The sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language; syntax is the study of it. It is no secret that people communicate with each other precisely in these units. Logically complete sentences are the basis of oral and writing. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit; detailed constructions give special dynamism and at the same time richness to the narrative. A task consisting of several parts is not uncommon in oral and written exams. The main thing in this matter is to know the types of complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.
Complex sentence: definition and types
A sentence, as the basic structural unit of human speech, has a number of specific features by which it can be distinguished from a phrase or simply a set of words. Every sentence contains a statement. This could be a matter of fact, a question, or a call to action. A sentence must have a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonationally complete.
The proposals are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. is built according to the number of predicative stems. For example:
- It snowed in the morning. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) fell (predicate).
- In the morning snow fell, and the whole earth seemed to be covered with a fluffy blanket. IN in this example We are looking at a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis is snow (subject), fell (predicate); the second is the earth (subject), covered (predicate).
Types of complex sentences are distinguished depending on how their constituent parts are combined. They can be complex, complex or non-union. Let's look at these types of complex sentences with examples.
Complex sentence
Used to connect parts of a complex sentence. It is worth noting that the parts in such a sentence are equal: the question is not asked from one to the other.
Examples
The clock struck three in the morning, but the household did not sleep. This is a complex sentence, its parts are connected by the coordinating conjunction “but” and using intonation. Grammar basics: the clock (subject) struck (predicate); second - the household (subject) did not sleep (predicate).
The night was approaching and the stars were becoming brighter. There are two grammatical bases here: night (subject) was approaching (predicate); the second - the stars (subject) became brighter (predicate). Connected simple sentences using the coordinating conjunction and, as well as intonation.
Conjunctions in a compound sentence
Since coordinating conjunctions are used to connect sentences within a compound, these syntactic units will be divided into:
1. Sentences with connecting conjunctions (and, yes, yes and, a (and), too, also). Typically, these conjunctions are used to denote events in time (simultaneity or sequence). Often they are accompanied by circumstances that indicate time. For example:
The cloud grew as big as the sky, and after a few minutes it started pouring rain. The connecting union is strengthened by the circumstance of time (in a few minutes).
2. Sentences with (a, but, yes, but, etc.). In them, two events are contrasted with one another. For example:
This year we did not go to the sea, but my parents were pleased with the help in the garden.
In addition, in such sentences the function of an adversative conjunction can be taken on by a particle.
For example: We managed to jump into the last carriage, but Andrei remained on the platform.
3. Sentences with disjunctive conjunctions (either, or, that, etc.) Show that one of the listed events or phenomena is possible. For example:
Either the magpie is chirping, or the grasshoppers are clicking.
Punctuation marks in complex sentences
The rule of punctuation in a complex sentence is as follows: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For example:
The leaves on the trees barely hang on, and gusts of wind carry them away, laying them out like a carpet. The grammatical basics of a complex sentence are as follows: leaves (subject) hold (predicate); impulses (subject) carry away (predicate).
This rule has one nuance: when both parts refer to a common member (addition or circumstance), a comma is not needed. For example:
In the summer, people need movement and don't need the blues. The adverbial at the time refers both to the first part with the grammatical basis need (predicate) movement (subject), and to the second part, the basis of which is blues (subject) not needed (predicate).
The earth was covered with a snow-white blanket of snow and dried out by frost. Here both parts have general addition- land. The grammatical basics are as follows: first - snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); the second - frost (subject) dried (predicate).
It is also difficult to distinguish complex sentences from simple ones with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, it is enough to identify the predicative stem (or stems). Let's look at two examples:
- It was a sunny winter day, and in some places red rowan berries could be seen in the forest. This sentence is complex. Let's prove this: two grammatical bases can be traced: the day (subject) stood (predicate), the second - berries (subject) were visible (predicate).
- Red rowan berries were visible in the forest and sparkled in the sun in bright clusters. This sentence is simple, it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's look at the grammatical basis. The subject - berries, homogeneous predicates - were visible, shining; no comma required.
Complex sentence: definition and structure
Another complex sentence with a conjunction is a complex sentence. Such sentences consist of unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the main and minor members of the main sentence; they contain a subordinating conjunction. The parts are connected to each other using subordinating conjunctions. Structurally, subordinate clauses are possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main clause. Let's look at examples:
We will go for a walk when the rain stops. This sentence is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (subject) will go for a walk (predicate); grammatical basis subordinate clause- the rain (subject) will stop falling. Here the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
To be able to express yourself eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex sentence consists of a main and subordinate clause. The basis of the main thing is to read (predicate); the basis of the subordinate clause - you (subject) could express yourself (predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.
We were surprised when the exam results were announced to us, and anxious about the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause “breaks” the main clause. Grammar basics: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; announced (predicate) - in the subordinate clause.
Subordinating conjunctions and allied words: how to distinguish?
Conjunctions are not always used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence; sometimes their role is played by so-called allied words - pronouns homonymous to them. The main difference is that conjunctions are used solely to join parts of a sentence to each other, they are not parts of a sentence.
Another thing is allied words.
Their role is played by relative pronouns; accordingly, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.
Here are the signs by which you can distinguish subordinating conjunctions from allied words:
- Most often, the conjunction in a sentence can be omitted without losing its meaning. Mom said it was time to go to bed. Let’s change the sentence by omitting the conjunction: Mom said: “It’s time to go to bed.”
- A union can always be replaced by another union. For example: When (If) you read a lot, your memory becomes better. is replaced only by another allied word, or a word from the main sentence, from which we ask a question to the subordinate clause. Let us remember the years that (that) we spent in Naples. Union word which can be replaced with an addition years from the main sentence ( Remember the years: we spent those years in Naples).
Subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause in different ways, depending on what part of the main clause they explain. They can refer to one word, a phrase, or the entire main sentence.
To understand what type of adjunction is in a particular case, it is necessary to ask a question and analyze from which part of the main sentence it is posed.
There are several types of subordinate clauses: their differentiation depends on the meaning and the question that we ask from the main part to the secondary one. Subject, predicate, attributive, additional or adverbial - such subordinate clauses exist.
In addition, lexically, a subordinate clause can have several meanings (be polysemous). For example: It's wonderful when you can just walk down the street without thinking about anything. The meaning of the subordinate clause is both condition and time.
Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Stand out following types complex sentence with a subordinating connection and several subordinate clauses: with homogeneous, heterogeneous and sequential subordination. The distinction depends on how the question is asked.
- With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word from the main word. For example: I want to tell you that good conquers evil, that princes and princesses exist, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate clauses explain one word from the main word - tell.
- Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination occurs if subordinate clauses answer different questions. For example: When we go on a hike, friends will help each other, although it will not be easy for them themselves. Here two subordinate clauses answer the questions When?(first), and no matter what?(second).
- Consistent submission. The question in such sentences is asked in a chain, from one sentence to another. For example: Only he who sees the beauty of the soul who does not look at appearance knows that the price of words and actions is very high. Subordinate clauses are added to the main sentence: we ask a question to the first Who?, to the second - What?
Punctuation in complex sentences
Parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by a comma. It is placed before the union. Polynomial complex sentences with a subordinating connection may not have a comma. This happens if homogeneous subordinate clauses are used, connected by non-repeating conjunctions and, or. For example:
I said that it was a beautiful day and that the sun had already risen for a long time. Here there are homogeneous subordinate clauses with the stems day (subject) beautiful (predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (predicate). There is no need for a comma between them.
Non-union proposal
In the Russian language there are sentences where the connection between parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called non-union proposals. It rained and the last leaves fell from the trees. In this difficult non-union proposal two parts with grammatical basics: the first - the rain (subject) has passed (predicate); in the second, the leaves (predicate) have fallen (subject).
In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between the parts is carried out by their order and tense characteristics of the predicate verbs and their mood. Here two subordinate clauses answer the questions When?(first), and no matter what?(second).
Types of non-union proposals
There are two types of non-union proposals: homogeneous and heterogeneous composition.
The first are those where the predicates, as a rule, have the same form; their meaning is comparison, opposition or sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble compound compounds, but the unionless homogeneous ones simply have the conjunction omitted. For example:
Autumn has begun, the sky is covered with lead clouds. Let's compare: Autumn has begun, and the sky is covered with lead clouds.
Non-union members with a heterogeneous composition gravitate more towards complex subordinates. As a rule, such polynomial complex sentences have one part, which contains the main meaning of the statement. For example:
I love winter: nature dresses beautifully, magical holidays are coming, it’s time to get out the skis and skates. In the presence of a non-union connection and equality of parts, the main meaning is still contained in the first, and the subsequent ones reveal it.
Punctuation in a non-conjunction sentence
A non-union connection assumes that the signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. The placement of a comma, colon, semicolon or dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, here is a table:
punctuation mark |
Verification method | Examples |
|
Denote actions occurring simultaneously or sequentially | Within the meaning of | Grandma sets the table, mom prepares dinner, and dad and the children tidy up the apartment. |
|
Opposition | Opposite conjunctions (a, but) | I endure - she is indignant. |
|
The first sentence states the condition or time period | Unions When or If | ||
The second sentence contains a corollary to the first | Union So | The doors were opened - Fresh air filled the whole room. |
|
Colon | The second sentence contains the reason | Union because | I love white nights: you can walk until you drop. |
The second sentence is an explanation of the first | Union namely | Everyone was ready for parent's day: the children learned poems, the counselors made reports, the staff did a general cleaning. |
|
The second sentence is a complement to the first | Union What | I am sure that you will never betray me. |
When one of the parts is complicated by any structures, we use a semicolon. For example:
Humming a song, Marat walked through the puddles; Children were running nearby, joyful and cheerful. Here the first part is complicated and the second - a separate definition.
It’s easy to create a sentence with a non-union connection: the main thing is to focus on the meaning.
Complex sentences with different types of communication and punctuation in them
Often the types of complex sentences are concentrated in one syntactic structure, that is, there is both a conjunction and a non-conjunction connection between in different parts. These are complex sentences with various types communications.
Let's look at examples.
Although he was still dozing, there was a flurry of activity from the household around him: they darted from room to room, talking, cursing. The first part is a subordinating connection, the second is a coordinating connection, the third is a non-union connection.
I know a simple truth: you will stop quarreling when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection between the first and second parts is non-union, then subordinate.
As a rule, such sentences represent two blocks that are connected by coordinating conjunctions or without any conjunction at all. Each block may contain several simple sentences with subordinating or coordinating connections.
A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.
Types of complex sentences in Russian
A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.
Compound Sentences
Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, they distinguish the following types complex sentences with coordinating connections.
- With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. At the same time, parts compound unions will be located in different simple sentences.
The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.
A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).
- With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
- With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).
Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.
Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections
The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.
Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.
Types of subordinate clauses in SPP
It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.
Subordinate clause type | Question | Means of communication | Example |
|
Definitive | Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc. | There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom I'm already pretty thin. |
||
Explanatory | Cases | What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc. | Mikhail didn't understand How solve the problem of. |
|
Circumstantial | When? How long? | When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc. | The boy waited until Bye the sun hasn't set at all. |
|
Where? Where? Where? | Where, where, where | Izmestiev put the papers there, Where no one could find them. |
||
Why? From what? | Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc. | The driver stopped for the horses suddenly began to snort. |
||
Consequences | What follows from this? | By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on. |
||
Under what conditions? | If, when (= if), if, once, in case | If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry. |
||
For what? For what purpose? | In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only, | Frolov was ready for anything to get this place. |
||
Despite what? In spite of what? | Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc. | Overall the evening was a success Although and there were minor shortcomings in its organization. |
||
Comparisons | How? Like what? | As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if, | Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag. |
|
Measures and degrees | To what extent? | What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much | There was such silence What I felt somehow uneasy. |
|
Connection | what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this | There was still no car, from what The anxiety only grew. |
||
SPP with several subordinate clauses
Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.
Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).
- With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
- With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
- With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (the entire part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.
Non-union complex sentence
The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.
Types of non-union complex sentences
- The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. To the left of the road grew tall trees, to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
- The parts are unequal, the second:
- reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
- complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
- indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).
3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:
- the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
- in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).
JV with different types of communications
Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types of communication. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.
The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:
Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that contains at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonationally.
For example: Ahead of us, a brown, clayey bank descended steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.
Simple sentences within a complex sentence do not have intonation and semantic completeness and are called predicative parts(constructions) of a complex sentence.
Difficult sentence is closely related to the simple sentence, but differs from it both structurally and in the nature of the message.
Therefore, determine difficult sentence- this means, first of all, to identify the features that distinguish it from a simple sentence.
The structural difference is obvious: a complex sentence is a grammatically formed combination of sentences (parts), somehow adapted to each other, whereas a simple sentence is a unit functioning outside of such a combination(hence its definition as a simple sentence). As part of a complex sentence, its parts are characterized by grammatical and intonation interconnectedness, as well as interdependence of content. In communicative terms, the difference between simple and complex sentences comes down to the difference in the volume of messages they convey.
Simple unextended proposal reports one particular situation.
For example: The boy writes; The girl is reading; It's getting dark; Winter came; We have guests; I'm having fun.
Difficult sentence reports about several situations and the relationships between them or (a specific case) about one situation and the attitude towards it on the part of its participants or the speaker.
For example: The boy writes and the girl reads; When the boy writes, the girl reads; He doubts that you will like this book; I'm afraid that my arrival will not please anyone.
Thus, difficult sentence- this is an integral syntactic unit, which is a grammatically formed combination of sentences and functions as a message about two or more situations and the relationships between them.
Depending on the way simple sentences are connected as part of a complex All complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (communication is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means connections: conjunctions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).
Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences.
In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, or, then... then etc. Parts of a complex sentence are semantically equivalent, as a rule.
In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions what, so, how, if, since, although etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where etc., which express different meanings dependencies: cause, effect, purpose, condition etc.
As part of a complex sentence, the main and subordinate clauses (or, what is the same, the main and subordinate parts) are distinguished.
Subordinate clause the part of a complex sentence that contains a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive pronominal word is called; The main sentence is that part of a complex sentence to which the subordinate clause is attached (or correlated).
In the schemes of non-union and complex sentences, simple sentences are indicated by square brackets, the main sentence in the complex is also indicated, and subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. Diagrams indicate means of communication and punctuation marks.
For example:
1) Seagulls circled over the lake, two or three longboats were visible in the distance.
, . – non-union complex sentence (BSP).
2)The driver slammed the door and the car sped away.
AND . – complex sentence (CSS).
3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to reap rye.
, (What...). – complex sentence (SPP).
A special group of complex sentences consists of sentences with different types communications.
For example: Painting is poetry that is seen, and poetry is painting that is heard.(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and subordination.
Scheme this proposal: , (which...), and , (which...).
Coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence are not identical to coordinating and subordinating connections in a phrase and a simple sentence.
Main Differences boil down to the following.
In a complex sentence, a sharp line cannot always be drawn between composition and subordination: in many cases, the same relationship can be formalized by both a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction.
Composition And subordination of the proposalth - these are such ways of detecting the semantic relations existing between them, of which one (essay) conveys these relations in a less dismembered form, and the other (subordination) in a more differentiated form. In other words, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ primarily in their revealing (formalizing) capabilities.
So, for example, if, in a subordinating relationship, concessional, cause- or conditional-effect relationships receive a specialized, unambiguous expression with the help of conjunctions although, because if, then when composing, all these meanings can be formalized by the same connecting conjunction and.
For example: You can be an excellent doctor - and at the same time not know people at all(Chekhov); You came - and it was light, the winter dream was blown away, and spring began to hum in the forest(Block); Winter is like a magnificent funeral. Leave your home outside, Add some currants to the twilight, Douse with wine - that’s kutya(Parsnip); We didn’t bother with the child - and he doesn’t know music(V. Meyerhold).
Likewise, adversative conjunctions A And But can formalize concessionary relations: The boy was small, but he spoke and behaved with dignity(Trifonov); He's a celebrity, but he's a simple soul(Chekhov); conditional: My enthusiasm may cool, and then everything is lost(Aksakov); investigative: I know you are saying all this in irritation, and therefore I am not angry with you(Chekhov); comparative: You should laugh until you drop at my antics, and you are on guard(Chekhov).
When prompted, separation unions can formalize conditional meaning, within the framework of a subordinating connection, expressed by a conjunction if (not)... then: You get married or I'll curse you(Fluff.); Either you get dressed now, or I'll go alone(Letters); One of two things: either he takes her away, act energetically, or give her a divorce(L. Tolstoy). Precisely because, by the nature of the relationships expressed, composition and the subordination of sentences are not sharply opposed to each other, close interaction is revealed between them.
2) Coordinating connection independent in a complex sentence ; in a simple sentence it is associated with the expression of the relation of syntactic homogeneity. Another difference is also significant: in a simple sentence, the composition serves only the purposes of expanding and complicating the message; in a complex sentence, composition is one of two types of syntactic connections that organize such a sentence itself.
3) Composition and subordination relate differently to non-unionism.
The essay is close to non-union. The revealing (formalizing) possibilities of composition, compared with the possibilities of subordination, are weaker, and from this point of view, composition is not only not equivalent to subordination, but is also much further away from it than from non-union.
An essay is both a syntactic and a lexical method of communication: the relationship that arises between sentences on the basis of their semantic interaction with each other, as already noted, does not receive an unambiguous expression here, but is characterized only in the most general and undifferentiated form.
Further specification and narrowing of this meaning is carried out in the same way as with non-union - based on the general semantics of the connected sentences or (where possible) on certain lexical indicators: particles, introductory words, demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns and pronominal phrases. In some cases, differentiating functions are assumed by the relationships between types, tense forms and inclinations.
Thus, the conditional consequential meaning in sentences with the conjunction And is revealed more clearly when combining forms of the imperative mood (usually, but not necessarily, perfective verbs) in the first sentence with forms of other moods or with forms of the present-future tense in the second: Experience consistency in good deeds, and then just call the person virtuous(Griboyedov, correspondence).
If coordinating conjunctions combine easily and naturally with lexical means connections, forming unstable allied connections with them ( and so, here and, well and, and therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore and, and therefore, and means, and therefore, therefore and, and then, then and, and on that condition etc.), then subordinating conjunctions themselves quite clearly differentiate the semantic relationships between sentences.
4) At the same time the subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is less clear than in the phrase. It very often happens that some component of the meaning that is created by the interaction of sentences as part of a complex remains outside the revealing capabilities of the subordinating conjunction, counteracting its meaning or, on the contrary, enriching it in one way or another.
So, for example, in complex sentences with the conjunction When, if there is a message about emotional reactions or states in the main sentence, elements of causal meaning appear with greater or lesser force against the background of the actual temporary meaning: The poor teacher covered his face with his hands when he heard about such an act of his former students.(Gogol); [Masha:] I am worried and offended by rudeness, I suffer when I see that a person is not subtle enough, soft enough, kind enough(Chekhov); The native, ocher-painted train station appeared. My heart sank sweetly when I heard the ringing of the station bell(Belov).
If the content of the subordinate clause is assessed from the point of view of necessity or desirability, the temporary meaning is complicated by the target one: Sweet things like this are said when they want to justify their indifference(Chekhov). In other cases, with an alliance When comparative values are found ( No one has ever gotten up when I was completely ready. (Aksakov) or inconsistencies ( What kind of groom is there when he’s just afraid to come?(Dostovsky).
The third type of connection in a complex sentence is often distinguished non-union connection .
However, with the exception of one particular case, when the relations between non-conjunctive sentences (conditional) are expressed by a completely definite relationship between the forms of the predicates ( If I didn’t invite him, he would be offended; If a true friend had been nearby, the trouble would not have happened), non-union is not a grammatical connection.
Therefore, the distinction between composition and subordination in relation to non-union is impossible, although in semantic terms a very definite correlation is established between different types of non-union, complex and complex sentences.
So, for example, by the nature of the relations, combinations of sentences are very close to the sphere of subordination, of which one occupies the position of an object distributor within the other ( I hear someone knocking somewhere), or characterizes what is reported in another sentence, from the point of view of certain accompanying circumstances ( What snow there was, I was walking!, i.e. (when I was walking)). The relationships that develop between sentences in the absence of a conjunction can receive ungrammatical expression with the help of certain, to varying degrees, specialized elements of vocabulary: pronominal words, particles, introductory words and adverbs, which are also used as auxiliary means in complex sentences of conjunctive types, especially complex ones.
The combination of two or more sentences into one complex sentence is accompanied by their formal, modal, intonation and content adaptation to each other. Sentences that are parts of a complex sentence do not have intonation, and often substantive (informative) completeness; Such completeness characterizes the entire complex sentence as a whole.
As part of a complex sentence they undergo significant changes modal characteristics of connected sentences:
firstly, here the objective-modal meanings of the parts enter into various interactions, and as a result of these interactions a new modal meaning is formed, which relates to the plane of reality or unreality the entire message contained in the complex sentence as a whole;
secondly, in the formation of the modal characteristics of a complex sentence, conjunctions (primarily subordinating ones) can take an active part, which make their own adjustments to the modal meanings of both parts of the complex sentence and their combination with each other;
thirdly, and finally, in a complex sentence, in contrast to a simple one, a close connection and dependence of objective-modal meanings and those subjective-modal meanings, which are very often contained in the conjunctions themselves and in their analogues, is revealed.
A feature of sentences that are part of a complex sentence may be the incompleteness of one of them (usually not the first), due to the tendency to non-repetition in a complex sentence of those semantic components that are common to both of its parts. Mutual adaptation of sentences when combined into a complex sentence can manifest itself in the order of words, mutual restrictions on types, forms of tense and mood, and in restrictions on the target setting of the message. As part of a complex sentence, the main part may have an open syntactic position for the subordinate clause. In this case, the main part also has by special means to indicate this position; such means are demonstrative pronominal words. Types and methods of formal adaptation of sentences when combined into a complex syntactic unit are considered when describing specific types of complex sentences.
Parts, characterized by structural and semantic unity. Simple sentences within a complex sentence are interconnected using intonation.
A complex sentence is a syntactic unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.
The study of complex sentences began in the second half of the 20th century - in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, N.S. Pospelova, L.Yu. Maksimova, V.A. Beloshapkova, M.I. Cheremisina and other researchers.
A complex sentence is characterized by:
1) in structural aspect– polypredicativeness and a set of structural elements for connecting predicative parts;
3) in communication aspect– unity of the communicative task and intonation completeness.
Main types of complex sentences
Complex sentences, depending on the connection between the parts, are divided into two main types: union and non-union.
The parts of a complex sentence are connected to each other using three means of communication: intonation, conjunctions or allied words.
1. And yet he was sad, he answered her somehow especially dryly, turned away, and walked away. In this sentence, the parts are connected to each other using intonation; no other means of communication are used.
2. I want you to hear how my living voice yearns. In this sentence, the parts are connected using intonation and conjunctions THAT and HOW.
3. The hope that someday dispassionate time will reward everyone according to their deserts and the fair judgment of history will certainly acquit the old warrior who gloomily rides in a carriage past the roaring crowd and swallows bitter tears. In this sentence, the parts are connected using intonation and the conjunctive word WHICH.
There are three main types of complex sentences: compound, complex and non-union. In non-conjunctive complex sentences, the connection between simple sentences is carried out solely through intonation.
For example: The morning is magnificent: the air is cool; the sun is not high yet.
In allied sentences, this function is performed by allied words and conjunctions. All conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences.
In complex sentences, simple sentences have equal rights and are interconnected by coordinating conjunctions ( and, then...that, or, but, a). and intonation.
For example: And the steering wheel fidgets, and the trim creaks, and the canvas is taken into reefs.
The parts of a compound sentence are equal to each other: there is neither a subordinate clause nor a main clause. In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected using subordinating conjunctions ( since, what, if, how, although) and allied words ( whose, where, which). In such sentences, the subordinate part depends on the main part.
Eg: I was born in Russia. I love her so much that words can’t say everything (S. Ostrovoy).
Complex sentence with different types of communication
A complex sentence with different types of connections is syntactic constructions, which contain sentences with mixed types of communication.
For example: The grief will be forgotten, a miracle will happen, what is only a dream will come true. Or : Night fell, the lights came on in the houses.
There are four types of complex sentences with different types of connection:
1) with subordinating and coordinating;
Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences into complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And non-union. Union proposals are divided into compound And complex.
Compound Sentences (SSPs) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are linked to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by nature of the conjunction and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relations). | AND; Yes(in meaning And); no no; yes and; Same; Also; not only but. |
They opened the door and air from the yard steamed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions(adverse relationships). | A; But; Yes(in meaning But); however(in meaning But); but; but; and then; not that; or else; particle(in the meaning of the union A); particle only(in the meaning of the union But). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with dividing unions(separation relations). | Or; or; not that..., not that; then..., then; either... or... |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when analyzing, be sure to highlight the grammatical basics in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).
Wed: A man walked from a smoky ice hole and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the trip, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).
In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves and is expensive people to each other(Peskov).
The exception is unions, too, also, particles-unions, only. They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I cried, my mother also cried(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double conjunction not only..., but also expresses gradational relations and is classified as a connecting conjunction in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only the second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly classified as adversative conjunctions. To avoid making mistakes, try replacing this double conjunction with the conjunction and.
Wed: Language should not only be understandable or simple, but also language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language must be understandable or simple, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences are very diverse in meaning. Quite often they are close in value to complex sentences.
Wed: If you leave, it will become dark(Shefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, during analysis, it is not this specific meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of coordinating conjunction (conjunctive, adversative, disjunctive).
Notes In some textbooks and manuals for compound sentences classify complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); Bird flights developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives birds opportunity to avoid unfavorable conditions winter(Peskov). Other researchers classify them as complex sentences or separate them into independent type complex sentences. Some researchers classify sentences with particles only as non-union sentences.