Types of vehicles, characteristics and purpose. Specialized cargo transportation What is meant by the concept of a specialized vehicle

Specialized vehicles

Such vehicles are adapted for the transportation of one or more homogeneous goods, differing in the specific conditions of their transportation, and are equipped with various devices and devices that ensure the safety and quality of goods delivered to construction sites and the comprehensive mechanization of loading and unloading operations. The use of specialized transport helps to increase the efficiency and quality of construction, reduces the cost of transportation, minimizes the loss of building materials and semi-finished products, as well as damage to building products and structures, which are very significant when using general purpose vehicles. Currently, without the use of specialized transport, it is almost impossible to deliver many goods to construction sites. Most specialized vehicles are interchangeable trailers and semi-trailers for trucks, pneumatic tractors and tractors, which allows more efficient use of the base machine.

In urban construction conditions, specialized automobile transport is widely used. Modern specialized vehicles for construction are produced in accordance with the “Type of specialized vehicles for construction” approved by the State Construction Committee and are designed for transporting soil, bulk and blocky cargo (dump trucks), liquid and semi-liquid (bitumen trucks, lime trucks, concrete and mortar trucks), powder ( cement trucks), small-piece and packaged cargo (container trucks), long cargo (pipe trucks, metal trucks, timber trucks), reinforced concrete structures (panel trucks, truss trucks, slab trucks, bulk trucks, block trucks, plumbing trucks), technological equipment and construction machines (heavy trucks).

Dump trucks transport construction goods in metal bodies with a trough-shaped, trapezoidal and rectangular cross-section, which are forced to tilt back, to the sides (one or two), to the sides and back when unloading using a lifting (tipping) mechanism. According to their purpose, there are special mining and universal general construction dump trucks. In urban construction conditions, universal dump trucks are used (Fig. 2.7) with a lifting capacity of 4... 12 tons, designed for transporting soil, gravel, crushed stone, sand, asphalt, concrete mix, mortar, etc. Modern universal dump trucks are produced on the chassis of flatbed trucks general purpose (sometimes with a shortened base) and are equipped with the same type of hydraulic systems, ensuring quick lifting and lowering of the body, high reliability and safety of operation.

The main components of such systems are an oil tank, a hydraulic pump driven by the vehicle's power take-off, one or more (depending on the load capacity) single-acting telescopic hydraulic cylinders directly acting on the body, a distributor or control valve, connecting pipelines and safety devices. Hydraulic cylinders of lifting mechanisms can have a horizontal, inclined and vertical arrangement and are installed on the car frame under the front part of the body or on its front side (Fig. 2.7, a). A separator or control valve directs the flow of working fluid from the pump to the hydraulic cylinder (or synchronously operating hydraulic cylinders) when the body is tipped, connects the cavities of the hydraulic cylinders with the drain tank when the body is lowered, limits the pressure in the system and ensures the fixation of the body in certain positions (extreme or intermediate).

The most common in construction are dump truck trains consisting of a dump truck and a dump truck trailer or a truck tractor and a dump truck semi-trailer (Fig. 2.7, b).

Rice. 2.7. Dump trucks

The dump truck is unloaded to the sides, and the dump trailer is unloaded to the sides and back. Dump trailers can have detachable (double) bodies, the front of which is unloaded on two (side) sides, and the rear - on three (side and back) sides. Modern dump trucks and dump trailers have standardized bodies, chassis, lifting mechanisms and are equipped with a system for automatically opening and closing the sides controlled from the driver’s cab.

To transport expanded clay and other bulk materials with low density, specialized trailers and semi-trailers are used - expanded clay carriers with a carrying capacity of up to 12 tons, i.e. dump trucks with increased body capacity.

When transporting small-piece and containerized cargo to construction sites (sanitary and ventilation equipment, finishing, insulating and roofing materials, bricks, window and door blocks, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of small weight and size, etc.), containerization and packaging. For the delivery of containers and packages, flatbed vehicles, general purpose trailers and semi-trailers and specialized vehicles - self-loaders and container carriers - are used.

Self-loader vehicles, along with performing transport functions, can load and unload transported containerized cargo, reload cargo onto nearby vehicles and trailers using hydraulic loading and unloading devices installed on the vehicle itself. Self-loading vehicles are equipped with on-board manipulators, swinging portals, lifting sides and mounted lifting devices.

Self-loading vehicles with a swinging portal (side or rear position, Fig. 2.8, a) are designed for transportation, loading and unloading containers weighing up to 5 tons. The working body - the swinging portal is hingedly connected to the platform for installing containers and can be rotated in a vertical plane by angle up to 120° by two synchronously operating long-stroke double-acting hydraulic cylinders. Swinging portals are also used for loading and unloading interchangeable container bodies. For transportation, loading and unloading of large-capacity containers (20 tons or more), semi-trailers equipped with side hydraulic loaders are used (Fig. 2.8, b).

Self-loading vehicles and container carriers are equipped with retractable and folding hydraulic supports 3, which operate during loading and unloading operations and ensure the stability of the machine and unloading of its chassis.

Self-loader vehicles with on-board hydraulic manipulators carry out self-loading and self-unloading of the base vehicle and trailer, loading and unloading of other nearby vehicles, and can also be used for small-scale construction and installation work.

A manipulator with a lifting capacity of 2.5 tons consists (Fig. 2.9) of a rotating column, articulated boom equipment, two hydraulic outriggers, a boom rotation mechanism in plan, two control panels and a set of replaceable working equipment.

Rice. 2.8. Self-loaders and container carriers

Rice. 2.9. Self-loader vehicle with on-board manipulator

The boom equipment is mounted on a rotating column mounted on the chassis support frame and consists of a handle, a lever, a telescopic boom with a main and extendable sections, control hydraulic cylinders, a hook suspension or a rotator. The rotator provides manipulation of the load in the horizontal plane through a rack and pinion transmission and a double-acting hydraulic cylinder, the rod of which is the rotator rack, which meshes with the gear.

The set of replaceable working equipment for the manipulator includes a boom extension that can be extended manually, a fork lift, a pincer grip for packaged cargo and a grip for containers. Rotation of the boom equipment in plan at an angle of 400° is ensured by a rack and pinion rotating mechanism, which includes two alternately operating hydraulic cylinders, a rack and a gear, rigidly fixed to the shaft of the rotary column. The drive of the axial piston pump of the manipulator hydraulic system is carried out from the vehicle engine through the power take-off box. The manipulator can be controlled from any of two control panels located on both sides of the vehicle.

The designs of domestic onboard manipulators are made according to a single concept and differ from each other in load torque, lifting capacity, height of raising and lowering the hook, weight, and overall dimensions. The layout diagrams for placing on-board manipulators on vehicles are shown in Fig. 2.10.

Rice. 2.10. Placement of on-board manipulators on vehicles

To transport liquid binding materials (bitumen, tar, emulsions) in a heated state from manufacturing plants to places where road, roofing and insulation works are carried out, bitumen trucks and asphalt distributors are used. They are elliptical tanks mounted on car chassis or on semi-trailers for truck tractors, and are equipped with heating systems (to maintain the temperature of the transported material at least 200°C) and mastic dispensing systems. The capacity of asphalt distributor tanks is 3500...7000 l, bitumen tanks - 4000...15000 l.

To transport pipes 6...12 m long with a diameter of up to 1420 mm and welded sections of pipes (braids) 24...36 m long, special road trains are used - pipe carriers and braid carriers. The pipe carrier consists of a tractor unit, a single-axle trailer with a rigid drawbar, or a semi-trailer. The traction force on a loaded trailer is transmitted in pipe carriers through the towing device and drawbar, in whip carriers - directly by pipes (lashes) attached to the tractor and the two-axle trailer. The number of simultaneously transported pipes is determined based on the load-carrying capacity of the road train. When laying multi-row pipes, they are tied with a safety rope. To transport insulated pipes in urban environments, specialized pipe semi-trailers are usually used with hydraulic unloading mechanisms that ensure the safety of the insulating layer and pipe ends prepared for welding during transportation, loading and unloading.

Rice. 2.11. Road train for transporting pipes

In Fig. 2.11, a shows a truck tractor with a semi-trailer-pipe carrier with a carrying capacity of tons, equipped with two (front and rear) hydraulic unloading mechanisms 2. The frame of the semi-trailer is made sliding and there are wooden support planes and side racks on the front and rear parts. The semi-trailer is equipped with front and rear metal safety shields 5, which prevent axial movement of pipes during transportation. The unloading mechanism consists of a telescopic boom (Fig. 2.11, c), extended by a built-in hydraulic cylinder, and two telescopic hydraulic cylinders for rotating the boom with a cargo grip for pipes in a vertical plane. In Fig. 2.11, b, c show the positions of the boom, respectively, before unloading and at the end of unloading. The stability of the road train is ensured by folding supports 6. The control panel for the unloading mechanisms is located in the front part of the semi-trailer. Pipe and whip carriers are equipped with marker signals. The carrying capacity of automobile pipe carriers is 9…12 tons, and that of whip carriers is 6…19 tons.

To transport large-sized reinforced concrete structures and parts from manufacturing plants to construction sites, specialized trailers and semi-trailers are used: panel trucks, truss trucks, beam trucks, slab trucks, block trucks and plumbing trucks. The choice of vehicle type is determined by the dimensions, weight and conditions of transportation of products.

Panel carriers (Fig. 2.12, a) are made in the form of semi-trailers for tractor-trailers and are intended for transporting wall panels, ceilings, partitions, slabs, flights of stairs, etc. in a vertical or steeply inclined position. There are truss and frame semi-trailers-panel carriers. The supporting metal frame of truss panel carriers is made in the form of a spatial truss (“ridge”) of trapezoidal (Fig. 2.12, b) or rectangular section or in the form of two flat longitudinal trusses connected to each other by front and rear support platforms and horizontal connections (Fig. 2.12, V). The spinal truss is located along the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the semi-trailer, and the transported panels are in cassettes on both sides of it at an angle of 8... 12° to the vertical. The front and rear platforms of the truss have handrails for riggers. For panel carriers with flat load-bearing trusses, the panels are arranged in several rows vertically in a cassette between the trusses. Some designs of panel carriers also have additional lateral inclined cassettes for transporting shortened panels in one row (Fig. 2.12, d), which makes it possible to better use the carrying capacity of the road train. To fasten the panels, screw clamps, clamping strips and ropes are used, tightened using a hand winch.

Frame panel trailers (Fig. 2.12, e) have a frame that carries a cassette and takes the main load. The panels are installed inside the cassette on a wooden floor and are held against lateral movement by clamping screws. The front part of panel semi-trailers rests on the fifth-wheel coupling device of the tractor, and the rear part rests on a single-axle or two-axle bogie with steered or unsteered wheels.

Rice. 2.12. Panel carriers

In cramped urban conditions, panel carriers with steerable rear bogies are usually used, which improve the maneuverability of the road train. Modern semi-trailers-panel carriers are equipped with separately controlled hydraulic supports with double-acting hydraulic cylinders powered by the vehicle's hydraulic system, and have an automatic coupling with the tractor, which allows installation directly from the panel carriers (installation from the “wheels”), and more efficient use of the base vehicle, which can serve several replaceable semi-trailers (shuttle work method) and load and unload the panel truck on uneven areas. Loading capacity of panel semi-trailers is 9…22 tons.

Truss and frame panel carriers can be converted into platform semi-trailers and used to transport slabs, beams, foundation blocks and other cargo. This increases their versatility and mileage utilization due to the ability to load the machine when moving in the opposite direction.

Long-wheelbase semi-trailers-farm carriers are designed for transporting farms with a length of 12...30 m, installed and secured in a position close to the working one. Farm semi-trailers have a truss or beam structure with a cassette platform and two-axle steered and unsteered bogies with twin wheels. In conditions of cramped construction sites, farm semi-trailers are used with hydraulically controlled bogies, in which each wheel rotates to the appropriate angle depending on the angle of “folding” of the road train.

In Fig. Figure 2.13 shows a farm truck train for transporting farms of any design with a length of up to 24 m and a height of up to 2.5 m. The frame of a cassette-type semi-trailer with a truss design rests with the front part on the fifth-wheel coupling device of the tractor, and the rear part on the fifth-wheel device of a two-axle rear steered bogie 4. The trolley wheels are automatically controlled by a hydraulic servo system. The front mobile support of the semi-trailer is installed along the frame depending on the length of the trusses being transported and moved using a hand winch. The truss rests on the frame's load pads and is secured in its upper belt with clamping screws. Loading capacity of farm semi-trailers is 10…22 tons.

Rice. 2.13. Road train-farm truck

Semi-trailers-sanitary cabin carriers and block carriers are designed for transportation of volumetric elements of residential and industrial buildings (unified sanitary cabins, block rooms, flights), technological equipment (sections of elevators, transformers, boilers, bunkers, tanks, etc.) and containers. By design, they have much in common with frame-type panel carriers and are distinguished by a low loading area and the absence of special fastening means.

Rice. 2.14. Plumbing truck

The plumbing semi-trailer (Fig. 2.14) is a cassette-type frame welded from bent and rolled profiles, the front part of which rests on the fifth-wheel coupling device of the tractor vehicle, and the rear part on a one- or two-axle bogie with steered or unsteered wheels. They are equipped with mechanical or hydraulically controlled support devices. Load capacity 4…30 t.

Slab semi-trailers are used for transporting floor slabs and coatings in a horizontal position, as well as beams, columns, crossbars, lumber, etc. The load-bearing part of the loading platform of a slab truck is a spinal frame with consoles for flooring and retractable side racks. Semi-trailers have a single or double axle rear bogie. Some designs of slab trucks are made with a sliding telescopic frame. Loading capacity of slab trucks is up to 22 tons.

To transport heavy, large-sized equipment and construction machines, three-, four- and six-axle multi-wheel trailers and heavy-duty semi-trailers with a lifting capacity of 20...120 tons with a low platform are used. Trailers are transported by ballast truck tractors, and semi-trailers are transported by truck tractors. Heavy-duty trailers and semi-trailers are equipped with hydraulic lifting mechanisms to lower the platform when loading and raise it when transporting goods. To load and unload cargo, a winch is installed on the tractor, driven from the vehicle’s power take-off.

The main directions for the development of specialized vehicles are: expanding their mass production and range with a simultaneous reduction in the number of standard sizes, creating multi-purpose vehicles, improving cargo securing mechanisms, support, clamping and loading and unloading devices, increasing unit load capacity and broad unification of machines.

The need to create specialized vehicles is associated with the variety of goods transported. This applies primarily to the transportation of construction cargo: large-sized building structures of various configurations, bulk non-metallic materials and other types of cargo necessary for industrial and civil construction. For the transportation of industrial, commercial and agricultural goods, a variety of specialized rolling stock is required: container ships, container carriers, timber carriers, pipe carriers, metal carriers, cars equipped with self-unloading devices, etc. Inventors and innovators of Leningrad automobile enterprises and auto repair plants, as well as designers and developers are constantly improving and create new models of specialized vehicles that contribute to the mechanization of loading and unloading operations and ultimately increase labor productivity in road transportation.

The T-325A dump trailer is designed to work as part of road trains with Tatra-148SZ, Tatra-815SZ dump trucks and is used for transporting bulk materials. The trailer consists of a welded frame made of channels No. 14 and 12. A coupling device is located in the front part of the frame, brackets for mounting a hydraulic lift are mounted in the middle part, and rear axle suspension brackets are welded in the rear part of the frame.

The trailer platform is a welded structure made of rolled and bent sections, its internal dimensions are 3224X2350X618 mm. The platform tilts on its sides. The side boards are suspended on upper hinges, the side locks are of a lever type. The suspension of the trailer axles is made on longitudinal semi-elliptical springs. The wheels are discless, with side and lock rings.

The pneumatic drive is carried out using single-wire (“Tatra”-148SZ) and two-wire (“Tatra”-815SZ) circuits. The parking brake has a manual mechanical drive only on the rear axle pads; a ratcheting device is used to fix the drive.

The trailer is equipped with a telescopic hydraulic lift from a MA3-503 dump truck.

The A-978 model sanitary cabin semi-trailer (Fig. 1) is designed for transporting sanitary cabins with overall dimensions of no more than 2700X1600XX2600 mm, as well as silt, blocks and containers. This low-bed semi-trailer has three loading platforms (one cabin is installed on the front and rear, three cabins are installed on the middle).

The semi-trailer platform is a welded, stepped structure with longitudinal load-bearing beams. The support and wheel frames have a three-sided guard. The axle with wheels and springs assembly is borrowed from the MA3-93801 semi-trailer. The pneumatic drive of the brakes is carried out using a single-wire circuit.

The main truck tractor is the MAZ-5429 (MAZ-504) car or the K.AMAZ-5410 tractor.

The cassette-type semi-trailer model A-490-P2 (Fig. 2) is used for transporting construction reinforced concrete flat wall panels and volumetric products. The frame of the semi-trailer has a welded structure, made of channel No. 20, in the upper part along the entire length it is closed by an upper chord of trusses, and in the middle part by a lower chord of trusses. The side trusses form a cassette in the middle part of the semi-trailer.

Rice. 1. Semitrailer-suncabin carrier model A-978

Rice. 2. Cassette semi-trailer model A-490-P2

Rice. 3. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-2

Rice. 4. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-3

The supporting device, suspension and axle are borrowed from the MAZ-5245 semi-trailer. The supporting device consists of two screw jacks, pivotally mounted on the frame of the semi-trailer. The suspension is made on two longitudinal semi-elliptical springs. The ladders and upper platforms of the semi-trailer have guards for safe work of riggers. The main tractor of the semi-trailer is the MAZ-504A truck tractor.

The cassette-type semi-trailer was manufactured at the auto repair plant of the Lenavtoremont production association according to the drawings of the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

The dump semi-trailer model 84A2 is available in three modifications: 84A2-PS-1 - for transporting bulk construction materials with a high specific gravity; 84A2-PS-2 (Fig. 1.3) - for transportation of ordinary bulk construction materials; 84A2-PS-3 (Fig. 1.4) - for transportation of long construction products and materials.

The supporting device of the semi-trailer is unified with the supporting device of the A-483 and A-490 semi-trailers and consists of two screw jacks hinged on the frame. The axle with wheels and suspension assembly are borrowed from the MA3-93801 semi-trailer.

The semi-trailer is equipped with two hydraulic cylinders from a ZIL-MMZ-555 dump truck. It is possible to install hydraulic cylinders from ZIL-MMZ-4502 and MAZ-5549 vehicles.

The main tractor of a semi-trailer-dump truck is a MAZ-5429 model truck tractor with hydraulic equipment or a KamAZ-5410 tractor with hydraulic equipment.

A tractor with a lifting fifth wheel based on the ZIL-130 model A-824 is used in the territories of transshipment depots, freight stations and other cargo-generating facilities, where there is a constant need to transport semi-trailers over short distances to loading and unloading sites. To perform these operations, automobile enterprises use shunting tractors with a lifting fifth wheel based on the standard ZIL-130 vehicle. The design of the tractor, made at the suggestion of the innovators of the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans, eliminates the need for mechanical lifting of the semi-trailer road wheels and frees linear vehicles from unproductive work on cargo areas.

Converting a standard ZIL-130 vehicle into a shunting tractor is not particularly difficult and can be carried out in the conditions of a car company. To do this, a lifting frame is installed on the frame of the ZIL-130 vehicle, the front end of which is hingedly connected to the bracket, and the rear end to the hydraulic lift rods. Hydraulic lifts (2 pcs.) are used from the ZIL-MMZ-555 car. A fifth wheel borrowed from a ZIL-130V1 tractor is attached to the lifting frame. The saddle lift height is 300 mm. The frame spars are connected to each other by a base plate, in the front part of which guide slides are installed to facilitate coupling of the tractor with the semi-trailer.

The fifth wheel is connected to the lifting frame by a brake chamber, which serves to open the fifth wheel lock. The lifting frame in the raised position (to unload the hydraulic cylinders) is held by support shoes; the shoes rotate through a second brake chamber mounted on the cross member of the lifting frame. The brake chambers are controlled via pneumatic drives from the vehicle cabin.

The entire installation of the lifting coupling device is carried out without disassembling or any modification to the chassis of the ZIL-130 vehicle. The electrical wiring of signal and lighting devices is carried out according to the electrical diagram of the ZIL-130V1 tractor.

Rice. 5. Potato truck

The potato truck shown in Fig. 5, made on the basis of the GAZ -53 car.

Existing methods of transporting potatoes (in flatbed vehicles, vans, containers, pallets, various containers) do not ensure proper mechanization of loading and unloading operations and the preservation of potatoes in the cold season. The new design of a potato truck is used for bulk transportation of potatoes from vegetable bases to city retail outlets .

The main equipment of the potato transporter is a special hopper body with a retractable belt conveyor. The frame-type bunker body has

U-shaped base. The outside of the bunker body is lined with sheet iron. The inside is lined with wood, protecting the potatoes from impacts and at the same time serving as a heat insulator. The vertical walls of the bunker are covered with heat-insulating material, lined with plywood.

There is a loading hatch in the roof of the bunker, which is opened and closed using a handle through a system of blocks on the rear wall of the bunker. The unloading hatch is covered with a slide valve, above which a agitator lever is mounted in the socket. The lever is driven by a handle on the left side of the hopper. To allow the potatoes to roll freely, the unloading hatch is covered with an aluminum sheet on top of the casing. To monitor the loading and unloading of potatoes, an observation window is provided in the left wall of the bunker.

The belt conveyor has drive and tension drums. The drive is an electric motor with a power of 1.3 kW. The electric motor is powered from a 220 V city network.

The electric motor with the drive drum is located in the front part of the conveyor under the hopper. The rear part of the conveyor with the tension drum in the transport position partially protrudes beyond the hopper. When unloading, it can be raised to the required height (up to 2300 mm) from the surface level of the car parking area. In the working and transport positions, the conveyor is secured with a locking device. The conveyor control panel is located in a cabinet on the rear wall of the bunker.

When unloading the bunker, the potato carrier is installed with the rear end of the conveyor against the warehouse at a distance of no closer than 2 m from the wall of the building, the conveyor is raised to the required height to the place where the cargo is received and the power to the electric motor is turned on using the connecting cable. Upon completion of unloading, the conveyor is placed in the transport position, then the power to the electric motor is turned off. With the loading hatch and slide valve closed, the vehicle is ready to move.

The potato carrier is equipped with air heating of the bunker due to heat removal from the exhaust pipeline. Air circulation is carried out by a fan of the driver's cabin heating system.

The technical documentation for the potato truck is located in the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

The A-483 backbone semi-trailer-panel carrier is designed for transporting house-building panels up to 7.5 m long. The panel carrier is a welded frame structure that ensures the transportation of panels in an inclined position. The panel semi-trailer works in conjunction with a MAZ-5429 tractor.

The semi-trailer was developed in the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

A semi-trailer for transporting construction products in a vertical position (Fig. 1.6) provides transportation of various types of construction products, including structures that must be transported suspended, such as T-frames. The semi-trailer consists of a welded frame made of two longitudinal trusses. The trusses are connected by crossbars, forming a closed cassette in the middle part, which is used for transporting wall panels. To transport structures such as T-shaped frames in a suspended state, movable transverse beams with rollers and locking devices are installed on the upper chords of the longitudinal trusses. To prevent lateral movement of building structures, the movable beams are equipped with lateral vertical rollers.

Rice. 6. Semi-trailer for transporting construction products in a vertical position

The semi-trailer is towed by a truck tractor based on the KrAZ vehicle.

The van model 84A15 is designed for transporting industrial and food cargo. It is installed on the chassis of gas-cylinder vehicles GAZ -52-28 or GAZ -53-27. The van is made of metal, its frame is made of a rectangular section profile, the outer casing of the frame is made of steel sheet 0.8 mm thick. There are lattice-type wooden bars on the front and side walls of the van. In the rear wall there is a double door, securely locked with a special rod lock with a device that ensures the safety of the seal from damage. For ease of entry and exit from the van, there is a retractable folding ladder located at the rear door, which is attached under the floor of the van in transport position.

The model 79A2 van body, designed for transporting bakery products in containers, is installed on the GAZ -52-01 car. The body has a welded frame made of rectangular pipes. The outside of the frame is covered with sheet metal 0.8 mm thick, inside the ceiling and walls are covered with plywood, the floor is made of 25 mm thick boards, and the frame is covered with galvanized sheets on top.

For the convenience of loading and unloading containers, there are two unequal angle guides with stops, attached with pins to the base of the van, and two clamps that press the containers to the front wall of the van and protect them from longitudinal displacement.

The van has five doors - four doors on the right side and one at the rear. The doors are welded, double-leaf, equipped with internal upper and lower locks, sheathed on the outside with sheet steel and plywood on the inside.

The van has natural ventilation, fenders and a drain. Ventilation hatches are located in the front and rear walls of the van.

Rice. 7. Trolley for towing faulty light vehicles

The van body was developed by the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans and manufactured at the auto repair plant of the Lenavtoremont production association.

The trolley for towing defective light-duty vehicles (Fig. 7) is designed for towing cars NYSA, ZHUK, ErAZ, UAZ, etc. The axle of the trolley is made of a thick-walled pipe with a diameter of 130 mm. The hubs from the NYSA -522 car are mounted on the axle. The trolley wheels are used from a UAZ car. The wheel track width is 1400 mm.

The bogie axis passes through a box-section drawbar made of 10 mm thick sheet steel. A towing loop is welded to the front part of the drawbar; the rear part of the drawbar is a support platform on which a hydraulic jack with a lifting capacity of 5 tons is installed. Two vertical posts 240 mm long are welded to the middle part of the drawbar, connected to each other by a steel jumper. The parts are made from channel No. 10.

TO category: - Transporting and loading and unloading machines

(for the purposes of subparagraph 5 of paragraph 2 of Article 346.26 of this Code) - vehicles intended for transporting passengers and cargo on roads (buses of any type, cars and trucks). Vehicles do not include trailers, semi-trailers and trailers. In a motor vehicle intended for the transportation of passengers, seats for the purposes of this chapter are defined as the number of seats (except for the driver's seat and the conductor's seat) based on the data from the technical passport of the vehicle manufacturer.

If the technical passport of the manufacturer of a motor vehicle does not indicate the number of seats, then this number is determined by the bodies of state supervision of the technical condition of self-propelled vehicles and other types of equipment in the Russian Federation on the basis of an application from the organization (individual entrepreneur) that is (is) the owner of the motor vehicle intended for the transportation of passengers when carrying out business activities subject to taxation in accordance with this chapter;..."

Source:

"...a vehicle is a device intended for transporting people, goods or equipment installed on it on roads;..."

Federal Law of April 25, 2002 N 40-FZ (as amended on July 28, 2012) “On compulsory civil liability insurance of vehicle owners” (as amended and additionally entered into force on August 10, 2012)

Official terminology.

Akademik.ru.

2012. See what “Vehicle” is in other dictionaries: vehicle

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Vehicles are devices designed to move people, various loads and various equipment installed on the vehicle from one place to another. Types of transport are classified depending on the environment in which the vehicle operates and transportation is carried out. There are water, land, air, underground and space vehicles. There are also combined vehicles capable of moving in several environments - amphibians, airplanes, and some types of hovercraft.

Types of water vehicles

Water transport includes vehicles that carry out transportation by water - rivers, oceans, canals, seas, reservoirs and lakes. The main mode of transport for water is a ship. Depending on the depth of the reservoir, water transport is divided into the following types:

river - ferries, barges, river trams, hovercraft;
marine - cruise ships, heavy carriers, tankers, container ships.

The disadvantages of water vehicles include their low speed, seasonality of navigation and the possibility of direct intercontinental communication, while the advantages include large capacity and low minimum transportation costs.

Types of cargo vehicles

A freight transport can be considered a vehicle moving in any environment. There are cargo planes, cargo ships, cargo trains, and a variety of ground wheeled cargo transport. The following types of ground trucks are distinguished:

Trucks combined with a body - flatbed trucks, vans, vans;
Self-propelled tractors designed for towing trailed equipment and trailers;
Trailers without their own engines, which are designed for coupling with a tractor as part of a road train;
Semi-trailers with a coupling device - tilt, flatbed, platforms, trawls, refrigerators, dump trucks.

Types of special vehicles

The category of special vehicles includes vehicles used for purposes other than civilian ones or having special equipment. There are the following types of special vehicles:

Cars, motorcycles and buses of operational police services;
Ambulances;
Municipal utility vehicles - snow removal equipment, watering machines;
Military transport (armored personnel carriers, combat vehicles, etc.);
Emergency vehicles, fire trucks;
Intra-production transport used in large enterprises.

Main types of vehicles

In addition to the medium of movement, transport differs in functional purpose. There are general transport (public), personal transport and special-purpose transport (technological and military). Vehicles can also be classified into several different types according to the energy sources used into the following categories:

electric vehicles;
thermal engine transport;
vehicles with a hybrid engine;
transport without its own engine - sailing and driven by muscle power.

Modern and promising types of transport include magnetic levitation vehicles and automatic transport without a driver.

Vehicles are devices used to transport goods or equipment installed on it or people by road. This definition gives a completely comprehensive picture of the vehicle. However, in practice this is often not enough. Traffic regulations contain more complete information about the vehicle.

General information

Conventionally, there are rail and trackless vehicles. There is also a division into non-self-propelled and self-propelled. The movement of vehicles in the latter case is ensured by the operation of the motor. The traffic rules, however, have a different classification. In accordance with the rules, mechanical and non-mechanical types of vehicles are distinguished. These categories have fundamental differences.

Mechanical vehicles

Their main feature is the presence of an engine. Mechanical vehicles (vehicles) are trucks, cars, and motorcycles. These also include self-propelled machines and tractors. The engine can be anything: hydrogen, gasoline, gas, diesel, etc. Another criterion for such vehicles is their purpose. They should only be used on the road.

Non-mechanical vehicles

These primarily include bicycles. They are vehicles, with the exception of wheelchairs, that have at least 2 wheels and are driven by the muscular energy of citizens and control them. Pedals or handles can be used for this. Motors can be installed on bicycles. Their maximum does not exceed 0.25 kW. At the same time, they automatically turn off at speeds above 25 km/h. All of these parameters allow us to classify bicycles as non-mechanical vehicles.

Special category

Mopeds are mechanical means (transport). This is due to the presence of an internal combustion engine or an electric motor. Meanwhile, mopeds are included in the category of non-motorized vehicles. This is explained by the fact that their maximum design speed does not exceed 50 km/h, and the working volume of the motor is 50 m 3 (or the rated power with a continuous load of more than 0.25 and less than 4 kW). Other vehicles are defined in a similar way. These are primarily scooters, motorcycles and other similar vehicles with engines.

Important point

Driving a vehicle classified as non-motorized does not require a driver's license. The vehicles themselves do not undergo registration; signs (numbers) are not provided for them. Meanwhile, we should not forget that the persons who own them are drivers. In this regard, driving a non-mechanical vehicle must be carried out in accordance with traffic rules.

Maximum permissible weight

It characterizes the weight of the vehicle with cargo, passengers and driver. The permitted weight is set by the manufacturer and is considered the maximum permissible. Let's understand the terminology. The maximum permissible weight of a vehicle with passengers, cargo and driver is considered to be the maximum. Exceeding the established indicator is prohibited. This is due to the fact that under high loads (greater than those provided by the manufacturer), the car body, brake system, engine, suspension, steering part will not be able to function normally. Accordingly, there is a risk of creating an emergency situation. The maximum permissible weight is to a certain extent a theoretical indicator, which is prescribed in the vehicle title and registration certificate. Often many people confuse it with the actual weight of the vehicle. The key difference between these parameters is that the permitted mass is set once and for all. However, the actual weight may constantly change. However, in any case, its size should not exceed the permitted mass.

Weight as a criterion of differentiation

Vehicles are classified according to their permitted weight. Trucks are divided into 2 categories according to this indicator. The first includes vehicles with a permissible weight of no more than 3.5 tons, the second - more than 3.5 tons. This figure acts as a kind of indicator of the size of cars. In this regard, trucks whose permissible weight is less than 3.5 tons are included in a category that also includes passenger cars.

Permitted weight of coupled vehicles

The totality of their weight parameters is taken as the maximum permissible weight of vehicles moving as a whole. To understand this situation, it is advisable to refer to the concepts of “trailer” and “road train”. The first is a vehicle that is not equipped with a motor and is used to move in conjunction with a mechanical vehicle. A road train refers to devices that are coupled to a trailer. Accordingly, if there are several vehicles in the composition, including those without engines, the total permissible weight will correspond to the sum of their permissible weight provided by the manufacturers.

Route vehicle

It is a technical vehicle intended for public use. This category includes buses, trams, and trolleybuses. Their main function is to transport people along a set route with stops at designated places. Such vehicles are determined by the following criteria:

Specifics

It should be noted that one of the key criteria for route vehicles is the availability of a working schedule. Why is this feature particularly highlighted in the definition? The fact is that while the vehicle is not on the route, it will not be considered public transport. For example, a passenger GAZELLE driving to a garage or parking place after a shift is an ordinary vehicle. There are certain concessions and privileges for public transport. For example, the driver of a route vehicle can ignore the effect of a number of prohibitions or special lanes are provided for this. They are distinguished by special markings and signs.

Vehicle purchase and sale agreement

Many vehicle owners need to sell their car. At the same time, a contract for the sale of the vehicle is drawn up. Here are some recommendations for how to compile it correctly. The document can be filled out by hand or on a computer. Particular attention should be paid to key terms. The contract must contain a number. For example, 01/2016. Subsequently, this number will be indicated in the PTS. The document contains the place and date of the transaction. The passport details of the seller and the buyer must be indicated. Information about the car must also be present in the document. They are copied from the certificate and PTS. The price of the car is set by the parties to the transaction themselves. The amount is written in numbers and words. Immediately before signing, the owner hands over the keys and documents, and the buyer hands over the money. In addition to the contract, a vehicle acceptance certificate is also drawn up.

Applications

The seller must provide:

Original PTS.
Car registration certificate.
Passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation.

The buyer presents:

A document that verifies his identity.
OSAGO policy.

First of all, you should make sure that the vehicle:

Does not serve as collateral.
Not a credit card.
Has no penalties.
There are no restrictions on registration actions.
Not arrested.

Additionally

After signing the contract, the new owner is indicated in the PTS. Within ten days from the date of the transaction, the buyer must register the car. At the end of the established period, the former owner can check the fact. In this situation, the former owner will need a signed agreement. The citizen does not have a vehicle, but it is registered with him - what to do in this case? The former owner has the right to terminate registration by submitting a corresponding agreement to the traffic police. If the policy has not expired on the date of the transaction, the citizen has the right to return the money under it. It should be taken into account that the calculation of unused days begins on the calendar date following the day of termination of the insurance agreement.

Vehicle rental

It is regulated by the provisions of the Civil Code. The Code provides for two types of charter: with and without crew. Their definitions are given in Art. 632 and 642. The subject of the agreement is exclusively vehicles intended for the transportation of baggage, passengers and cargo. Renting a vehicle with crew involves two obligations. One is directly related to the provision of a vehicle for use. The second concerns the provision of services by the crew. The differences in regulatory regulation of these types of transactions are as follows. Responsibilities for operating a vehicle provided without a crew are assigned to the lessor. In the second case, they are performed by the tenant. The payment made by the user is called freight. The crew of a leased vehicle is subordinate to both the lessee and the lessor. Liability for damage to third parties is distributed depending on a number of circumstances. So, if the vehicle is provided without a crew, it is borne by the lessee. He may be released from liability if he proves that the damage was a consequence of the actions of the victim or When renting a car with a crew, the lessor is responsible for the damage.

Conclusion

Currently, there are a huge number of vehicles of various types. Meanwhile, regardless of the vehicle category, drivers are required to comply with traffic rules. The rules establish requirements relating not only to direct movement on the roads, but also to the registration and operation of vehicles. Drivers need to remember that a vehicle acts not only as a means of transportation, but also as a source of danger. In this regard, the condition of the object must be given special attention. To prevent emergency situations, it is recommended to carry out timely diagnostics of the machine. When making transactions, you should carefully study the documents provided by the seller. The buyer, in turn, needs to register the vehicle in a timely manner.

A.F. KOLPAKOV

The concept of “vehicle” in customs affairs

The article discusses the definition of the concept of “vehicle” in various legislative acts, including customs legislation.

Key words: vehicle, product, classification of goods, product groups.

In the customs legislation of the Customs Union, which includes the Customs Code of the Customs Union (CU CU), international treaties of the CU member states governing customs legal relations in the Customs Union, decisions of the Customs Union Commission, the phrase “vehicles” is used in two cases. In the first - when they talk about a vehicle as a category of goods moving across the customs border of the Customs Union, and in the second case - when a vehicle crosses the customs border not as a product, but as a means for starting and (or) completing the international transport of goods, passengers and (or) luggage.

The definition of the concept of “vehicle” is contained in many legislative acts and other documents in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The CU TC gives the following definition: vehicles - a category of goods, including any watercraft, aircraft, motor vehicle, trailer, semi-trailer, railway vehicle (railway rolling stock, unit of railway rolling stock) or container with provisions for

KOLPAKOV Alexander Fedorovich - Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Commodity Research and Customs Expertise of the Vladivostok Branch of the Russian Customs Academy, Vladivostok.

them with technical passports or technical forms, spare parts, accessories and equipment, fuels and lubricants, cooling and other technical liquids contained in refueling containers provided for by their design, if they are transported together with the specified vehicles.

In the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated 02/09/2007 No. 16-FZ “On Transport Security” we read: “... vehicles - aircraft, vessels used for the purposes of merchant shipping or shipping, railway rolling stock, automobile and electric city rolling stock ground passenger transport in the meanings established by transport codes and charters.”

The Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which considers vehicles primarily as an object for taxation, defines in Part 1 of Art. 358 that “the objects of taxation are cars, motorcycles, scooters, buses and other self-propelled machines and mechanisms on pneumatic and tracked tracks, airplanes, helicopters, motor ships, yachts, sailing ships, boats, snowmobiles, motor sleighs, motor boats, jet skis, non-self-propelled ( towed vessels) and other water and air vehicles registered in accordance with the established procedure in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation."

The definition of a vehicle can also be found in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (CAO RF), where in the note to Art. 12.1 states that a vehicle with which a traffic offense can be committed is a motor vehicle with an engine capacity of more than 50 cubic centimeters and a maximum design speed of more than 50 km per hour, trailers for it, subject to state registration, as well as tractors, other self-propelled road construction machines, trams and trolleybuses.

In Art. 1.2 of the “Road Rules of the Russian Federation” (SDA of the Russian Federation) a vehicle is defined as a device intended for transporting people, goods or equipment installed on it along the roads. The same act establishes the definitions of a bicycle, moped, motorcycle, trailer, which are defined as vehicles with one or another specific movement.

“Technical Regulations on the Safety of Wheeled Vehicles”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 10, 2009 No. 720, defines that a “vehicle” is a wheeled ground mechanical device of categories L, M, N O, intended for use on automobiles. public roads.

When comparing the above definitions of the term "vehicle", it can be seen that different documents explain this term differently depending on the scope of the document.

It is of some interest to consider, from a historical perspective, changes in the interpretation of the concept of “vehicle” in customs legislation.

The Customs Code of the USSR (1991), among the concepts used, considered vehicles as vehicles arriving at the customs territory of the USSR or departing from this territory, used for the international transport of goods, luggage and passengers or other economic activities outside the customs territory of the USSR, and vehicles for individual use, transported across the customs border of the USSR, was classified as things, i.e., items for personal use. This code did not separately consider vehicles as a product, which included exclusively the property of enterprises and organizations.

The Customs Code of the Russian Federation (TC RF), adopted in 1993, in paragraph 1 of Art. 18 determined that vehicles are goods, with the exception of vehicles specified in paragraph 4 of this article, which include any means used for the international transport of passengers and goods, including containers and other transport equipment. Thus, this code does not specify what the concept of “vehicles” includes and what types of vehicles can be moved across the customs border as goods, but, at the same time, it explains that vehicles for international transport also include containers and other transport equipment. The legislator does not disclose what the general term “other transport equipment” includes.

The Customs Code of the Russian Federation (2003) classified any sea (river) vessel (including self-propelled and non-self-propelled lighters and barges, as well as a hydrofoil), hovercraft, aircraft, motor vehicle (including trailers, semi-trailers and combined vehicles) or a unit of railway rolling stock, which are used in international transport for paid or free transportation of persons or for paid or free industrial or commercial transport of goods, as well as their standard spare parts, accessories and equipment contained in their fuel tanks - lubricants and fuel, if they are transported with vehicles. This definition included a listing of types of vehicles intended only for international transportation.

The relationship between the concepts of “product” and “vehicle” is also important. The concept of “goods” is one of the main ones in customs affairs, since almost all the activities of customs authorities are aimed at organizing the movement of goods across the customs border and monitoring compliance with the legislation regulating the procedure for moving goods. In the texts of all the above-mentioned customs codes, when

When disclosing the definition of the term “goods” from the point of view of customs law, a separate mention is always made of vehicles. Thus, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (1993) determined that goods are any movable property, including currency, currency values, electrical, thermal, other types of energy and vehicles (with the exception of vehicles for international transport). The Labor Code of the Russian Federation (2003) classified as goods any movable property moved across the customs border, as well as vehicles classified as immovable things moved across the customs border, with the proviso that vehicles used for international transport do not qualify as goods. And only the Customs Code of the Customs Union, giving the definition of goods, includes in this concept any movable property moved across the customs border, including storage media, the currency of the member states of the customs union, securities and (or) currency valuables, traveler's checks, electrical and other types of energy, as well as other movable things equated to real estate. Thus, this definition of a product does not focus on vehicles as a product. This is due to the fact that the CU Labor Code gives detailed definitions of a vehicle and a vehicle for international transportation.

The movement of any goods, including vehicles, across the customs border is accompanied by their classification in accordance with the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Customs Union (TN FEA CU), section 17 of which includes “means of land transport, aircraft, floating equipment and related to transport devices and equipment." It should be noted that this section also includes goods that do not belong to vehicles, based on an understanding of the main purpose of the vehicle - the movement of goods and passengers. These goods include, for example, tanks, combat aircraft and helicopters, military surface and submarine ships, parachutes, various balloons, floating structures (lighthouses, buoys, buoys), baby strollers and a number of other goods. This is one of the features of the customs approach to classifying certain goods as vehicles; other examples will be presented below.

The means of land transport in the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Customs Union include goods of group 86 “Railway locomotives or motor tram cars, rolling stock and their parts; track equipment and devices for railways or tramways and parts thereof; mechanical (including electromechanical) signaling equipment of all types" and group 87 "Ground transport vehicles, except railway and tram rolling stock, and their parts and accessories."

Group 86 classifies rolling stock (locomotives and wagons) for general and special purposes, as well as containers. The classification of containers as vehicles deserves special attention

consideration. Of all the regulations discussed above, this approach is observed only in customs legislation, and even then not always. Thus, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (1993) classified containers as vehicles for international transportation. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation (2003) no longer includes containers in its definition of a vehicle. The new customs legislation (TC CU) again equates containers to a vehicle. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the container is still a universal reusable packaging (container) for goods, allowing its transportation by various modes of transport: railway, sea, road. The container does not have the main feature of a vehicle - it does not have a propulsion unit (for example, wheels, tracks, etc.), i.e., a device that converts the energy of an engine or an external source into useful work to move the vehicle. The classification of containers in customs legislation as vehicles is primarily due to the fact that containers are used in large quantities in international transport. In this case, the provisions of Chapter may apply to them. 48 TC TC “Movement of vehicles for international transport during international transport of goods, passengers and luggage” and, above all, giving the right to exempt them from non-tariff and technical regulation measures.

Group 87 combines a wide variety of wheeled and tracked vehicles, among which the main place is occupied by tractors, cars and trucks, including special purpose ones, buses, trolleybuses, motorcycles, bicycles, and trailers.

Air and water vehicles are classified, respectively, in product groups 88 and 89 of the CU FEACN.

In addition to the examples discussed above, when, from the point of view of customs affairs and for the purpose of regulating and applying requirements when declaring goods, certain goods that are not such are classified as vehicles, we can give an example when a vehicle, from the point of view of its classification in accordance with TN VED TS and from the point of view of its registration in the bodies of the State Road Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (STSI) or the bodies of state supervision over the technical condition of self-propelled vehicles and other types of equipment in the Russian Federation belongs to various categories.

For this purpose, consider a vehicle such as a truck tractor, which is designed for towing semi-trailers (Figures 1-3).

A truck tractor is a type of tractor designed to tow a semi-trailer attached to the tractor using a special fifth wheel mechanism - a saddle located at the rear of its frame (Fig. 4). As a rule, truck tractors are made on the basis of a shortened truck frame, i.e. they are wheeled vehicles.

Truck tractors should be distinguished from conventional wheeled tractors, which have a loading platform (body) and a towing device - a “hook”, designed for attaching trailers. An automobile tractor with a body connected to a trailer is a road train.

Rice. 3. Truck tractor with semi-trailer Fig. 4. Saddle

Semi-trailers (Fig. 2) are vehicles whose frame rests in front on the fifth wheel of the tractor, and in the rear on one, two or more axles with wheels. Thus, the main distinguishing feature of a semi-trailer is the absence of a front axle. The front of the semi-trailer is equipped with retractable stops that help keep the semi-trailer in a horizontal position when uncoupled from the tractor unit. The semi-trailer has a special device - a kingpin, located in the center of the support platform in the front part of the semi-trailer, with the help of which the connection to the saddle occurs. Semi-trailers can have different purposes. There are the following types of semi-trailers: flatbed, dump, low-loader, platform, container, tank, refrigerator, car transporter, timber carrier, etc.

In the Commodity Code of Foreign Economic Activity of the Customs Union, truck tractors are classified in heading 8701 “Tractors”. According to Note 2, Group 87 includes all vehicles designed to tow or push other vehicles or loads.

Thus, based on the above, it is clear that a truck tractor, which is structurally a truck, is considered as a tractor when it is moved across the customs border as a product.

How does a truck tractor differ from other representatives of trucks and why do customs authorities classify it in the heading “Tractors”? The main difference is that a tractor-trailer

does not have a body located on its frame and designed to move cargo. This vehicle mixes cargo not on its own frame, like a truck, but with the help of traction on a semi-trailer, i.e., in fact, cargo is transported by a semi-trailer pulled by a truck tractor. Pulling or pushing something is one of the main functions of a tractor. The tractor also does not have a platform to move the load. In addition, the term “tractor tractor” is translated into English as “truck - tractor,” which also emphasizes that this vehicle is a tractor.

After completing the procedure for moving a truck tractor across the border, the customs authorities, which classified this tractor as a tractor, issue and issue a vehicle passport for it as a truck, in which category “C” of the vehicle is indicated. This category includes trucks whose permissible maximum weight exceeds 3500 kg and which are classified in the following headings of the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Customs Union:

Truck tractors having a saddle and intended for towing semi-trailers (from commodity subheading 8701 20);

Trucks, the maximum weight of which exceeds 3500 kg (from heading 8704);

Motor vehicles for special purposes, other than those used for the transport of passengers or goods (heading 8705).

For further operation, truck tractors are subject to registration on the territory of the Russian Federation by the State Road Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation as motor vehicles with a maximum design speed of more than 50 km/h and intended for driving on public roads. Whereas the registration of tractors, self-propelled road-building and other machines and trailers for them, including motor vehicles with a maximum design speed of 50 km/h or less, and also not intended for driving on public roads, is carried out by the State Technical Supervision Authority the state of self-propelled vehicles and other types of equipment in the Russian Federation.

The fact that a tractor-trailer is classified by customs authorities as a tractor only for the purpose of applying tariff and non-tariff measures of customs regulation, and in all other cases is considered as a car, is currently also confirmed by documents of the Customs Union. The member states of the Customs Union concluded an agreement dated June 22, 2011 “On the implementation of transport (automobile) control at the external border of the Customs Union,” which defines uniform approaches to the implementation of transport (automobile) control of vehicles entering (exiting, transiting) the territory

states of any of the parties to the Customs Union. In accordance with this agreement, a vehicle intended for the transportation of goods includes, among other things, “an automobile (truck) tractor or an automobile (truck) tractor with a semi-trailer.”

As another example, we can consider the classification of “forfarder” type vehicles, equipped with a loading and unloading device and designed to move timber from the place of felling trees to a timber loading point or forest road. These vehicles are classified in commodity item 8704 of the TN VED CU “Motor vehicles for the transportation of goods” and are a self-propelled two-module machine, consisting of a loading manipulator and a cargo trolley. The front part of the forwarder is equipped with a driver's cabin with controls, the rear part is equipped with a loading and unloading device and a loading platform with racks for transporting timber (Fig. 5). Forfarders are manufactured in six- and eight-wheel versions, usually based on tractors. This vehicle is driven by an operator who has a license with open categories “C”, “B” and “E” and an entry in the section of the license for special marks - “Tractor operator for the preparation of cutting areas, skidding and removal of timber, 6th category”. But this vehicle is not classified in heading 8701 “Tractors” because it has a loading platform intended for transporting timber.

Rice. 5. Forwarders

Bibliography

1. On approval of the Regulations on vehicle passports and vehicle chassis passports: order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2005 No. 496/192/134 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://law.kodeks.ru/egov/index?tid=08nd

2. On the state registration of motor vehicles and other types of self-propelled equipment on the territory of the Russian Federation: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 12, 1994 No. 938 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru