In the modern classification, the genus Viburnum (lat. Viburnum) is included in the Adoxaceae family (lat. Adoxaceae). According to earlier taxonomy, viburnum was included in the Honeysuckle family. There are more than 160 species in the genus; the typical representative is the common viburnum (lat. Viburnum opulus).
Translated, “viburnum” means vine, twig, which indicates the specific properties of young viburnum shoots associated with weaving household products from them (baskets, braids for glass forms, other crafts). In Russian, synonyms for viburnum come from the color of ripe drupes, bright red like hot iron. Hence - viburnum, red-hot, kalenina, karina. In some regions it is called bambara, bambaneja and even, unusually, pride.
Viburnum common
Distribution area
The distribution area of the Adoxaceae family occupies significant areas of temperate latitudes of Eurasia and the Andes mountain range. Some species have spread to subtropical and tropical zones of Asia and Africa. In the Russian Federation, viburnum grows everywhere. It occupies vast areas in southern Europe, Crimea, Western and Eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus, the southwest of the Baikal region and other regions, except the northern and southeastern regions.
Under natural conditions, viburnum occupies river banks and moist places in the forest zone. It is widespread on forest edges and clearings, and lives happily among other shrubs. Viburnum is a light-loving crop and, although it grows in the shade, it does not bear fruit. At the same time, it does not tolerate direct sunlight well, always “trying to go” under the shade of taller trees. In dacha culture, it is convenient and decorative in green fencing and joint plantings with other shrubs.
Viburnum folded
Description
Representatives of the genus are mainly deciduous and evergreen shrubs or low trees. Moderately shade-tolerant and moisture-loving. They belong to the group of beautifully flowering and decorative deciduous plants. These qualities attract the attention of landscapers who decorate gardens and parks.
Low trees, more often shrubs, decorate almost every palisade in villages and villages. In the spring, the buzzing of bees and the honey aroma make you feel dizzy, the bitterness of autumn makes you cry, and in the cold winter, the fruits seem sweeter than candy. The root system of representatives of the genus is taprooted, branched, and quite developed. They form a wide crown of perennial trunks and annual young shoots. Young shoots are green, bare, ribbed and eventually become covered with smooth grayish-green bark. On old branches the bark is grayish-brown, with longitudinal cracks. In winter, it is easily distinguishable from other shrubs by its unpleasant odor when the wood breaks, and by its dense phloem and xylem tissue of a yellowish-red color.
The structure of viburnum, using the example of K. vulgare
The leaves are three-five-lobed, petiolate with an opposite arrangement. In some species they may be simple with a whorled arrangement on the shoots. The leaf blade is round or broadly ovoid, wrinkled on top, dark green, shiny, entire, serrated. The color below is lighter, light gray shades with thick soft pubescence. Some representatives have leaves with a relatively smooth surface. The decorative effect of the plant is given by the changing color of the leaves, which by autumn acquire bright, elegant tones of orange, red, burgundy and mixed colors.
The flowers are small, white or pinkish, actinomorphic, collected in simple umbellate or complex umbellate-corymbose inflorescences, located at the tops of young branches. The calyx of the flower grows to the ovary and consists of 5 fused sepals, along the edge of which 5 small teeth stand out. The corolla of the inner flowers is wheel-shaped, bell-shaped, slightly elongated. The outer flowers are larger than the inner ones. According to the shape of the corolla, they are slightly zygomorphic and sterile. All types of flowers are bisexual.
Flowering is long-lasting (up to 25 days), lasting from the third decade of May to mid-June. The fruits are a bright red or crimson-red, less often black or yellow, round or spherical drupe with a flattened stone. The fruits are juicy, but bitter in taste, astringent, and ripen in August-September. After frost, the bitterness practically disappears and the taste is replaced by sweetness. They can remain on the branches until spring.
Viburnum inflorescence
Popular types and forms
More than 10 species of viburnum are grown in the middle zone, including: K. forked, K. canadian, K. toothed, K. Wright, K. gordovina, K. Mongolian, K. Sargent, K. plum-leaved, K. three-lobed, etc. The most popular are 5 species forms. They are widely used for their decorative qualities and are used for landscape decoration in the form of solitary plantings, individual bushes and clumps on mowed lawns, for decorating recreation areas, ridges, and mixborders.
Dwarf forms are represented by varieties with small foliage and a compact crown. For decoration purposes, the “low” (f. Nanum) and “compact” (f. compacta) varieties are used.
Variegated plants with leaves of bright white-green color give amazing decorative effect to the bushes - variegated(f. variegata, f. alba-variegata), wrinkled(f. rugosa).
The fluffy shape of the crown attracts with its original leaves, dark green on top, bare, shiny, in other species, when the breeze blows, they instantly change the color of the crown of the plant, giving it a grayish-green tint from the pubescence of the underside of the leaf blades: K. gordovina(lat. V. lantana), K. David(lat. V. davidii), K. fragrant(lat. V. odoratissimum), K. odorous(lat. V. farreri), etc.
Kalina Buldenezh
Bushes and trees belonging to the group of sterile plant forms (“Roseum”, “Mariesii”, Buldenezh). During flowering, the spherical crown is covered with elegant inflorescences of sterile flowers that do not form fruits. It is used for decorative decoration of the streets of cities, villages, parks and squares, dachas and country houses.
Yellow-fruited forms of shrubs are often grown in summer cottages. The Xanthocarpum variety is especially charming. It has an attractive original golden-yellow fruit color and large yellow leaves with jagged edges.
Photo gallery of species
Growing and care
Let's tell you more about planting and caring for viburnum.
Soil requirement
In order for viburnum to delight with annual flowering and harvest in open ground, it must be planted in well-lit areas. Viburnum can grow successfully on low-fertility neutral or slightly acidic soils. Peat, sandy and podzolic soils are not suitable for viburnum. They need to be improved by additionally adding significant amounts of humus, humus, forest or turf soil.
Planting seedlings
Viburnum seedlings are planted in spring and autumn. Viburnum does not self-pollinate, so you should always plant 2-3 trees. About a month before planting viburnum seedlings, it is necessary to add phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizers, at least 30-50 g per bush, a glass of wood ash, and 1/3 of a bucket of humus to the depleted soil. The prepared soil mixture is combined with the soil dug for planting the hole and mixed thoroughly. It is important that the added ash does not come into contact with the roots.
The dimensions of the planting hole must correspond to the dimensions of the root system. The soil mixture is poured into the center of the prepared planting hole in a heap and the roots of the seedling are straightened on the tubercle. Having sprinkled the soil up to the middle, it is compacted around the stem and filled with 0.5 buckets of water. After absorption, the entire prepared soil-soil mixture is added again. When planting viburnum, the root collar is deepened, but not more than 5 cm. After planting, the soil around the trunk is compacted and a circle around the trunk is formed with sides made of soil, and the remaining 0.5 buckets of water are poured. Watering is mulched with fine mulch.
Planting viburnum in spring
Watering and fertilizing
Young seedlings are watered in the evening once every 3-4 weeks. Mature plants are grown twice during the growing season: before flowering and during the fruit growth phase. Young plants are fed 3-4 times during the summer:
- before the buds open, nitrogen fertilizers 40-50 g in the tree trunk circle for watering,
- before flowering, it is better to take a glass of ash or potassium (not chlorine-containing) fertilizers in the same dose as nitrogen fertilizers,
- During the period of fruit formation, it is necessary to feed with complete mineral fertilizer (nitrophoska, nitroammophoska). After 2-3 years, mature manure and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers need to be added when digging in the fall. It is better to carry out all fertilizing under watering or in the form of solutions. Adult crops are fed only in the spring with full mineral fertilizer.
Red viburnum
Trimming
Viburnum grows quickly and forms a large root shoot per year, which must be destroyed unless otherwise provided. The growth of branches can reach 40-50 cm. Therefore, bushes and tree crowns need constant pruning, which is divided into sanitary, shaping and rejuvenating.
Sanitary pruning is carried out periodically, in the spring before the leaves bloom. Old, thickening, crooked, inward-growing perennial stems are cut out. Cut out all the shoots around the trunk. Anti-aging pruning is carried out once every 5-7 years, cutting out the entire bush to a 20 cm stump. Of the new shoots, 10-15 of the strongest and most developed ones are left.
Forming is mainly used when forming a tree trunk and crown. To do this, over the course of 3 years, cut out all excess shoots, leave 1 and cut all its side branches to the desired height. From 3-4 years they begin to form a crown, leaving 5-7 lateral branches above the trunk, which will become skeletal. They should be located in a circle at an equal distance so that the tree does not break. When forming the crown, pinch the growth point. Side shoots begin to grow. They are also pinched by hand, giving the crown a round, spherical or other shape. To maintain a beautiful shape, the crown is systematically thinned and all shoots longer than 40 cm are pinched by hand.
Viburnum common yellow-fruited form
Reproduction
Viburnum is usually propagated vegetatively and is much less commonly grown from seeds. Seeds germinate slowly. Before germination, they undergo 1.5-2.0 year stratification. The berries are small, bitter, in small loose clusters.
Vegetative propagation of viburnum is carried out by dividing the bush, cuttings, layering, and root shoots. The methods of vegetative propagation are the same as for other similar forms of plants.
Protection from diseases and pests
The crown and root system of viburnum are practically not damaged by fungal diseases. Of the pests, the greatest damage is caused by the viburnum leaf beetle (bark beetle), aphids, lilac hawkmoth and barberry flower moth. To protect against pests, bioinsecticidal preparations are used (as on other fruit and flower crops), including Biostop (a new product with a very wide range of negative effects on pests), Actofit (akarin), Bitoxibacillin, Dachnik, Fitoverm. Doses, timing and number of treatments, including in tank mixtures, are given in the recommendations.
Viburnum bark
Beneficial features
In official medicine, mainly the fruits and bark of red or common viburnum are used for the production of dosage forms. In the treatment of certain diseases with folk remedies, roots and flowers are also used.
Viburnum fruits contain substances that are very important for human health, such as carbohydrates (9 types), pectins, organic acids, steroids, vitamins, catechins, flavonoids, sambucin and many others. Harvesting of fruits begins after they are fully ripened along with the stalks. Fresh and dried fruits are used for treatment. After drying, the stalks are removed. Eating fruits acts on the body as a restorative, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, laxative, wound-healing, choleretic, and hypotensive.
The bark is used in official medicine as a pharmaceutical raw material. It is harvested in the spring in April-May. The bark contains resins, oils, organic acids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, higher fatty acids and other compounds. Preparations from the bark have an effective effect on diseases of the genitourinary system, hemorrhoids, gastrointestinal tract, hypertension, ringworm, diabetes, atherosclerosis, malignant tumors and other diseases. The bark is stored dried. For drying, use well-ventilated dry rooms or dryers with a temperature of +50...+60 °C.
In the pre-winter and winter period, when we meet somewhere a viburnum tree with bright red tassels, we often regret that we still haven’t bothered to plant it on our site. Indeed, viburnum berries are priceless for their vitamin and medicinal properties, and this seemingly rustic-looking tree itself literally pleases the eye all year round, and in the spring it also delights the sense of smell with a wonderful aroma. So, no owner can go wrong by planting viburnum near his home.
Viburnum is good for everyone: it grows quickly, is resistant to city conditions, and can easily tolerate partial shade. And what an amazing aroma a flowering viburnum bush can fill a garden with! It would seem that flowering viburnum is an inconspicuous plant. But how elegant! Most varieties of viburnum have white or cream flowers, some have pink flowers, reminiscent of hydrangea.
Viburnum (Viburnum)
Family: Viburnum
The name comes from the Latin viere - “to tie, weave”; since in ancient times in Europe, viburnum branches were used for weaving. The Russian name “Kalina” is an ancient Slavic word, denoting, according to one version, a shrub that grows in a swamp; according to another, indicating the bright red, as if heated, color of the fruit.
The genus has about 200 species. But only 8 grow in Russia.
Everyone knows the common red viburnum and I won’t write about it.
I'll tell you about some other varieties
Viburnum Sargent.
Unlike the common viburnum, it has a more spreading, multi-branched bush and leaves with a longer petiole and central vein. In Moscow conditions, 40-year-old plants have a height of 3.5 m, crown diameter 1.8-4 m. They bloom in late May-early June. The barren flowers are large (up to 3 cm in diameter), the fruiting flowers have purple, less often yellow, anthers, which also distinguishes it from the common viburnum. The fruits, ripening in early October, are spherical and bright red. Fruits every year from the age of nine.
Distributed in Eastern Siberia, the Far East and Sakhalin.
Viburnum Gordovina or black.
One of the most famous and beautiful viburnums with black fruits, which are also edible. Distributed in Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and the North Caucasus. Available in nature reserves of the Caucasus and the European part of Russia. Grows in the undergrowth of deciduous forests. Photophilous mesophyte. In Moscow, the height of 40-year-old plants is 5.6 m, the diameter of the crown is 3.5 m. The shoots, leaves and branches of inflorescences are abundantly covered with white hairs in the form of stars, for which this plant is sometimes called “flour”. The ovoid-oval wrinkled leaves up to 18 cm long are very beautiful. They are dense to the touch, wide, dark green above, gray-felt underneath. In June, numerous creamy-white corymbose inflorescences consisting of identical flowers bloom. The diameter of one flower is about 1.5 cm. It blooms in May - June. Flowering duration is 15-25 days. Each flower then produces a drupe fruit. During the ripening of the fruit, the pride is especially beautiful. At first, all the fruits are red and shiny, then they turn black, but not all at once. Until all the berries are ripe, both red and black berries are present in the fruit. The fruits ripen fully in September and decorate the plant for over 20 days. In October, they wrinkle and don’t look as attractive as they did a month ago. The juice is retained in them, but not much, but the berries can be eaten, as they are quite edible.
Viburnum bureinskaya.
A tree or shrub up to 3-4 m tall, grows naturally in the Far East, Korea and China. Blooms in May. The leaves are simple, up to 4-9 cm long, elliptical, dark green, slightly pubescent. The flowers are yellowish-white, the fruits are bright red, the fully mature fruits are bluish-black and ripen in October. Flowering and fruiting begins at 6 years of age
In harsh winters, annual shoots may freeze.
Viburnum David.
In my opinion, one of the most beautiful. It grows very slowly. The crown is compact, the height is only 0.5-0.8 m. The diameter of the crown is twice as large. The leaves are very decorative: leathery, evergreen, opposite, elliptical, 7-15 cm long, up to 8 cm wide, dark green. Characterized by deep parallel veins. The flowers are white and pink, collected in umbrella-shaped inflorescences up to 8 cm in diameter. Blooms in June. The fruits are 6 mm long and have an unusual blue color and ripen in October.
Light-loving, but tolerates partial shade. Protection from drying eastern winds and morning winter sun is necessary. Often suffers from sunburn. Grows in soils that are moderately dry or moist, moderately fertile, loamy, well-drained, slightly alkaline.
Unfortunately, it grows only in the south of Russia.
Viburnum wrinklefolia.
An evergreen shrub up to 3 m tall, with straight, densely tomentose shoots. The leaf blades are thick, glabrous, from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, shiny, wrinkled, up to 19 cm long. The flowers are yellowish-gray, in apical, corymbose inflorescences up to 20 cm in diameter. The buds appear in the fall, and flowering occurs in the spring of next year. The fruits are ovoid, small, up to 0.8 cm, initially red, then black, shiny. This species grows very quickly. Shade-tolerant. Unpretentious to soil. Drought resistant. Good in single plantings and small loose groups. It deserves the widest use in gardens and parks of the extreme south of Russia, as the most frost-resistant evergreen viburnum with original foliage.
Which of us in the fall did not freeze in admiration, seeing a beautiful bright viburnum bush, strewn with large red clusters of berries and no less colorful leaves.
The spring flowering of viburnum also does not leave us indifferent.
But she is not only charmingly beautiful, but also extremely useful.
Kalina, familiar to us from songs, stories and fairy tales since childhood, lives in the wild not only in Russia.
She loves a moderate climate and settles in such areas. Asia - both Russian, Middle and Small - is good for viburnum.
Europe is just as good: both in our country and in the West. Viburnum is not afraid of the Siberian cold and the Crimean heat either.
Revered by our ancestors for their healing properties, beauty and, as they believed, magical properties, viburnum has not lost its value for us.
This elegant shrub is usually displayed in many courtyards, front gardens, and gardens. Viburnum is pleasing to the eye and brings considerable benefits.
In Russia, not only songs and literary works contributed to the popularization of viburnum.
The film “Kalina Krasnaya”, which unites generations, created by V. Shukshin, forms a touching attitude towards the plant even on a subconscious level.
In the old days, there was a custom in Rus': girls of marriageable age embroidered viburnum on towels. Leaves, berries on a white background, beautiful towels.
The product was intended as a gift to the chosen one. The one the girl wanted to call her husband. It was the girl who made the choice, who decided to take the first step. But the guy might not accept the gift. If he accepted, they were preparing for the wedding. Returned it and the girl refused.
Weddings would not be complete without viburnum; it decorated tables and appeared in the wreaths of the bridesmaids.
Morphology, biology
Botanical name of viburnum: Viburnum vulgare. Aka: red viburnum.
Scientists are working on classification and changing the names of some families. Or they move plants to other groups based on identified characteristics.
For a long time, viburnum was one of the honeysuckles, but now it has been separated from this family into another: adoxaceae.
The name of the family is not important: viburnum remains the same.
This is a long-lived (half a century old) shrub with a variety of species in height. It can be low - one and a half meters, or it can grow up to four meters.
Even one species exposed to different conditions manifests itself differently.
A viburnum seed that falls into a deep crevice in the soil landscape will grow into a plant many times larger than one growing on an open surface.
Plants are drawn to the light. Where it is lacking, the upward growth of viburnum will be enhanced. A viburnum tree may grow. If there is enough nutrition and moisture.
The bark is smooth only on young light brown shoots. Later they acquire a gray tint and become covered with cracks (“shaggy”).
More often the shoots are rounded, sometimes they can be ribbed. If you need to verify from a young bush that it is viburnum, cut the shoot.
It shows a reddish hexagon-shaped core.
Viburnum has two types of shoots. Some are fruitful, others are barren. They can be distinguished. Consider the terminal buds.
On sterile ones, one bud is located in the center of the end of the shoot. Fruitful ones are crowned with two buds. Between these buds a growth point is visible: the tip of the shoot.
The leaves are large, up to 10 cm long, with blades, the shape resembles a maple leaf, but the outline is a little softer, and the plate itself is a little thicker.
The color is intense green, dark, the leaves are wrinkled. The leaves at the bottom of the plate are often pubescent and differ in color from the upper side: they are greyish.
The viburnum becomes red all over before the leaves fall. Its leaves turn intensely red in the fall, completing the growing season.
Flowers are very decorative. Umbrella-shaped white panicles are elegant; when the viburnum blooms, it is strewn with them, as if doused with white foam.
She is beautiful in any period, including the rest period. In winter, bare shoots adorn the fruits: drupes of bright red color, visible from a distance against the background of snow.
Drupes can reach a centimeter in diameter.
The fruit tastes bitter, but after frost, viburnum partially loses its bitterness and becomes softer in taste.
The seeds are flat round seeds and remain viable for a maximum of two years.
Viburnum is photophilous and tolerates partial shade. Does not form berries in the shade. It gravitates toward moderate moisture and does not tolerate drought or excess moisture.
Nutritional requirements are average, a golden mean in everything. It does not like overfeeding, but if it finds itself on poor soils it can grow frail.
In different regions, in the area where conifers grow, it likes to settle next to them. Often found in combination with pine, fir, spruce.
Many deciduous trees are also good neighbors of viburnum, especially oak, hornbeam, alder, and poplar. Does not shy away from birch and aspen, growing nearby.
In the steppe zone, viburnum looks for where it is moister and settles in floodplain areas of rivers.
The plant is cross-pollinated; for good fruit set, clear, windless weather is needed, plus the work of insects.
The largest, most beautiful flowers are located at the edges of the inflorescence. They are sterile and serve as bait: they are visible to insects from afar.
The root system of viburnum is well branched and tends to sprout. It does not penetrate very deeply, up to half a meter.
Relative to the above-ground mass, the underground is rather weak. The roots are quite capable of feeding and holding the plant.
But if viburnum is planted in a region where summer heat is common and where there are dry periods, it becomes vulnerable.
Under such conditions, the top soil layer dries out quickly. In the absence of rain, viburnum may even die and dry out on the vine.
Moisture is needed in moderation, but always. The structure of the viburnum root does not allow it to be extracted from deep soil horizons.
Viburnum does not crumble. If desired, if the harvest is large, you can share it with the birds, picking off the tassels right in the winter, if necessary.
Determine some of it into blanks, leave the rest on the branches.
Birds rarely peck the entire crop; usually the birds have enough to eat, and the owners of the garden have enough to feast on more than once.
Beneficial features
The healing power of viburnum was revered and known by our ancient ancestors.
All over the world, viburnum has been and continues to be used as a product that simultaneously heals and prevents illnesses.
Of course, as an ornamental plant too.
Using viburnum fruits for food, a person gets with them:
- Iron necessary for hematopoietic function;
- Selenium, the deficiency of which negatively affects metabolic processes in general;
- Zinc is an essential component of most enzymes (more than forty) of the body;
- Copper is also a metal, and also a necessary component of the enzymatic system;
- Manganese is one of the controllers of brain neurotransmitters;
- Phosphorus is an important element in the composition of the skeletal system (skeletal bones, teeth);
- Iodine is an important element for the balanced functioning of the thyroid gland, the deficiency of which is recorded in many regions;
- Chromium is a trace element that serves to prevent diabetes and is an indispensable aid to the body of those who are already sick with this disease;
- Vitamin C. It is generally considered that citrus fruits are a piggy bank, but viburnum exceeds lemon in the content of the vitamin necessary for the body by as much as 70%;
- Vitamin A. Precursor of carotene, protector of vision;
- Vitamins K, P, E and a number of others;
- Coumarins, which reduce blood clotting;
- Tannins – disinfectants and have an astringent effect;
- Tannin, also containing tannins;
- Bitter glycoside viburnin - it not only gives bitterness to fruits, it is very useful for the heart;
- A set of organic acids that normalize metabolic processes;
- Pectin is a digestive aid.
Not only berries are useful, viburnum bark is also healing. In addition to resin and valuable tannins, it contains many organic acids.
These help maintain pregnancy if there is a tendency to prematurity. But it is important not to overdose, this will provoke the opposite effect, increasing the tone of the uterus.
Viburnum has many beneficial properties. Since ancient times, people have noticed them and used them in the treatment of many ailments and serious diseases.
Viburnum with honey is not just a wonderful delicacy. This will help with coughs and is useful for hypertensive patients. The tasty medicine will reduce high blood pressure, and with frequent use, cholesterol levels.
Viburnum decoction relieves vascular spasms and helps with neuroses. Viburnum is useful for those suffering from diabetes.
Since the components of the plant selectively act on the uterus, the bark and fruits can stop bleeding. They are used in decoctions.
Viburnum branches (decoction) will relieve an old cough and return a clear timbre to a voice hoarse from colds.
Viburnum bark in a decoction will help with excessive sweating (if the sweating is not secondary, as, for example, in heart patients).
You can wipe yourself with a cloth or towel soaked in the broth. You can also rinse with a solution of viburnum decoction after bathing.
With the now widespread diet from supermarkets, it won’t take long before you get scurvy. Viburnum will help out if you remember about it. A tablespoon of viburnum fruit per day is enough to cover the daily need for anti-scorbutic vitamin C.
The red healer will help you look good too. It will strengthen your hair (you need to make masks), smooth it, and refresh your skin if you wipe it with a piece of frozen viburnum juice after sleep.
Fruits increase blood clotting, which is good for hemophilia. But if the indicator is initially elevated, you will have to refuse the tasty delicacy with a spicy bitterness.
Types and varieties
Viburnum common
There are many varieties of the shrub beloved by many gardeners.
The most common types of viburnum are:
- Ordinary - this one is more common.
- Forked - similar in characteristics to ordinary, but the branches are forked and the leaf color is yellowish. In autumn the leaves will turn bright crimson.
- Buryat black. Three-meter shrub, very branched. Young branches are smooth and yellowish. In adult plants, the bark is corky and cracked. The berries, as the name suggests, are black. They are edible only after frost, when they completely turn black. At first the fruits are pinkish. If a gardener comes across this exotic viburnum for sale, he should consider whether to take it. The plant is a free plant, a park will suit it, but it doesn’t like cities. If the site overlooks a reservoir, Buryat viburnum will live near it. Especially if nothing shades it and the soil is clayey. But it will not be able to crowd into the area, sharing it with other bushes or trees. He won't live long.
- Gordovina. Also chokeberry. Outwardly, it is very similar to an ordinary one, especially while the fruits are red and unripe. But it is more powerful, six meters high, spreading crown, can reach 5 meters in diameter.
- Wright. Red-fruited shrub (there are more black-fruited viburnum species). Low - 2.5 meters, compact, meter in diameter, crown. It differs from other species in the smoothness of the bark and the ovality of the leaves.
- Sargent. The berries are red, but pale in color. The leaves are the original brown color, gradually changing to yellow-green.
Kalina Sargenta
There are many more species that live mainly in natural conditions that are not amenable to domestication. Most of them are aronia.
Gardeners usually prefer to have a proven, reliable friend: red viburnum.
Sometimes they just bring bushes from the forest and give them a place to live. But now there are a lot of varietal red viburnums, you can choose.
Kalina Zholobovskaya
Popular varieties:
- Roseum, with flowers as lush as roses;
- Zholobovskaya - characterized by increased frost resistance;
- Ulgen is an elegant bush with purple leaves in autumn and large inflorescences of berries;
- Variegata - flowers of the variety are in light green spherical inflorescences;
- Lightning: against the background of a light green leaf, large umbrella panicles, abundantly strewn with large red berries;
- Taiga rubies. Three-lobed, richly green leaves, weighty clusters of fruits.
Growing viburnum
Viburnum Buryat
Key points to know:
- Choosing the time and place for planting viburnum;
- Soil type preferences;
- How to land;
- List of care operations and their contents;
- Pests, diseases, protection of viburnum from them;
- Collection, proper storage of fruits, preparation of bark;
- Viburnum propagation.
Selecting a location
Viburnum is a hardy plant, but lack of moisture is detrimental to it.
Therefore, it should be settled where the soil does not dry out, but is not flooded. It's good if there is a body of water nearby. If not, then it should be possible to water, especially in the South, where there is often heat and long breaks in rain.
There should be enough light in the chosen place for the bush to grow powerful, beautiful, and fertile.
Considering the ratio of the above-ground and underground parts (the crown is much larger than the root system), it is better to choose a place not “on the seven winds”.
A place protected from strong winds will provide stability to the viburnum bush, allowing it to grow there and bear fruit for many years.
The soil is good fertile, fertilized loamy soil is also suitable.
Disembarkation time
Kalina Gordovina
It is optimal to plan planting for the fall. Viburnum is not afraid of cold weather and wakes up early in the spring.
Planted in the fall, it will determine its timing itself and begin to grow on time.
If you plant it in the spring, you may not meet the best deadlines. The soil will still be damp and difficult for gardening, but the plant will already begin to awaken.
By holding it until the soil ripens, the gardener will involuntarily weaken the seedling and shorten its possible growing season.
Viburnum can take root in the spring, but with less probability. The plant may be stunted in growth and not fall into the required temperature range.
If a bad start is given, it can affect the subsequent development of the viburnum bush, its fertility and longevity.
Soil preparation
Kalina Buldenezh
It is better to dig up and prepare the soil for viburnum in advance. It is advisable to give at least half a month for the soil to settle.
This way it will be more comfortable for the plant to settle into the new place allocated to it.
The pits themselves are prepared in advance. If you plan to plant more than one bush, maintain a distance of up to 3 meters, maybe a little less: they focus on the variety.
The depth of the pit is usually sufficient up to forty centimeters. It will be no less in width, maybe twice as wide, because the roots of the viburnum tend to grow horizontally. This opportunity must be provided to them.
The pit is filled with soil mixed with humus. You can add a little peat if available.
If the soil is not very nutritious, complete (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) mineral fertilizer is applied.
You don’t need much; 30 g of complex complete fertilizer per plant (one planting hole) is enough.
Planting seedlings
Planting of viburnum is carried out according to the type of planting of fruit trees.
Prepared fertile soil is poured into a heap at the bottom of the hole. The seedling is placed on this elevation with the central part of the root.
It is filled with the same soil slightly above the root collar. Then the seedling is slightly lifted by the stem a couple of centimeters.
This will cause the soil to adhere more tightly to the roots and spread them out into the ground.
Subsequent watering will cause soil sedimentation and the root collar may be exposed.
Sprinkle with unwatered soil on top so that the neck is approximately level with the soil surface.
You can get used to it, the soil above the neck is moistened, and sprinkled again just moderately damp. This stimulates the formation of adventitious roots.
At the same time, the soil, which is drier than the underlying one, will serve as mulch and prevent intense evaporation from the surface.
Viburnum does not require any additional supports. The roots will branch and support the plant themselves.
Viburnum care
Like planting, caring for viburnum is simple. The plant is unpretentious, a little care and it will flourish.
Loosening. This operation is necessary periodically, as the soil surface of the tree trunk circle compacts.
The compressed soil on the surface will not provide normal aeration of the roots. And they also need air for normal functioning.
If a soil crust or cracks have formed, moisture quickly escapes through them and evaporates. Which is especially dangerous for viburnum.
Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the soil surface of tree trunk circles. It is necessary to loosen in a timely manner; at the same time, weeds are destroyed.
It is convenient to work with a flat cutter, but you can also use a hoe.
Watering. The need for it is determined by the weather. If there is intermittent rain, you don’t have to water it: the plant will not tolerate waterlogging.
Even when loosening, you can see whether the soil is wet or already drying out.
Sometimes there is a crust on top, and underneath the soil with quite normal moisture content, it has not had time to dry. Then watering will be unnecessary.
But if the soil is hard or loose, and at the same time dry, it urgently needs to be watered. The lack of moisture in the heat will be visible on the viburnum leaf.
If the leaf droops, wilts, or there is little moisture, you need to thoroughly water the tree trunk circle.
Feeding. Viburnum, a resident of forests and coastal areas, is not one of the pampered gourmets.
It will grow fully and give a harvest formed from the energy of the sun and the nutrient medium of the earth.
Some gardeners are accustomed to additionally “feeding” all the plants in their area. This is not forbidden for viburnum, as long as it is in moderation.
Immediately after planting, the viburnum is fed. Next year - depending on the situation. If growth is weak and there are no particular reasons for this, you can feed it.
While the bush is forming, organic fertilizing is good: compost and humus, loosened into tree trunk circles.
But during the budding period of a fruit-bearing plant, organic matter is no longer given. This is nitrogen, it will cause vigorous growth of green mass.
We need phosphorus and potassium. They will help flowering, setting and ripening of fruits. They are given in mineral form with watering.
Trimming
The viburnum bush is prone to thickening. If you do not intelligently shape it, very quickly the viburnum will cease to please the eye, turning into a forest savage. The yield will not be good either.
There are two types of crowns of viburnum, formed by gardeners. Either this is a standard form, or the viburnum will grow as a bush.
It will produce a harvest in any case, but quantitatively the bush will surpass the tree in this regard.
The tree-like formation will enhance the decorative effect of the viburnum. The tree is elegant in any season. But during the flowering period, both forms will not yield to each other.
The choice is up to the gardener; he will do what he likes best.
Staff uniform. The viburnum bush sends out many vertical shoots.
If a tree-like form is preferred, a strong, even shoot is chosen, the rest are cut out flush with the soil. Competitors will have to be cut out more than once.
The future trunk is grown by pinching off the lateral buds from the bottom of the shoot. Viburnum does not grow quickly in the first years, so the shoot will not grow to the required branching height faster than in two years.
All this time, the excess is removed: shoots, buds on the trunk or shoots that have managed to grow on it.
The shoot will grow to 2 m - this is the starting point: the formation of the crown of the viburnum tree begins.
Pinching is carried out: the growth point is pinched off. This is a stimulus for the awakening of replacement lateral shoots. They quickly begin to grow, there is abundant branching.
On the trunk, the buds are also activated and growing. They are removed while continuing to contain the growth.
The crown is gradually formed. Thickening is not allowed; several main skeletal branches are left, the rest are removed.
Dry, damaged shoots are also cut out.
Bush form. There are subtleties here that contribute to both higher yields and neater bush formation.
When in the spring the shoots appear like a thick brush from under the melted snow, they get down to business. The kidneys should still be sleeping.
The branches are cut, leaving up to four buds on each. As it gets warmer, the buds will actively begin to vegetate and sprout.
When they grow to 30 cm, growth points are removed. The will to live of the viburnum is great, the remaining cuttings of the shoots will bristle with new ones.
They will grow vertically. Leaving the best ones, the gardener will form the shape of the bush he needs, create its frame and silhouette.
There is no need to thicken the bush form of viburnum. The priority is firmly and beautifully located strong branches.
Their number is optional. Everything weak or poorly directed (for example, inside the crown) is removed.
Prune viburnum without waiting for warm weather in the spring. You need to catch it before its buds open, so the manipulation is easier to bear.
Diseases and pests
Not a single plant has ever escaped without this unfortunate misfortune. Some people experience more trouble, others less.
But no one has yet achieved absolute invulnerability.
Diseases
Viburnum is a very resistant plant and is almost not susceptible to disease.
Sometimes the plant is affected:
- Powdery mildew;
- Spotting of fungal etiology;
- Bacterial spotting.
powdery mildew. It appears in years with damp weather conditions.
As with most other plants, this disease manifests itself as a white coating on top of the leaf, and a gray coating on the bottom of its plate.
The disease is harmful, in order to prevent it from taking over the entire bush, completely diseased shoots are cut out and burned.
Then the plant is treated with preparations that contain copper: powdery mildew is killed by copper-containing pesticides.
Spotting. Spots of fungal origin (the fungus is easily distinguished by a coating on the bottom of the leaf, the spread of mycelium, dusting of spores from the resulting black sporangia) are also afraid of fungicides with copper.
Preventative spraying is preferable. This is done before the beginning of the growing season, just before the buds open.
At the same time, fungicides will serve as prevention against a whole range of pathogenic fungi.
Bacterial spot. If the spots on the plant are of bacterial etiology, you need to select an appropriate drug that acts specifically on the bacterial flora.
Spraying with an ash-soap, not very concentrated, solution or infusion of garlic will not hurt.
You can prepare an alcoholic infusion of walnut leaves in advance, and then add this infusion to the water in small concentrations.
It turns out intensely brown: it contains iodine in large quantities. Disinfects well and kills pathogens.
At the same time, it feeds viburnum with iodine: a valuable microelement.
Pests
There are always competitors for horticultural products. We're not the only ones who love tasty things.
Viburnum is less fortunate with pests: it even has specific viburnums:
- Viburnum leaf beetle;
- Viburnum gall midge;
- Viburnum leaf roller;
- Viburnum black aphid.
Others also come to the bush for food:
- Spiny honeysuckle sawfly;
- Lobed green moth;
- Honeysuckle gall midge.
These are the main lovers of viburnum, causing harm to it.
Viburnum leaf beetle. A small bug that does a lot of damage. Both the larvae and the beetle eat the leaves, but the eggs are harmless.
They eat all the green mass, except for the veins and petioles.
Tomato tops and peppers - in infusions, and the drug bitoxibacillin can ecologically reduce the number of leaf beetles.
In advanced cases, organophosphate insecticides are used.
Viburnum gall midge. This pest destroys the crop: the larvae hatch directly in the buds and eat them away.
The larvae overwinter shallowly in the soil, so tilling (loosening) the soil before winter or very early in the spring greatly reduces the number of overwintered pests.
Spraying is carried out twice: before flowering, then after it. Treating flowering plants with poisons is always taboo.
Honeysuckle gall midge- Exactly the same pest, differs only in the color of the larva. They fight it in the same way.
Viburnum leaf roller. The butterfly is harmless, the caterpillar makes up for it with gluttony.
The color of the larva is different, maybe gray-blue, maybe dark green.
The larvae begin feeding from the buds, then eat the leaves, the remains of which are twisted into cobweb nests. There they pupate.
Leaf roller nests are clearly visible and can be collected and destroyed.
At the beginning of the next growing season, before buds open, they are treated with organophosphorus pesticides. Repeat the treatment at the beginning of budding.
Viburnum black aphid. Aphids are dark in color. “It works” like all aphids: it sucks out juices. It feeds exclusively on viburnum plants.
The leaf curls, dries, young shoots also die, their end parts dry out.
If care is inadequate, the shoots are not removed in time, aphids are likely to come as uninvited guests.
She will easily overwinter on the shoots. Cutting out the shoots is both prevention and control if the pest is already present.
It is imperative to cut out and burn the foci of aphids.
All available remedies used on other types of aphids will also help: infusions of nightshade tops (tomato, potato), garlic, pepper, celandine, ash-soap solution.
If aphids are dealt with thoroughly, pesticides may not be needed.
Spiny honeysuckle sawfly. The very word “sawfly” evokes pity for the viburnum plant.
Elegant olive larvae with ornaments on the back, covered with thorns, begin their meal from the edges of the leaves.
After some time, nothing remains of the leaf.
By digging up the soil late, in the pre-winter period, and early, in early spring, the gardener deprives many pests of the pleasure of overwintering comfortably.
This method is also good against the sawfly; it also overwinters near the surface of the soil.
All measures applied against aphids also apply to sawflies. Only if you can’t get rid of the voracious pest, then use pesticides.
Also better than the organophosphorus series (such as karbofos and analogues).
Lobed green moth. The pest caterpillar feeds on the ovaries of flowers. The pest is polyphagous, but will not miss viburnum.
They can be distinguished by their yellow-green color and bright decoration: a red-brown line along the back and the same spots.
Karbofos will help out before and after the flowering period.
Viburnum collection, storage
Viburnum does not fall, but you should not be late in collecting. Birds like its fruits; first you need to stock up on a tasty potion for yourself.
And overripe berries lose their strength and may burst. The juice will drain, leaving a drupe and shell.
Therefore, the leaves have begun to fall, check the ripeness and start collecting viburnum. Then she is in full viburnum juice.
Carefully cutting off the umbrella panicles of inflorescences with ripe berries, place them loosely in a breathable container.
Having transferred the harvest to a place convenient for sorting, they sort it.
If there is an attic space, clusters of dense, large fruits tied in bunches are hung there.
They will keep well and can be consumed fresh in winter.
If the region has snowy winters, it is easy to arrange storage in the snow.
Viburnum for medicinal purposes or for vitamin fruit drinks can be dried directly in bunches, hanging them where it is dry and cool.
In winter, then brew it, add honey, it will be a healing drink.
All other types of storage of viburnum fruits are a variety of dishes. Delicious, mostly sweet, preparations.
Viburnum propagation
Viburnum can be propagated in several vegetative ways, and also by seed.
Accepted types of viburnum propagation:
- Green cuttings;
- Layering (usually horizontal, sometimes vertical);
- Dividing the bush;
- Vaccination;
- Seed propagation.
Green cuttings and grafting are labor-intensive species that are rarely used in amateur gardening, but they do exist.
More often, gardeners propagate viburnum by dividing the bush, layering and seeds.
Dividing the bush. The bush is dug up, the root part is cut with a shovel into fragments with shoots, and several seedlings are obtained.
Viburnum tolerates such treatment and quickly begins to grow.
It turns out several absolutely identical plants in their varietal characteristics.
They produce a harvest much earlier than with other types of viburnum propagation.
Horizontal layering. In the spring, while the viburnum is still dormant, the lower branches with good growth are diverted from the bush to the ground dug up in the fall.
Place in shallow prepared grooves and pin. Then sprinkle with soil.
With warmth, the buds awaken and produce vertical shoots. They are periodically hilled up, leaving the tops on the surface.
By autumn, a shoot with developed roots forms in the ground at the site of each former maternal bud.
Closer to the cold weather, these shoots open, raking out the soil carefully.
The resulting cuttings with roots are cut into fragments and planted before winter.
Vertical layers. The shoots from the bush are used as them.
It grows quickly, and when it grows 10 centimeters, it is trained, monitoring the moisture of the soil: it should not be allowed to dry out.
The growth point remains at the top. Once it grows, repeat the hilling.
Repeat this as many times during the growing season as the shoot can grow. They are left to overwinter without opening.
It is necessary to open it early in the spring, dig up shoots with already strong roots and plant them.
If necessary, you can do this before wintering, in late autumn.
Seed propagation. This is for the patient and strong-willed. You can't predict in advance what will happen.
Varietal splitting is inevitable. Plants will rarely look like their parents, they will be different.
Maybe it’s better, but it’s not a fact. More often they lose valuable varietal qualities.
And the method itself cannot be called fast: the seeds will sprout in a year and a half if you sow them immediately after receiving the seed material.
Artificial stratification can be carried out. It's troublesome, but possible. Then shoots are expected next year.
But the seedlings will still not begin to bear fruit before the age of five.
But for those who love experiments, any difficulties will only be a joy; someone will follow this path exclusively.
Whatever variety you choose, whatever growing method you like, the main thing is that you like the culture itself.
Viburnum, our wild and domestic long-time friend, healing, nutritious and simply beautiful - is worth adding to any garden plot.
See you soon, dear readers!
Viburnum Sargent is one of the beautiful varieties of ornamental varieties of viburnum. Even a single bush in the garden can become a real decoration, especially when the time of flowering comes and delicate inflorescences open on the branches, the white color of which is favorably set off by the bright green lush deciduous crown.
Description of the variety
Sargenta is a large shrub with a powerful spreading crown and a large number of lateral shoots, thanks to which viburnum grows very lush. In summer, due to the dense foliage on numerous branches, the shoots themselves are practically invisible. The leaves are attached to the shoots with long petioles, which distinguishes the variety from the common viburnum, which has shorter petioles. By autumn the foliage takes on a beautiful purple hue.
At the end of May, the plant blooms with large inflorescences about 3 cm in diameter, and the inflorescences are either sterile or bisexual. The former are always only white, while the latter have a creamy tint. The fruits ripen in mid-autumn and are usually quite small and red, although there are exceptions. They are edible and have medicinal properties.
The size of the bush is impressive: adult plants reach a height of up to 4 m, while the diameter of the crown is almost equal to the total height of the viburnum, and the diameter of old branches can reach up to 5 cm at their base. The variety easily tolerates frosty winters without shelter and is able to grow in shaded areas. Grows better in fertile and rich soils.
Viburnum Sargenta is a long-lived perennial and can reach 50 years of age.
Species forms of the variety
There are about 7 varieties of the variety, but the most famous among them are:
Video on how to grow viburnum
is one of the plants of the family called honeysuckle, in Latin the name of this plant will be as follows: Viburnum sargentii Kochne. As for the name of the Sargent viburnum family itself, in Latin it will be: Caprifoliaceae Juss.
Description of viburnum sargent
Viburnum sargenta is a fairly large shrub, the height of which will be about two to three meters, and the diameter at the base of the largest shoots is approximately five centimeters. It is noteworthy that the wood of this plant is endowed with a very characteristic odor. The bark will be colored in light colors; on old trunks it will be finely flaky, but on young branches it will be smoother. With the exception of only the uppermost leaves, the leaves will be three-lobed with rather sharp lobes and irregularly coarse-toothed edges. Such leaves can be either completely bare or pubescent. The flowers will be of two kinds: the marginal ones are large and reach two centimeters in diameter, they are flat and sterile, painted in bright white tones. The remaining flowers will be fertile, cup-shaped and quite small in size. The fruits of viburnum sargent are colored in light red tones, they are bitter, but at the same time also juicy.Flowering of viburnum sargent begins in the second half of July, and fruit ripening will occur at the end of September. Under natural conditions, this plant is found in China, Korea, Japan, Transbaikalia, as well as in the following regions of Russia: in the Amur region, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Primorye and the Khabarovsk Territory. It should be remembered that this plant is not only very decorative, but also a rather valuable honey plant.
Description of the medicinal properties of viburnum sargent
Viburnum sargent is endowed with quite valuable healing properties, and it is recommended to use the fruits, leaves, bark and flowers of this plant for medicinal purposes. The aerial part of Viburnum sargent contains saponins, and the bark contains catechins and tannins. The leaves will contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids and their derivatives. The fruits of this plant contain vitamins C and K, fatty oil, organic acids, carbohydrates, alkaloids and anthocyanins.A decoction prepared from the bark of Viburnum sargenta can increase the tone of the uterus, as well as have a hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictor and diuretic effect. The fruits of Viburnum sargent can be used as a very valuable diuretic and cardiotonic.
The flowers, fruits and leaves of this plant are endowed with hemostatic properties. It should be noted that the fruits are quite edible, and jam and jelly can be made from dried fruits. In addition, such fruits also serve as food for both domestic and wild animals.
For diarrhea, you should use the following remedy based on viburnum sargent: to prepare such a remedy, take fifteen to twenty grams of crushed bark per two glasses of boiling water. The resulting mixture should be infused for four hours, and then this mixture is filtered very carefully. Take the resulting product three to four times a day, one to two tablespoons.
The following remedy should be used as a sedative: to prepare this remedy, take three tablespoons of crushed leaves and one tablespoon of flowers per three hundred milliliters of boiling water. The resulting mixture is infused for an hour or two, and then filtered. Take this remedy half a glass three times a day.
If you have the flu, add water to the bark of viburnum in a ratio of one to twenty, and then boil the mixture for half an hour and strain. Take this remedy fifteen to thirty milliliters three to four times a day.