Demonstrative particles: examples. Particles in Russian: classification and spelling

Oh those particles! How much we have studied, how much we have trained, but we cannot remember: sometimes we confuse them with conjunctions, sometimes with adverbs. I just want to scream: “Help!”

First of all, remember that you won’t be able to learn particles using a “list”. It is necessary to understand the features of this auxiliary part of speech, the composition of which is constantly being updated.

It grows due to conjunctions (a, and, yes, either, whether), adverbs (exactly, directly, barely, really), pronouns (that, everything) and even verbs (you see, you see, let, come on, almost, something) . Such particles are considered derivative by their origin. Actually, there are not very many particles, the most famous ones are NOT, NOR, SAME, HERE, VON, -KA. These particles are non-derivative.

Based on their composition, particles are divided into simple and compound. When a particle consists of one word, it is called simple (What a disaster! Where did it go?). If it’s two words, less often three, then it’s already a compound word (I was just looking for you. Otherwise not?).

Just comparing similar words in a certain context, you can correctly determine where the particle itself is and where its homonym is - a conjunction or an adverb. It is best to clarify the differences in a sentence, because particles and their “doubles” immediately display special properties here.

For example, let's take four sentences: The world is very big and very beautiful. And Moscow was not built right away. She explained everything simply and clearly. I just got lost in an unfamiliar place.

In the first sentence, the conjunction AND connects two homogeneous compound nominal predicates “big” and “beautiful”. In the second, the particle I enhances the meaning of the subject “Moscow”. Alliances bind not only homogeneous members, but also parts complex sentence. But particles cannot be a means of communication; they play a completely different role: they introduce additional shades of meaning or help form the form of a word, but more on that later. In the third sentence, the adverb SIMPLY depends on the predicate “explained” and plays the role of an adverb of the manner of action. Fourthly, the particle is SIMPLY not a member of the sentence, it is impossible to pose a question to it from the predicate “got lost”, and it only strengthens the meaning of the sentence.

We use particles in almost every sentence, but often we do not notice these little “workers” of the language. And you can’t do without them, especially in colloquial speech, where they combine with each other and become composite: That’s the problem! Oh yes Petka, dear rogue! So the lessons are over...

Shape-forming particles are quickly remembered and easily recognized; there are few of them:

WOULD, B serve to form forms of the conditional mood of the verb, have the meaning of possibility, conjecture of action, can occupy different places in a sentence (If I were a wizard, I would make all people happy.);

YES, LET'S, LET'S, LET, LET help the verb form the imperative mood and sometimes act together with the particle KA, expressing a softening of the demand or request: LET'S KA, LET'S KA, LET'S KA, LET'S KA, NOW (Yes Long live peace on the planet! Let me read a book.).

We must not forget the particles that help form some comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs. The compound comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs is formed using the particles MORE, LESS: stronger, less fast; more quickly, less forcefully. And the superlative compound of adjectives requires the presence of the particles MOST, MOST, LEAST: the strongest, the fastest, the least successful).

There are elements that are considered word-forming in their essence: -THAT, -EITHER, -ANYTHING, SOMETHING-, NOT-, NOR-. They participate in the formation of indefinite and negative pronouns and adverbs. These “building blocks” have lost their identity as particles, since they have ceased to be separate words.

And yet, most often we are dealing with semantic particles; in some school textbooks they are called modal. Their types are especially numerous in meaning, and most importantly, they are difficult to remember. So, get ready! The particles most commonly used in speech are indicated at the beginning of the table. At the very end there are three groups of particles that often do not fall into the usual classification.

Particle discharges

Interrogatives are used to express a question.	Really, really, really, really, really, really, really	Have you really left? Is it really time for goodbye? Is it really the same Tatyana?.. Are you sick? Should I close the window? Did you come yesterday? Let's go, shall we?
EXCLAMATIONS are used to express emotions	What the, how, like this, that’s it, that’s it, look how, look what, well, well, just	What a delight these fairy tales are! How beautiful it is all around! Such miracles! So believe them! Well done! Look how he shouted! Look how brave! Well, beauty, so beauty! What a day! Just beautiful!
INDICATIVES are used to indicate objects, phenomena, events	Here, here and, there, this	Here is a grove, here is a path. This is the end. There's a book over there. This table was set for dinner.
NEGATIVES are used to express negation.	No, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all	I can't sleep. Not a hot day at all. It's not your fault at all. Far from being a poor man. Don `t move! No, don't go! - Ready? - No way.
ENHANCERS are used to strengthen individual words	After all, even, and, well, really, oh, after all, but still, everything, neither, yes, and	Because I told you. Even you are against it. She didn't even think about leaving. What to do? You already know. Oh, this Fedya. He is still my friend. But still she spins! She knits and knits. Didn't say a word. Yes, and we'll go home.
CLARIFICATIONS are used to clarify the meaning of a single word	Exactly, just, exactly, exactly, directly, approximately, almost, completely	She is the one who is ready to follow you. Today you are really needed. I'll be waiting for you at five sharp. You're just like your grandfather. He laughs straight into your eyes. Around April we will begin preparations for graduation. I almost lost money. He was completely cold.
ELIGIBILITIES are used to highlight and limit words	Only, only, only, only, only, only, perhaps, exclusively, almost, at least, at least	I only rest while working. Only he can help. We were only there once. I'm the only one left. Just once the gardens bloom. I won't have dinner, except maybe drink tea. They trusted mail exclusively to him. Almost everything is ready. Only He didn’t know. At least drink some water. At least once you listened to the advice of your elders.
WITH THE MEANING OF DOUBT serve to express doubt	Hardly, hardly, as if, like, perhaps, you see	You can hardly find mushrooms now. It's unlikely we'll be able to get through here. No matter what happens. She seemed to promise to come. Maybe just cook some borscht. Look, you made it up.
COMPARATIVE	As if, as if, as if	As if I'm the only one to blame! Somewhere you can hear the sound of thunder. The waves on Lake Baikal are like the sea.
Affirmative	Yes, yes, okay, good, exactly, that’s it, but how, definitely	Yes, it didn't go well. So, let's say. - Will you do it? - Fine. - Follow the order! - Yes sir! - We agree with you. - That's it. - The lights are turned off? - But of course! - You are ready? - Definitely.
WITH THE MEANING OF ANOTHER SPEECH	Allegedly, they say,	My father says that I supposedly offended him. You didn't want to. She explained that, they say, I am not like them. They laughed that he was a naughty guy, but he was getting into trouble!

It is a pity that scientists and methodologists have not come to a unified classification of particles, which is why some school textbooks name only five categories, others eight. What should the teacher and students do? Rhetorical question!

Literature

1. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I., Tsapukevich V.V. Modern Russian language. Ed. 2, add. and revised: publishing house " graduate School". - M., 1964. - P. 264-267.

2. Tikhonov A.N. Modern Russian language. (Morphemics. Word formation. Morphology). Ed. 2, stereot. - M.: Citadel-trade, Publishing House Ripol Classic, 2003. - P. 436-442.

3. Dudnikov A.V., Arbuzova A.I., Vorozhbitskaya I.I. Russian language: Tutorial for average specialist. textbook establishments. - 7th ed., rev. - M.: Higher. school, 2001. - pp. 217-228.

4. Shklyarova T.V. Russian language. Handbook for schoolchildren and applicants (a manual for high school). - M.: Gramotey, 2002. - P. 260-268.

5. Voilova K.A., Goltsova N.G. Handbook-workshop on the Russian language. - M.: Education, 1996. - P. 127-137.

6. Bulatnikova A.E. Features of studying particles / Russian language at school. - 1981. - No. 1. - P. 56-59.

7. Sokolova G.P. Once again about NOT and NEI... (Formation of spelling skills in repetition lessons) / Russian language at school. - 2003. - No. 5. - P. 15-23.

§1. general characteristics particles

A particle is a functional part of speech.

Once upon a time, the linguistic tradition contrasted particles of speech with parts of speech (small function words - large words with independent meaning) and included all function words. Then it was realized that prepositions and conjunctions are separate classes of words, each with its own functions. And the term particle began to be used in a new way, in a narrower meaning.

Like all “small” words, particles have a number of important features:

1) do not change themselves,
2) are not members of the sentence (but some particles may be part of them).
What distinguishes them from other non-independent words is that they serve to convey a wide range of additional meanings, emotions, feelings, and assessments of the speaker. Without particles, especially frequently presented in colloquial speech, the Russian language would be less rich. Let's compare:

Really he didn't call? (surprise) ≠ He didn’t call? (question)
Just I dreamed about this! (clarification, underlining, expression) ≠ This is what I dreamed about (neutral message)
What the night! (exclamation, assessment) ≠ Night. (nominal sentence)

Even from these examples it is clear that particles are very diverse. In this case, as for all function words, the determining factor for particles is their function (role), according to which they are divided into formative and semantic.

§2. Shaping particles

There are very few form-forming particles.
These are particles: let, let, let, yes, come on. They serve to form the conditional and imperative moods.

Not if it rained, we We'd spend the whole day outside.

Particle would serves as an indicator of the conditional mood of the verb. This is a component verb form. The particle is included in the predicate along with the verb form. This means that formative particles will be included in the members of sentences.

Let's go out of town!

Particle Let's - indicator of the imperative mood. Let's go- this is an incentive to joint action. Here this is the predicate of a definite-personal sentence.

This means that formative particles are particles involved in the formation of the conditional and imperative moods of the verb. In a sentence, they appear together with the verb, even if they do not stand next to each other, and are one member of the sentence (separate particles cannot be members of the sentence).

§3. Meaning particles. Places by value

The bulk of Russian particles are semantic particles. Since they can express a wide range of meanings, it is important to know into which categories they are divided by meaning.

Digits by value:

Negative: not, neither, not at all, far from, not at all
Interrogative: really, really, whether (l)
Demonstratives: this, over there, here, in (colloquial)
Clarifying: exactly, exactly, directly, exactly, exactly
Restrictive-excretory : only, only, exclusively, almost, solely
Exclamation marks: what the, well and how
Reinforcing: after all, even, really, after all, not, well, yet, and, yes, but
Doubts: hardly, hardly, hardly

Do not confuse:

1) Particles and, ah, yes- homonymous coordinating conjunctions.
AND do not say! AND do not ask! AND do not wait! (Here And- reinforcing particle)
Yes do not say! Yes do not ask! Yes don't wait for him, he won't come! (yes - reinforcing particle)
A, come what may! ( A- reinforcing particle)

2) Particle -That homonymous with the suffix -to in indefinite pronouns: someone, some and so on.
He -That knows what he's saying! We- That we know... Ivan -That knows... (here -That- particle)

3) Particle How homonymous with the pronoun How.
How breathes well after a thunderstorm!, How it's horrible!, How I feel bad! (Here How- exclamation particle)
How is the word written? (interrogative pronoun)
I don't know, How this word is written. (relative pronoun)

Attention:

Some particles may belong not to one, but to different categories, for example: whether or not etc. Compare:
In the house neither souls (= no one, negative) ≠ There were no souls in the room neither souls (amplification)
Tell me you called whether anyone? (interrogative) ≠ Will come in whether is he today? Will have time whether? (doubt)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

Is it correct to consider particles as an independent part of speech?
Is the part of speech variable?
Can particles be part of sentences?
What particles can be included in the members of a sentence?
- Semantic
- Form-building
What particles help form the imperative and conditional moods?
- Semantic
- Form-building
Particles are formative or semantic Not And neither?
- Semantic
- Formative
The formative or semantic particles are: if only, let, let, yes, come on -?
- Semantic
- Formative

Service. It is intended to indicate various emotional and semantic shades. Also, with its help, completely new words and their forms are formed.

All particles in the Russian language are divided into two large categories:

1) those that express shades of various meanings and emotions (modal);

2) formative and word-forming.

This division is based on what meaning and what role this part of speech plays in a sentence.

Modal particles in Russian

Depending on the shades of meaning and emotions they express, particles, in turn, are divided into the following groups:

1) incentive: let, well, come on, come on, come on;

2) negative and affirmative: no, yes, no, definitely, not at all;

3) exclamatory-evaluative particles: well, of course, what the, how, what;

4) interrogative: what, really, really, whether;

5) intensifying particles: yes and, and, even;

6) concessional at least, after all, nevertheless;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, as if;

8) excretory-restrictive particles: only, solely, only, exclusively, almost;

9) clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, precisely;

10) demonstrative: here and, there and, here, this, there, that.

Formative and word-forming particles in the Russian language

The latter are:

1) particles neither and not, if they are used as prefixes to form adjectives, nouns, adverbs, as well as pronouns (indefinite and negative): untruth, someone, nothing, etc.;

2) particles -or, -something, -that, something-. They are used as affixes. With their help, indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed: something, somewhere, somewhere, etc.

Shape-forming particle - would. With its help, the mood of the verb can be changed to the subjunctive: would help, would win.

Particles in Russian. Classification by origin

In the Russian language, some particles originate from various parts of speech, while others do not. On this basis, the following classification is made into:

1. Derivatives. They can come from adverbs: barely, directly, only, etc.; from verbs: come on, let, see, etc.; from pronouns: -some, everything, -that, it, etc.; from conjunctions: and, yes, same, a, whether, -or, etc.

2. Non-derivative particles. Their origin is not connected with any parts of speech: -ka, over there, here, etc.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" mixed with words

An unstressed particle is not used when one intends to express negation. It is written together with words only in the following cases:

a) if it serves as a prefix for nouns, adverbs and adjectives: unkind, sad, failure;

b) if the word is not used in use without it: ridiculous, inappropriate, slob;

c) if the forms of indefinite and negative pronouns are unprepositional: no one, no one, nothing, some;

d) if at full communion no dependent words: unheated sun, uncorrected error.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "ni" is merged with words

This unstressed particle is used to express amplification. It is written together with words in cases where it acts as a prefix:

a) in negative adverbs: in no way, from nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, nowhere;

b) in negative pronouns (in their non-prepositional forms): I didn’t have a chance to take anyone on the road.

This material will be devoted to the auxiliary part of speech - the particle. The categories will be considered, examples will be given, and differences from homonymous words will be shown.

Meet the particle!

Let us explain to you what a particle is. You may have just noticed: in the previous sentence it is the word “zhe”. So, the particle is a service part of speech, introducing new semantic, emotionally charged shades into sentences, and serves to form new forms of words. Let's give an example right away.

He came. A simple, one might say, faceless proposal. Let's add various particles to this sentence.

He just arrived.

Has he come?

He barely arrived.

Notice how the meaning has changed and the emotional coloring has appeared in the sentences, just by adding small elements. By the way, “only” is also a particle.

It is worth noting that the Russian language is so rich in such components of speech that it is not even certain requirements to learning them. It is necessary to learn to find, see in the text, and also be able to distinguish them from other words in sentences. We will talk about this in our article.

Main particle discharges

From the entire variety of these elements, four categories can be distinguished.

Shaping particles (let's, let, let) are intended to form the form of a word; they can form degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
Negative (no, far from it, not at all, not at all).
Particles that can characterize a sign (this can be a state or an action) occurring over time, in terms of effectiveness or completeness of implementation, or vice versa - sterility, incompleteness.
Modal particles that can be interrogative (exactly), demonstrative (here, there), clarifying (exactly, just, exactly), emphasizing and restrictive (only, only), exclamatory (what for, how), intensifying ( even, not, after all, after all, everything), mitigating demands, showing doubts (hardly, hardly) and, finally, motivating (let, let, let).

Examples

Let's look at the modal particle as an example in sentences:

Aren't we going fishing today?
Here he is, a real champion!
This was exactly the moment that could not be missed.
What is the music!
Still, I had to do the work again.
May the sun always shine!

Modal particles serve to convey additional meaning in the text or in the speech of the speaker, enhance the emotional side and focus attention.

Modal shape particles

With the help of formative elements, it becomes possible to create new forms of words. This category of modal formative particles includes: let, would, yes, give (those), less, most, let, more.

Let us give examples for clarity.

The word “would” can be used to form the conditional mood of a verb. I would have done more if I had gotten up earlier.

The imperative form of mood is formed modal particles let it, let it go, let it go, yes. Here are some examples:

Let spring come.
Tell him to hurry up.
“Let there be light!” - said the electrician.
Let's go on a trip to another country.

For education comparative degree adverbs and adjectives serve as formative elements, more or less. For example:

Faster access to the floor by elevator.
Less successful enterprise.

The formative element itself (pay attention to number and gender) can serve to form an adjective excellent shape, For example: the brightest.

All of these listed formative elements are part of the verb form. When parsing a sentence into members, it is recommended to emphasize them as one member of the sentence, even if they are not nearby. It is necessary to give examples of sentences with modal particles.

I wouldn't have been late if I hadn't been late at work.
Let them come tomorrow.
Today the circumstances are less successful.
Now I will ask a more complex riddle.
She solved the most difficult problem in her life.

It is worth noting that such formative elements can be divided into conditional and imperative moods. The conditional mood includes modal particles would, b.

Imperative particles include such particles as: let, let, yes, let, come on.

Difference from homonymous words. Examples

Let's remember what homonyms are. So, homonyms are words that are identical in spelling and sound, but different in meaning.

It is important not to confuse, to be able to see and distinguish homonymous words. Examples:

Give him half a tablet of medicine every half hour. In this context the word Let's is not a formative element, but a verb form give.
Now let the boat go downstream. Here is also the word let him cannot be a particle, it is a verb form let in.
Is it really you? - I'm the one. In this version the word most is a pronoun and has no connection with the adjective.
She spoke very quietly, as if apologizing. In this sentence the word as if constitutes an indivisible construction that can be replaced by synonyms as if or as if.

A particle is an auxiliary part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create forms of words.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but can be part of sentences.
The main area of use of particles is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech makes statements more expressive and emotional. Excessive use of particles leads to speech clogging and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) - add additional nuances to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, the particles are related to in different parts speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.

There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (the same as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of the sentence, but can be part of the members of the sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.

At parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.

In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus according to particle classification. Classifications may vary among different authors.

Particle discharges.

According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into categories.

formative,
negative,
semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that participate in the formation of certain forms various parts speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, nouns, pronouns).

Particles that serve to form verb inflections:
- imperative mood - yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
- subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; What would did not happen.
  Particle would(b) may appear before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, may be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I did more would better. I would made it even better.
Particles let, let, let, yes, come on (let's go) are part of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb, and are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written with the verb when morphological analysis verb as part of speech.
Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, names of states - more, less : more important, less important; more Interesting, less boring.
The meaning of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more And All : more scarier All more interesting.

When forms are formed, particles become closer to morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed using a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya(-s), -that, -either, -something And no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of merged or separate writing. It is necessary to distinguish the particle -That And -That : Which -That, Where -That ( ) - I -That I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In Babaytseva’s complex on the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where -something, -either, -something - attributed to word-forming particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, anyone, anyone; what - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles Not And neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles turn into .
Using a particle Not Words with opposite meanings are formed: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without Not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

Negative particles

No, neither- the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays a major role in expressing negation and gives the following meanings:

negative meaning for the whole sentence: This will not happen.
negative meaning to an individual member of a sentence: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing.
positive meaning, statement (via double negative with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; I couldn't help but say.

Most often a negative particle Not is part of the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I Don't know. (Don't know- tale.)

NI particle gives:

negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither clouds. Sometimes neither used without Not : In the sky neither clouds.
strengthening and generalizing any statement made in the main clause (for this, in subordinate clause particle is used neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything would work out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
When repeating the particle neither becomes important coordinating (conjunctive) conjunction : Neither Sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
Negative particles include words No. It is used when there is a negative answer to a spoken or unspoken question: Want? No . To strengthen the negative word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don’t want to.
Particle No corresponds in its role to the affirmative particle in the sentence Yes : Will you go? Yes .
not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish neither (not) prefix, particle and conjunction. The prefix is written together ( someone, no one, no one). The particle and conjunction are written separately: no not a soul (particle, strengthens negation); Neither (conjunction) rain, neither (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Semantic particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various shades of meaning into a sentence (clarify, emphasize, intensify), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Particle groups by value:

Adding shades of meaning:
- interrogative —whether, really, really :
  Really This is true? Is it true whether This? Isn't it do you disagree with me?
  Isn't it And really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it really) did not you recognize me? But they can also have different meanings.
  In sentences with isn't it doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to be arguing with the interlocutor, confident in the inadmissibility of the fact: Isn't it can I lie?
  In sentences with really doubt and surprise appear: Really did he deceive us?
- index fingers — here (and here), there (and there), here and, there .
  Highlight the item you need to pay attention to: Here my village.
- clarifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
  Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
- express allocation, limitation(restrictive-excretive) - only, only, exclusively, almost, solely : I am not sick, only) a little tired.
particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
- exclamation marks particles - what the, how , Well: What a soul! How amazing! Gee!
  These particles express admiration, surprise, and indignation.
  Particle How has a homonym How - pronoun How and union How .
  Particle How usually used in exclamatory sentences: How evenings in Russia are delightful!
  Pronoun-adverb How used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the sentence : How are you feeling? How - circumstance.
  Union How - in complex sentences: I will tell you, How to live on.
- express doubt —hardly, hardly: Barely whether this will do. Hardly he will agree.
- amplifiers particles - even, well, neither, well, really, after all, only, only and etc.
  Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha knows each other only famous monuments. ( Only - an intensifying particle, in a sentence it is part of the definition only known).
  Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon has become brighter, the stars or They just turned blue. Particle or highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
- express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
  In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

Day and night the cat is a scientist All walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - intensifying meaning
Well what the neck, what thelittle eyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
Yeslong live the sun,Yesdarkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the imperative form of the verb
Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. - forms the subjunctive form of the verb.
What we were talking about before only thought, now they have brought it to life. We just thought -only not an adverb, not a conjunction, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not do). Therefore it is a particle.