was one of the main centers of mathematics in the world. Here were the most favorable conditions for the flowering of the genius of Leonhard Euler. One day the Academy needed to do a very difficult job of calculating the trajectory of a comet. According to academics, this required several months of work. L. Euler undertook to complete this in three days and completed the work, but due to overexertion he became seriously ill with inflammation of his right eye, which he subsequently lost. Soon two volumes of his analytical mechanics appeared, then two parts of an introduction to arithmetic in German and a new theory of music. For his essay on the ebb and flow of the seas, Leonhard Euler received the French Academy Prize.
Enviable health and easy character helped Euler “withstand the blows of fate that befell him. Always an even mood, cheerfulness, good-natured mockery and the ability to tell funny stories made conversation with him pleasant and desirable...” Euler was constantly surrounded by numerous grandchildren, often a child sat in his arms, and a cat lay on his neck. He himself taught mathematics to the children. And all this did not stop him from working. During his life, Leonhard Euler wrote about 900 scientific papers.
Thomas Edison said: “Discontent is the first condition of progress.” The degree of “dissatisfaction” of the great scientist is evidenced by his 1093 patents for inventions. To make the world more convenient, he invented the phonograph, built the world's first public power station, improved the telegraph and telephone, and the incandescent lamp.
Edison and Morse: their lives and scientific and practical activities: two biographical sketches / A. V. Kamensky. - St. Petersburg: Printing house Yu. N. Erlikh, 1891. - 80 p., front. (portrait) ; 19 cm - (Life of remarkable people: (ZhZL). Biographical library of F. Pavlenkov). (6(09I) K18 35638M-RF)
Thomas Edison registered his first patent at the age of 22. Later, he was so productive that he created on average one minor invention every 10 days and one major invention every six months. Under what circumstances were these technical achievements of the American engineer made, says the author of his biography A.V. Kamensky.
When Thomas was 7 years old, his father went bankrupt, and the future inventor, not wanting to accept the fall of his family, plunged headlong into his studies. True, I soon had to say goodbye to the school. His mother, a former school teacher, continued his education at home. At the age of 10, Thomas plunged into chemical experiments and created his first laboratory in the basement of his house. Money was needed to conduct experiments, and at the age of 12 Edison began working. He sold newspapers, fruits and candy on trains. In order not to waste time, he moved the chemical laboratory to the baggage car at his disposal, where one day he almost started a fire. At the age of 15, using the money he saved, Thomas purchased a printing press and began publishing his own newspaper right in the baggage car of the train in which he worked, and selling it to passengers.
Edison was attracted by everything innovative, so he soon exchanged the railroad for the telegraph. From the very first days of working as a telegraph operator, he thought about improving the telegraph apparatus. Edison invents an electrical recorder of the number of votes, but there were no buyers for this patent. Then Thomas decided for himself that he would only work on inventions with guaranteed demand. Subsequently, he expanded the capabilities of the telegraph apparatus: now it could transmit not only SOS signals, but also information about stock exchange rates. Edison earned 40 thousand dollars from this invention and soon organized a workshop where he manufactured automatic telegraph devices and other electrical equipment.
In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, which he would consider his favorite creation for the rest of his life. The press called the phonograph “the greatest discovery of the century,” and Edison himself proposed many ways to use it: dictating letters and documents without the help of a stenographer, playing music, recording conversations. Edison's new invention, which shocked the world, was a device for displaying sequential photographs - a kinescope. In April 1896, Edison held the first public screening of a film in New York, and in 1913 he demonstrated a film with synchronized sound.
Until the end of his life, Thomas Edison was engaged in improving this world. At the age of 85, dying, he told his wife: “If there is anything after death, it is good. If not, that's fine too. I lived my life and did the best I could...”
The next hero, Samuel Finley Morse, is known throughout the world as the inventor of the electromagnetic writing telegraph - the “Morse apparatus” and the transmission code - “Morse code”.
Samuel (Samuel) Morse was born in Massachusetts into a wealthy American family and graduated from Yale College. He was indifferent to science, although he was attracted by lectures on electricity. Samuel also loved to draw miniature portraits of acquaintances. He was so fascinated by painting that his parents sent him to England to study art at the Royal Academy of Arts. In 1813, Morse presented his painting “The Dying Hercules” to the Royal Academy of Arts in London, for which he received a gold medal.
After returning home, he lived the life of a traveling painter for ten years, painting portraits. It must be said that Samuel was very sociable and charming, he was eagerly received in noble houses. Even US President Lincoln was among his friends. In New York he creates some very interesting portraits and founded the National Academy of Design. During his second trip to Europe, S. Morse met the famous scientist L. Daguerre and became interested in the latest discoveries in the field of electricity. And after at the university he was shown a description of the model of an electromagnetic telegraph proposed by the German physicist W. Weber, he completely devoted himself to invention. The scientist knew that electric current runs almost instantly along the longest wire and that when an obstacle is encountered, a spark appears. Why can’t this spark represent a word, a letter, a number? Why not come up with an alphabet for transmitting words by electricity? This thought haunted Morse. It took years of work and study to get his telegraph working. In 1837, he developed a system of representing letters with dots and dashes, which became known throughout the world as Morse code. However, he did not find support for introducing the idea either at home, or in England, or in France, or in Russia, meeting with refusal everywhere. From a trip to Europe, Samuel returned home with dashed hopes and almost in poverty.
In another attempt to interest the US Congress in the creation of telegraph lines, he brought in a congressman as a partner, and in 1843 Morse received a subsidy of $30,000 for the construction of the first telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington. Having received the necessary funds, Morse immediately began constructing a trial telegraph line, which was completed a little over a year later, although the public was still outraged for a long time that Congress was wasting public money on such an insane enterprise. A few years later, the telegraph spread to America, and then to Europe and was recognized as one of the most amazing discoveries of our century. Newspapers, railroads and banks quickly found use for it. Telegraph lines instantly intertwined the whole world, Morse's fortune and fame increased. A man who often had to go hungry now did not know how to get rid of the lavish dinners and celebrations held in his honor. Representatives of ten European governments at a special congress jointly decided to give Morse 400,000 francs. In 1858, he bought an estate near New York, and spent the rest of his life there with a large family of children and grandchildren. In his old age, Morse became a philanthropist. He patronized schools, universities, churches, missionaries and poor artists.
After his death, Morse's fame as an inventor began to fade, as the telegraph was replaced by telephone, radio and television. But, oddly enough, his reputation as an artist grew. He did not consider himself a portrait painter, but many people know his paintings of Lafayette and other prominent people. His 1837 telegraph is kept in the US National Museum, and his country house is recognized as a historical monument.
Throughout the history of mankind, no less interest than the conquest of the water ocean has been caused by the conquest of the air ocean. The idea of rising into the sky has excited human minds since ancient times. The first mentions of attempts of this kind date back to the 4th-5th centuries BC. The book “Conquest of the Air” is just about this. The authors of the articles included in this collection are German writers, scientists, engineers and aeronauts: G. Dominic, F. M. Feldgauz, O. Neischler, A. Stolberg, O. Steffens, N. Stern.
Conquest of the air: a reference book on aeronautics and flying technology: compiled on the basis of the latest discoveries and inventions: with 162 figs. in the text / trans. with him. M. Kadish; auto preface gr. Zeppelin. - Moscow: publishing house "Titan": Printing house of the trading house M. V. Baldin and Co., . - , 400 s. : ill. (6T5(09I) Z-13 27861 - RF)
It contains materials on the first experiences of flight: from folk tales and legends to the appearance of hot air balloons and controlled balloons, as well as on the use of air vehicles for scientific, sports and cultural purposes.
The first chapters of the book, authored by F. M. Feldgauz, describe many flying attempts of the past - sometimes curious, sometimes funny and curious. In addition to wings, which were attached to the arms or body, there were also various types of flying machines and ships.
A sad page in the history of aeronautics is the expedition led by the Swedish engineer-naturalist Salomon Andre, carried out in 1897 with the goal of reaching the North Pole in a hot air balloon, during which all three of its participants died. This is how Dr. A. Stolberg describes this expedition: Salomon Andre, the first Swedish balloonist, proposed organizing an expedition in a hydrogen-filled balloon from Spitsbergen to Russia or Canada, and its path should, if lucky, go straight through the North Pole. The patriotic masses greeted this idea with enthusiasm. Unfortunately, Andre ignored the potential dangers. There was a lot of evidence that the technology he invented to control the ball using fastening ropes turned out to be ineffective, but he still jeopardized the fate of the expedition. To make matters worse, the Eagle balloon was delivered directly to Svalbard by its manufacturer in Paris and was not pre-inspected. When measurements showed that there were more hydrogen leaks than expected, Andre did not consider this a serious problem. Most contemporary scientists, seeing Andre's optimism, also disdained the forces of nature, which in fact led to the death of Salomon Andre and his two young associates, Nils Strindberg and Ernst Frenkel. After launching from Spitsbergen in July 1897, the balloon very quickly lost hydrogen and crashed in the ice within two days. The researchers were not injured during its fall, but died during the grueling journey south through the drifting polar ice. Lacking sufficiently warm clothing, equipment and training, and overwhelmed by the difficulty of traversing the terrain, they had little chance of a successful outcome. When the Arctic winter closed their further path in October, the group found itself sandwiched on the deserted White Island in the Spitsbergen archipelago and died there. True, in 1909 they did not yet know about this. The author of the essay assumed that the heroes of the expedition died immediately as soon as the balloon finally lost air somewhere over the ocean. He writes: “...probably all three drowned immediately; in any case, this would be a better fate...” For 33 years, the fate of Andre's expedition remained one of the mysteries of the Arctic. The accidental discovery of the expedition's last camp in 1930 created a sensation.
The book describes many more stories about successful and not so successful attempts to conquer airspace. It contains descriptions of various types of aircraft: gliders, airplanes, monoplanes, airships... Many drawings and photographs that depict fantastic and real designs of air vehicles and their creators will help you clearly understand and appreciate the structural features of each.
The history of the invention and use of flying devices in Russia contains many interesting, sometimes funny moments. It is known that rulers at all times loved to patronize the inventors of flying cars. Alexander I also favored aeronautics.
A very interesting and little-known story is told by Alexander Alekseevich Rodnykh, a Russian popularizer and historian of science, a specialist in the history of aeronautics, a science journalist, and a science fiction writer. One of the first propagandists of the ideas of K. Tsiolkovsky, a graduate of the Faculty of Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.
Secret preparation for the destruction of Napoleon's army in the twelfth year with the help of aeronautics: from the "History of Aeronautics and Flying in Russia": with 19 photographs from ancient drawings / A. Rodnykh. - [St. Petersburg]: [Type. T-va Literacy], . - 61, 124 p. : ill. (9(C)15 R60 36628-RF)
In his book, he talks about a very special event in the history of aeronautics and flying in Russia. It turns out that in the spring of 1812, at the behest of Alexander I, preparations were made in complete secrecy for the destruction of Napoleon’s army with the help of the “flying machine” of the German inventor Leppich. Leppich volunteered to build a controlled machine capable of rising into the air and dropping huge quantities of explosive shells to exterminate Napoleon's army. A. Rodnykh says that Leppich’s air enterprise cost the Russian treasury, not counting the timber for the construction of the premises, heating, dressing of the skins and others, a total of about 185,000 rubles. The appearance of the machine can be judged from the surviving drawing, which indicates that Leppich’s idea of a controlled airship was associated with ideas about fishing, that is, with the help of fins and a tail. Despite repeated design changes, experiments and attempts by the inventor to make the device fly, the enterprise was not successful. The author writes that Leppich’s failure is difficult to determine because, without technical data on the building itself, it is impossible to understand whether the error lies in the idea itself or in its execution. There are different data regarding the end of the unfortunate designer’s stay in Russia: according to some, he was deported abroad in 1814, according to others, he fled on his own. A. Rodnykh describes in detail the history of this entertaining, adventurous, sometimes full of drama enterprise. Considering that the facts and information from the history of Russian aeronautics presented in the book are little known, this work definitely deserves attention.
We have already said that many things that are something ordinary for modern man at one time made a serious revolution in the history of mankind, forcing him to take a huge step towards progress. The work of the English researcher and publicist Frederick Morel Holmes (Holmes) “Great Men and Their Great Works” is a kind of generalization, an artistic and historical study of the most famous inventions and technical achievements of mankind of the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Great people and their great works: stories about the buildings of famous engineers / F. M. Holms; lane from English M. A. Zhebeleva. - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house O. N. Popova: Typo-lithography by I. Usmanov, 1903. - VIII, 272 p. : ill. (30G G63 488195-RF)
The book tells about such inventions as the steam locomotive and the steamship, whose appearance changed the world economy beyond recognition; a lighthouse that can withstand waves and send signals to ships around the clock; artificial canals that often run above sea level; a lathe, with the invention of which it became possible to produce parts with precisely specified dimensions.
This is how the author of the book describes the construction of Marc Brunel’s tunnel under the Thames: “If at that time you had been on the Rothergate Shoal near the Thames, you would have been very surprised to see that instead of digging a well, they began to erect a tower there... The masons began laying a round tower with walls 3 feet thick and 42 feet high... The soil was dug out and lifted up by a machine... And as the hole got deeper, this pipe of masonry sank into it... 65 feet high. Little by little, it all sank into the ground.”
And when building a bridge across the Menai Strait, new ideas were needed, since the width from one bank to the other is more than 335 meters. The bridge had to be strong enough to carry heavy trains at high speed and high enough above the water so as not to interfere with shipping. The task was very difficult, but the famous engineer Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson, the inventor of the steam locomotive, which was already discussed above, took on its implementation. How exactly, using what technologies, was the first tubular bridge “Britannia” built, and why was the construction of a tower necessary when digging a tunnel? Who is Marc Isambard Brunel? The author of the book gives answers to all these questions.
F. M. Holmes introduces readers to realistic images of great inventors, the difficult fate of them and their creations, many of which still serve humanity. It helps to see the surrounding reality through the prism of objects and technical means used in everyday life, revealing the secret of their birth. A special advantage of the book is a special section devoted to the history of technical innovations in our country.
This concludes our excursion into the history of scientific and technical inventions of mankind on the pages of publications of the 19th and early 20th centuries. We hope that our virtual exhibition will arouse interest among all lovers of popular science literature.
Saturday, September 30, 2017 18:53 + to quote book
One hundred living geniuses- a list compiled by the consulting company Creators Synectics and published by the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph on October 28, 2007.
The initial basis of the list was compiled through a survey: by email, 4,000 Britons were asked to name 10 contemporaries they considered geniuses, whose merits turned out to be the most valuable for humanity. Around 600 responses were received, naming around 1,100 people (of which two thirds were from the UK and US).
The firm emailed 4,000 Britons, asking each to name up to 10 living candidates for the title of genius. As a result, 1100 names were obtained. The commission then compiled a list out of 100 people, who were assessed by five parameters - contribution to changing the system of beliefs, social recognition, intellectual power, value of scientific achievements and cultural significance. As a result, Albert Hofmann and Tim Berners-Lee, who shared first place, received 27 points out of a possible 50.
"Saint Hofmann" - painting by Alex Gray
Almost quarter included in the list" 100 living geniuses"made up British. Per share Americans have to 43 places on the list. Which is not surprising, since they were not interviewing Chinese or Russians.
Nevertheless, three Russians also found a place on the list. These are Perelman, Kasparov and Kalashnikov. One even managed to get into the top ten.
100 most brilliant people of our time
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/One hundred_living_geniuses
So here is this List. Top 10 first!
1-2.Tim Berners-Lee, Great Britain. Computer Scientist 
An Oxford graduate and computer scientist, he is the author of the HTTP protocol and the HTML language.
In 1989 Berners-Lee offered a global hypertext project that laid the foundation for the creation of the World Wide Web, the Internet!
3. George Soros, USA. Investor and philanthropist
An outstanding financier and speculator, whose enormous resources allowed him to organize a number of attacks on the national currencies of Great Britain and Asian countries. 
Recently he retired from business and is actively involved in charitable activities through the Open Society organization and charitable foundations in 25 countries.
4.Matt Groening, USA. Satirist and cartoonist
Author and producer, became famous thanks to the satirical animated series “The Simpsons” and “Futurama”. 
The Simpson family and the fictional town of Springfield first appeared on television in 1987. Since then, the popularity of the series has not waned, and in 2007 a full-length version of the cartoon was released on movie screens.
5-6. Nelson Mandela, South Africa. Politician and diplomat 
Human rights fighter, Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1993, fought for a long time at the head of the African National Congress against apartheid in South Africa, and spent 28 years in prison. From 1994 to 1999 he served as president of the country. Currently actively supports the fight against AIDS.
Frederick Sanger, Great Britain. Chemist
Graduate of Cambridge University, biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate.
He is known for his work on insulin, which made it possible to obtain it synthetically, and for his research in the field of DNA.
Dario Fo, Italy. Writer and playwright 
Theater figure, winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature. In his work he combined propaganda satire with the traditions of medieval theater. Author of the works "Mystery Bouffe" (1969), "Accidental Death of an Anarchist" (1970), "Knock Knock! Who's There? Police" (1974), "If you can't pay, don't pay" (1981).
Stephen Hawking, Great Britain. Physicist
One of the most famous theoretical physicists of our time, a specialist in cosmology and quantum gravity. 
Being practically paralyzed, Hawking continues to engage in scientific and popularization activities. Author of the bestselling book A Brief History of Time.
Oscar Niemeyer, Brazil. Architect
One of the founders of the modern Brazilian school of architecture, a pioneer of reinforced concrete construction. 
Since 1957, he carried out the construction of the new capital of the country - the city of Brazil, and participated in the design of the UN headquarters in New York.
Philip Glass, USA. Composer 
Minimalist composer, performer. He became known to the general public after creating the soundtrack for Godfrey Reggio's film "Koyaniskazzi". He also wrote music for the films “The Truman Show”, “The Illusionist”, “The Hours”, and music for the opening of the 2004 Olympics in Athens.
Grigory Perelman, Russia. Mathematician 
Scientist from St. Petersburg proved the Poincaré conjecture, formulated back in 1904. Its discovery was recognized as the most significant scientific achievement of 2006. Despite this, the reclusive Russian refused the million-dollar prize and the highest award in the mathematical world - Fields's awards.
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And the rest of the geniuses:
12-14. Andrew Wiles (mathematician, UK) - proved Fermat's Last Theorem - 20
12-14. Li Hongzhi (spiritual leader, China) - Created the religious organization "Falun Gong" - a mixture of Buddhism and Taoism with elements of qigong health gymnastics.
12-14. Ali Javan (engineer, Iran) - Engineer, one of the creators of the world's first gas laser using a mixture of helium and neon.
15-17. Brian Eno (composer, UK) -19 Invented ambient - a musical genre with elements of jazz, new age, electronic music, rock, reggae, ethnic music and noise. 19
15-17. Damien Hirst (artist, UK) - One of the most expensive painters of our time. Death is a central theme in his works. The most famous series is Natural History: dead animals in formaldehyde.
15-17. Daniel Tammet (savant and linguist, UK) - Encyclopedist and linguist works with numbers faster than a computer. You can learn any foreign language in a few hours.
18. Nicholson Baker (writer, USA) - A novelist whose writing focuses on the narrator's flow of thought.
19. Daniel Barenboim (musician, Israel) - 17 Pianist and conductor. He has received many awards, including for various recordings.
20-24. Robert Crumb (writer and artist, USA) - 16 Greeting card artist, music connoisseur. He gained worldwide fame for his underground comics.
20-24. Richard Dawkins (biologist and philosopher, UK) - 16 Leading evolutionary biologist. The terms that first appeared in his books became widespread.
20-24. Sergey Brin and Larry Page (founders of Google, USA) - 16
20-24. Rupert Murdoch (publisher and media tycoon, USA) - 16 Founder and head of News Corporation. Under his control are media, film companies and book publishing houses in the USA, Great Britain, Australia and other countries.
20-24. Geoffrey Hill (poet, UK) - 16 Poet, translator. He became famous for his unusual “corporate” style - the language of advertising, mass media and political “rhetoric”.
25. Garry Kasparov (chess player, Russia) - 15
Garry Kimovich Kasparov is considered one of the strongest chess players of all time. 
At 22, he became the youngest world champion in history and defended the title several times. In 2005, the grandmaster announced the end of his sports career and became involved in social and political activities. Currently he heads the United Civil Front organization and criticizes the current Russian government and president.
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26-30. Dalai Lama (spiritual leader, Tibet) – 14
A spiritual leader who, according to legend, is the reincarnation of the endless suffering of all Buddhas. Combines the title of king and head of Tibetan Buddhism.
26-30. Steven Spielberg (film director, screenwriter and producer, USA) - 14
Director, producer, screenwriter. At the age of 12, he won an amateur film competition, presenting a 40-minute film about the war, “Escape to Nowhere” (1960).
26-30. Hiroshi Ishiguro (robotician, Japan) – 14
Roboticist. Created a robot guide for the blind. In 2004 presented the most perfect android, similar to a person. Known as one of the creators of the Aktroid, Geminoid, Kodomoroid, Telenoid series of robots. 
One of the versions of these robots completely replicates the appearance of the creator himself and replaces him during lectures.
26-30. Robert Edwards (physiologist, UK) – 14
Robert Edwards (Great Britain). In 1977, he was the first in the world to carry out fertilization of human germ cells outside the body and transfer the resulting embryo to the future mother. Louise Brown was born 9 months later
26-30. Seamus Heaney (poet, Ireland) - 14
Each of the poet's books became a bestseller. In 1995 he received the Nobel Prize in Literature
31. Harold Pinter (writer and playwright, UK) - 13
In his performances, the actors use colloquial vocabulary and play tramps and hard workers.
32-39. Flossie Wong-Staal (biotechnologist, China) - 12
Biologist-virologist. She became the first researcher to decipher the structure of the immune deficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.
32-39. Robert Fischer (chess player, USA) - 12 
Bobby Fischer, at age 14, became the youngest US chess champion in the country's history.
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32-39. Prince (singer, USA) - 12 The Western press called the singer the most unsinkable musician in history. For more than 20 years, his songs have enjoyed constant popularity.
32-39. Henryk Górecki (composer, Poland) - 12 Known for his unique style of music, which critics call vitally explosive.
32-39. Noam Chomsky (philosopher and linguist, USA) - 12 Philologist and linguist. His father was a Jew of Ukrainian descent.
32-39. Sebastian Thrun (robotician, Germany) - 12 Created unmanned vehicles that reached speeds of up to 60 km/h.
32-39. Nima Arkani-Hamed (physicist, Canada) - 12th Physicist. He states that our three-dimensional island-universe floats inside the fourth dimension, commensurate with the macrocosm
32-39. Margaret Turnbull (astrobiologist, USA) - 12
Studies the principles of the birth of stars, galaxies and universes.
40-42. Elaine Pagels (historian, USA) - 11 Historian - author of books exploring alternative scriptures rejected by the church. The most famous is the Gnostic Gospels.
40-42. Enrique Ostrea (doctor, Philippines) - 11 Pediatrician and neonatologist. Known for many studies, in particular how drugs and alcohol affect the baby in the womb.
40-42. Gary Becker (economist, USA) - 11
Economist. Advocates investment in human capital
…………………
43-48. Muhammad Ali (boxer, USA) - 10
One of the most famous boxers in the history of the sport. I came up with the tactical scheme “Float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.” 
43-48. Osama bin Laden (Islamist, Saudi Arabia) - 10 Leader of the Islamic terrorist organization Al-Qaeda. Terrorist #1 in the world. The reward on his head exceeded $50 million.
43-48. Bill Gates (creator of Microsoft Corporation, USA) - 10 Richest person on Earth. 
43-48. Philip Roth (writer, USA) - 10 Received the most prestigious awards in America, including the Pulitzer. His novel The Plot Against America became a bestseller.
43-48. James West (physicist, USA) - 10 Inventor of the electret condenser microphone, which does not require a voltage source.
43-48. Vo Dinh Tuan (biologist and physician, Vietnam) - 10 Invented several diagnostic devices (in particular, an optical scanner) capable of detecting DNA damage.
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49-57. Brian Wilson (musician, USA) - 9
The genius of rock music. He led the Beach Boys until he became addicted to drugs. But he managed to overcome his addiction.
49-57. Stevie Wonder (singer and composer, USA) - 9 Singer and songwriter, blind from birth. At the age of 10 he signed his first music contract, and at 12 he released his debut album.
49-57. Vinton Cerf (Internet protocol developer, USA) - 9 Computer scientist. One of the “fathers” of the Internet.
49-57. Henry Kissinger (diplomat and politician, USA) - 9 Winner of the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for his unquestioned authority in the field of international relations. 
49-57. Richard Branson (businessman, UK) - 9 Billionaire, founder of the Virgin corporation. Known for his repeated attempts to break world speed records.
49-57. Pardis Sabeti (geneticist, anthropologist, Iran) - 9 Received a degree in biology with a PhD in anthropology at Oxford. Specializes in genetics.
49-57. John de Mol (media magnate, Netherlands) - 9 Producer, TV magnate. He came up with the idea of creating the most popular reality show “Big Brother”.
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49-57. Meryl Streep (actress, USA) - 9 
Hollywood calls her the best actress of her generation. She was nominated for an Oscar 12 times and received two gold statuettes.
49-57. Margaret Atwood (writer, Canada) - 9 Invented the LongPen electronic device, which allows her to sign copies of her books without leaving home.
58-66. Placido Domingo (opera singer, Spain) - 8 World famous opera tenor. He is fluent in conducting and piano.
58-66. John Lasseter (animator, USA) is the creative leader of Pixar studio. He is called a solitary artist, and his style is compared to the late Walt Disney.
58-66. Shunpei Yamazaki (computer monitor developer, Japan) - 8 Computer scientist and physicist. The most prolific inventor in history- owner of more 1700
patents!
58-66. Jane Goodall (anthropologist, UK) - 8 Ethologist, primatologist and anthropologist. After living with mountain gorillas for several years, she became the founder of an original method for studying the life of chimpanzees.
58-66. Kirti Narayan Chowdhury (historian, India) - 8 Historian, writer and graphic artist. He is the only historian from South Asia to be accepted into the British Academy.
58-66. John Goto (photographer, UK) - 8 Photographer. He was the first to use Photoshop to process his photographs.
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58-66. Paul McCartney (musician, UK) – 8 
Rock musician, singer and composer, one of the founders of The Beatles. Wrote the most commercially successful single Hey Jude and the hit Yesterday.
58-66. Stephen King (writer, USA) - 8 Writer, works in the genres: horror, thriller, fantasy, mysticism. The universally recognized “king of horror.”
58-66. Leonard Cohen (poet and musician, Canada) - 8 Patriarch of folk rock. He published several novels and poetry collections, earning a strong literary name
67-71. Aretha Franklin (singer, USA) - 7 Black singer. She is called the "Queen of Soul". She has released two dozen records and received two Grammy awards.
67-71. David Bowie (musician, UK) - 7 Rock musician, producer, audio engineer, composer, artist, actor. Became famous in the 1970s with the advent of glam rock.
67-71. Emily Oster (economist, USA) - 7 Became the first researcher to compare data on the persecution of witches with weather conditions in the 16th and 17th centuries.
67-71. Stephen Wozniak (computer developer, co-founder of Apple, USA) - 7 
Considered one of the fathers of the personal computer revolution.
67-71. Martin Cooper (engineer, inventor of the cell phone, USA) - 7 
In 1973, the first call was made from the streets of New York.
But mobile phones only became truly widespread in 1990 year.
72-82. George Lucas (director, USA) - 6 He directed the television epic "Star Wars". Fans around the world still live by the principles underlying the fictional Jedi philosophy.
72-82. Nile Rodgers (musician, USA) - 6 Elite studio musician. This black guitarist, composer and producer is considered a master of disco-pop.
72-82. Hans Zimmer (composer, Germany) - 6 Known for his music for many films, for example, Rain Man. He was the first to use a combination of orchestral and electronic music.
72-82. John Williams (composer, USA) - 6 Five-time Oscar winner. He wrote music for the films “Jaws”, Superman”, “Jurassic Park”, “Star Wars”, “Harry Potter” and others.
72-82. Annette Beyer (philosopher, New Zealand) - 6 Made significant contributions to the development of feminist philosophy.
72-82. Dorothy Rowe (psychologist, Australia) - 6 Gives an explanation of depression and shows how to get out of this condition: “Take your life into your own hands!”
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72-82. Ivan Marchuk (artist, sculptor, Ukraine) - 6 Created a unique style of painting - weaving.
72-82. Robin Escovado (composer, USA) - 6 Supporter of the French school. In recent decades, he wrote music exclusively for the choir chapel.
72-82. Mark Dean (computer developer, USA) - 6 Invented a device that made it possible to control a modem and a printer at the same time.
72-82. Rick Rubin (musician and producer, USA) - 6 Co-owner of Columbia Records. MTV named him the most powerful producer of the last 20 years.
72-82. Stan Lee (writer, publisher, USA) - 6 Publisher and lead writer of Marvel Comics magazine. Laid the beginning of the X-Men comic book series.
83-90. David Warren (engineer, Australia) - 5 Created the world's first emergency operational flight information recorder, the so-called black box for aircraft.
83-90. Jun Fosse (writer, playwright, Norway) - 5 He became famous after writing the play “And We Will Never Separate.”
83-90. Gertrude Schnakenberg (poetess, USA) - 5 Representative of the feminist movement in modern poetry. Writes about universal human values.
83-90. Graham Linehan (writer, playwright, Ireland) - 5 Wrote scripts for many television comedies. Known as the screenwriter of the TV series Father Ted.
83-90. JK Rowling (writer, UK) - 5 Children's writer, author of the Harry Potter novels. They brought her worldwide fame and a fortune of $1 billion.
Physics
Andrey Geim. Photo: ITAR-TASS/ Stanislav Krasilnikov
In the new millennium, the Nobel Prize in Physics went to Russian-speaking scientists three times, although only in 2010 - for a discovery made in the 21st century. MIPT graduates Andrey Game And Konstantin Novoselov In the laboratory of the University of Manchester, for the first time, they were able to obtain a stable two-dimensional carbon crystal - graphene. It is a very thin - one atom thick - carbon film, which, due to its structure, has many interesting properties: remarkable conductivity, transparency, flexibility, and very high strength. New and new areas of application are constantly being found for graphene, for example in microelectronics: flexible displays, electrodes and solar panels are created from it.
Mikhail Lukin. Photo: ITAR-TASS/ Denis Vyshinsky
Another graduate of MIPT, and now a professor of physics at Harvard University Mikhail Lukin , did the seemingly impossible: he stopped the light. To do this, the scientist used supercooled rubidium vapor and two lasers: the control one made the medium conductive to light, and the second served as a source of a short light pulse. When the control laser was turned off, the particles of the light pulse stopped leaving the medium, as if stopping in it. This experiment was a real breakthrough towards the creation of quantum computers - a completely new type of machine that can perform a colossal number of operations in parallel. The scientist continued his research in this area, and in 2012, his group at Harvard created the longest-lived qubit at that time, the smallest element for storing information in a quantum computer. And in 2013, Lukin for the first time obtained photonic matter - a kind of substance, only consisting not of atoms, but of particles of light, photons. It is also planned to be used for quantum computing.
Yuri Oganesyan (center) with Georgy Flerov and Konstantin Petrzhak. Photo from the JINR electronic archive
Russian scientists in the 21st century have significantly expanded the periodic table. For example, in January 2016, elements with numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 were added to it, three of which were first obtained at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna under the leadership of an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Oganesyan . He also has the honor of discovering a number of other superheavy elements and their synthesis reactions: elements heavier than uranium do not exist in nature - they are too unstable, so they are created artificially in accelerators. In addition, Oganesyan experimentally confirmed that for superheavy elements there is a so-called “island of stability.” All these elements decay very quickly, but first theoretically and then experimentally it was shown that among them there should be some whose lifetime significantly exceeds the lifetime of their neighbors in the table.
Chemistry
Artem Oganov. Photo from personal archive
Chemist Artem Oganov , head of laboratories in the USA, China and Russia, and now also a professor at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, created an algorithm that allows you to use a computer to search for substances with predetermined properties, even impossible from the point of view of classical chemistry. The method developed by Oganov formed the basis of the USPEX program (which reads like the Russian word for “success”), which is widely used throughout the world (“Attic” in detail). With its help, new magnets and substances that could exist in extreme conditions, such as high pressure, were discovered. It is assumed that such conditions may well exist on other planets, which means that the substances predicted by Oganov are there.
Valery Fokin. Biopharmaceutical cluster "Northern"
However, it is necessary not only to model substances with predetermined properties, but also to create them in practice. To achieve this, a new paradigm was introduced in chemistry in 1997, the so-called click chemistry. The word “click” imitates the sound of a latch, because the new term was introduced for reactions that must, under any conditions, connect small components into the desired molecule. At first, scientists were distrustful of the existence of a miracle reaction, but in 2002 Valery Fokin , a graduate of Nizhny Novgorod State University named after Lobachevsky, now working at the Scripps Institute in California, discovered such a “molecular latch”: it consists of an azide and an alkyne and works in the presence of copper in water with ascorbic acid. Using this simple reaction, completely different compounds can be combined with each other: proteins, dyes, inorganic molecules. Such “click” synthesis of substances with previously known properties is primarily necessary when creating new drugs.
Biology
Evgeny Kunin. Photo from the scientist’s personal archive
However, to treat a disease, sometimes it is necessary not only to neutralize a virus or bacteria, but also to correct one’s own genes. No, this is not the plot of a science fiction film: scientists have already developed several systems of “molecular scissors” capable of editing the genome (more about the amazing technology in the Attic article). The most promising among them is the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which is based on the mechanism of protection against viruses that exists in bacteria and archaea. One of the key researchers of this system is our former compatriot Evgeniy Kunin , who has been working at the US National Center for Biotechnology Information for many years. In addition to CRISPR systems, the scientist is interested in many issues of genetics, evolutionary and computational biology, so it is not for nothing that his H-index (the citation index of a scientist’s articles, reflecting how much his research is in demand) has exceeded 130 - this is an absolute record among all Russian-speaking scientists.
Vyacheslav Epstein. Photo by Northwestern University
However, the danger today is posed not only by genome breakdowns, but also by the most common microbes. The fact is that over the past 30 years not a single new type of antibiotic has been created, and bacteria are gradually becoming immune to old ones. Fortunately for humanity, in January 2015, a group of scientists from Northeastern University in the United States announced the creation of a completely new antimicrobial agent. To do this, scientists turned to the study of soil bacteria, which were previously considered impossible to grow in laboratory conditions. To get around this obstacle, an employee of Northeastern University, a graduate of Moscow State University Vyacheslav Epshtein together with a colleague, he developed a special chip for growing unruly bacteria right on the ocean floor - in this cunning way, the scientist circumvented the problem of the increased “capriciousness” of bacteria that did not want to grow in a Petri dish. This technique formed the basis of a large study, the result of which was the antibiotic teixobactin, which can cope with both tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus.
Mathematics
Grigory Perelman. Photo: George M. Bergman - Mathematisches Institut Oberwolfach (MFO)
Even people very far from science have probably heard about mathematics from St. Petersburg Grigory Perelman . In 2002–2003, he published three papers proving the Poincaré conjecture. This hypothesis belongs to a branch of mathematics called topology and explains the most general properties of space. In 2006, the proof was accepted by the mathematical community, and the Poincaré conjecture thus became the first to be solved among the so-called seven millennium problems. These include classical mathematical problems for which proofs have not been found for many years. For his proof, Perelman was awarded the Fields Medal, often called the Nobel Prize for mathematicians, as well as the Clay Mathematics Institute's Millennium Problem Solving Prize. The scientist refused all awards, which attracted the attention of a public far from mathematics.
Stanislav Smirnov. Photo: ITAR-TASS/ Yuri Belinsky
Working at the University of Geneva Stanislav Smirnov in 2010 he also won the Fields Medal. His most prestigious award in the mathematical world came from his proof of the conformal invariance of two-dimensional percolation and the Ising model in statistical physics, a thing with an unpronounceable name used by theorists to describe the magnetization of a material and used in the development of quantum computers.
Andrey Okunkov. Photo: Radio Liberty
Perelman and Smirnov are representatives of the Leningrad Mathematical School, graduates of the well-known 239th school and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University. But there were also Muscovites among the mathematical Nobel Prize nominees, for example, a professor at Columbia University who worked in the USA for many years and a graduate of Moscow State University Andrey Okunkov . He received the Fields Medal in 2006, at the same time as Perelman, for his achievements connecting probability theory, representation theory, and algebraic geometry. In practice, Okunkov’s work over the years has found application both in statistical physics to describe the surfaces of crystals, and in string theory, a field of physics that tries to combine the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.
Story
Peter Turchin. Photo: Stevens University of Technology
He proposed a new theory at the intersection of mathematics and the humanities Petr Turchin . It is surprising that Turchin himself is not a mathematician or a historian: he is a biologist who studied at Moscow State University and now works at the University of Connecticut and studies populations. Population biology processes develop over a long period of time, and their description and analysis often require the construction of mathematical models. But modeling can also be used to better understand social and historical phenomena in human society. This is exactly what Turchin did in 2003, calling the new approach cliodynamics (on behalf of the muse of history Clio). Using this method, Turchin himself established “secular” demographic cycles.
Linguistics
Andrey Zaliznyak. Photo: Mitrius/wikimedia
Every year in Novgorod, as well as in some other ancient Russian cities, such as Moscow, Pskov, Ryazan and even Vologda, more and more birch bark letters are found, the age of which dates back to the 11th-15th centuries. In them you can find personal and official correspondence, children's exercises, drawings, jokes, and even love letters - “The Attic” is about the funniest ancient Russian inscriptions. The living language of letters helps researchers understand the Novgorod dialect, as well as the life of ordinary people and the history of Rus'. The most famous researcher of birch bark documents is, of course, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Andrey Zaliznyak : It’s not without reason that his annual lectures, dedicated to newly found letters and deciphering old ones, are filled with people.
Climatology
Vasily Titov. Photo from noaa.gov
On the morning of December 26, 2004, the day of the tragic tsunami in Indonesia, which, according to various estimates, killed 200-300 thousand people, a graduate of NSU, working at the Tsunami Research Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle (USA), Vasily Titov woke up famous. And this is not just a figure of speech: having learned about the strongest earthquake that occurred in the Indian Ocean, the scientist, before going to bed, decided to run a tsunami wave forecasting program on his computer and posted its results online. His forecast turned out to be very accurate, but, unfortunately, it was made too late and therefore could not prevent human casualties. Now the tsunami forecasting program MOST, developed by Titov, is used in many countries around the world.
Astronomy
Konstantin Batygin. Photo from caltech.edu
In January 2016, the world was shocked by another piece of news: in our native solar system. One of the authors of the discovery was born in Russia Konstantin Batygin from the University of California. Having studied the motion of six cosmic bodies located beyond the orbit of Neptune, the last of the currently recognized planets, scientists have used calculations to show that at a distance seven times greater than the distance from Neptune to the Sun, there should be another planet orbiting the Sun. Its size, according to scientists, is 10 times the diameter of the Earth. However, in order to be completely convinced of the existence of the distant giant, it is still necessary to see it with a telescope.