At old words, just like dialectal can be divided into two different groups: archaisms and historicisms .
Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen into disuse. But their synonyms are in modern Russian.
For example:
right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- waist and so on.
But it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in the morphemic composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- a life, a guest- merchant,), in grammatical design ( at the ball- at the ball fulfill- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, Guishpanese- Spanish). Many words are completely obsolete, but still they have modern synonyms. For instance: ruin- death or injury hope- to hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of obsolete words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.
historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed, became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are somehow related to military topics.
For example:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeaker etc.
Most obsolete words refer to clothing items and household items: prosak, svetets, valley, camisole, armyak.
Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Russia: tsar, lackey, boyar, stolnik, equestrian, barge hauler,tinker etc. Manufacturing activities such as Konka and manufactory. The phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, dues, corvée and others. Lost technologies such as mead and tinning.
Words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovets and many others.
Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is connected both with the revival of the cultural traditions of Russia, and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and others and others.
Dictionary of obsolete words by letters of the alphabet:
Knight at the crossroads. Painting by Viktor Vasnetsov. 1882 Wikimedia Commons
ALABUSH (ALABYSH). Cake. Peren. A punch, a slap in the face, a slap. He gave him a tyapush each, added alabush each. Yes, I added alabysh to the f[opu]. Decrease Alabushek. On the other he planted alabushki.
ARABITIC. Arab. Yes, and scored a lot of pearls, / Yes, and more than that, he scored Arabian copper. / Which was Arabian copper, / It never busel and rusted.
BASA. 1. Beauty, beauty. 2. Decoration. This is not for the sake of the bass - for the sake of the fortress.
BASS. 1. Dress up, dress up. 2. To flaunt, to show off, to show off with youth, an article, smart clothes. 3. Engage others in conversation, rhetoric, amuse with tales. To pinch, to rage, and they are three years old, / For every day, yes, dresses are interchangeable.
BAYAT. Tell fables, fiction; speak, chat. The riotous windmills didn’t blow on me there, / Good folks there wouldn’t babble about me.
BOGORYAZHENAYA, GODDESSED. Bride. I would have known to myself and to the God-bearer ... to the goddess.Blessed. Groom. It can be seen that I will be divinely married here.
GOD. Godmother. Yes, it’s not Dyukov here, but I’m a mother, / And Dyukov’s here, but I’m a god.
BROTHER. A large metal or wooden vessel, usually with a spout, for beer or mash. They poured the brother green wine.
BRATCHINA. Alcoholic drink made from honey. Bratchina would drink honey.
BURZOMETSKY. Pagan (about a spear, sword). Yes, Dobrynya did not have a colored dress, / Yes, there was no sword and Burzometsky.
BYLICA. Real case, really. And Noah boasted like a bylicia, / And Noah fasted with you and a fable.
VECESSITY. Keeping, generic knowledge, observance of the law of the ancestors, the norms adopted in the team; later - politeness, the ability to honor, to show polite (cultural) treatment, good breeding. I would be glad to spawn you, child ... / I would be beautiful in Osip the Beautiful, / I would have you with a scrawny gait / In that Churilu in Plenkovich, / I would be in valor in Dobrynushka Nikitich.
LEAD. News, message, invitation. She sent a message to the king and Politovsky, / That the king and Politovsky would run over.
WINE GREEN. Probably moonshine infused with herbs. Drinking green wine.
WHITE. Wide open. Ilya stood out and on frisky legs, / Put on a dressing gown ruffled.
OUT (SIT). 1. The amount of food a person can eat at one meal for breakfast, lunch, or dinner. He eats a sack and bread to the point. 2. Food, food. Oh you, wolf's full, bear's howl!
FUCK OUT. Cross out what is written. He came to that sulfur pebble, / He screwed up the old signature, / He wrote a new signature.
ELM. Cudgel. Vasily grabbed his scarlet elm.
PLAY. Make loud, disorderly cries, croak (about crows, rooks, jackdaws). Ay gray raven, after all, in a vranian way.
GRIDNYA. 1. The room where the prince and the squad held receptions and solemn ceremonies. 2. The upper chambers of noble persons. They went to the affectionate prince to Vladimir, / Yes, they went to the grill and to the dining rooms.
BED. A board, a crossbar where clothes were folded or hung. He took off the one-row and put it on the garden bed, / And he put the green morocco boots under the bench.
GUZNO. Ischial part of the body. No length of service will be a heroic de lie under the guzzle now under a woman's team.
DO LOVE. Satisfying, to full satisfaction. They ate to their fill, drank dolubi.
PRE-YULESHNY. Former, ancient, ancient. Get-tko you give yourself a way out / And for the old for the year, and for the present, / Yes, and for all of you for the times and for the past.
DOSYUL. In the past, in the old days. My father-parent had a dosyul / There was a gluttonous cow.
FIREWOOD. Presents. And the prince fell in love with this firewood.
FUCK. Collapse, fall, collapse. The old nonce has a horse, right, ёbryutilsa.
SACRIFICE. Speak, broadcast. Sacrifice the horse with the tongue of man.
ZHIZLETS. Lizard. Ilya screamed in a loud voice. / At the bogatyr’s horse, fell on his knees, / A zhizhlets jumped out from under the strman of the gaffs. / Go, zhizhlets, but on your own, / Catch, zhizhlets, and sturgeon-fish.
ZHUKOVINE. Ring with stone, signet or carved insert. Peppers are thin, everything is feminine, / Where have you been, and know that place.
CLOSED. Choking, suffocating when drinking any liquid. If you want to spit, you will succumb.
FLUSH. Fly high or jump high. Yes, oh, you, Vasilyushko Buslaevich! / You are a young child, do not flutter.
RESIDENCE. Iron., bran. A villager, the same as a redneck. For smerd-from sits and for the settlement.
ZNAMECHKO. Label, sign. — And oh, Mother Dobrynina! / What badge did Dobrynya have? / - The badge was on the little heads. / She felt the badge.
ZNDYOBKA. Birthmark, mole. And my sweetheart has a child / There was, after all, a birthmark, / But there was a rib on the head.
FISH TOOTH. Usually walrus tusk, also a name for carved bone and mother-of-pearl. In the hut there is not a simple bed, but ivory, / Ivory bones, fish teeth.
TOYS. Songs or melodies. My husband used to play toys.
KALIKA. 1. Pilgrim, wanderer. 2. A poor wanderer who sings spiritual verses, who is under the auspices of the church and is numbered among the people of the church. The wanderers got their name from the Greek word "kaʹligi" - this is the name of the shoes made of leather, tightened with a belt, which they wore. How does the transitional Kalika come.
KOS-CHAPTER. Scull. Says the scythe-head of a human.
CAT. 1. Sandy or rocky shoal. 2. Low-lying seashore at the foot of the mountain. A cat would have grown, but now the sea is here.
MUCH. Dumpy, strong (about oak). And yon tore raw oak and cracked oak.
COOL. An old trade measure of loose bodies (about nine pounds). He eats a sack and bread by the way. / He drinks a bucket of wine at a time.
BATERED. Handsome, handsome. Walked de walked already bathing well done.
LELKI. Breasts. With his right hand he beat on the lelks, / And with his left foot he shoved me in the throat.
LOW. Middle of summer, hot time; summer long day. White snowballs fell out of time, / They fell in the low water of a warm summer.
BRIDGE. Wooden floor in the hut. And he sat down on a bench, / He drowned his eyes in the oak bridge.
MUGAZENNY (MUGAZEYA). Score. Yes, she brought him to the mugazine barns, / Somewhere overseas goods are stored.
SMOKING. Obtain, cook in some quantity by distillation (smoking). And yon smoked beer and called guests.
UNPLACED. Uncastrated (about pets). Far away there are mares who are not driven, / Far away are colts who are not laid.
SHUT UP. desecrate, desecrate; convert to Catholicism. Cover the entire Orthodox faith.
REGULAR CHURCH. The building of the church, built on a vow in one day. I'll build that ordinary church.
ON SOMETIMES. Recently; the day before yesterday, the third day. They sometimes spent the night, as we know, / And how Yena called him to the prince's bedroom.
PABEDE. Meal time between breakfast and lunch. On the other day he went from morning to pabedya.
Blight. Death. In old age, my soul is ruin.
PELKI. Breast. And I can see by the dumplings that you are a women's regiment.
GRIND. To get the better of someone, to surpass someone. He overshot Churila's son Plenkovich.
FEATHERS. Women's breasts. He wants to plait his white breasts, / And he sees by the feathers that the female sex.
POCKY. bent over; crooked, bent. And Wordy sits on seven oaks, / It's in the eighth birch for a curse.
FIREWOOD REMOVED. Bogatyr. There were twelve people - woodcutters of the smart ones.
POSHCHAPKA. Panache. Yes, Duke and Stepanovich are sitting here, / He boasted of his valiant pinch.
SIGN. An omen, a distinguishing mark by which one can recognize someone or something. He hung up one gilded tassel, / Not for the sake of beauty, bass, pleasing, / For the sake of a heroic recognition.
ROSSTAN (ROSSTAN). The place where the roads diverge; crossroads, fork in the road. Well done come to the wide growths.
RUMBLE. 1. Divide, cut, cut (about food). Ruining bread, cake or roast. He does not eat, does not drink, does not eat, / He does not destroy his white swan.2. Violate. And do not break the great commandments.
SKIMER (SKIMER-THE BEAST, SKIMON-THE BEAST). The epithet of a monster, a strong, angry dog, a wolf. And henceforth a dog runs, a fierce skimmer-beast.
FLYING. Southern. The gate to the side is not blocked.
TEMLYAK. A loop of a belt or ribbon on the handle of a sword, saber, checker, worn on the hand when using a weapon. And he took out a sharp saber from the scabbard, / Yes, from that heroic lanyard.
TRUN (TRUN, TRUNIE). Rag, rags, rags, rags, cast-offs. And the gunya on the Kalika of Sorochinskaya, / And the drone on the Kalika of Tripet.
DARK. Ten thousand. Each king and prince / Strength has three darknesses, three thousand each.
PLEASING. Beauty. Beauty, after all, and all servility / As good as Dobrynushka Mikititsa.
CUTE. A place in the heat, strong heat. Yes, Dobrynya sat down on the stove, / He began to play the harp.
TRUNKS. Tubular snouts of mythical monsters resembling tentacles; thrown out to capture the enemy. And the snake's trunks began to hug. He and the trunk is throwing something like a snake.
CHOBOTS.Instead of: Chebots. Boots. In some white stockings and without a shoe.
SHALYGA. Club, stick, whip, whip. Immediately the guys took the road shalygi and went out.
FLY, WIDTH. 1. Towel. She embroiders different widths. 2. Rank, row. They became one width.
SHAP. A dandy, a dandy, smart and combed for show. But there’s no such thing as courage / Against the bold Aleshenka Popovich, / With an act, gait, a pinch / Against Plenkov’s Churilka.
BUTTOCK. Cheek. And they cut off her [pike] and the right buttock.
YASAK. Sign for alarm; signal in general; conditional, not understandable to everyone, or even a foreign language. He neighed [burushko] with a horse here with a sack.
Explanatory dictionary of ancient Russian words A Alatyr - the Center of the Cosmos. Center of the Microcosm (Man). That around which the cycle of Life takes place. Translation options: ala - motley (snowy), tyr<тур>- peak, staff or pillar with a pommel, sacred tree, mountain, "uplifting" Variations: Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar Constant epithet - "white combustible (hot, sparkling)" - (white - "brilliant"). In Russian texts, there is a golden, golden, smooth, iron stone. Latyr-stone is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega. That from which everything begins and to which it returns (locus). More precisely, the meaning and meaning of the words are conveyed in epics ... Alkonost - from the ancient Russian saying “alkyon is (a bird)”, from the Greek alkyon - kingfisher (the Greek myth about Alcyone, turned into a kingfisher by the gods). It is depicted in popular prints as a half-woman, half-bird with large multi-colored feathers and a girl's head, overshadowed by a crown and a halo. In his hands he holds heavenly flowers and an unfolded scroll with a saying about retribution in paradise for a righteous life on earth. Unlike the Sirin bird, it was always depicted with hands. Alkonost, like the Sirin bird, captivates people with its singing. The legends say about the days of alkonost - seven days when Alkonost lays eggs in the depths of the sea and hatches them, sitting on the surface of the water and calming the storms. Alkonost is perceived as a "manifestation of divine providence" and serves as a designation of the divine word. B Basa - beauty, decoration, panache. Batog - stick. Bayat, probayat - speak, say. Pregnancy is a burden, an armful, as much as you can wrap your arms around. Boyars are rich and noble people who are close to the king. Swearing is a battle; Martial field is a battlefield. Brother - brother. Armor - clothing made of metal plates or rings; protected the warrior from the blows of the sword, spear. Britous - the Old Believers called so shaved, without a beard Bulat - steel of a special manufacture. Weapons made of this steel were also called damask steel. Butet - get rich, increase wealth. The story is a true story. Bylina is a Russian folk epic (full of grandeur and heroism) song - a legend about heroes. To know - to know. Vereya - a pillar on which the gates were hung. Nativity scene - cave, dungeon. To make a noise - to make a noise. Goldet (halt) \u003d make noise. "Don't go gold!" = don't make noise! Golk = noise, hum,< гулкий >echo. Frantic - having lost all sense of proportion. Vityaz - a brave warrior, hero. Lightweight - easy, free, without much work, safe. To endure - to endure, endure, endure. G Garnets - an old measure of loose bodies, bread (~ 3 liters) Goy be (from the word goit - heal, live; goy - peace< , в его развитии, в движении и обновлении >, abundance) - greatness, a wish for health, corresponding in meaning to today's: "Be healthy! Hello!". Goy be good = be healthy<есть>"Goy" is a Russian wish for health, good luck and well-being, a kind word. Options: "Goy este" - be healthy, in the meaning of greeting, wishing the interlocutor health, goodness. "Oh, you" is a greeting, with many meanings, depending on the intonation of the speaker. Much - knows how, skillful Upper room - so, in the old fashioned way, they called the upper room with large windows. Barn, gumenets - a place where they thresh, and also a barn for storing sheaves. D Just now - recently (until the moment of the conversation) Dushegreka - a warm short jacket or quilted jacket without sleeves, with assemblies at the back. Dereza - thorny shrub, "chepyzhnik". In an ancient fashion - in the old way Dense - "dense forest" - dark, dense, impenetrable; illiterate person Ye Yelan, elanka - a grassy clearing in the forest of Endova - a wide vessel with a spout. Estva - food, food. Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark. A jug is a jug with a lid. The belly is life. Belly - estate, wealth, livestock Z Zavse<гда>- constantly. Start talking - start talking, fasting. Zastava - a fence of logs, a checkpoint at the entrance And the Eminent - a rich, noble Monk - in the church. “I was tonsured a monk, then consecrated a deacon...” A hut is a house, a warm room. The name “hut” comes from the word “to heat” (the original version is “source” / from a birch bark letter, XIV century - Novgorod, Dmitrievskaya street, excavations /). House = "smoke" from the chimney. K Kalinovy (about fire) - bright, hot. Karga is a crow. A tub is a cylindrical container (barrel) assembled from wooden rivets (planks) tied with metal hoops. Killer whale / killer whale - affectionate appeal. The original meaning is "having beautiful braids" Kichka, kika - an old women's headdress that adorns the appearance and gives it a become. A cage is a closet, a separate room A cage in an old Russian house was called a cold room, and a hut was a warm one. Basement - the lower cold floor of Klyuk's house - a stick with a bent upper end. Knysh - bread baked from wheat flour, which is eaten hot. Kokora, kokorina - snag, stump. Kolymaga - an old decorated carriage, in which noble people rode. Kolyada - Christmas grandeur in honor of the owners of the house; for a carol they gave away a gift. A carol is a Christmas song sung on Christmas Eve and on the first day of Christmas time by rural youth. For ancient carols, elements are characteristic - verses and conclusions from the kondachka - without being prepared. Origin (option): the original word - Kondakia (kondakia, kontakia) - a stick (a diminutive of "spear"), on which a scroll of parchment was wound. The parchment sheet or scroll, written on both sides, was also called kandak. Subsequently, the word K. began to denote a special group of church hymns, in the middle of the first millennium - long (hymns, poems), modern - small (in one or two stanzas, as part of the canon) Box, boxes - a large bast box or box in which they kept miscellaneous good. Kochet, kochetok - a rooster. To be baptized - to be baptized, to overshadow oneself with a cross. "Wake up!" - come to your senses! Kurgan - a high earthen hill, which the ancient Slavs poured over the grave. Kut, kutnichek - a corner in the hut, a counter, a chest in which chickens were kept in winter. Kutia - steep sweet barley, wheat or rice porridge with raisins Krug-amulet - developed from a circular detour of the area where they were going to spend the night or settle for a long time; such a detour was necessary to make sure that there were no dens of predators, or snakes. The idea of a circle served as an image<своего> peace. L Lada! - expression of consent, approval. Good! other Russian Okay - the word has many meanings depending on intonation. Armor - iron or steel armor worn by warriors. M Poppy - crown. Matitsa - the average ceiling beam. The world is a peasant community. N Nadezha-warrior is an experienced, reliable, strong, skillful fighter. Nadys - recently, one of these days. Overhead - interest. "It will not be expensive" - inexpensive, beneficial to Namesto - instead. Nareksya - called himself; to name - to give a name, to call. A week is a day when "do not do" - a day of rest. In the pre-Christian period in Russia, Saturday and Sunday were called - fore-week and week (or week), respectively. Arrears - tax not paid on time or quitrent Nicoli - never. O Frill - a tie at the bast shoes. Abundance - a lot of something. So in Novgorod they called the quitrent bread - a tribute To snuggle up - to regain consciousness, to recover. Oprich, okromya - except. Yell - plow. The rest - the last Octopus - the eighth (eighth) part \u003d 1/8 - "an octuplet for tea" (~ 40 or 50 grams) Oprich - except ("okromya") P Mace - a club with a chained knob. Parun is a hot day after rain. Sailboat - sailor's clothing. Brocade - silk fabric woven with gold or silver. More - "more", "especially since ... = especially since ..." Veil - something that closes on all sides (fabric, fog, etc.) Blame - reproach, reproach. Finger - finger. Polati - a plank platform for sleeping, arranged under the ceiling. Spelled is a special kind of wheat. To please - to be zealous; eat a lot. Posad is a village where merchants and artisans lived. The throne is a special chair on a dais, on which the king sat on solemn occasions. Always - an old, high-style word meaning - always, forever and ever Printed gingerbread - a gingerbread with an imprinted (printed) pattern or letters. Pudovka - pood measure of weight. Pushcha is a reserved, impenetrable forest. It is necessary to think - to think, to think, to think over this matter, to discuss something with someone; to think - to understand, to think, to reason about something. Sexual (color) - light yellow Midday - southern P Military - military. Rat is an army. Zealous - zealous, diligent Towel - an embroidered towel. Row - agree, agree. Unbelt - walk without a belt, lose all shame Rivers (verb) - say Repishche - garden Rubishche - torn, worn out clothes From the Svetlitsa (Push.) - a bright, clean room. Scythian = skete (original) - from the words "wander", "wandering", therefore, "Scythians-sketes" - "wanderers" ("nomads"? ). A new meaning - the monastic skete "The Good Tablecloth" - the original meaning ... Apple saved Sloboda - a village near the city, a suburb. Nightingale - horses of a yellowish-white color. Sorokovka - a barrel for forty buckets. Sorochin, Sarachin - Saracen, Arab rider. The clothes are right - that is, not bad. Staritsa - an old (or dried up) river bed. Stolbovaya noblewoman - a noblewoman of an old and noble family. Adversary - adversary, enemy. with a gimmick - at times, inadequately. Antimony - painted black. Leaf - covered with a thin film of gold, silver, copper or tin. Gilded Susek, bin<а>- a place where flour, grain is stored. Sit - food, food. Week - week T Terem - high, with a turret at the top, at home. Tims - shoes made of goat skin. They were highly valued, sold in yufts, that is, in pairs. Later they began to be called "morocco" (Persian word) Is it here<тута>, and roofing felts there ... - words from a modern song about the difficulty of learning the Russian language. Allure three crosses - ultra-fast execution of any order: one cross on packages with reports - the usual speed of horse delivery is 8-10 km / h, two - up to 12 km / h, three - the maximum possible. Oatmeal - crushed (unground) oatmeal. Skinny - spend U Udel - possession, principality, fate Uval ... - Ural (?) - Khural (belt, Turkic) ... Russia, belted by the Urals, stands by Siberia ... F Enamel - enamel in painting metal products and Fita products themselves - the letter of the old Russian alphabet (in the words "Fedot", "incense") Foot - an old measure of length equal to 30.48 cm X Chiton - underwear made of linen or woolen fabric in the form of a shirt, usually sleeveless. On the shoulders it is fastened with special fasteners or ties, at the waist it is pulled with a belt. The tunic was worn by both men and women. Khmara - cloud Pyarun - thunder Ts Tsatra (chatra, chator) - fabric made of goat down (undercoat) or wool. Tselkovy is the colloquial name for the metal ruble. H Chelo - forehead, modern. In the old days, the forehead is the top of the head. A child is a son or daughter up to 12 years old. Hope - expect, hope. Chapyzhnik - thickets<колючего> shrub. Chebotar - shoemaker, shoemaker. Chobots - high closed shoes, male and female, boots or shoes with sharp, turned-up toes roan horse - motley, with white patches on gray (and other, main) wool or a different color mane and tail Chelyad - a servant in the house. Scarlet - red Chelo - a forehead of a person, a vaulted hole in a Russian stove, an inlet of a lair by Chetami - in pairs, in pairs. Cheta - a pair, two objects or persons Quarter - the fourth part of something Black (clothes) - rough, everyday, working. Chikat - hit Chugunka - railway. Ш Shelom - a helmet, a pointed iron cap for protection from sword blows. Shlyk - jester's hat, cap, cap. Shtof - a glass bottle of 1.23 liters (1/10 of a bucket) Щ Generosity of the soul - generosity. A man with a big heart, showing a noble breadth of soul E Yu Yushka - fish soup or liquid stew. St. George's Day (November 26) - a period specified by law, when in Moscow Russia a peasant who settled on the master's land and entered into an "orderly" with the owner had the right to leave the owner, having previously fulfilled all his obligations towards him. This was the only time in the year, after the end of the autumn work (the week before and after November 26), when dependent peasants could pass from one owner to another. I am Paradise Egg - happiness egg, magic egg. Food - food, food, food. Yarilo - the ancient name of the Sun Ash stump - meaning: "Of course! Of course!" In this form, the expression - appeared, comparatively, recently Yakhont - other Russian. name some precious stones, more often ruby (dark red corundum), less often sapphire (blue), etc. Permyaks, Zyryans, midday Votyaks - southern Fryazhsky - Italian. "Fryazh" writing - a type of painting, as a result of the transition from icon painting to natural painting, at the end of the 17th century. Germans are those who speak incomprehensibly (mute). the Dutch - from the territory where the Kingdom of the Netherlands is now located. Sorochinin - Arabic languages - peoples (common name) Man Chelo - forehead Odesnaya - on the right hand or side of Oshuyu - on the left hand or side. Shui - left. Shuytsa - left hand. Right hand and Shuytsa - right and left hand, right and left side ("standing on the right and left at the entrance ...") Colors "red sun", "red girl" - beautiful, bright "red corner" - the main red color - a talisman The connection of weaving with Vityer's cosmological motifs and weaving in weaving is presented as a form of modeling the world. If the thread is fate, life path; that canvas, constantly produced and reproduced, is the whole World. Ritual towels (towels, the length of which is 10-15 times greater than the width) and square scarves with an ornament in the form of a model (mandala) of the Universe. Ancient Slavic writing ("Russian letters", before the beginning of the second millennium AD) - Slavic Runes and "Knot Letter" In folk tales, a knotted tangle-guide is often found, indicating the Way. Unwinding and reading it, a person learned clues - where to go and what to do, read word-images and numbers. Knotted (nodular-linear) Elm was wound, for storage, into ball books (or on a special wooden stick - Ust; hence the teachings from the elders - "Wrap it around your mustache") and put it away in a box-box (from where the concept "Talk with three box"). Attaching the thread to the mouth (the center of the ball) was considered the beginning of the recording. Many letters-symbols of the ancient Glagolitic alphabet are a stylized representation of a two-dimensional projection onto paper of the Knot Binder. Initial letters (capital letters of ancient texts in Cyrillic) - usually depicted in the form of an ornament of the Knotted Bind. Loop techniques were also used to transmit, store information and to create protective amulets and amulets (including braiding hair). Examples of words and phrases that mention nauzes: "tie a knot in memory", "bonds of friendship / marriage", "intricacies of the plot", "tie up" (stop), union (from souz<ы>), "runs like a red thread (Alya) through the whole story." "Features and Cuts" - "bark writing" (a simplified version of the Slavic runes), widely used for everyday records and short messages between people. Slavic Runes are sacred symbols, each of which conveyed a phonetic meaning (the sound of a runic alphabet sign), a meaning-image (for example, the letter "D" meant "good", "well-being"< дары Богов, "хлеб насущный" >, Tree< в узелковом письме может соответствовать перевёрнутой петле "коровья" (схватывающий узел) / Дерево >and belt buckle) and numerical correspondence. To encrypt or shorten the record, knitted runes were used (combined, intertwined, embedded in a picturesque ornament). A monogram, an alphabetic monogram - a combination into one image of the initial letters of the name and / or surname, usually intertwined and forming a patterned ligature. Dwelling The main pillar in the house is the central one supporting the hut. Community Ordinary objects are common (that is, no one's; belonging to everyone and no one in particular) things that are important for everyone to the same extent, with common ceremonies. Belief in purity (whole, healthy) and the sanctity of common ritual meals, brotherhood, joint prayers, clubbing. An ordinary object is clean, new, it has the enormous power of a whole, untouched thing. The main elements of Slavic mythology Latyr-stone, Alatyr - the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega (original singular Growth Point and the final volumetric World< всё наше Мироздание, есть и другие, но очень далеко, со всех сторон >in the form of an almost infinite sphere). That from which everything begins and where it returns (point, locus). Miraculous stone (in Russian folk beliefs). in epics ... Alatyr - Centers of the Cosmos (the Universe) and the Microcosm (Man). Fractal Growth Point, 3D< / многомерная >line of singularity ("Ladder" connecting the worlds), a fabulous "magic wand" / wand / staff with a pommel or a stationary Magic Altar. That from which the Existing begins and returns, around which the cycle of Life takes place (axial point). Russian letter A, Greek - "Alpha". The symbol of the Ladder is a prayer rosary (“ladder” = a ladder connecting the top and bottom of the Universe) / “lestovka”). In the temple - the Analoy (high table, in the center, for icons and liturgical books). Translation options: ala - motley, tyr<тур>- a pinnacle, a pillar or a staff with a triple pommel, a fabulous "magic wand", a scepter, a sacred tree or mountain, the trunk of the World Tree, "uplifting" Options - Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar, Alva luminous, hot, sparkling) "- (white - dazzlingly brilliant). In Russian texts, there is gold, gold (amber?), smooth (polished by the hands of worshipers), iron (if a meteorite or fossil magnetic ore) stone. Merkaba is a star tetrahedron, a closed volume of an energy-information crystal-chariot for the ascension of the Spirit, Soul and body of a Human. "First Stone"< Краеугольный, Замковый >- the initial, axial point of any creation. "navel of the Earth" - the energy center of the planet, in which, according to legend, there is always a crystal ("unearthly Jewel"), magical Alatyr< подземный Китеж-Град, Ковчег, неземной Храм >. Folk tales place it at various points on Earth, usually in real energy centers / nodes (places of Power), such as in the vicinity of the village of Okunevo, on the Tara River, in Western Siberia. The stories about these lands, at first glance, are unrealistically fabulous, but modern scientists still cannot really explain all the anomalies and miracles that occur in such areas, on the local lakes. There is information in the open press that Elena and Nicholas Roerich, in the twenties of the last century, passing through Russia, carried with them some kind of old box with an unusual stone inside (? -<Ш>Chintamani, Lapis Exilis, "wandering in the world", part of the Holy Stone of the Grail / Wisdom, in a casket-ark), sent to them by the Mahatma. This casket is not accidentally shown in the famous painting "Portrait of Nicholas Roerich", painted by his son, Svyatoslav Roerich. The main part of this Stone (called the "Treasure of the World" - Norbu Rimpoche, a cosmic magnet from the center of our Universe, with the energy rhythm of its Life) - is located in the legendary Shambhala (Tibet, in the mountains of the Himalayas). The story is amazing, almost unbelievable. More information is available on other websites on the Internet. Holy Grail (Buddha Chalice) - symbol of the source< волшебного >elixir. Where it is now is not known for certain, except for the almost fabulous, fantastically UFO legends of the middle of the last century, now published by modern researchers on the Internet and in books, about the German base (number 211) in Antarctica (located somewhere then near the current South Geographic Pole, on the coast of Queen Maud Land, from the Atlantic Ocean, in warm karst caves with underground rivers and lakes, where for a long time, after the Second World War, hundreds, and maybe thousands of German soldiers lived, hid, specialists and civilians who sailed there in submarines). With a high probability, in those grottoes and catacombs-laboratories (artificially created with the help of mining equipment delivered there by ship a few years earlier) - the Nazis hid some especially valuable artifacts and sources of Ancient Knowledge, obtained by them around the world and found, discovered on the spot. And almost certainly, all this is securely and carefully hidden there, with numerous traps, to neutralize and go through which, maybe in the not very distant future, people< или, опередившие их - пришельцы, инопланетяне >can be done with the help of robots. Philosopher's Stone of Wisdom< эликсир жизни >- to obtain gold (enlightenment of man, immortality (eternal youth) of his<тела>-souls-<духа>in their synthesis). The spine (spinal cord) - "Mount Meru", with a peak in the head (pineal gland (m) and pituitary gland (g) - on the physical plane, halos and lights - on the next, higher planes). The ancient name of the Baltic Sea - "Alatyr" Rus - a native inhabitant of the Russian land Alatyr-stone in fairy tales and epics is found in the form of the phrase: "On the sea on the ocean, on an island on Buyan lies the Alatyr Stone." Spaces of the microcosm in Slavic mythology The first, outer circle of a concentrically arranged "world" (history, events) is most often the sea or a river. A pure field is a transitional area between worlds. The second area following the sea is an island (or immediately a stone) or a mountain (or mountains). The central locus of the mythological world is represented by a multitude of various objects, of which stones or trees can have proper names. All of them are usually located on an island or mountain, i.e. one way or another included in the previous locus as a central and maximally sacred point. The sea (sometimes a river) in Slavic mythology is that body of water (in the southern regions, as well as vast sandy and rocky deserts, for example, the Mongolian Gobi), which, according to traditional ideas, lies on the way to the kingdom of the dead and to another world . Old Slavonic "ocean", as well as - Okian, Okian, Ocean, Ocean. Kiyan-Sea Sea-Okiyan - the absolute periphery of the world (antilocus); It cannot be bypassed. Blue Sea - locus Black Sea - antilocus Khvalynsk Sea - Caspian or Black Sea. Antilocus Khorezmian - Aral Sea. Antilocus The Smorodina River is the mythical prototype of all rivers. It acts as a water frontier of the “other world”. On it is a viburnum bridge. Buyan Island - In folklore, Buyan is associated with the other world, the path to which, as you know, lies through the water. The island can serve as an arena for fairy-tale action.
Obsolete words are words that are no longer used in standard speech. Lexicographic analysis is used to determine whether a certain word is obsolete. He should show that now this word is rarely used in speech.
One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is, designations of concepts that no longer exist. There are quite a lot of similar words among the designations of professions or social positions of a person that have ceased to be relevant, for example, one-palace, profos, scavenger, proviantmeister, postilion, potter. A huge number of historicisms denote objects of material culture that have gone out of use - horse-drawn carriage, splinter, chaise, bast shoes. The meaning of some words belonging to this category is known to at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but there are no historicisms in the active dictionary.
Archaisms are words that point to concepts that continue to exist in the language, for which another word is now used. Instead of "so that" they say "so that", instead of "from the beginning" - "from ancient times, always", and instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable by those who encounter them, and thus they are already dropped out of the passive vocabulary. For example, the word "in vain" is not recognized by many as a synonym for "in vain." At the same time, its root has been preserved in the words “vanity”, “vainly”, which are still included, at least, in the passive dictionary of the Russian language.
Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression "cherish as the apple of an eye" contains two archaisms at once, including "the pupil", which means "pupil". This word, as opposed to the word "eye", is unknown to the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
Words go out of active use and fall into the passive vocabulary gradually. Among other things, the change in their status is due to changes in society. But the role of directly linguistic factors is also essential. An important point is the number of connections of this word with the rest. A word with a rich set of systemic connections of a different nature will go noticeably more slowly into a passive dictionary.
Obsolete words do not have to be ancient. Relatively recent words can quickly fall into disuse. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early Soviet era. At the same time, both initially Russian words and borrowings, such as “battle” (battle), “victoria” (meaning “victory”, but not a female name), “fortecia” (victory) become obsolete.
Archaisms are divided into a number of categories depending on the nature of their obsolescence. The main option is archaisms proper-lexical, such words are completely outdated. For example, it is “like”, meaning “which” or “eye”, that is, the eye. Lexico-semantic archaism is a polysemantic word that is obsolete in one or more meanings. For example, the word "shame" still exists, but no longer means "spectacle." In lexico-phonetic archaisms, the spelling and pronunciation of the word has changed, but the meaning has been preserved. "Guishpan" (now Spanish) belongs to this category of archaisms. The lexical-derivational type of archaisms contains prefixes or suffixes that make this form obsolete. For example, previously there was a variant of the verb "fall", but now only "fall" is possible.
Obsolete words in modern written and oral speech can be used for different purposes. In particular, when writing historical novels, their presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech, their function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is spoken. Archaisms are able to give statements both solemn, sublime, and ironic.
You can see obsolete, rare and forgotten words in ours.
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Vocabulary is the totality of all the words that we use. Old words can be considered a separate group in the vocabulary. There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.
What are old words
Since the language is an integral part of the history of the people, the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them were of great importance. Old, or obsolete, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the vocabulary of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. Often they can be found in works of art.
For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:
"In the crowd of mighty sons,
With friends, in a high grid
Vladimir the sun feasted,
He gave away his younger daughter
For the brave prince Ruslan."
There is a word "gridnitsa" here. Now it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, along with his warriors, arranged festivities and feasts.
historicisms
Ancient words and their designation are of various kinds. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.
Historicisms are words that are not actively used now for the reason that the concepts they designate have fallen out of use. For example, "caftan", "chain mail", armor, etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words. For example, mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck. 
In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. Clever words and their meanings, which are incomprehensible to many, are not typical for our everyday speech. But they are not completely out of use. Historicisms and archaisms are used by writers in order to truthfully tell about the past of the people, with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what happened at one time in other epochs in our homeland.
Archaisms
Unlike historicisms, archaisms designate those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. These are clever words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, only they sound different. Archaisms are different. There are those that differ from ordinary words only in some features in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. There were many such words in the 19th century. This is a club (club), a store (curtain). 
There is a group of archaisms with obsolete suffixes, for example, museum (museum), assistance (assistance), fisherman (fisherman). Most often we meet lexical archaisms, for example, eye - eye, right hand - right hand, shuytsa - left hand.
Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create a special world in fiction. So, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to give pathos to his works. This is clearly seen in the example of the poem "Prophet".
Words from Ancient Russia
Ancient Russia gave a lot to modern culture. But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which have been preserved in modern Russian. And some are no longer used at all. Old obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of the origin of the East Slavic languages. 
For example, old curses. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Hollow-breech is a talker, Ryuma is a crybaby, Tolokon forehead is a fool, Zakhukhrya is a disheveled person.
The meaning of old Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same root in the modern language. We all know the words "jump" and "jump", they mean rapid movement in space. The old Russian word "sig" meant the smallest unit of time. One moment contained 160 whitefish. The largest measurement was considered "far distance", which was equal to 1.4 light years.
Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scholars. The names of the coins that were used in Ancient Russia are considered ancient. For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Russia and were brought from the Arab Caliphate, the names “kuna”, “nogata” and “reza” were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - these are golden coins and silver coins.
Obsolete words from the 12th and 13th centuries
The pre-Mongol period in Russia, 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, then a layer of vocabulary appeared, associated with the construction and erection of buildings. Some of the words that appeared then have remained in the modern language, but the meaning of the old Russian words has changed over all this time. 
The basis of the life of Russia in the 12th century was a fortress, which then had the name "detinets". A little later, in the 14th century, the term “Kremlin” appeared, which at that time also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old obsolete Russian words are changing. If now there is only one Kremlin, it is the residence of the head of state, then there were many Kremlins.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, cities and fortresses were built in Russia from wood. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, having come to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. The stone cities of Novgorod and Pskov withstood. For the first time the word "Kremlin" appears in the chronicle of Tver in 1317. Its synonym is the old word "silicon". Then the Kremlin was built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.
Socio-aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction
Ancient words, which are often discussed in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their work of art more expressive. Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating "Boris Godunov" as follows: "I tried to guess the language of that time." 
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time, where they were taken from. Most of the old words appear in his work “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich”. This, for example, is “you know”, “oh you are a goy”, Ali”. Also, Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are "Dmitry the Pretender", "Voevoda", "Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk".
The role of words from past eras in modern literature
Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us recall the famous work of Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". Here, the old words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.
For example, in the description of Ostap Bender's visit to the village of Vasyuki, the phrase "The one-eyed man did not take his only eye off the grandmaster's shoes" is found. Archaisms with Church Slavonic overtones are also used in another episode: “Father Fyodor was hungry. He wanted to be rich."
Stylistic mistakes when using historicisms and archaisms
Historicisms and archaisms can greatly embellish fiction, but their inept use causes laughter. Old words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, should not be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passer-by: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, then he will not understand you (meaning the neck). 
In newspaper speech, too, there is an inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: "The principal of the school welcomed young teachers who came to practice." The word "greeted" is synonymous with the word "greeted". Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their writings and thereby make sentences not very clear and even ridiculous. For example: "Olya ran in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense." Therefore, if you want to use old words, their meaning, interpretation, meaning should be absolutely clear to you.
Obsolete words in fantasy and science fiction
Everyone knows that such genres as fantasy and science fiction have gained immense popularity in our time. It turns out that ancient words are widely used in fantasy works, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.
Such concepts as "banner" and "finger", the reader can understand. But sometimes there are more complex words, such as "komon" and "nasad". I must say that publishing houses do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully find application for historicism and archaism. These are works from the "Slavic fantasy" series. For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova "Valkyrie", Tatyana Korostyshevskaya "Mother of the Four Winds", Maria Semenova "Wolfhound", Denis Novozhilov "Far Far Away. Throne War.