For others.
Interpretations of participles are different. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Do not be surprised, therefore, if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. Deciding which point of view to follow depends on the answers to some questions:
- How many parts of speech are distinguished in Russian?
- What form: the indefinite form of the verb or participle in the form of m.r. unit I.p. - consider the initial form?
- What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does the verb have?
- Because he sees no reason to single them out in separate part speech.
- Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the philological faculty of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
- Because he considers this position not only scientifically sound and consistent with common sense and a broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for children.
My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant for many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that the children easily, automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the spelling of the suffixes of the present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verbal stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from the 6th grade to the 11th. If we consider the participle as a verb form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises in the course of learning, will contribute to the development of the child, awareness of the unified nature of verb forms, originality verb categories type, transitivity, recurrence, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are easier to orient themselves in distinguishing between participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, it is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study foreign languages(the attribution of participles to verbal forms has a common origin), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, such as English.
§2. General characteristics of the sacrament
1. Meaning: sign of the object by action. Questions: what? doing what? what did he do? what did he do?
2. Morphological features: Features of the morphological form: participles have the features of both a verb and an adjective.
- Constant (immutable) features are the features of the verb:
- type: SV and NSV,
- transitivity,
- recurrence,
- tense (present and past)
- pledge.
- Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
- number,
- case,
- fullness-brevity (for passive participles).
3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence full participles, like full adjectives, are a definition or part of the predicate, and short ones, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.
More:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of the adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.
§3. Participle forms
Participles are: real and passive.
What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes a sign of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any sign, but only one that in a real situation is associated with an action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items are subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:
1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is performed on the object by some producer of the action.
Valid participles
If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called valid. Examples:
Boy sitting on the windowsill...
defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sits)
Girl talking on the phone...
defined word girl, definition chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)
Passive participles
If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:
Tableware washed in dishwasher sparkled like new.
Defined word tableware, the definition of dishwasher-washed (dishes didn't wash themselves, someone else did).
Essay, what I wrote last week is lost.
Defined word essay, definition written by me last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).
Passive participles have a long and short form.
§four. Full - short form of passive participles
Varieties of tulips bred in Holland are highly valued all over the world.
bred- full form
These varieties of tulips are bred in Holland.
withdrawn- short form
The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by numbers, by gender (in the singular), and by cases. Examples:
Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, is called Edith Piaf.
bred- unit, m.r., I.p.
We live in the country occupying one sixth of the land.
occupying- sing., w.r., p.p.
Our at home, located in the neighborhood, were not at all similar.
located- pl., I.p.
Short forms change in numbers and in singular. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:
The book was written and submitted to the publisher.
The novel has been written and has already been published.
The essay was written and published in a magazine.
Letters written and sent.
§5. Participle formation
Various verbs have different amount participle forms. It depends on the form and transitivity of the verb.
NSV transitive verbs have 4 forms of participles:
reading,
reading
3) passive participle of the present tense: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of both the past and the present tense are possible.
Transitive verbs ST have 2 forms of participles:
1) real past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy ST. Present tense forms from CB verbs are not possible.
Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:
1) real participle of the present tense: walking,
2) real past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of the past and present tense are possible.
Intransitive verbs ST have a single participle form:
real past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.
Attention:
Past participles are possible from CB verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. Participles do not have a future tense.
From transitive verbs forms of both real and passive participles can be formed. From intransitive - only real participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.
Exceptions:
- some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, hand-written, sewn, swept- forms of passive participles of the past tense;
- some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. beloved, desired- forms of passive participles of the present tense;
- from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.
Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Pronouncing dictionary Russian language. pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesov. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.
For the spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling participles.
§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives
Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if the object is involved in the action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: type, time.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent sign: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.
1. Full form
one). The word in full form with suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:
- verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
- participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words with it: bought newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid July- dependent words)
2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:
- verbal adjective, if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn down- intransitive gl.), conceivable (from think- intransitive gl.), unfading (from fade- intransitive gl.);
- participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: declined (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.
2. Short form
In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung., The linen was washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). Can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. Can be transformed without changing the meaning into passive structure: The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung.
In short adjectives, the sign is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is her these characteristics are common. Can't add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive construct.
§7. Participial
A participial turnover is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.
Do not confuse:
The dependent word and the defined word are different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle belongs, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that propagates the participle. Its form depends on the form of the sacrament.
Fog, which fell on the river at night, dissipated during the day.
Defined word - fog. Participle - drooping, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(which?) drooping- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: drooping(for what?) to the river- V.p.
Participial - descended on the river at night.
test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent participle features?
Is it correct to assume that participles change like adjectives?
What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?
- Defined word
- dependent word
What participles do not have short forms?
- Valid
- In the suffering
- Everyone has
How do short forms of participle change?
- By cases
How do the full forms of the participle change?
- By cases
- By numbers and in the singular - by gender
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
What determines how many participial forms do different verbs have?
- From recurrence of verbs
- From verb conjugation
What verbs have all 4 forms of participles: real present tense, real past tense, passive present tense, passive past tense?
- Transitional NAFs
- Transitional SW
Which verbs have only 1 participle form: real past tense?
- Intransitive NSV
- Intransitive SW
- Transitional NSV
- Transitional SW
How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs CB?
How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs NSV?
Right answers:
- dependent word
- Valid
- By numbers and in the singular - by gender
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
- From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
- Transitional NAFs
- Intransitive SW
- A16. Vowels in personal verb endings and participle suffixes
In contact with
The participle is a special form of the verb with the following features:
1. Denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions which? What is doing, what is doing?, what is done?.
2. It has the morphological features of a verb and an adjective.
The features of the verb are
Type (SV and NSV),
Transitivity (the sign is relevant for real participles),
recurrence,
Time (present and past).
Voice (active and passive).
In school grammar, voice is considered as a feature that is not characteristic of all verb forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the feature of voice is seen in the verb in any form (cf.: Workers build a house - The house is built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb .
The features of the adjective are
Case (for full participles),
Completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).
3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in the sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, the definition and nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (short participles are only part of the predicate).
Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb
A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.
Transitive verbs can have forms of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only forms of real participles.
ST verbs have only past participles (that is, ST verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in the indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. In this way,
transitive verbs NSV have all 4 participles (reading, reading, reading, reading),
intransitive verbs NSV have 2 participles - real present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),
transitive verbs CB also have 2 participles - real and passive past tense (read, read).
intransitive verbs CB have only 1 participial form - the real participle of the past tense (overslept).
Valid participles
Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.
The real participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense using suffixes
Usch-(-yushch-) for verbs of the I conjugation: run-yush-y, run-yush-y,
Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the II conjugation: lying-ash-th, hundred-box-th.
The real past participles are formed from the transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the basis of the past tense using suffixes
Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-y,
Sh- for verbs with a consonant stem: carried-sh-th.
Verbs can form real past participles from another stem:
Some verbs in -sti (to lead, to acquire) form the participles under consideration from the stem of the present / simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): who has found (the stem of the future tense has found-ut, the stem of the past has found-la), who led;
The verbs to go and fade form these participles from a special stem that is not equal to any other: walked-sh-th, fade-sh-th.
Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive dried up, and the choice of the suffix is carried out in accordance with the above rule.
Passive participles
Passive participles denote a sign of the subject to which the action is directed: a book read by a boy.
Passive present participles are formed from the transitive verbs of the NSV, from the basis of the present tense with the help of the suffix
I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the I conjugation: read-em-th, ved-ohm-th,
Im- for verbs of II conjugation: store-im-th.
Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: led and managed are formed from intransitive verbs to lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by the noun in the form not V. p., but T. p.: to manage, manage the plant).
The passive participles of the present tense do not have verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others.
The passive present participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (give-em-th).
The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.
Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from NSV verbs are few) from the stem of the past tense using suffixes
H (n) - from verbs on -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-th,
En (n) - from the bases to the consonant and -it: carried away-yonn-th, built,
T- from the bases to -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: close-t-th, ring-t-th, locked-t-th, bi-t-th, break-t- th.
Passive past participles are not formed in the verbs love, seek, take.
For some verbs in -sti, -st, passive past participles are formed from the basis of the present / future tense: given, acquired, spun, stolen.
Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -sya to the active form:
Passive participles have a full and short form: a letter written by me - a letter written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and act in the sentence mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb to burn with the help of the suffix -yash- the participle is formed, and with the help of the suffix -yuch- - the adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish between them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.
1. Participles denote a temporary sign of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in action, and adjectives denote constant feature subject (for example, “arising as a result of the action”, “capable of participating in the action”), cf .:
She was brought up in strict rules(= She was brought up in strict rules) - communion;
She was educated, educated (= She was educated, educated).
2. A word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmowed meadows (adjective)
not mowed slanting meadows (participle, because there is a dependent word),
sloping meadows (communion, because ST).
3. Since passive participles of the present tense can only be found in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CV or an intransitive verb:
waterproof boots (adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),
invincible army (adjective, since the verb is to defeat the NE).
They are divided into two large categories: independent and service. Among independent ones, participles are considered to be one of the most difficult to understand. The main difficulty for pupils and students is the division into passive and real participles. In fact, this task will be within the power of anyone who knows the identifying features that all representatives of this part of speech possess. In order to distinguish between passive and real participles, you need to remember two simple formulas:
A) The real participle serves to indicate the sign of the object that performs the action.
B) The passive, in turn, is necessary to designate the subject of the action, that is, the object to which this action is directed.
Sometimes the real participle is difficult to distinguish from the passive only in meaning. In this case, you need to pay attention to the grammatical and morphemic characteristics of the word. To form this part of speech, special identifier suffixes are used, by which we can confidently judge whether we see a real participle or a passive participle in front of us.
Active present participles
They take their basis from present tense verbs (imperfective) with the addition of suffixes -usch, -yushch (for I conjugation) or -ash, -yashch (for II conjugation). For example, the participle "running" is formed from the verb I of the conjugation to run. Picture 1: Girl cooking soup (cooking is a valid present participle).
Real past participle
It is formed from the stem of the infinitive of verbs in the past tense (perfect form), with the addition of suffixes -sh, -vsh. For example, participle "asleep"derived from the verb "sleep". Verbs with the suffix -nu are somewhat out of this rule, since the actual participles formed from these verbs lose the corresponding suffix. Example: get wet - wet.
Passive participles
They are formed according to the same rules, but differ from the real ones by identification morphemes. So, the passive participles of the present tense, formed from the stem of the infinitive of past tense verbs, are characterized by such suffixes as -nn, -enn, -yonn, -t. Examples: say - said (suffix -nn), heat - red-hot (suffix -yonn).
Communion is special part speech, which is a verbal form, denotes a sign by action. It should be noted that being a verbal form, pr-e has some morphological features of the verb: aspect and tense for each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.
Features of the part of speech
The sacrament answers the question:
- Which?
- Doing what?
- What did you do?
- What has done?
Here are some examples: melting snow (doing what?), melting snow (doing what), melting snow (doing what?), sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question "what?" can be set to all of the above, incl.
Since this part of speech answers the question "what?" and signifies action, she has several morphological features adjective: number, gender, case.
This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:
- ushch (yusch) - ashch (box)
- vsh (sh)
- em-im (om)
- enn (yonn)
These suffixes distinguish it from other parts of speech.
In a sentence, it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.
For example:
- A melting snowflake lies on my palm. In this sentence, "melting" is the agreed definition and is underlined by a wavy line.
- snowflake melting. In this sentence, "melting" is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (modality of the present tense).
About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from full path truncation of the morpheme suffix. It is important not to confuse the form short adjective with the form of a short participle.
In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: real and passive.
Real Communion
The real participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.
For example: A running person (a person performs an action on his own), melting snow (snow performs an action on his own).
- Present tense suffixes: ush-yusch, ash-box.
- Past tense suffixes: vsh (sh).
These suffixes will help determine the time and type of the sacrament. All real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.
It should be noted that suffixes usch (yusch) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yash - from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: "sower" is formed from the verb "sow" of the first present tense conjugation using the suffix "yusch".
Passive Communion
The passive form denotes a sign according to the action of that object, which itself this action does not perform (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).
For example: a reed swayed by the wind (a reed that is swayed by the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).
- Present tense suffixes of the passive pr-tion: am-em-im
- Passive past tense suffixes: n, t.
Passive present participle formed in the same way as the real, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle with the help of suffixes nn, t the stem of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.
Exception! When forming a passive participle from the verb to "it", the stem of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.
The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and led are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.
The passive form of the past tense is formed from full perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in Russian.
It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: seek, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb "to give" has the exclusive form "given".
It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the basis of the future tense.
- Example: Bring - reduced, spin - spun
A return postfix can be added to the passive lines of the present and past tense "sya"
- Example: Sold (books, buns), conceited (children, athletes).
Participial
Before finding out the role of these parts of speech in turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, participial is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. Both in complex and simple sentences participial turnover can be:
- Before the word being defined;
- after the defined word.
It should be noted that participial turnover is always a single member of the sentence, namely the agreed common definition.
For example:
Painting, , hanging in the hall of our museum. AT this proposal participial " written famous artist » is in front of the defined word "picture" and is an agreed common definition.
We hope that our article has helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what full passive participle is.
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); building, building (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a sign of an object. But unlike the adjective, the participle denotes such a sign of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who sleeps.
The participle has a number of features of the verb: 1) the participle is present and past tense: working- present tense worked- past tense; 2) the sacrament can be perfect and imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the sacrament can be recurrent; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as the others verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: read a book, read a book, read a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of features of an adjective: 1) the participle changes by gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working etc.
In a sentence, the main role of the participle is the same as that of the adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (definition).
Real and passive participles.
Real participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that itself produces or performed an action: a student who draws a painter (or a painter) of a picture.
A passive participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that is being acted upon by another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Perfect and imperfect participles.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tenses are formed from imperfective verbs. And from perfective verbs, only past participles are formed.
Formation of real participles of the present and past tense.
I. The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -usch-(-yush-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -ash- (-yash-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Real past participles are formed from the stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The real present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -Xia: fighting-fighting; fight - fought.
Case and generic endings participles are the same as for adjectives.
Note. Communion on shchy (powerful, lying) infiltrated literary language from Old Church Slavonic. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. with. have lost their time value. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing-standing, current - fluid, piercing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.
The formation of passive participles of the present and past tense.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-em-th; see, view-im-th.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive participles of the present tense are formed using the suffix -om: Ved-ut, Ved-om-th; attracted-ut, attracted-ohm-th. These sacraments are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read-be-read; sow-th - sown; see-th- seen.
b) With the help of the suffix -enn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in and (moreover, the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint-th - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-th- glorified.
At the same time, the verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternations of sounds (s-sh, s-zh, t - h - u, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t- we-th - washed; vi-t - twisted; mya-th - crumpled; touch - touched; tere-th- grated; lock up - locked; mo-mo-th - ground; koloty - chipped.
Notes. 1. The verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation, if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, s, u, oh, and also i(a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, throne-t-touched, prick-t - chipped, mt-t (mn-y) - crumpled, compress (compress-u, compress-u ) is compressed.
2. For verbs whose stem of the indefinite form ends in -ere-, the final e of the stem is omitted: tere-t - grated.
Short form of passive participles.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a definition. The short form of passive participles is not declined and serves as a predicate in a sentence.
Compare: 1. Noisy forest entangled in fog. - The forest is shrouded in mist. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached open door. -The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is a predicate.)
Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -i- or less often -t-.
Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: book read - book read, floors painted - floors painted.
Declension of participles.
Participles of the full form have the same case endings, like "adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought etc.
Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.
The participle can be used in the sense of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The working people of the USSR joyfully meet the May Day holiday, 2. The students are preparing for the spring tests - the words of students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
The participle, which turns into an adjective, loses the meaning of time and denotes permanent property subject. Passive past participles are especially often used in adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not carry explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, a wounded beast (compare: a beast wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written in two n (-НН-): frozen, reinforced, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, skilled worker.
Particle spelling not with sacraments.
Particle not with participles in full form is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
Winding led to the garden uncleared track.
On the uncut the meadow was full of flowers..
unfinished a glass of milk was on the table. Winding led to the garden, not cleared by anyone track.
In the meadow, more not mown by collective farmers, dazzled flowers.
Not drunk by a child a glass of milk was on the table.
With communion in short form negation not written separately: Work not finished. Required materials yet not collected.
Notes. 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, absolutely, absolutely, very, extremely, extremely etc.), not with participle is written together, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of amplifying negations - far from, far from, not at all and others standing before the sacrament, then the negation is not written separately, for example: far from a thoughtful decision, not at all a settled issue.