How many cubic meters in the board calculator. Calculation of lumber volume

Edged board is the most common type of lumber. It has an extremely wide range of applications. Its dimensions can be very different - from 16 * 8 mm to 250 * 100 mm (but the width is always greater than twice the thickness; if less, then such lumber is called “timber”). Due to the wide distribution and popularity of this material for almost any construction work ah, the question of calculating the required number of boards will arise with a very high probability.

Edged boards are an indispensable material in construction. Her required amount measured in cubic meters.

Edged boards, like other lumber, are measured in cubic meters. Accordingly, calculating its cubic capacity is an important practical problem, the solution of which is necessary to determine the cost. It's not difficult - just basic geometric knowledge is enough.

How to calculate cubic capacity

Unlike unedged or one-sided edged boards, edged does not have a wane (part of the former surface of the log where bark is or was previously present). Or rather, a small amount of wane is allowed according to the standard, but its amount is clearly regulated, and in any case it is small. Therefore in geometric sense we have a simple rectangular parallelepiped. Accordingly, we have 3 parameters: thickness (smaller side of the cross section), width (larger side of the cross section) and length. They are traditionally designated by the letters a, b and l.

According to current standards, edged boards are produced in thicknesses (parameter a) of 22, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 100 mm. Lumber of other thicknesses is made from standard longitudinal cut or planing. Standard width goes from 100 to 250 mm in increments of 50 mm. Standard lengths are 3, 4 and 6 m.

To determine the cubic capacity, we need, in accordance with the formula for calculating the volume rectangular parallelepiped multiply thickness, width and length.

All three parameters should be counted in meters: that is, the dimensions 25 mm * 10 cm * 4 m should be written as 0.025 m * 0.1 m * 4 m. Thus, we get the volume - cubic capacity - of one board of these parameters. Now you need to find out how many of them will “fit” in one cubic meter. To do this, you need to divide the unit by the calculated volume. That's it, the required number has been found.

Example: let’s say we need lumber 6 m long, 3 cm thick, and 25 cm wide. Then the volume of one piece will be 0.03 * 0.25 * 6 m, or 0.045 m³. 1 m³ will contain 1/0.045 = 22.222, or, rounding up, 22.2 boards of the indicated sizes.

Having such a calculation, you can already estimate further how many cubic meters of this lumber need to be purchased for construction or repair work. It is only worth considering that supplier companies like to round all numbers to their advantage, and in our example, 0.045 m³ in practice can turn into 0.05 m³, that is, only 20 pieces per cubic meter. Such an “error” can reach several percent, which, at prices of several thousand rubles per cubic meter, is already a noticeable value.

Good day! We bring to your attention an article that should definitely help you in determining how many board cubes to build, for example, wooden bath, need to order. In the article we will give a difficult final result for the boards certain size, but we will also tell you what the percentage of your overpayment is for one cube of such a board, and we will show an example of independently calculating the number of boards in a cube.

What is a cube and volume

Let's start with the fact that boards are measured in cubic meters (abbr. cube). Cubic meter is the product of three quantities: the first of them is length, the second is width, and the third is height. In the case of a figure such as a “cube”, the value of the “volume” value will be equal to the length of the edge to the power of “3”. Another definition of cubic meter:

“Cubic meter (m³, cubic meter) is a unit of volume; equal to the volume of a cube with edges 1 meter long"

How to find the volume of a cube is shown in the video below (video in English):

Let's return to your future boards, namely their size. The size of the board is indicated as follows: 25x150x6000. The first number is the height (thickness), the second number is the width, and the third number is the length. The length of the board is usually either 4 meters or 6 meters.

Important! In fact, the length of the board will be greater than its nominal size. For example, a board 4 meters long actually has 4.1, or even 4.2 meters, and a board 6 meters long will have up to 6.25. As for the first two values, width and thickness (height), they must exactly correspond to the given parameter.

Calculation example for a board 25x150x6000

Let's consider the above board size 25x150x6000. The dimensions here are indicated in mm, but to determine cubic capacity, you need another unit of measurement - meter. Let's convert mm to meters and get a board 0.025x0.15x6.0. Let's apply the volume formula V= L* h* b, Where L- length, h- height, b- width. L=6.0; h=0.025; b=0.15. Thus, 6.0*0.025*0.15 = 0.0225 cubic meters. What does this mean? And this means one thing: if you know the price for 1 cubic meter such a board, then freely determine the price of one board. Let’s say if the price of a cubic meter is 100 rubles, then for one board you will have to pay 100 * 0.0225 = 2.25 rubles.

Attention! Often, board sellers, one might say, “take advantage” of their clients by rounding up the volume of boards. For example, instead of 0.025 cubic meters, the size is indicated as 0.023. Of course, this is an insignificant deviation if you purchase less than 1 cubic meter of boards costing 100 rubles, but when a cubic meter costs, for example, 300 rubles, and you need 10 cubic meters, the overpayment will be significant.

That is why you should learn to independently determine the cubic capacity of the board. So, we were able to determine the volume of one board. But how to determine how many unedged boards are included in 1 cubic meter with dimensions of 25x150x6000. And it’s even easier to do this by using the formula:

1 cubic meter / (L*h*b) = N pieces.

We substitute the available data and get the number of boards 25x150x6000 in 1 cubic meter:

1 / (6.0*0.025*0.15) = 1 / 0.0225 = 44.4 pcs.

Important! When ordering one cubic meter 25x150x6000, you actually take 44 boards, and simply overpay for 0.4. Thus, 1% of the cost of a cubic meter is your overpayment.

Calculation of the volume and number of boards for different sizes

Below, together with you, we will determine the volume of one board and the number of boards for different sizes.

25x150x4000 (length - 4000, height - 25, width -150)

First, let's determine the volume of one such board. We apply the formula and get 4*0.025*0.15=0.015 cubic meters. meters.

Now we determine the number of boards 25x150x4000 per cubic meter: 1 / 0.015 = 66.7 pcs. As a result, 1 cubic meter of 25x150x4000 boards contains 66 pieces.

40x150x4000 (length - 4000, height - 40, width - 150)

Let's determine the volume of one such board: 4*0.04*0.15=0.024 cubic meters. meters.

And the number of boards will be calculated as follows: 1 / 0.024 = 41.6 pcs. In fact - 41 boards.

20x100x6000 (length - 6000, height - 20, width - 100)

Let's start by determining the volume of one such board, size 20x100x6000. 6*0.02*0.1=0.012.

Number of boards in 1 cubic meter: 1 / 0.012 = 83.3 pieces. We get 83 boards.

25x100x6000 (length - 6000, height - 25, width - 100)

We calculate the volume of one board using the formula: 6 * 0.025 * 0.1 = 0.015 cubic meters. meters.

If you were careful, then a board measuring 25x150x4000 has exactly the same volume, and based on this we can immediately calculate the number of boards in 1 cubic meter: 66 pieces.

40x100x6000 (length - 6000, height - 40, width - 100)

We calculate the volume of one board 40x100x6000. We substitute the parameters into the formula and we have: 6 * 0.04 * 0.1 = 0.024 cubic meters. meters.

The number of boards will be 1 / 0.024 = 41.6. Thus, paying for 1 cubic meter 40x100x6000 you will receive 41 boards.

50x100x6000 (length - 6000, height - 50, width - 100)

First, let's determine the volume of one such board. We apply the formula and get 6*0.05*0.1=0.03 cubic meters. meters.

Now we determine the number of boards 50x100x6000 per cubic meter: 1 / 0.03 = 33.3. As a result, 1 cubic meter of 50x100x6000 board contains 33 pieces.

25x150x6000 (length - 6000, height - 25, width - 150)

Let's determine the volume of one such board: 6*0.025*0.15=0.0225 cubic meters. meters.

And the number of boards will be calculated as follows: 1 / 0.0225 = 44.4 pcs. In fact - 44 boards.

30x150x6000 (length - 6000, height - 30, width - 150)

Let's start by determining the volume of one such board, size 30x150x6000. 6*0.03*0.15=0.027.

Number of boards in 1 cubic meter: 1 / 0.027 = 37.04 pieces. We get 37 boards. Perhaps, it is for a cubic meter of such a board that you will have to overpay the smallest percentage.

40x150x6000 (length - 6000, height - 40, width - 150)

We calculate the volume of one board using the formula: 6*0.04*0.15=0.036 cubic meters. meters.

So what is the number of boards 40x150x6000 in 1 cubic meter? It is equal to 1 / 0.036 = 27.8 cubic meters. meters. Attention! As you can see, if you round the number of such boards down, you will overpay a decent amount of money, almost 3%!

50x150x6000 (length - 6000, height - 50, width - 150)

We calculate the volume of one board 50x150x6000. We substitute the parameters into the formula and we have: 6 * 0.05 * 0.15 = 0.045 cubic meters. meters.

The number of boards will be equal to 1 / 0.045 = 22.2. Thus, paying for 1 cubic meter 50x150x6000 you will receive 22 boards.

25x200x6000 (length - 6000, height - 25, width - 200)

The volume of one board 25x200x6000 is 0.03 cubic meters. meters. The number of boards 25x200x6000 in 1 cubic meter is 33.3 pieces.

40x200x6000 (length - 6000, height - 40, width - 200)

The volume of such a board is 6 * 0.04 * 0.2 = 0.048 cubic meters. meters. And the number of boards 40x200x6000 in one cube is 20.8 pieces.

IMPORTANT: when rounding down, the overpayment will be significant!

50x200x6000 (length - 6000, height - 50, width - 200)

The last size we will consider in this article. We calculate the volume of one such board: 6 * 0.05 * 0.2 = 0.06 cubic meters. meters. The number of such boards in 1 cubic meter will be equal to 1 / 0.06 = 16.7, which means a large overpayment when rounded towards 16 pieces!

To help you avoid confusion, below is a table with the results obtained:

Repair and construction work often involves the use of lumber. But shops and timber trading centers often sell them not in pieces, but in cubes.

Everything is very simple and fast.

Method for calculating edged lumber

• a caliper, tape measure or folding m; if the length parameters of wood products are known, you can limit yourself to a regular ruler;
• calculator - suitable mobile phone, smartphone, if problems may arise with mental arithmetic;
• a piece of paper and a pencil - to record the results of calculations, how many boards are in a cube.

1. Volume = Length × Height (product thickness) × Width.

To prevent confusion when converting cubic centimeters to cubic meters, it is more convenient to immediately record the measurement results in meters.

For example, 0.132 cu. m = 6 m × 0.022 m (2.2 cm) × 0.10 m (10 cm).

Now, to determine the number of planks in a cube, you need 1 cubic meter. m divided by 0.132. The result obtained (7, 5757) when purchasing timber must be rounded to 8 pieces.

This method of calculating cubic capacity is also suitable for timber. This way you can determine how many cubic meters of timber you need to purchase if you know the required number of products, or, conversely, determine required quantity cubes

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How to calculate the cube of an unedged board?

To determine the required volume of timber, the easiest way is to carry out calculations similar to the above method. Only the final result needs to be multiplied by 1.2 - a correction factor. From unedged boards you can get no more than 70-80% of edged ones.

The width and thickness of each product are measured taking into account its further processing. The technique will help determine the number of cubes wooden products, necessary for work, if the final result is planned for their further processing - pruning.

When purchasing, the widest and thinnest boards are measured to obtain an average width. If the width of the lumber at the butt is wider than at the top, the arithmetic mean of their dimensions is used without taking into account the bast layer or bark, rounded to 10 mm. In this case, fractions from 5 mm are rounded to the full 10 mm, and fractions up to 5 mm are not taken into account. The length and thickness of the lumber are measured in the usual way. The volume of timber is determined according to the usual scheme:

• the volume of one product is calculated;
• the total cubic capacity of purchased timber is determined; according to GOST, correction factors are used: 0.96 – for lumber from coniferous species, 0.95 – for lumber from hardwood wood

In addition to the piecemeal method for determining the volume of unedged lumber, the geometric method can be used.

Requirements for a package of unedged timber:

• lumber is laid tightly, without overlaps, in horizontal rows;
• on one side the ends of the boards are aligned;
• all sides of the package are strictly vertical: according to GOST, the offset individual products outward, inward should not exceed 0.10 m;
• The package of lumber must be the same width along its entire length.

Then the volume of the package is calculated, the resulting result is multiplied by the coefficient:

Construction work requires solving many different issues, among which the most important task is the selection and purchase of lumber. Calculate how much linear meters boards and timber will be needed during the construction process, it’s not difficult. But the price of industrial wood is indicated per 1 cubic meter, and this often causes difficulties for novice home craftsmen. The ability to correctly select and calculate the amount of edged or unedged lumber in a cube will allow you to save money and avoid a situation where, after completion of construction work, a pile of unused boards remains on the site.

Classification and characteristics of lumber

The very name “lumber” suggests that this type of construction raw material is obtained by longitudinal sawing of tree trunks on circular or band saws. Several cutting methods are used to produce boards and timber:

• tangential (in a circle),
• radial.

Tangential cutting involves moving the saw tangentially to the annual rings of the tree, which reduces the amount of waste and, therefore, reduces the cost of building materials. The boards obtained in this way have a beautiful, pronounced pattern, therefore they are often used for finishing purposes. Disadvantages of circular sawing include the tendency of the wood to shrink and swell, as well as a significant difference in texture as it approaches cutting tool to the center of the log.

In the sawmill industry, several methods are used for sawing a trunk.

At radial sawing the cutting line passes through the core of the tree, so the yield of boards will be smaller, and their price will be higher. However, if necessary, obtain wood High Quality use exactly this method. This is due to the fact that, compared to the tangential method, radial sawing boards have halved swelling and shrinkage rates. In addition to the cutting methods discussed above, they also use mixed method, which combines the advantages of the first two.

The concept of lumber actually includes not only traditional timber, which is most often seen in construction markets. The full list of products obtained from sawing logs includes:

• board;
• beam;
• bar;
• lagging;
• croaker

The last two types of lumber are classified as waste, which absolutely does not prevent them from being used for certain types of construction work, as well as for finishing purposes.

Boards

Boards include lumber rectangular section with a thickness of no more than 100 mm and a width to thickness ratio of no less than 2:1. Depending on the degree of processing, the board can be edged or unedged. The first is ready product without bark and with smoothly sawn edges, while the second is a “semi-finished product”, removed directly from the saw frame.

The edged board has smooth edges and a constant width along the entire length of the lumber

The most commonly used boards in construction are: standard sizes:

• thickness - 25 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm;
• width - from 75 to 275 mm with gradation every 25 mm;
• length - from 1 m to 6.5 mm in increments of 250 mm.

Boards of other sizes can be obtained by trimming or planing standard lumber, or by making individual order for sawing round timber.

Unedged boards have a lower cost, but without finishing its scope of application is limited

The parameters of lumber used in construction are standardized and determined according to the current GOST 8486–86 for coniferous wood and GOST 2695–83 for hardwood.

timber

Timber is lumber whose cross-section is a square with sides of at least 100 mm. The diameter of the timber is unified and can vary from 100 to 250 mm in increments of 25 mm. The standard defines the length of products of this type from 2 to 9 m, but most often square lumber with a length of no more than 6 m is used. In some cases, products with a section of 150x100 mm, 200x100 mm or 200x150 mm, which existing classification are much closer to the sleepers.

The timber is ideal material for the construction of frames and other wooden structures

The bar differs from the beam discussed above only in that its cross-section does not exceed 100x100 mm. The typical length of the bar is also 6 m, and the diameter ranges from 40 mm to 90 mm in increments of 10 mm. To simplify the classification, bars are often classified as slats whose cross-section has rectangular shape, and the ratio of thickness to width is at least 1:2. The standard range of edges for softwood slats looks like this: 16, 19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 44, 50, 60, 75 mm. For hardwood lumber, products of increased width are additionally provided, and the product line itself looks like this: 19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 mm.

A variety of bars and slats allow you to strengthen and make any wooden structure as stable as possible.

Obapole and croaker

Obapol is the very first cut of a round timber, the outer surface of which remains untreated. Unlike obapol, croaker can have a cut on half of the second side or alternating treated and untreated areas on the bark side. The importance of obapole and slab in construction is secondary, since it is unaesthetic appearance and reduced performance characteristics make it possible to use lumber of this type only for auxiliary purposes. Most often, slab and obapol are used as fastening materials, as well as for the manufacture of formwork, sheathing or flooring. scaffolding. This material is also interesting in quality decorative material for decorating walls, fences and other vertical structures.

Despite their external ugliness, croaker and obapole are widely used for minor construction tasks

Technology for calculating the number of boards in a cube

The wood market offers both edged lumber and unedged boards, with wane remaining on the edges. Depending on the type of wood products, several methods are used to determine cubic capacity.

How to find out the number of edged lumber in a cube

The algorithm for determining the cubic capacity of lumber is based on the formula known to every schoolchild for finding the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped. In order to find out the cubic capacity of one board (V) per cubic meter. m, you need to find the product of its length (a) by its width (b) and thickness (h) in meters V=a×b×h.

The desired figure will make it easy to calculate how many boards of this type will fit into one cubic meter of lumber. For this, 1 cu. m of lumber is divided by the volume of one product. For example, if you need to find out the cubic capacity of one board with parameters 6000x200x25 mm, then by substituting these numbers into the formula, we get V = 6x0.2x0.025 = 0.03 cubic meters. m. Consequently, in one cubic meter there will be 1/0.03 = 33.3 such products.

A tongue and groove board has a groove on one side and a tongue on the other. Since both of these elements are approximately equal to each other, their parameters can be neglected. That is why the cross-sectional size of tongue-and-groove lumber is measured without taking into account the locking part.

In the case of boards that have same sizes, the calculation can be simplified by substituting the dimensions of the lumber stack into the formula. Of course, its installation should be as tight as possible, otherwise the gaps between separate elements will affect the accuracy of the calculations. Considering that the cost of individual types of wood reaches tens of thousands of rubles, such an error can cost a pretty penny.

To simplify calculations, you can use special tables that allow you to quickly determine the cubic capacity or the amount of wood in 1 cubic meter. m of lumber.

Table: number of edged boards in 1 cubic meter. m of standard length lumber

The cubic capacity of timber of standard sizes can also be determined using the table below.

Table: amount of timber in 1 cubic meter. m of lumber

Very often it is necessary to determine the surface area (floor or wall) that can be covered with a board of one thickness or another with a volume of 1 cubic meter. m. To do this, you can use the formula S = 1/h, where h is the thickness of the lumber. So, one cubic meter of 40 mm board will be enough to arrange S = 1/0.04 = 25 square meters. m of floor. To facilitate the process of calculating the area, a table called a cubeturner allows you to simplify the process of calculating the area. It contains data on the cross-section of the boards, their number in 1 cubic meter. m and the required area that they can cover.

Method for calculating the cubic capacity of an unedged board

Unedged lumber is not trimmed at the edges, so not only the cross-sectional size of individual products varies, but also the width different parts one board. In this regard, it is possible to calculate the volume of a stack of unprocessed lumber only approximately. The same applies to calculating the cubic capacity of individual unedged lumber, although the error in this case will be much smaller.

So, to calculate the cubic capacity unedged boards There are two constant quantities - thickness and length, and one variable - width. To avoid complex calculations using differential algebra methods, the last parameter is simply averaged. To do this, the board is measured in several places and the arithmetic average is found. For example, for a board with a diameter of 400 mm at the base, 350 mm in the middle and 280 in the top, the calculated value will be (430+340+260)/3=343 mm. Further calculations are carried out in exactly the same way as for edged lumber.

Most often, the width of an unedged board is determined only on the basis of measurements along the edges of the lumber. It should be noted that the accuracy of calculations directly depends on the number of measurements, so in critical cases their number is increased.

If you need to find out the cubic capacity of the package unedged wood, then the products are stacked on top of each other in such a way that the following conditions are met:

• the stacks must be aligned along the front end;
• boards in a stack should not be stacked overlapping;
• It is not allowed to change the width of the package along the entire length of the lumber;
• the protrusion of the outermost products beyond the stack should not exceed 100 mm.

By measuring the height, length and width of a package of unedged wood with a tape measure, the approximate cubic capacity is determined using the formula V=a×b×h. To find out more exact value, the resulting result is multiplied by the stacking coefficient, which can be found in special tables.

When carrying out construction work on the construction of a residential building, a specialist must carry out big number various tasks, some of which are: drawing up and calculating the estimated cost to final finishing premises of a residential building. IN mandatory, calculate the required amount of various building materials, which is quite difficult to do. Therefore, such knowledge - how many boards are in a cube - has a very important for a specialist who is engaged in the construction of a residential building and wants to complete the work as efficiently and quickly as possible.

Buying club: existing types of boards

To calculate exactly how many board pieces are in a cube, you will need to know not only what exactly a board cube means, but it is worth understanding important point that exist different kinds boards and what is possible to purchase on modern market for performing various construction works. It should be noted that the cube of almost all materials, regardless of the type of material, is calculated in the same way, that is, according to one specific method. The types of boards have no influence on the calculation of the cubic capacity of this building material.

Non-grooved types of lumber are: timber, various edged boards, as well as unedged boards (they are an exception when calculating cubic capacity, because this process occurs a little differently). Tongue-and-groove types (which have special grooves for making joints) include: modern lining, blockhouse, flooring material, as well as imitation natural timber. When you choose a tongue-and-groove type of building material for purchase, then you will need to pay attention to the fact that when making calculations, only the working width of the board without a tenon is used. If we talk about a blockhouse (imitation log), then when calculating the cubic capacity, only the thickness at its highest point is taken.

How many boards are in 1 cube: performing the calculation

Any person, even from his school days, understands how cubic capacity is calculated. For this procedure, it is necessary to calculate quantities such as: length, width and height. A similar principle is used to calculate the cubic capacity of 1 board. When performing such calculations, it is recommended to convert all available values ​​into meters. The cubic capacity of 1 board, which has a cross-section of 150x20 mm. and a length of 6 m, is calculated as follows: 0.15 multiplied by 0.02 and 6, so that the cubic capacity of this board will be 0.018 cubic meters.

Let's apply the volume formula V= L*h*b (where L is length, h is height, b is width).

L= 6.0; h= 0.02; b= 0.15.

Thus, V= 6.0*0.02*0.15 = 0.018 m3.

To determine how many boards are in one cube: divide 1 m3 by cubic capacity (the volume of one board).

1 m 3 / V = ​​N pcs.

1 m 3 / 0.018 m 3 = 55.55 pcs.

Thus, the number of boards in one cube is 55.5 pieces.

Find out the cost certain type boards, when the values ​​of its volume are known quite easily: 0.018 is multiplied by the price of 1 cubic meter. When 1 cube of a certain type of board costs, for example, 5,500 rubles, then the cost will be 99 rubles. At this point in the calculation, there is some trick of sellers and managers in construction stores, because the cubic capacity of the material is rounded to some integer values.

Such rounding can lead to such a moment that the price of 1 board (when 1 cube costs 5500) will be completely different values. In addition to all this, it should be noted that various boards for construction, which have a nominal length of 6 meters, the actual length is 6.1 - 6.2 m, which is not taken into account when selling this building material. This also applies to the purchase of a significant number of boards. This can be seen quite clearly if we use a 150x20 mm board as an example. The number of boards in a cube is a value of 55.5 pcs. But, in a cube they count 55 pieces, which when performing the calculation will have a value of 0.99 cubic meters. In fact, it follows from this that the overpayment for 1 cubic meter of this popular building material can amount to 1% of the real price. For example, 5500 instead of 4995 rubles.

To calculate the cubic capacity for a continuous type of board, slightly different methods are used. When we are talking about buying 1 board, then measuring its thickness, as well as the total length, is carried out in the same way as when choosing edged building material. In this case, the average width is taken for calculations - between a large value and a small one.

For example, when the width of the board at one end is 25 cm, and at the other 20, then the average value will be approximately 22 centimeters. When it is necessary to calculate the volume of a significant number of similar boards for construction, then you will need to lay them out so that the wide one does not differ from the narrow one, more than 10 cm. The main length of this material in the laid out stack should be approximately the same. After this, using a regular tape measure, an accurate measurement is made of the height of the entire existing stack of boards, and the width is measured (approximately in the very middle). The result obtained will then need to be multiplied by a special coefficient, amounting to a value from 0.07 to 0.09, directly dependent on the existing air gap.

How many boards are in 1 cube: special tables

To calculate the exact number of boards of a certain width and length in 1 cubic meter, various tables are used. Below are several such specialized tables, which indicate the cubic capacity of the common and in demand types of this material today. It is possible to calculate the volume of various boards of different sizes, for example, material for erecting a fence on your site, using the existing formula presented above.

Table of the amount of edged boards in 1 cubic meter

Table of the amount of timber in 1 cubic meter

Table of the amount of unedged boards in 1 cubic meter

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