Isolation of definitions in the Russian language is a process that takes into account the conditions of isolation, due to which some members of the sentence are isolated in mandatory, the isolation of others is optional. There are rules according to which these members of a sentence are isolated, that is, separated from the rest of it by intonation and punctuation marks. Knowing these rules and understanding the principles of isolation will help you write and speak correctly.
Conditions for separating definitions
There are many conditions that require the isolation of definitions in a sentence. The best way to understand and remember them is to use a table with examples.
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Conditions of separation |
Examples |
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If the definition refers to a personal pronoun |
I, tired and cold, quickly warmed up in the warmth and fell asleep. |
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If the definition is expressed by a participial phrase and comes after the noun being defined |
A boy riding his bike too fast fell into the bushes. |
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If the definition is single, there are two or more of them and they come after the defined noun |
The desert, endless and lifeless, overwhelmed him |
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If the definition is common and has an adverbial connotation, it can also be isolated before the OS |
Attracted by the light of a candle, the moth burned out |
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If the definition is expressed by a noun with a preposition and it clarifies the idea of a person or thing |
The king, in a red cloak with fur, came out onto the porch |
Both agreed and inconsistent definitions, single and widespread, can be isolated - it all depends on their type. but on the conditions in which they found themselves.
Thus, if an inconsistent definition is expressed by a noun with a preposition (it can also be extended by other words), then it can be isolated in several more cases. When it comes after another isolated definition, it is necessary to separate such a member of the sentence with commas: Vanya, washed and trimmed, in a new blouse, did not recognize himself. They can also stand out if they come before agreed upon definitions and are connected to them by a coordinating conjunction: The poor fellow, in tattered clothes and beaten until he bled, reached a safe corner.
Under any conditions, it is necessary to distinguish separate definitions, which are expressed by participles and adjectives, from the same adjectives and participles, but which are part of a compound nominal predicate.
For example, in the sentence “He came unusually cheerful and animated” The adjectives “cheerful” and “lively” are not distinguished precisely because of this. that are part of such a predicate. At the same time in the sentence “He came to her for advice, tired and sad.” adjectives act as modifiers and are therefore separated by a comma.
Definitions in the middle of a sentence are separated on both sides, and if they are at the beginning or end, then only on one side.
What have we learned?
In the Russian language there is a special category of definitions - isolated. which are in special conditions in a sentence (at a certain place, after or before a word, etc.) and are distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in writing - with commas. There are several rules according to which they are separated from the rest of the syntactic unit, and definitions can be isolated different types. It is important to distinguish them from the nominal part of a compound predicate, which is not separated from the sentence by commas. At the same time, isolated definitions do not necessarily have to be expressed by an adjective or participle; they can also be a noun with a preposition, which is extended or not extended by other words.
Separation is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of an additional message. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. An isolated component expresses an independent event. This is a generally polypropositive sentence.
The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
Special circumstance: Sashka sat on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
Separate addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.
Separate definitions are divided into:
Agreed
inconsistent
The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed separate definition is expressed:
participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:
single definition: excited girl;
two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
a common definition expressed by the phrase: the girl, excited by the news she received,...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She, excited, could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)
3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although. To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example: Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.(additional meaning of reason) Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.(additional value of concession).
Thus, various factors are important for separation:
1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) what is the definition expressed by, 4) does it express additional adverbial meanings.
Dedicated Applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:
1) single: Mishka, the fidget, tormented everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tormented everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain: And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.
New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.
I. Definitions are separated, standing in post position , i.e. after defined (or substantivized word):
1. expressed participial phrase.
- City, destroyed in the center , with the streets somehow tidied up and swept, it fell wearily silent.
- (V.P. Astafiev)
- All, railway related , is still filled with the poetry of travel for me.
- (K. G. Paustovsky)
2. expressed adjective with words dependent on it.
- Those are also worth three, everyone is gloomy.
- (M. Gorky)
II. Singles definitions, standing after defined noun, are separated:
1. if before already defined by a noun there is a definition. *
- The whole look Arkadieva uncles, graceful and thoroughbred , retained his youthful slimness.
- (I. S. Turgenev)
- Small Anechka, elegant and beautiful , I was looking forward to Santa Claus.
3. if it applies to a single definition comparative turnover.
- List literature , huge , like a real high school student, I had to read it over the summer.
III. Separate themselves common or single definitions standing directly before determinednoun (in preposition), if they have additional adverbial meaning(causal, conditional, concessive, temporary).
- Deafened by a heavy roar ,
- Terkin bows his head.
- (A. T. Tvardovsky)
- Disheveled , unwashed , Nezhdanov looked wild and strange.
- (I. S. Turgenev)
Such definitions can be preceded by the word "being" or convert them to adverbial clauses. (Wed: Being deafened by a heavy roar, Tyorkin bows his head. Or: Terkin bows his head, because he is deafened by a heavy roar.)
IV. Regardless of location always in sentence are isolated common or single definitions:
- She, calm and calm , I spent a long time preparing for the upcoming conversation.
- Full of thought , walked I once on the high road.
- (I. S. Turgenev)
- A He, rebellious , asks for storms
- As if there is peace in the storms!
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
2. separated from the defined noun by text.
- Young travelers very tired and , exhausted , we barely trudged to our overnight stop.
- And in the yard , dull and boring ,
- rang out bell monotonous.
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
V. Not isolated common (or single definitions):
1. standing in preposition And not having additional circumstantial meanings.
- The expanse of the plain flowed into hung with rare clouds sky.
- (K. A. Fedin)
- Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine. something like hope.
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
3. expressed complex shape name, since such forms do not form a revolution and are indivisible member offers.
- In a circle closest to the bride were her two sisters.
- (L.N. Tolstoy)
* Note.
If there is no definition before the defined noun - isolation of single definitions standing in post position , optional: definitions are separated when they pass a value additional characteristics, and are not isolated if they have a close intonation-semantic connection with the word being defined.
- And the Cossacks , both on foot and on horseback , they took three roads to three gates.
- (N.V. Gogol)
- Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble...
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
In the first sentence of the definition on foot And horse-drawn transmit the value of the additional characteristic; they can be omitted without significant damage to the semantic structure of the sentence.
In the second sentence of the definition passionate And noble closely related in meaning to the word being defined heart. The hero of M. Yu. Lermontov emphasizes that the heart knows how to love, namely passionate, noble heart.
Separation(emphasis added by commas) agreed upon definitions depend on several factors:
a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the definition.
Conditions for separating agreed definitions
A) The word being defined is a pronoun
1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:
I , taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her. She's tired she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.
2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:
Can't compare to this novel nothing previously written by the author. A flash appeared on his face something similar to a smile.
Notes
1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: AND somebody , sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store(Panova).
2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with the attributive pronoun all, are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent attribute. For example: Everyone late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).
B) The word being defined is a noun
1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.
Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.
Notes
1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is these definitions that the logical emphasis falls on, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me off to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, elegant, poetic (Chekhov).
2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Young a person in love, it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). - To a young man if he is in love, it is impossible not to spill the beans; People, amazed, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones, because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).
2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? and etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial ones subordinate clauses with unions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.
Wed: Always cheerful and lively, nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.
However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.
Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head, he couldn't crawl- pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).
3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before or after the main word).
For example:
1. angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.
2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of a bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning coolness come before the defined noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.
Note!
1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.
Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun.
2) Determinative phrase coming after coordinating conjunction (and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.
Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room.
The conjunction connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room. Therefore, a comma is placed after the conjunction and.
But a comma is not placed between the conjunction (usually the conjunction a) and the attributive phrase if, when the clause is omitted, a restructuring of the sentence is required.
The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A submerged, pops up quickly.
IN in this case It is impossible to remove the attributive phrase without the conjunction a.
The ball floats on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.
3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives and participles do not obey the rules mentioned above.
Wed: To the hut we got there wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.
In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to be isolated. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of minor members from the context by meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will look at separate definitions.
Definition
So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then start studying the separate ones. So, definitions are the secondary members of a sentence that answer the questions “Which?” and “Whose?” They indicate a sign of the subject being discussed in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each type has its own characteristics of isolation.
Agreed Definitions
An isolated agreed definition, just like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in a sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning; it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence construction contains adverbial words that are distributive for this definition. Single definitions are also distinguished if they appear after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their characteristics. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near his mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.
Inconsistent definitions
Just like simple inconsistent definitions conditioned in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are meaningfully associated with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is mandatory, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not need constant signs, and the pronoun does not combine with the features lexically. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; Today he, in a new jacket, looked especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: in the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house with a massive tall pipe on the roof.
Which definitions are not excluded?
In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:
- In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning(Father looked angry and menacing.) in this example There is a defining word “species”, but the definition is not isolated.
- Common definitions cannot be isolated when connected with the two main members of a sentence. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in bins.)
- If the definition is expressed complex comparative form or has superlative degree adjective (More popular songs appeared.)
- If the so-called attributive phrase stands after an indefinite, attributive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
- If the adjective comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)
Punctuation marks
When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in the following cases:
- If the isolated definitions are a participle or an adjective and come after the qualifying word. (The perfume given to her (what?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This offer has two definitions expressed participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
- If two or more definitions are used after a defining word, they are separated. (And this sun, kind, gentle, was shining right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, wearing a hat and a black coat, walked quietly along the park alley.)
- If in a sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she fell on the bed exhausted.)
- If in a statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
- A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is separated from the defining word by other members of the sentence or stands in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to the rain, a raven circled senselessly.)
How to find isolated definitions in a sentence
In order to find an offer with separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish connections between words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often in a sentence there are isolated homogeneous definitions. It is not difficult to identify them; in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.
Exercises for consolidation
To better understand the topic, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. To do this, you should complete exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation and write down sentences. By performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to place commas correctly will come in handy both during your studies and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.