Roof installation with a cold attic. Insulating the attic floor using wooden beams and a reinforced concrete slab Do-it-yourself attic floor using wooden beams: how to do it yourself

A room in the attic of a private household is used for various purposes: storing temporarily unnecessary things, installing equipment or furnishing living rooms. Depending on what the free space under the roof is used for, the method of constructing the attic floor is chosen.

What is an attic

The attic space is limited by the roof slopes and the ceiling of the residential floor. This place is often used to create additional living space.

There are two types of attics in private households:

Residential. It is called an attic. It can be equipped with a living room, study, bedroom, library, etc. Room height in in this case must be at least 220 centimeters. In addition, it must be provided with ventilation, daylight, perform insulation of the slopes.
Non-residential. This attic space is usually used to accommodate technical equipment, storing old or unnecessary things. In this case, a 2-meter height will be sufficient, and there is no need to provide natural lighting. Instead of insulating the slopes, they insulate the attic floor.

When making a decision to repair or rebuild a house, you need to decide in advance for what purpose the attic will be used in order to make calculations and a design for the floor. The list depends on this necessary materials and the gap between the beams. They must provide the required strength and load-bearing capacity.

Functional purpose of floors

The design of the attic floor depends on the parameters of the structure and the purposes for which it is planned to use the under-roof space. The attic has a unique function air gap, which separates cold roof from heated floors.

The floor in the attic performs a number of tasks:

carrier. On the ceiling located between the upper residential floor and attic space, is assigned a load-bearing function, so it is made reliable and durable, since people will move on it, they plan to place equipment on it and arrange storage areas;
insulating. In a cold attic, the temperature differs little from that outside the house. In this case, the floors in the attic have a thermal insulating function, thereby preventing the air from cooling on the residential floors. To retain heat, the attic floor needs to be insulated. It is advisable to entrust such work to professionals.

Features of the device and design of floors

Since attic floors perform two functions - load-bearing and insulating, they have a multi-layer structure. Each of the elements of the “pie” complements each other, which ensures the created structure has a long service life, strength and the ability to withstand heavy loads.

The construction of the floor in the attic requires the presence of the following layers:

Finish floor. This name is given to the floor covering, which is laid on a rough base. If it is an attic, then when installing the finished floor, linoleum, laminate, parquet, etc. are laid. IN non-residential premises the finishing floor covering may be missing.
Rough base. It is a boardwalk that is mounted on logs. The subfloor is lined with edged boards 4–5 centimeters thick or for the purpose of saving from unedged.
Lags. These are durable, smooth wooden elements, laid perpendicular to the floor beams to create flooring. When the attic floor is being installed according to wooden beams, insulation is placed between the joists, which is protected from below with a layer of vapor barrier, and covered on top waterproofing material. If you do not use insulating layers, then repairs will be required in a few years.
Beams. The frame of the floors is built from thick and strong beams, which are either mounted on the projections of the walls or built into them. They must support the entire weight of the structure. A flat roof can also be made using wooden beams, which is quite practical.
Headlining. On the side of the rooms, the floors are decorated with finishing materials, for example, natural wood or drywall.

Types of attic floors

To construct the ceiling of a cold attic, materials differing in weight, durability, cost and load-bearing capacity are used.

There are several types of floors depending on what they are made of:

Wooden elements. For their manufacture, you can use beams with a cross-section of 150x150 or 200x200 millimeters. The advantage of this option is that the tree is quite durable and at the same time relatively lightweight material, so wooden elements do not put additional load on the foundation of the house. In addition, their big advantage is their low price and availability. But such an attic floor is used when the size of the building does not exceed 6 -10 meters, since it maximum length lumber.
Metal products. Metal I-beams are distinguished by their strength and ability to withstand heavy weight without deformation. But they weigh quite a bit, so wooden houses They are used extremely rarely, but for brick and aerated concrete buildings they are the best option.
Reinforced concrete products. Molded floor beams, made from reinforced heavy-duty concrete, are used for multi-story buildings, since they are heavier and the same length.

Of all the above types of floors, in private low-rise housing construction, in most cases, preference is given to wooden beams. They have the optimal balance between price and quality. If the calculations are carried out correctly and the technology is followed, repairs to the ceiling will not be required in the coming years. Ventilation is also necessary in the attic of a private house, the arrangement of which will require additional knowledge.

Requirements for the device of the pie

Since the safety of staying in the house depends on the quality of installation and repair of attic floors, a number of requirements are imposed on their arrangement.

To know the maximum value permissible load that the structure can withstand, it is necessary to perform the appropriate calculations, and then, based on their results, they begin to develop a project from which it will be clear how to properly insulate the attic floor in the house.

The requirements relate to:

Load capacity. It directly depends on the material used to make the beams and the gap between them.
Distances between load-bearing elements. The maximum permissible value for this parameter in accordance with building codes is 4 meters.
Resistance to temperature changes. It is necessary that the beams can withstand such changes without problems. The fact is that the difference between the air temperature in the residential floors and in the attic always exceeds 4 degrees.
Isolation. The attic floor covering of a cold attic should protect the premises of the household from the penetration of cold and moisture from the under-roof space.

During the design process, you should take into account the requirements for the beams used to arrange the floor in the attic so that the result is reliable and durable. The distance between them must be calculated based on the loads exerted on them.

Technology for creating an attic floor using wooden beams

If you have experience construction work You can mount the ceiling of a cold attic using wooden beams yourself. Perform this process on final stage carrying out roofing work.

The sequence of actions will be as follows:

Installation load-bearing beams. For a small private house, wooden floors made from timber with a cross-section of 150x150 or 200x200 millimeters are suitable. They are laid on concrete or brickwork walls
Installation of lag. They are placed on the edge perpendicular to the beams in increments of 60 centimeters. The logs are made from boards with a cross section of 150x50 millimeters.
Laying thermal insulation. The insulation is placed between the joists - it will protect against the penetration of cold from the attic.
Installation of rough and finished floors.
Covering load-bearing beams on the side of the room to decorate the ceiling surface.

When insulating the attic floor, you should not forget about installing hydro- and vapor barriers.

Most pitched roofs in our country have in their design cold attic. This name is due to the air temperature in the attic, which should not differ much from the air temperature outside the house. With this arrangement of the attic space, a sufficiently large buffer air zone is formed, which allows you to effectively regulate the temperature in the attic if it is properly arranged.

Cold attic design

When building the roof of a house, many people think about making a cold attic or attic underneath it? The easiest way to organize a roof is with a cold attic space. Construction of an attic will cost several times more and will require more costs labor. Although, it is undeniable that the attic will significantly expand the living space.

Cold attic roofs have the following main components in their pie::

roof covering;
attic external walls (applicable for gable roofs with pediments);
insulated ceiling between the living space and the attic.

Ventilation is provided by eaves and ridge vents. The air passing through the eaves openings is called supply air, and the air leaving through the ridge is called exhaust air. Additionally, ventilation can be done through dormer windows on gables or roof slopes. The windows are equipped with louvered grilles to allow the ventilation intensity to be adjusted.

Dormer windows are located on opposite slopes of the roof so that there are no unventilated areas.

Dormer windows can be rectangular, triangular and semicircular in shape. Their lower part should be at a height of no more than 0.8-1.0 m from the floor of the attic, and the upper part should not be lower than 1.75 m from the floor in the attic. They can also serve as an exit to the roof of the house to inspect the roof, ventilation and chimney elements.

Steam and thermal insulation of a cold attic

For a roof with a cold attic, it is most important to minimize heat loss through the attic floor. For both wooden and reinforced concrete floors Vapor barrier is mandatory. It is laid on the ceiling itself and protects the insulation from vapors that can condense in the heat insulator after passing through the ceiling of the living room. Slab and bulk materials can be used as insulation. The ceiling pie consists of a vapor barrier, floor beams and insulation.

Often used in ceiling coverings the following types heat insulators:

polystyrene foam and foam boards;
or mats;
expanded clay granules;
fuel or granulated slag;
sawdust with lime or clay;
pumice.

The thickness of the required insulation layer is selected depending on the estimated winter temperature using the table below.

Winter temperatures are calculated according to SNiP 2.01.01-82 (building climatology and geophysics) or selected by regions of the Russian Federation from the corresponding climate maps.

The insulation is laid between the joists or ceiling beams, and a boardwalk is made on top for the attic passages. Joists are usually 50 mm thick, and decking boards are 25-35 mm thick.

For ventilated attic spaces Soft or semi-hard heat-insulating materials are considered the most optimal.

Attic waterproofing device

Waterproofing roofs with a cold attic, according to many experts, is a controversial issue. Some say that waterproofing must be present under the roofing material, while others categorically recommend that it be abandoned. Here, a lot depends on the type of roofing material and the angle of inclination of the roof slopes.

Metal roofs are most susceptible to corrosion, which occurs due to possible small leaks or condensation. Therefore, we once again draw your attention to the fact that ventilation plays one of the main roles in the fight against condensation formed.

For gently sloping metal roofs Experts recommend installing superdiffusion membranes. It will prevent moisture from entering the outside of the roof when snow or rain blows in. No matter how well the roof is laid, there is always the possibility of minimal leaks. That is why, by overpaying a little, you will receive additional protection from moisture getting on the insulation in the ceiling of a cold attic.

Possible leaks or condensation entering hydrophobic insulation materials significantly reduce their thermal insulation properties.

If, for example, slate is used as a roofing material, then waterproofing can be abandoned. There is also corrugated sheeting with an anti-condensation coating on the market, which can hold up to 1 liter of water per 1 m2. For our part, we recommend always using waterproofing membranes, because this is the cheapest and easiest additional method protect your roof from possible leaks.

When installing waterproofing membranes use a counter-lattice. It serves as a fixing strip and, due to its height, provides the necessary clearance for ventilation of the under-roof space. The installation of lathing in a cold attic is no different from insulated roofs. The dimensions of the sheathing and its pitch determine the type of roofing being installed.

There are two types of attic space - a cold attic and a combined attic or attic. In a cold attic, insulation is laid horizontally across the attic floor, and the temperature inside the cold attic is about the same as outside.

The temperature inside a cold attic should not exceed 4 °C outside air temperature (rules and standards for the technical operation of housing stock, decree No. 170 of September 27, 2003, clause 3.3.2), i.e. if the temperature outside is -15 °C, then in the attic it should be no more than -11 °C. If this difference is greater, then, for example, at an outside temperature of -5 ° C, the slope will heat up, the snow on the roof will melt and flow onto the eaves. The cornice will not heat up, because... there is no warm room underneath, and the water on it will turn into ice, forming icicles. How more ice will form on the eaves, the greater the chance of leakage, the higher the load on the roof and the higher the risk of ice breaking, which can lead to tragic consequences. All this reduces the service life of both the roofing covering and the roof as a whole.

Rice. 1 Ventilation of a cold attic.

To ensure normal temperature conditions in a cold attic, it is necessary, first of all, to insulate the floor between the attic and the living space. The thickness of the insulation is calculated based on several parameters, the main one of which is the location of the house. The second most important criterion for maintaining the temperature regime of the attic space is under-roof ventilation.

In addition to insulation and ventilation on temperature regime the attic space is affected by: non-insulated hatch covers for access to the attic, ventilation pipes for rooms (kitchen, bathroom) leading into the attic space, uninsulated hot water supply located in the attic, etc.

The roofing pie for a cold attic can be divided into two parts. The first part is along the floor between the attic and the living space. The second part is along the slope.

First part roofing pie depending on the type of overlap it looks like this:

Rice. 2 Pie on the concrete floor.

Rice. 3 Pie on a wooden floor.

The vapor barrier serves to prevent moisture from entering the room into the insulation. By concrete base It is best to use bitumen roll material with fused overlaps. Applies according to lags film vapor barrier with obligatory gluing of overlaps with sealing tapes. As a vapor barrier it is necessary to use vapor barrier films D-Folie B, D-Folie B 90 or D-Folie BR.

The insulation is laid in several layers with joints spaced apart to eliminate cold bridges.

The hydro-windproof membrane protects against heat loss and moisture ingress. Moisture can form due to condensation, snow blown into the attic space, and also due to possible leaks. Superdiffusion membranes D-Folie A 150 or D-Folie A 100 must be used as hydrowind protection.

In any case, regardless of the type of ceiling, it is not recommended to cover the insulation on top entirely with plywood or boards. If you occasionally need to walk through the attic space, it is better to provide paths from boards without covering all the insulation.

The second part of the roofing cake using flexible tiles in a cold attic it looks like this:

Rice. 4 Roofing pie for a cold attic.

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How to arrange a roofing pie under a soft roof: general principles and analysis of construction options

To an uninitiated person in the intricacies of construction, the roof appears in the form of an accessible coating that protects his household from weather adversity. In fact, this is a complex structure, each element of which must flawlessly perform the work assigned to it. The ingredients are stacked in layers like a culinary product that shares its name with roofing system. Layers are laid in a certain order, violation of which threatens a noticeable decrease in consumer characteristics. How correctly the roofing pie is constructed under soft roof, the service life of the roof and the heating equipment of the house as a whole depend.

Types of soft roofing structures

Roofing pie - generalized technical term, combining a number of designs with a similar “layered” structure. The combination of layers should protect the home owners from atmospheric attacks and protect the internal filling of the pie from premature deterioration.

The standard structure of a roofing pie includes the following required components:

Vapor barrier. Prevents the penetration of vapors from internal space houses and moisture condensation on the building materials used in the construction of the roof;
Thermal insulation. Helps retain heat, protects against noise, winds, and cold temperatures coming from outside;
Waterproofing. Prevents the penetration of rainwater and melted winter precipitation into both the roof structure and the building;
Decorative coating, which simultaneously performs the work of wind protection.

The category of soft roofs includes materials with excellent waterproofing qualities. These include bitumen roll representatives, piece analogues, mastics and a new generation of membranes. A couple of decades ago they served only as a barrier against water, but now they also successfully play the role of decorative coatings. This is due to the improved external surface and the development of installation methods that allow super-thin materials to be attached to any type of base.

Combination of insulating and decorative properties made it possible to reduce the number of main layers in the roofing pie to 3, if one of the types of rolled materials is used for arranging the roof.

When laying bitumen shingles, waterproofing is not completely abandoned. However, it is laid as an additional waterproof layer and covers the roof either completely, if the slope of the slopes does not exceed 18º, or partially in strips along the overhangs, along the ridge and valleys, around pipes and at junctions on roofs with slopes steeper than 18º.

The above list of main roofing layers character general recommendations. In fact, it is modified by reducing or adding functional elements, because the scheme for forming an ideal roofing structure is influenced by a number of significant circumstances, such as:

type and purpose of the object being developed, i.e. is it a residential building or a domestic structure;
temporary or permanent use, determining the use or rejection of thermal insulation;
the shape of the roof and the steepness of its slopes, directly related to the choice of materials for the roofing;
type of base for installing a pie and laying a soft roof;
the presence of an exploited or unexploited attic;
regional climatic features, according to which the thickness of thermal insulation is determined;
compatibility of construction layers, because in case of incompatibility, separation or migration layers will be required.

A well-designed soft roof pie is constructed taking into account the entire range of the listed conditions. Without information about the specifics of the project, no one will give exact recommendations, but it is worth familiarizing yourself with the principle of construction, regardless of whether you will build the cake yourself or hired roofers will do its installation.

Principles of constructing a roofing pie

Let's look at the most common pie designs for soft roofing used in private construction. Flat and low pitched roofing structures They are rarely built over low-rise buildings. However, there are adherents of the strict cubic forms of the techno or high-tech style, and their numbers are steadily growing. Most often, flat roofs are built over bay windows, attached terraces, household compartments of the building, garages, etc. They are covered with bitumen-polymer materials or a membrane and laid on iron concrete floors or a base made of galvanized profiled sheet.

The most popular in private construction is bituminous shingles, used in the construction of pitched roofs with a slope of 12º or more. It is mainly used for coating rafter system, erected both over dachas and over country houses. Let's start with it.

Roofing pie for flexible tiles

Soft tiles are used to cover buildings with cold attics and houses with insulated attics, the designs of which, of course, have radical differences. In the first case, there is no need to use insulation, in the second, thermal insulation is a mandatory component. Both options require a continuous sheathing made of antiseptic-treated boards, sheets moisture resistant plywood or oriented strand boards OSB-3.

The simplest non-insulated option

The scheme for laying a soft roof over an uninsulated attic is extremely simple:

a counter beam installed across the rafters is nailed to the rafter legs. The recommended size of the beam is 50x50; it is attached with two rough nails to each rafter beam. The installation pitch of the counter beam depends on the pitch between the rafters. If the standard distance is 0.7-0.9 m, the block is nailed after 30 cm;
slabs of continuous sheathing are laid on the counterbeam in a staggered manner so that there are no cross-shaped connections between them. The edges of the slabs should rest on the counter-lattice elements. Fasten the slabs every 15 cm with rough nails to the block;
A self-adhesive waterproofing carpet is laid, the installation of which is carried out depending on the steepness of the slopes. When the slope is 18º or more, only the slopes, ridge, valleys, junction areas and pipe passages through the roof are covered with waterproofing. Less steep roofs are completely covered with an insulating carpet;
Soft tiles are installed on top of the waterproofing barrier.

If a continuous sheathing is constructed from boards, then the need for a counter-lattice is automatically eliminated. The boards are fastened directly to the rafter legs and laid with a gap of 3 mm between the elements.

Installation of an insulated roof

The pie for an insulated roof is much more complicated. Its design is complemented by thermal insulation. And if it exists, then you will need a vapor barrier material that protects the insulation from moisture accumulation. The result of moistening is a decrease in insulating characteristics and the accompanying processes of rotting with subsequent destruction. Ventilation is also needed to remove condensation from under the roofing, which is unable to pass drops dangerous to wood on its own.

Scheme for laying layers of roofing pie for insulated pitched roof, which involves the operation of the attic, is as follows:

With inside rafter system, a vapor barrier membrane is attached directly to the rafters with a stapler. It is laid parallel to the overhangs in strips from bottom to top. The strips are joined into a single web with double-sided tape;
according to the vapor barrier installed, again on the inside, a counter-lattice is constructed from a bar, the installation step of which depends on the material of the planned internal lining attics. For example, under plasterboard sheathing, it is advisable to place the sheathing bars at a distance of 40 or 60 cm;

With outside roofs, auxiliary struts are mounted between the rafter beams. They are required to hold the insulation boards. The spacers are placed in increments of 2-3cm smaller than the height of the insulating board. So it is necessary that the thermal insulation is firmly fixed in the compartments created for it, “straightening out” after slight compression during the installation process;
The resulting semblance of a honeycomb is filled with heat-insulating material, the thickness of which should be 3-5 cm less than the thickness rafter legs. This necessary condition for proper ventilation of the roofing pie;
the counter-lattice is constructed again. Nailed to the rafters along their direction to form ventilation ducts– roofing vents;
attached to the outer counter-lattice continuous lathing, on top of which an additional waterproofing carpet is laid;
soft tiles are laid.

For device warm roof with soft tiles in the northern regions, sometimes the thickness of mineral wool insulation of 15 cm is not enough - a generally accepted standard for the middle zone. Then it is mounted from the outside first transverse to the rafters a tier of counter beams for laying the second layer of insulation, then a beam along the rafter legs for installing a continuous counter batten.

If you plan to lay bituminous shingles on top of low slopes constructed from reinforced concrete slabs or arranged by raking and pouring a cement-sand screed on top, the vapor barrier is laid on a concrete or cement-sand surface. A board is installed on top of the vapor barrier on the edge in increments of up to 90 cm, and then required amount tiers of counter-lattice.

Roofing pie with wooden elements cannot be closely adjacent to chimney pipes. The required distance from the pipe walls can be found in SNiP 41-01-2003. The empty space is filled with non-flammable mineral wool material, and an apron made of galvanized or laminated metal is installed outside around the pipes.

Stages and principles of constructing a roofing pie under soft tiles will present a video:

Roofing pie for rolled materials

For the construction of roofs with a slight angle of slope, with a spread from 1º to 12º, bitumen-polymer materials or roofing membranes are used. It just doesn't make much sense to install custom shingles on them. And the patterned aesthetics of flexible tiles on flat and almost flat roofs will please only birds.

There are no significant differences in the set of layers for piece and roll material. The sequence is similar: vapor barrier → insulation → hydrobarrier - also known as decorative coating and wind protection. However, in the installation of a roofing pie there is own specificity. Continuous sheathing and counter beams are not used. The layers are laid without auxiliary wooden elements on concrete floors, cement-sand screeds, corrugated sheets, prefabricated leveling structures. Therefore, we focus attention not on the sequence of installation actions, but on the installation features.

Principles of vapor barrier design

The following materials serve as a vapor barrier layer for laying roll materials:

bitumen and bitumen-polymer vapor barrier, fused onto a concrete or cement-sand base, including cement-sand insulation with vermiculite, expanded clay, perlite in the form of filler in case of a slope slope of more than 6º. If the slope is less, bitumen vapor barrier can be laid without gluing or fusing to the base.;
polyethylene reinforced or non-reinforced vapor barrier, laid loosely along the corrugations of the profiled sheet or glued to it if the slopes are inclined more than 6º.

In the construction of a soft roof using prefabricated screeds made of plywood or OSB boards, any type can be used vapor barrier material, but the recommended option is a bitumen-polymer vapor barrier with a polyester fabric base. However, on concrete surface It is also not prohibited to put polyethylene, but before this you should arrange a separating layer of glassine.

The vapor barrier layer is laid in the form of a kind of pallet extending onto the vertical planes of adjacent walls and parapets. The height of the sides of the pallet is calculated as follows: the thickness of the thermal insulation layer plus 3-5 cm. Similar sides are installed around the intersection of the roof with chimney pipes and other communications.

Both vapor barrier options must be combined into a continuous sheet. Strips of bitumen and bitumen-polymer material are laid with an overlap of 8-10 cm on the sides and 15 cm in end connections and welded gas burner. The connection of polyethylene strips is made using adhesive tape.

Rules for laying thermal insulation

You can insulate a soft roof with a roll covering using literally any material, but mineral wool boards and foam polystyrene are considered priority. On concrete bases and cement-sand screeds, the insulation system is laid in one tier, on corrugated sheeting in two so that the joints of the elements of the upper row are not located above the joints of the lower layer.

The hardness of mineral wool for single-layer insulation is 40 kPa with a compressibility of 10%. To construct two-tier thermal insulation, it is not necessary to use slabs with equal rigidity. The bottom row can be folded with material with a strength rating of 30 kPa, the top row 60 kPa.

If used as a waterproofing and decorative roofing covering polymer membrane, between it and the polystyrene thermal insulation a separating layer of fiberglass or geotextile must be laid. Otherwise, the membrane will lose its consumer qualities before the time guaranteed by the manufacturer due to the gradual migration of plasticizers into adjacent material. A separating layer is also required when installing an inverted ballast roof if polymer coating spreads over the bitumen vapor barrier layer.

Laying mineral wool slabs on corrugated sheets without first constructing a prefabricated screed from plywood or OSB sheets can be done if the thickness of the thermal insulation is twice as large as the distance between adjacent corrugations. If reality doesn't match this condition, before laying the insulation, a prefabricated screed is constructed.

The installation of thermal insulation under a roll covering requires compliance with the following rules:

the thermal insulation material is attached separately from the covering laid on top;
at mechanically fastening, each thermal insulation board and its individual part is fixed at two points. The insulation is fastened to the corrugated sheet using steel self-tapping screws with a plastic sleeve in the shape of a fungus. Plastic bushings are not used if the slope of the slopes is more than 10º. In any case, they are attached to the concrete base with screws with dowels and metal plates;
The insulation boards are glued to bitumen-polymer mastic. Gluing is possible if the area of the surface “planted” on the adhesive composition is at least 30% of the area of the insulating board;
Insulation boards are laid with mandatory seam spacing so that weak areas are distributed evenly. Elements of the second tier, if there is one, are shifted relative to the first by at least 20 cm, both along the side and end lines;
seams in insulating carpets wider than 5mm must be filled with heat-insulating material.

The use of rigid insulation is justified economically and technologically. It allows you not to install a screed on top of the insulation, which mandatory Requires backfill insulation.

If it is necessary to construct a roof slope to completely free the surface from atmospheric water and dirt, the thermal insulation is supplemented with slope-forming devices. Most often they are made from wedge-shaped slabs of mineral wool or similar polystyrene foam parts, less often from backfill insulation followed by filling cement screed. A slope on a concrete base can also be done by pouring cement and sand, which is unacceptable for forming a slope on a base made of a profiled sheet.

Additional layers of roofing material

An additional barrier against atmospheric water is installed in areas of high load. It is laid in strips along the ridge, overhangs and junctions with fillets constructed in advance, in valleys, around penetrations and points internal drain. It is constructed either from strips of bitumen-polymer roofing coating, or from a special self-adhesive hydrobarrier.

The construction of the roofing pie is completed by installation roll covering and fixing it by fusing, gluing or fastening with self-tapping screws with bushings or plates.

The presented schemes for constructing a roofing pie do not contain precise recommendations. We brought general rules, taking into account which will ensure flawless operation and long service life of the roof in middle lane. In case of construction in northern latitudes The proposed options require improvement.

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What is an attic

The attic space is limited by the roof slopes and the ceiling of the residential floor. This place is often used to create additional living space.

There are two types of attics in private households:

Residential. It is called an attic. It can be equipped with a living room, study, bedroom, library, etc. The height of the room in this case should be at least 220 centimeters. In addition, it is necessary to provide ventilation, natural lighting, and insulate the slopes.
Non-residential. Such attic space is usually used to house technical equipment and store old or unnecessary things. In this case, a 2-meter height will be sufficient, and there is no need to provide natural lighting. Instead of insulating the slopes, they insulate the attic floor.

When making a decision to repair or rebuild a house, you need to decide in advance for what purpose the attic will be used in order to make calculations and a design for the floor. The list of necessary materials and the gap between the beams depend on this. They must provide the required strength and load-bearing capacity.

Functional purpose of floors

The design of the attic floor depends on the parameters of the structure and the purposes for which it is planned to use the under-roof space. The attic functions as a kind of air gap that separates the cold roof from the heated floors.

The floor in the attic performs a number of tasks:

carrier. The floor, located between the upper residential floor and the attic space, is assigned a load-bearing function, so it is made reliable and durable, since people will move on it, they plan to place equipment on it and arrange storage areas;
insulating. In a cold attic, the temperature differs little from that outside the house. In this case, the floors in the attic have a thermal insulating function, thereby preventing the air from cooling on the residential floors. To retain heat, the attic floor needs to be insulated. It is advisable to entrust such work to professionals.

Features of the device and design of floors

The construction of the floor in the attic requires the presence of the following layers:

Finish floor. This name is given to the floor covering, which is laid on a rough base. If it is an attic, then when installing the finished floor, linoleum, laminate, parquet, etc. are laid. In non-residential premises there may be no finishing floor covering.
Rough base. It is a boardwalk that is mounted on logs. The subfloor is lined with edged boards 4–5 centimeters thick or, to save money, with unedged boards.
Lags. These are strong, level pieces of wood that are laid perpendicular to the floor joists to create a floor covering. When installing an attic floor on wooden beams, insulation is placed between the joists, which is protected from below with a layer of vapor barrier, and covered with waterproofing material on top. If you do not use insulating layers, then repairs will be required in a few years.
Beams. The frame of the floors is built from thick and strong beams, which are either mounted on the projections of the walls or built into them. They must support the entire weight of the structure.
Headlining. On the side of the rooms, the floors are decorated with finishing materials, for example, natural wood or plasterboard.

Types of attic floors

To construct the ceiling of a cold attic, materials differing in weight, durability, cost and load-bearing capacity are used.

There are several types of floors depending on what they are made of:

Wooden elements. For their manufacture, you can use beams with a cross-section of 150x150 or 200x200 millimeters. The advantage of this option is that wood is quite durable and at the same time relatively light material, so wooden elements do not put additional load on the foundation of the house. In addition, their big advantage is their low price and availability. But such an attic floor is used when the size of the building does not exceed 6-10 meters, since this is the maximum length of lumber.
Metal products. Metal I-beams are distinguished by their strength and ability to withstand heavy weight without deformation. But they weigh a fair amount, so they are rarely used in wooden houses, but for brick and aerated concrete buildings they are the best option.
Reinforced concrete products. Molded floor beams, made from reinforced heavy-duty concrete, are used for multi-story buildings, since they are heavier and the same length.

Requirements for the device of the pie

Since the safety of staying in the house depends on the quality of installation and repair of attic floors, a number of requirements are imposed on their arrangement.

In order to know the maximum permissible load that the structure can withstand, it is necessary to perform the appropriate calculations, and then, based on their results, they begin to develop a project from which it will be clear how to properly insulate the attic floor in the house.

The requirements relate to:

Load capacity. It directly depends on the material used to make the beams and the gap between them.
Distances between load-bearing elements. The maximum permissible value for this parameter in accordance with building codes is 4 meters.
Resistance to temperature changes. It is necessary that the beams can withstand such changes without problems. The fact is that the difference between the air temperature in the residential floors and in the attic always exceeds 4 degrees.
Isolation. The attic floor covering of a cold attic should protect the premises of the household from the penetration of cold and moisture from the under-roof space.

During the design process, you should take into account the requirements for the beams used to arrange the floor in the attic so that the result is reliable and durable. The distance between them must be calculated based on the loads exerted on them.

Technology for creating an attic floor using wooden beams

If you have experience in construction work, you can install the ceiling of a cold attic using wooden beams yourself. This process is performed at the final stage of roofing work.

The sequence of actions will be as follows:

Installation of load-bearing beams. For a small private house, wooden floors made from timber with a cross-section of 150x150 or 200x200 millimeters are suitable. They are laid on concrete or brick walls.
Installation of lag. They are placed on the edge perpendicular to the beams in increments of 60 centimeters. The logs are made from boards with a cross section of 150x50 millimeters.
Laying thermal insulation. The insulation is placed between the joists - it will protect against the penetration of cold from the attic.
Installation of rough and finished floors.
Covering load-bearing beams on the side of the room to decorate the ceiling surface.

When insulating the attic floor, you should not forget about installing hydro- and vapor barriers.

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Cold attic design

When building the roof of a house, many people think about making a cold attic or attic underneath it? The easiest way to organize a roof is with a cold attic space. Construction of an attic will cost several times more and require more labor.. Although, it is undeniable that the attic will significantly expand the living space.

Cold attic roofs have the following main components in their pie::

roofing;
attic external walls (applicable for gable roofs with gables);
insulated ceiling between the living space and the attic.

Ventilation is provided by eaves and ridge vents. The air passing through the eaves openings is called supply air, and the air leaving through the ridge is called exhaust air. Additionally, ventilation can be done through dormer windows on the gables or roof slopes. The windows are equipped with louvered grilles to allow the ventilation intensity to be adjusted.

Dormer windows are located on opposite slopes of the roof so that there are no unventilated areas.

Steam and thermal insulation of a cold attic

For a roof with a cold attic, it is most important to minimize heat loss through the attic floor. For both wooden and reinforced concrete floors, a vapor barrier is mandatory. It is laid on the ceiling itself and protects the insulation from vapors that can condense in the heat insulator after passing through the ceiling of the living room. Slab and bulk materials can be used as insulation. The ceiling pie consists of a vapor barrier, floor beams and insulation.

The following types of heat insulators are often used in ceiling coverings::

expanded polystyrene and foam boards;
mineral wool slabs or mats;
expanded clay granules;
fuel or granulated slag;
sawdust with lime or clay;
pumice.

The thickness of the required insulation layer is selected depending on the estimated winter temperature using the table below.

Winter temperatures are calculated according to SNiP 2.01.01-82 (building climatology and geophysics) or selected by regions of the Russian Federation from the corresponding climate maps.

The insulation is laid between the joists or ceiling beams, and a boardwalk is made on top for the attic passages. Joists are usually 50 mm thick, and decking boards are 25-35 mm thick.

For ventilated attic spaces, soft or semi-solid heat-insulating materials are considered the most optimal.

Attic waterproofing device

For flat metal roofs, experts recommend installing superdiffusion membranes. It will prevent moisture from entering the outside of the roof when snow or rain blows in. No matter how well the roof is laid, there is always the possibility of minimal leaks. That is why, by paying a little extra, you will receive additional protection from moisture getting on the insulation in the ceiling of a cold attic.

Possible leaks or condensation entering hydrophobic insulation materials significantly reduce their thermal insulation properties.

When installing waterproofing membranes, a counter-lattice is used. It serves as a fixing strip and, due to its height, provides the necessary clearance for ventilation of the under-roof space. The installation of lathing in a cold attic is no different from insulated roofs. The dimensions of the sheathing and its pitch determine the type of roofing being installed.

Cold attic temperature

To prevent ice and icicles from forming on the roof, it is necessary to maintain the correct temperature and humidity conditions in the attic. If the thickness is insufficient thermal insulation material significant heat losses through the ceiling. Warm air, heating the roof covering, causes snow to melt and ice dams to form. By choosing the right insulation layer, this can be avoided.

The effectiveness of a heat insulator can be assessed by measuring the temperature of the top layer of insulation. The electronic thermometer is immersed in insulation by 10-20 mm. The temperature readings taken should correspond to the values in the table below.

As you can see, the design of a cold attic pie is not particularly complex in design. The main task is to ensure the necessary intensity of ventilation and the thickness of the thermal insulation layer in the ceiling.

High-quality insulation of a cold attic is important stage in the construction of any house. Thermal insulation will prevent heated air from escaping through the roof and protect living spaces from wind and drafts. Insulation can also be carried out in old houses, if such a need arises.

In a cold attic, it is necessary to insulate risers and exhaust ducts that release warm air

According to technical regulations, the attic in a house can be cold or warm. In the cold, and the rest of the space is freely ventilated. In a warm attic, it is necessary to insulate the entire circuit, then the air in the under-roof space will warm up from exhaust ventilation. A cold attic, the insulation of which must be mandatory, is arranged in multi-storey buildings. Attic room in private cottages it is not considered an attic.

Key points in thermal insulation:

Ventilation ducts are provided. Their area must be at least 0.001 of the overlap area. This rule applies to roofs with a continuous airtight covering.
If the roof is covered with tiles, slate, and the surface has gaps, then ventilation may not be necessary. But this is provided that there is no waterproofing layer under the roofing material.
In a cold attic, it is necessary to insulate the risers and exhaust ducts that release warm air.

Insulation of a cold attic is carried out in order to expand the living space due to this room. In other cases, thermal insulation of the ceiling will be sufficient.

How to insulate a cold attic

All thermal insulation work can be done independently, if available necessary tools and time, read more about insulating the attic with your own hands. Or you can call a professional team that knows how to insulate an attic correctly and quickly.

Insulating the floor of a cold attic

Much depends on the family’s budget, but experience shows that it is better not to skimp on materials for insulating a cold attic. Thermal insulation can be done:

Prices for our company’s services can be found in the section

Or order a consultation with a specialist at a time convenient for you!

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When planning a future house or other facility that will be used to service a residential building, you need to immediately decide what kind of roof to make. Undoubtedly, the most difficult stages of any construction are the foundation and roof. Walls are the easiest to remove, although even here you need skill and skill. So, the choice is always between cold and warm attics. Warm attics cannot be installed everywhere and not on all buildings. A more popular and worthwhile option for mass construction is a cold attic. When we talk about such a design, this does not mean at all that we are talking about some kind of refrigerator. Everyone has seen such attics in their life, and if not, then you just need to get into the attic of your residential building.

What is a cold attic

How to make a cold attic, its structure and features will be described in this article. First, let's figure out what it is? A cold attic, first of all, is distinguished by the fact that the air in it is not heated, but only a little warmer than outside. For example, if the temperature outside is 12 °C, then in the attic it should be 16 °C. Of course, such a temperature will not allow you to turn the attic into an attic and live here, but it is quite possible to use the room for household needs. You can, for example, dry clothes or store some bulky things that have no place in the house.

Advantages of a cold attic

The advantages of choosing a cold attic are that:

Waterproofing is much more reliable. The fact is that when creating a design warm attic, integrity roll waterproofing in any case, it is interrupted by add-ons, which significantly reduces its reliability. In the design of a cold attic, add-ons should be done to a minimum.

Maintenance becomes as simple as possible. An attic is an attic and often something needs to be corrected or replaced, which is as easy as shelling pears with this design. There is a lot of space, repairing a cold attic is convenient and practical.

The heat-transfer surface area is minimal. With this design, there is only minimal heat loss from those rooms that are located directly under the attic.

Possibility of operation. As mentioned above, such an attic can be easily adapted both for storage and for other needs of the owners. Depending on the method of entry into the attic, whether it is a ceiling hatch from the living room, or a door from the street, even feed supplies can be stored in it, if we are talking about a rural house.

Insulating the ceiling of a cold attic

The air in cold attics is always fresh, because their design includes so-called vents. These are ventilation holes, inlets and outlets, which provide air flow. In order for ventilation to be sufficient, you need at least 2 square meters of volume of these same vents per 1000 square meters. Practice shows that the farther the inlet and outlet openings are from each other, the more effective the ventilation itself will be. To prevent cats from getting into the attic and birds from flying in, the vents are closed with a special mesh.

Insulation of the ceiling of a cold attic is best done immediately at the time of construction. Unfortunately, it does not always happen that this is done on time. A huge disadvantage of insulating the ceiling of a cold attic in an already built house is that it entails a lot of work. It is absolutely impossible to do without dismantling this very ceiling, because it needs to be done high-quality waterproofing. Of course, the hydraulic barrier can be “hemmed”, but this is a significant sacrifice in the final quality of the intended operation.

Spray polyurethane insulation seems like a great solution and eliminates large quantity dirty work, but it also prevents the flow of air to the ceilings, so they rot twice as fast.

When the roof is done, you can insulate the cold attic with any insulation that you like. Most best option Today this is the insulation of the ceiling of a cold attic with mineral wool. This one is pretty popular insulation takes advantage of its relative cheapness and ease of installation. The rolls are laid directly on the attic floor, between the beams, and to prevent getting wet, they are covered with a vapor barrier on top. This plain film, which is laid on top of mineral wool and secured with transverse beams, the thickness of which is 15-20 mm. The same beam will easily serve as a ventilation gap between the wool and the roof lining. As you can see, insulating the ceiling of a cold attic with mineral wool takes place quickly; the main headache for the builder is waterproofing.

But insulating floors costs nothing if the roof itself remains uninsulated. Fortunately, having dealt with the floors, roof insulation will seem like just a repetition of the material covered. In the same way, it is attached between the beams mineral wool and a vapor barrier is made from a film, which is secured with a smaller beam. Next comes the sheathing process. Based on practice, experienced builders They claim that it is best to use double sheathing - the first layer of OSB-3, and the second layer of plasterboard, preferably moisture-resistant. Thus, we can assume that the roof insulation has been completed, and done quite successfully.

To summarize, we can say that a cold attic is universal when building multi-apartment buildings. residential buildings or premises that are not planned for housing at all. A cold attic is practical and easy to implement, can be easily maintained by utility services and independently, and can be adapted for some kind of storage or something else that the owner deems necessary and acceptable to him. But if you really want, you can insulate a cold attic and turn it into a living space, very warm and cozy. Of course, the attic ceiling requires some effort, but it is worth it. Still, no matter what option is chosen by the builders or owners, do not forget about the ventilation of the room and some other details. The first is provided by ventilation, and the second, that is, waterproofing, is provided by special materials.

Video on insulating the ceiling of a cold attic with mineral wool (in English, but understandable):